APPENDIX I.
Reading edition
NUMERALS.
Numbers expressed by letters; either Roman or italic caps or lower case are used, thus—Vol. I. chap. xvii. The numerals are—
I i 1
V v 5
X x 10
L l 50
C c 100
D d 500
M m 1000
The manner of expressing numbers by numerals, is by either taking from a higher or adding to a lower numeral thus—
IV iv 4
VI vi 6
IX ix 9
XI xi 11
XIV xiv 14
XVI xvi 16
XX xx 20
XL xl 40
LX lx 60
XC xc 90
CX cx 110
CD cd 400
DC dc 600
CM cm 900
MC mc 1100
MD md 1500
LEADS REQUIRED TO EQUAL A LINE OF ANY GIVEN BODY OF TYPE.
Pearl One four and one eight-to-pica.
Ruby One four and one six-to-pica.
Nonpareil Two fours; three sixes; or four eights.
Emerald One four, one six, and one eight.
Minion One four and two sixes.
Brevier Two fours and one six.
Bourgeois Three eights and two sixes.
Long Primer Three fours; or six eights.
Small Pica Two fours and two sixes.
Pica Four fours; or six sixes.
English Three fours and two sixes.
ACCENTS.
The accented letters are—
Acute á é í ó ú
Grave à è ì ò ù
Circumflex â ê î ô û
Diæresis ä ë ï ö ü
Long ā ē ī ō ū
Short ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ
French ç, Spanish ñ.
SIGNS.
The following are a few of the most common signs—
℔, Pound weight.
⅌, Per.
@, at.
£, pound sterling, pound l.
/, Solidus, shilling mark.
%, Per cent.
+ Plus, or more.
- Minus, or less.
= Equal.
× Multiple.
÷ Sign of division.
° Degree.
′ Minute.
″ Seconds.
POINTS, ETC.
, Comma
; Semicolon
: Colon
. Full point
’ Apostrophe
- Hyphen
! Admiration
? Interrogation
& Short “and”
() Parentheses
[] Brackets
☞ Fist.
METAL RULES.
En - em — 2-em —— 3-em ——— 4-em ————
BRACES.
2-em ⏞⏞ 3-em ⏞⏞⏞ 4-em ⏞⏞⏞⏞ Superior ⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞
RELATIVE SIZES OF TYPE.
Dble Pica = 2-line Small Pica.
Paragon = ” L. Primer.
Gt. Primer = ” Bourgeois.
English = ” Minion.
Pica = ” Nonpareil.
Small Pica = 2-line Ruby.
L. Primer = ” Pearl.
Bourgeois = ” Diamond.
Brevier = ” Minikin.
4⅓ ems of Gt. Primer = 1 inch.
5½ ” English = ”
6 ” Pica = ”
7 ” Small Pica = ”
8⅔ ems of L. Primer = 1 inch.
9½ ” Brevier = ”
12 ” Nonpareil = ”
17⅓ ” Diamond = ”
TABLE showing what number of ems of any other fount will correspond in depth of body with any given number of Pica ems, from 10 ems Pica to 30.
Pica. Small Pica. Long Primr. Bourg. Brev. Min. Nonp. Ruby. Pearl. Pica.
10 11½ 12½ 14 15½ 17 20 23 25 10
11 12½ 14 15½ 17 18½ 22 25½ 28 11
12 14 15 17 18½ 20½ 24 27½ 30 12
13 15 16½ 18½ 20 22 26 30 33 13
14 16 17½ 20 21½ 23½ 28 32½ 35 14
15 17½ 19 21½ 23 25½ 30 34½ 38 15
16 18½ 20 23 25 27 32 37 40 16
17 19½ 21½ 24 26½ 28½ 34 39½ 43 17
18 21 22½ 25½ 28 30½ 36 41½ 45 18
19 22 24 27 29½ 32 38 44 48 19
20 23 25 28½ 31 34 40 46 50 20
21 24 26½ 30 32½ 35½ 42 48½ 53 21
22 25½ 27½ 31½ 34 37 44 51 55 22
23 26½ 29 32½ 35½ 39 46 53 58 23
24 27½ 30 34 37 40½ 48 55½ 60 24
25 29 31½ 35½ 38½ 42 50 58 63 25
26 30 32½ 37 40 44 52 60 65 26
27 31 34 38½ 42 45½ 54 62½ 68 27
28 32½ 35 40 43½ 47½ 56 65 70 28
29 33½ 36½ 41 45 49 58 67 73 29
30 34½ 38 42½ 46½ 50½ 60 69½ 75 30
THE NUMBER OF LINES CONTAINING A THOUSAND ENS
In any body of type from Pica to Nonpareil, and from 10 to 40 Pica ems in width.
Pica. ems in width. NUMBER OF LINES CONTAINING A THOUSAND LETTERS.
Pica. Small Pica. Long Primer. Bourg. Brevier. Minion. Nonp.
10 50 43 40 36 32 29 25
11 45 40 36 32 29 27 23
12 42 36 32 29 27 24 21
13 38 33 30 27 25 23 19
14 36 31 29 25 23 21 18
15 33 29 29 23 23 20 17
16 31 27 25 22 20 19 16
17 29 26 23 21 19 17 15
18 28 24 22 20 18 16 14
19 26 23 21 19 17 15 13
20 25 22 20 18 16 15 13
21 24 21 19 17 15 14 12
22 23 20 18 16 15 13 12
23 22 19 17 15 14 13 11
24 21 18 17 15 13 12 10
25 20 17 16 14 13 12 10
26 19 17 15 14 12 11 10
27 19 16 15 13 12 11 9
28 18 15 14 12 12 11 9
29 17 15 14 12 11 10 9
30 17 14 13 12 11 10 8
31 16 14 13 11 10 10 8
32 16 14 12 11 10 9 8
33 15 13 12 11 10 9 8
34 15 13 12 10 9 9 7
35 14 12 11 10 9 8 7
36 14 12 11 10 9 8 7
37 14 12 11 10 9 8 7
38 13 11 10 9 9 8 7
39 13 11 10 9 8 8 6
40 12 11 10 9 8 7 6