INDEX.

The women here designated as saints are either included in the Acta Sanctorum Bollandorum, or else, this work waiting completion, are entered as saints in the ‘Table Hagiographique’ of Guérin, Les Petits Bollandistes, 1882, vol. 17.

abbess, position of, 87, 152, 203, 365 ff., 388 Abra, St, 14 Achachildis or Atzin, 34 Adela, 40, see Adolana Adelheid, abbess at Gandersheim, 273 Adelheid, abbess at Nivelles, 152 footnote Adelheid, abbess at Quedlinburg, 152 Adelheid Helchen, abbess at Oberwerth, 421 Adelitia, nun, 213 Adeliz, abbess at Winchester, 210 Admunt, convent at, 237 Adolana, St, abbess at Pfälzel, 124 Aebbe, St, abbess at Coldingham, 97, 101-103 Aebbe, mother of Lioba, 134 Aelfgifu or Emma, queen, makes a gift of hangings, 226 Aelflaed, abbess at Whitby, 90, 93, 94, 103-106, 124, 126, 225 Aelflaed, queen, makes a gift of hangings, 226 Aelfthrith, abbess at Repton, 108 Aethelburg, St, abbess at Barking, 111, 112 Aethelburg St, or Aubierge, abbess at Brie, 78 Aethelburg, abbess (at Hackness?), 94, 106 Aethelburg, queen, founds a convent at Liming, 84 Aetheldritha, abbess at Southminstre in Thanet, 87 Aethelthrith, St, or Etheldred or Awdry, 96-99, 101, 225 Aette, abbess at Folkestone, 87 Afra, St, of Augsburg, 31, 32-33 Afra von Velseck, nun, 425 ff. Agatha, St, of Catania, 16, 17, 141 Agilbert, St, 76 Agius, interested in nuns, 154, 155, 157-159 Agnes, St, of Rome, 18, 167, 314, 327 Agnes, St, abbess at Poitiers, 52, 55-65 Agnes, St, princess of Bohemia, 293, 296-297, 298 Agnes, abbess at Quedlinburg, 233, 234 Agnes Ferrar, abbess at Shaftesbury, 365 Agnes Litherland, prioress at Gracedieu, 449 Agnes Merrett, cellaress at Sion, 393 Agnes Seyntel, prioress at Cambridge, 367 Agnes Terry, prioress at Catesby, 369 Ailred, his connection with nuns, 215, 218, 313-314, 321, 325 Alburgh or Aethelburgh, convent of St, see Barking Alena, St, 26 Aleydis, lay sister at Bronope, 419 Aleydis Ruyskop, nun at Rolandswerth, 428 Alice Fitzherbert, abbess at Polesworth, 447 Alice Henley, abbess at Godstow, 360 Alice Wafer, prioress at Prée, 410 alien priories, their number and appropriation, 386-387 Altwick, convent at, 273 Alwid, embroideress, 226 Amalberga, St, 23 Ambrosius, bishop of Milan, on Virginity, 14, on St Agnes, 167 Amesbury, convent at, 194, 201, 203, 205, 454 ancre, defined, 312 ‘Ancren Riwle,’ 311-325, 357 Angiltrud, nun, 138 Ankerwyke, convent at, 357, 443 Anna, duchess of Silesia, 295-296, 298 Anne Boleyn, intends to retire to a nunnery, 437 Anne Seton, prioress at Chatteris, 449 anonymous nun, author of ‘Hodoeporicon’ etc., 139 ff. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, in connection with women, 184, 208-211 Anselma, nun, 213 Ansterbert, St, or Austreberta, 76 Anstrud, St, or Austrudis, 77 Apollonia Tucher, nun at Nürnberg, 460 Arles, convent at, 48-50, 52, 56, 226 armarium or bookcase, 216, 223 Armengard von Rheden, abbess at Fischbeck, 418 Atzin or Achachildis, 34 Augustine, rule of St, 196 Augustine, canons of, see Austin or Black Aurea, St, 76 Austreberta, see Ansterbert Austin or Black canons, 186, 196, 197, 209 Austin canonesses, 150, 197, 364, 371, 420 Austrudis, see Anstrud Awdry, see Aethelthrith Balbine, St, 30 Balthild, St, 71, 73, 74-78 Bamberg, convent of St Clara at, 459 Barbara Dalberg, nun at Marienberg, 429 Barbara Schöndorfer, abbess at Sonnenburg, 427 Barking, convent at, 111, 112, 113, 116, 121, 201, 203, 358, 363, 372, 377, 378, 443, 455 Basina, nun at Poitiers, 65, 67-69 Baudonivia, nun at Poitiers, 46, 52, 65 Bega, St, 89 Begu, nun at Hackness, 89, 93 beguine, defined, 331 Benedict, St, rule of, 50, 73, 74, 77, 186, 198, 215; Anglo-Saxon version of, 312; rhymed version of, 358 ff. Benedictine nunneries, number of, in England, 204, 364 Bergen, convent at, 204, 460, 474 Berkley on Severn, convent at, 202 Berlindis, St, 26, 27, 31 Bernard of Clairvaux, 190, 258, 260 Berthegund, 69-70 Berthgit, nun, 139, also footnote Berthild, St, or Bertilia, abbess at Chelles, 77 Bilihild, St, 29 Bingen, convent at, 263 ff. Bischofsheim, convent at, 136, 137, 138 Bona, 211 Boniface, his correspondence with women, 118-142, 225, 232 Bourges, convent at, 230 Breslau, convent of St Clara at, 295 Bridget, St, of Ireland, 14 footnote Bridget, St, of Sweden, 383 ff. Bridget Belgrave, chambress at Sion, 392 Brie or Faremoutiers, convent at, 76, 77 Brixen, convent of St Clara at, 424, 459 Bromhall, convent at, 369, 436 Bronope, convent at, 418 Brunshausen, convent at, 155 Brusyard, convent at, 447 Buckland, convent at, 365 Bugga, correspondent of Boniface, 131-133 Bugga, daughter of King Centwin, 113 Bugga or Heaburg, 131 Burngith, nun at Barking, 113 Bursfeld, congregation of, 415 Busch, reformer of nunneries, 417 ff. Butzbach, his correspondence with nuns, 428 Caesaria, St, abbess at Arles, 48, 52, 56 Caesaria II, abbess at Arles, 56 Caesarius, St, rule of, 48-50, 226 Cambridge, convent of St Radegund at, 367, 380, 435 and footnote cameraria, see chambress Campsey, convent at, 360, 376, 377, 378 Cangith, 128 footnote Canonlegh, see Legh cantarista, see leader of the choir Canterbury, convent of St Sepulchre at, 403, 439 capellanissa, see chaplain Carrow, convent at, 378 Catesby, convent at, 368-369, 447-448 Cathari, 273, 281 Catherine de la Pole, abbess at Barking, 378 Cecil Bodman, abbess at Wilton, 438 footnote, 441 Cecilia, St, legend of, in English, 326 cellaress or celleraria, office of, 216, 368, 371 ff., 393 celleraria, see cellaress Celtes, his connection with nuns, 183, 461 ff. chambress or cameraria, office of, 378, 392 Charitas Pirckheimer, abbess at Nürnberg, 458 ff. Chartreuse, order of, 186, 199 chaplain, female, or capellanissa, office of, 376-378 Chatteris, convent at, 381, 401, 449 Chaucer on nuns, 361, 362 Chelles or Cala, convent at, 75, 77, 78, 82, 86 Chester, convent of St Mary at, 448 Chicksand, convent at, 445 Chlotildis, 41 Christiane, St, 25, 29 Christina, nun, 213 Christina, nun at Romsey, 207, 208 Christina, prioress at Mergate, 227 Christina Basset, prioress at St Mary Prée, 365, 410 Christine, abbess at Gandersheim, 159 Christine Strölin, abbess at Söflingen, 422 Chrodield, nun at Poitiers, 50, 66-69, 226 Chrothild, St, queen, 51 Chunigundis, abbess at Göss, 235 Chunihild, nun, 138, 139 footnote Chunitrud, nun, 139 Citeaux, order of, 186, 189-192 Cistercian nunneries, number of, in England, 363 Clara, St, of Assisi, 296 Clara, St, convent of, at Brixen, Nürnberg, etc., see Brixen, Nürnberg, etc. Clara Gundelfingen, abbess at Nürnberg, 459 Clara Pirckheimer, nun at Nürnberg, 459 ff. Clares, Poor, or Nuns Minoresses, 364 Clemence, nun at Barking, 357 Clement, St, convent of, at York, see York Clugni, order of, 186, 187-189 Clugniac nunneries, number of, in England, 363 Coldingham, convent at, 97, 101, 102 Cöln, convent of St Maria at, 152 footnote, 421 Columban, St, rule of, 72, 73, 77 consecration of nuns, 380 Cordula, St, 283 Crabhouse, convent at, 358 Cunera, St, 21, 29, 43 Cusanus, as monastic reformer, 416, 422 ff. Cuthberht, his connection with abbesses, 102-105, 225 Cuthburg, St, of Wimbourne, 106, 113, 116 Cuthburg, suffering torments in hell, 121 Cwenburg, St, of Wimbourne, 116 Cwenburg, nun at Watton, 91 Cyneburg, St, of Castor, 106, 107 Cynehild, nun, 135 Cyneswith, St, of Castor, 107 Cynethrith, abbess, 225 Davington, convent at, 357, 380 Delapray, convent at, 447 Dennis, convent at, 449, 450 Derneburg, convent at, 417, 420 Didimia, abbess at Poitiers, 65 Diemud, scribe, 236-237 Disibodenberg, nuns’ convent attached to, 262 Dollendis, see Rolendis Dominican friars, abroad, 291, 295, 332; in England, 309 Dominican nuns, 364 Dominican nunneries, number of, in England, 364 Dorothy Barley, abbess at Barking, 455 Dorstad, convent at, 418 Eadburg, abbess at Thanet, 120, 121, 122, 123, 225 Eadburga, 84 Eadgifu, abbess at Leominster, 202 Eadgith, nun at Barking, 112 Ealdgith, nun at Barking, 113 Ealdhelm, interested in nuns, 112-115, 172, 226 Eangith, correspondent of Boniface, 118, 128-131 Eanswith, St, of Folkestone, 83 Earcongotha, St, 78, 85 Easebourne, convent at, 360, 366, 376, 403, 404-406 Easington, convent at, 93 East Dereham, convent at, 96 ebdomary, office of, 390 Ebsdorf, convent at, 236 Ecgburg, abbess at Repton, 109, 126 Edelind, abbess at Niedermünster, 241 Edigna, St, 27 Edward’s, St, convent of, at Shaftesbury, see Shaftesbury Eger, convent of St Clara at, 466 Eichstätt, convent of St Walburg at, 421 Einbeth or Einbetta, St, 40 Eleanor, queen, takes the veil at Amesbury, 201 elemosinaria, office of, 378 Elisabeth, St, of Thüringen and Hungary, 285, 295, 298-304 Elisabeth, St, nun at Schönau, 257, 277-285, 429 Elisabeth Krelin, abbess at Heggbach, 421 Elisabeth von Mansfeld, nun at Helfta, 329 Elisabeth von Seckendorf, abbess at Eichstätt, 421 Elizabeth Barton, 439 Elizabeth Shelley, abbess at Winchester, 448, 449, 454, 455 Elizabeth Zouche, abbess at Shaftesbury, 455 Elizabeth Throgmerton, abbess at Dennis, 450 Elizabeth Walton, nun at Cambridge, 367, 368 Elizabeth Webb, prioress at Sopwell, 410 Ellandune, convent at, see Wilton Elstow, convent at, 204 footnote, 377 Ely, convent at, 95-106, 202, 225, 226 embroidery done by nuns, 224 ff. Engelthal, convent at, 471 Eormenhild, St, abbess at Sheppey and Ely, 100 Erasmus, on canons, 195, on the position of women, 429 ff. Erfurt, convent at, 236 eruditrix, office of, 379 Essen, convent at, 148, 149, 151, 232 Ethel-, see under Aethel- Eufemia, abbess at Winchester, 366 Eulalia, abbess at Shaftesbury, 210 Eulalia, nun at Barking, 113 Euphemia Pirckheimer, abbess at Bergen, 460 Eustadiola, St, abbess at Bourges, 230 Eutropia, 35, see Ontkommer Eva, recluse, 211 Everhild, St, 111 ‘Exercitia Spiritualia,’ by St Gertrud, 351 ff. ‘Explanatio regulae St Benedicti,’ by St Hildegard, 270 ‘Explanatio symboli St Athanasii,’ by St Hildegard, 270 ‘Expositiones Evangeliorum,’ by St Hildegard, 270 Fara, St, abbess at Brie, 76 Faremoutiers, convent at, see Brie Fécamp, convent at, 77 Felicitas Grundherrin, nun at Nürnberg, 460, 471 Fischbeck, convent at, 418 ‘Fliessende, das, Licht der Gottheit,’ by Mechthild, 332 ff. Flixton, convent at, 369, 377 Florence Bannerman, abbess at Amesbury, 454 Folkestone, convent at, 83, 87 Fontevraud, order of, 193-194, 205 Fortunatus, his connection with nuns, 58-64 Framehild, St, 76 Francis, St, of Assisi, 285, 291, 296, 301, 364 Franciscan friars and nuns, 291, 295, 302, 309, 364, 422 Frankenberg, convent at, 418 French, use of, in convents, 357 ff. Frideswith, St, of Oxford, 110 Frigith, nun at Hackness, 93 Fuller, on nunneries, 457 Gandersheim, convent at, 148, 151, 152, 154 ff. Gehulff, 35, see Ontkommer Geiler, as a reformer of convents, 428 Geisenfeld, convent at, 460 Geneviève, St, of Paris, 26, 43, 51 Genovefa, 26 Georg, St, convent of, at Halle, see Halle Gerald Barri, on monasticism, 199 Gerberg I, abbess at Gandersheim, 159 Gerberg II, abbess at Gandersheim, 151, 153, 160, 162, 163, 166, 167, 182 Germana, St, 25, 29 Gertrud, St, nun at Helfta, 329, 346 ff. Gertrud, St, of Nivelles, 7, 23 Gertrud, 26 Gertrud, abbess at Helfta, 329 Gertrud, abbess at Trebnitz, 293, 295, 296 Gertrud von Büchel, nun at Rolandswerth, 429 Gilbert of Sempringham, St, order of, 186, 213-221 Gisela, 147 Gisela, queen of Hungary, 233 Gisleberga, St, 43 Godam Hampton, nun at Barking, 366 Godeleva, St, or Godeleina, 24, 25, 29, 30 Godstow, convent at, 204 footnote, 206, 357, 360, 400, 447, 453 Göss, convent at, 235 Gracedieu, convent at, 449 Grandmont, order of, 186, 199 Gredanna von Freyberg, abbess at Urspring, 421 Gregory of Tours, his connection with nuns, 51 ff. Gudila, St, 23 Gunthild, St, 7, 27, 35, 139 footnote Guthlac, his connection with nuns, 108-110, 225 Gutta, scribe, 237 Hackness, convent at, 93, 94, 106 Hadewy, abbess at Herford, 147 ‘Hali Meidenhad,’ 326-328 Halle, convent of St Georg at, 418 Hanbury, convent at, 100 Harwold, convent at, 446 Hartlepool, convent at, 88, 89, 90, 94 Hathumod, abbess at Gandersheim, 149, 154-159 Heaburg, called Bugga, nun, 128, 131 Hedwig, St, of Silesia, 291 ff., 298, 299 Hedwig, abbess at Neuss, 152 footnote Hedwig, duchess of Swabia, 162, 233 Heggbach, convent at, 421 Heiningen, convent at, 236, 418, 419 Heiu, abbess at Hartlepool, 88, 89 Helen, St, 114 Helen, St, convent of, in London, see London Helena von Iltzen, prioress at Marienberg, 418 Helena Meichnerin, abbess at Nürnberg, 463 Helfta, convent at, 328 ff. Hereswith, St, 78, 82, 96, 97 Hereswytha, abbess at Sheppey, 87 Herford, convent at, 147, 148, 149, 155 Heriburg, abbess at Watton, 91 Herlind, St, abbess at Maaseyck, 230-232 Hersende, abbess at Fontevraud, 194 Heyninges, convent of St Mary at, 449 Hidburg, nun at Barking, 113 Hilarius, verses on recluses, 211 Hild, St, of Whitby, 82, 89 ff., 96 Hildegard, St, of Bingen, 256 ff., 429 Hildelith, St, abbess at Barking, 112, 113, 121 Hildemarque, 77 Hilp, 11, 35, see Ontkommer ‘Hodoeporicon’ by anonymous nun, 139 ff. Hohenburg, convent at, 22, 24, 238 ff. ‘Hortus Deliciarum,’ by Herrad, 238 ff. Hrotsvith, abbess at Gandersheim, 160 Hrotsvith, nun at Gandersheim, 143, 153, 154-183, 429 Ida, St, ancestress of Liudolfings, 23 footnote Ida, abbess at St Maria (on the Münzenberg?), 152 footnote Ida, ancestress of Karlings, 23 Ida, nun at Bronope, 419 Ida, nun at Gandersheim, 151, 152 footnote Idonea, nun, 212 Iduberga, 43 Idung, on nuns, 198 infirmaria, 378 Ingetrud, abbess at Tours, 51, 58, 69, 70 Inthware or Iuthware, 30 Irmina, St, 40 Isabel Jordan, abbess at Wilton, 438 Isengard von Greiffenklau, 421 Itta, 43 Jane Gowryng, 443 Jane Messyndyne, 447 Joan Ashcomb, nun at Shaftesbury, 366 Joan Chapell, prioress at Sopwell, 410 Joan Darrell, abbess at Amesbury, 454 Joan Formage, abbess at Shaftesbury, 366 Joan Lancaster, prioress at Cambridge, 367, 368 Joan Sandford, prioress at Heyninges, 449 Joan Rawlins, prioress at Bromhall, 436 Johan or Jane Arundell, abbess at Legh, 368 Johanna de Northampton, prioress at Catesby, 368 John of Salisbury, on monks and nuns, 200, 201 Jouarre, convent at, 76 Joyce Bykeley, prioress at Catesby, 448 Juliana, St, legend of, 326, 327 Juliana, prioress at Bromhall, 369 Juliana Baucyn, abbess at Shaftesbury, 365 Justina, nun at Barking, 113 Juthware, see Inthware Jutta, St, 338 Jutta, ‘magistra,’ at Disibodenberg, 262 Katharina Pirckheimer, prioress at Geisenfeld, 460 Katharine, St, life of, by Clemence of Barking, 357 Katherine Babington, nun at Campsey, 360 Katherine Bulkeley, abbess at Godstow, 453 Katherine Sayntlow, nun at Cambridge, 367 Katheryne Wyngate, nun at Elstow, 377 Kilburn, convent at, 206, 360, 376 Kirkless, convent at, 452, 453 kitchener or cook, office of, 216, 375 Kizzingen, convent at, 138, 273, 292, 293, 303 Kleinfrankenthal, convent at, 420 Krischmerge, 41 Kümmerniss, see Ontkommer Kunigund, St, empress, 232 Kunigundis, St, 40 ‘Land of Cockayne,’ 411 Langendorf, convent at, 415 Langland, on nuns, 406 Laon, convent at, 77 Las Huelgas, convent at, 191 Laycock, convent at, 441, 448 leader of the choir or precentrix, succentrix, cantarista, 216, 368, 378, 391 ‘Legatus Divinae Pietatis,’ by St Gertrud, 348 ff. Legbourne, convent at, 446 Legh, convent of, or Canonlegh or Minchenlegh, 358, 368 legister or reader, office of, 391 Leobgith, see Lioba Leominster, convent at, 202 Leonard, St, convent of, see Stratford Leubover, abbess at Poitiers, 65 ff., 226 Leukardis, scribe, 237 Liberata, St, or Liberatrix, 35, 37, see Ontkommer Lillechurch, convent at, 212, 436 Liming, convent at, 84, 87 Lindesay on convent life, 456 Linthildis, see Lufthildis Lioba, St, 117, 134 ff. Littlemore, convent at, 437 Little Marlow, convent at, 442 Liutberg, recluse, 147 Livrade, 35, see Ontkommer Liwid, embroideress, 226 London, convent of Poor Clares, or Minories, 364 London, convent of St Helen in, 378 Lucia, abbess at Shaftesbury, 366 Lucie, St, of Sampigny, 25 Lufthildis, St, 25, 26, 42 Lul, his correspondence with nuns, 134, 137, 138 Lüne, convent at, 236 ‘Luve Ron,’ 310 Maaseyck, convent at, 231-232 magistra noviciarum, see mistress of the novices Mallersdorf, convent at, 237 Malling, convent at, 204 footnote, 363, 380, 443 footnote Margaret, St, legend of, 326 Margaret, St, queen of Scotland, 207-208, 289 Margaret Punder, prioress at Flixton, 369 Margaret Tewkesbury, abbess at Delapray, 447 Margaret Vernon, prioress at Little Marlow, 443 Maria, St, convent of, at Cöln etc., see Cöln etc. Mariahilf, 11, 35 Mariasif, 11 Marienberg, convent at, in Saxony, 418-419 Marienberg, convent at, near Trier, 421 Marienborn, convent at, 420 Mariensee, convent at, 417 Marricks, convent of St Andrew, 449, 456 Mary, St, the Virgin, 9, 10, 11 Mary and Martha, as types of activity, 305, 314, 324, 325 Mary, St, convent of, at Chester etc., see Chester etc. Mary, daughter of St Margaret, 207, 209 Mary of Blois, abbess at Romsey, 201, 212 Mathea Fabyan, nun at Barking, 377 Mathilde, abbess at Essen, 151, 232 Mathilde, abbess at Kizzingen, 292, 303 Mathilde, abbess at Quedlinburg, 149, 151, 153, 232 Mathilde, abbess at Villich, 152 footnote Matilda, abbess at Amesbury, 201 Matilda, abbess at Winchester, 210 Matilda, queen, 207 ff., 289 ff., 298 Matilda Sudbury, nun at Cambridge, 367 Maxima, abbess, 113 Mechthild, 7 Mechthild, beguine, 305, 329, 330, 331-340 Mechthild, nun at Helfta, 329, 330, 340-346 Mechthild von Wippra, nun, 329 Mechtund, St, 40 Mergate, convent at, 227 Mildburg, St, of Wenlock, 85, 121 Mildgith, St, 85 Mildthrith, St, of Thanet, 85-86 Minories, see London, convent of Poor Clares Minstre in Thanet, see Thanet mistress of the novices, magistra noviciarum, 217, 378 Modwen, St, 111 and footnote, 446 footnote Montreuil-les-Dames, convent at, 191 Münich, convent of St Clara at, 460 Münzenberg, convent of St Maria on the, 152 footnote mynchyn, use of word, 364 footnote, 368, 454 Neuss, convent at, 152 footnote Neuwerk, convent at Erfurt, 418 Nider, on nuns, 459 Niedermünster, convent, 241 Nigel Wirecker on monks and nuns, 200 Nivelles, convent at, 152 footnote Norbert, St, order of, see Prémontré Notburg, St, 34 Notburg, St, or Nuppurg, 26 Notburg, 24 Nunappleton, convent at, 452, 453 Nun-Cotham, convent at, 207 footnote Nun-Kelyng, convent at, 453 Nun-Monkton, convent at, 357 Nunnaminster, see Winchester, convent of St Mary at Odilia, St, 22, 24, 240, 251 Ontkommer or Wilgefortis, St, 35-38, 43 ‘opus anglicum,’ 228 ‘Order of Fair Ease,’ on religious orders, 201 Osburg, 111 and footnote Osburg, nun at Barking, 113 Osgith, 113 footnote Osith, St, 110 Oswen, St, or Osman, 30 Oxenfurt, convent at, 138 Paris, convent at, 51, 76 Paula, St, of Avila, 36 footnote Pavilly, convent at, 76 Pega, St, 109, 110 Pellmerge, 41 Peter of Blois, corresponding with nuns, 213 Petronille, abbess at Fontevraud, 194 Pfälzel or Palatiolum, convent at, 124 Pharaildis, St, 21, 22, 23, 27 footnote, 30, 34 Pietrussa, abbess at Trebnitz, 293, 295 Pillenreuth, convent at, 471 Poitiers, convent at, 51 ff. Polesworth, convent at, 447 Pollesloe, convent at, 448 portress, office of, 217 Prague, convent of St Clara at, 296 precentrix, see leader of the choir Prée, convent of St Mary, 366, 408, 410 Prémontré, order of, 186, 193-194 prioress, position and office of, 204, 216, 370 ff. profession and consecration of nuns, 379-380 Pusinna, St, 147 Quedlinburg, convent, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 232, 233 Radegund, St, of Poitiers, 45, 51-65, 225 Radegund, St, or Radiane, 27, 29, 34, 35 Radegund, St, convent of, see Cambridge, convent of St Radegund Ramsen, convent at, 420 Redlingfield, convent at, 363, 377, 378 refectuaria, office of, 378 Regenfled, 35, see Ontkommer Regenfrith, 35, see Ontkommer Regina, St, 29 Reinild, St, abbess at Maaseyck, 230-232 Reinildis, St, 23 Relind, abbess at Hohenburg, 241 Repton, convent at, 108, 126, 202 Richardis, nun at Bingen, 272 Richmondis van der Horst, abbess at Seebach, 428 Rikkardis, nun at Gandersheim, 161, 163 Robert, St, founder of the order of Fontevraud, 193 Rolandswerth, convent at, 429 Rolendis, St, 27, 42 Romsey, convent at, 201, 207, 208, 209, 212, 357, 360, 378 Rosa, 211 Rosalia, St, of Palermo, 18 Rusper, convent at, 380, 381, 403, 404 Ryhall, convent at, 107 Sabina Pirckheimer, abbess at Bergen, 460, 474 Saethrith, St, or Syre, 77, 85, 96 Salaberg, St, 77 Scheurl, his connection with nuns, 460, 464 Scholastica, nun at Barking, 113 Schönau, convent at, 278 ff. Schönfeld, convent at, 420 Schwellmerge, 41 scrutatrix, see sercher Seebach, convent at, 428 Sempringham, order of, 186, 195, 201, 213-221 sercher or scrutatrix, 216 Seton, convent of, 403, 451 Sexburg, St, 84, 96, 100 sexton, office of, 370, 371, 390 Shaftesbury, convent of St Edward at, 203, 204, 210, 357, 365, 366, 376, 379, 455 Sheppey, convent at, 84, 87, 96, 100, 205, 379 Sigegith, 113 Sinningthwaite, convent at, 207 Sion, convent at, 360, 364, 383 ff., 439 Söflingen, convent at, 422, 429 Soissons, convent at, 147 Sonnenburg, convent at, 422 ff. Sophie, abbess at Eichstätt, 421 Sophie, abbess at Gandersheim, 151, 152 Sophie, abbess at Kizzingen, 273 Sophie, abbess (at Mainz?), 152 footnote Sophie von Mansfeld, nun at Helfta, 329 Sopwell, convent at, 206, 357, 409, 410 Southminstre, convent at, 87 ‘Spiritual Convent or Ghostly Abbey,’ 339, 377, 411 Stanford, convent at, 206 Stendal, convent at, 420 Strasburg, convent of St Mary Magdalen, 428, of St Stephan, 428 Stratford, convent of St Leonard at, 212, 358, 363 Streanshalch, see Whitby sub-prioress, office of, 370 succentrix, see leader of the choir Suitha, abbess, 134 Superba, 211 Sura, St, or Soteris or Zuwarda, 29 Swine, convent at, 207 footnote, 378, 453 Tart, convent at, 191 Tecla, correspondent of Boniface, 135, 138, 139 Tecla, nun at Barking, 113 Tecla, nun at Bronope, 419 Teclechildis, see Theodohild Tetbury, convent at, 117 Tetta, abbess at Herford, 147 Tetta, abbess at Wimbourne, 117, 135, 136 Thanet, convent at, or Minstre, 85, 86, 87, 120 thesaurissa, see treasurer Theodohild, St, or Teclechildis, of Jouarre, 76 Theofanu, abbess at Essen, 152 footnote, 232 Theorigitha, see Torctgith Thetford, convent at, 379, 402 Thomas Beket, his connection with nuns, 201, 212 Thomas de Hales, poem for nuns, 309 ff. Tibba or Tilba, 107, 108, 110 Tinmouth, convent at, 82 footnote Torctgith, St, or Theorigitha, 112 Tours, convent at, 51, 58, 69-70 treasurer or thesaurissa, 368, 378 Trebnitz, convent at, 292, 293, 294, 295 Trentham, convent at, 100 Tritheim, his connection with nuns, 428 tutrix, office of, 379 Uncumber, 38 footnote, see Ontkommer Urspring, convent at, 421 Ursula, St, 21, 25, 34, 40, 283, 284 Ursula Cantor, 429 Verbetta, St, 40 Verena, St, of Zurzach, 23, 24, 26, 31-32 Verena, St, 283 Verena von Stuben, abbess at Sonnenburg, 423 ff. Villbetta, St, 40 Villich, convent at, 152 Wadstena, convent at, 384 ff. Wala, abbess, 130 Walburg, St, or Waltpurgis, 11 footnote, 25, 26, 27, 139 Walpurg Pirckheimer, nun, 460 Walter Map, on monks and nuns, 200, 202 Waltpurgis, see Walburg Warbeth, 40 Watton, convent at, 91, 218-219, 220 Weedon, convent at, 100 Wende, convent at, 236 Wenlock, convent at, 86, 121 Wennigsen, convent at, 417 Werburg, St, 100 Werder, convent at, 417 Wessobrunn, nuns at, 236 Wethburg, abbess, 124, 126, 127, 132 Wherwell, convent at, 212, 455 Whitby or Streanshalch, convent at, 88-95, 103, 105, 106, 124, 202 Wibrandis, St, 40 Wienhausen, convent at, 235, 417 Wihtburg, St, 96 Wilbeth, 40 Wilcoma, abbess at Chelles, 86 Wilfrith, his connection with abbesses, 95 ff., 225 Wilgefortis, St, 35, see Ontkommer Wilibald Pirckheimer, his connection with nuns, 461 ff. Wilnotha, abbess at Liming, 87 Wilton, convent at, or Ellandune, 203, 369, 438, 441 Wimbourne, convent at, 116, 117, 134, 202 Wimpheling, on nunneries, 429 Winchester, convent of St Mary at, or Nunnaminster, 184, 203, 210, 211, 366, 376, 380, 448, 454, 455 Windesheim, congregation of, 417 ff. Winifred, St, 30 Winteney, convent at, 359 Wittewierum, convent at, 237 Wolfsindis, 29 Woodchester, convent at, 202 footnote Wroxhall, convent at, 229, 363 Wykes, convent at, 437 York, convent of St Clement’s at, 206 Zuwarda, see Sura

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. & C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

Footnotes:

[1] The literature on this subject is daily accumulating. Among older authorities are Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht, 1861; Zmigrodski, Die Mutter bei den Völkern des arischen Stammes, 1886; Pearson, K., Ethic of Free Thought, 1888.

[2] Kriegk, G. L., Deutsches Bürgerthum im Mittelalter, 1868, ch. 12-15.

[3] Gregorius Tur., Hist. Eccles. 5, ch. 14, 16, 19.

[4] Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 78.

[5] Ibid. p. 881 ff.

[6] Wuttke, Deutscher Volksaberglaube, 1869, p. 141; Weinhold, K., Deutsche Frauen, 1882, vol. 1, p. 73.

[7] Rochholz, E. L., Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 191.

[8] Menzel, Christliche Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Haar.’

[9] A. SS. Boll., St Gunthildis, Sept. 12.

[10] Bouquet, Recueil Hist., vol. 5, p. 690. Capitulare incerti anni, nr 6, ‘ut mulieres ad altare non ingrediantur.’

[11] Montalembert, Monks of the West, 1, p. 359.

[12] Jameson, Legends of the Madonna, 1857, Introd. xix.

[13] Rhys, J., Lectures on the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by Celtic Heathendom, 1888, p. 102.

[14] Frantz, C., Versuch einer Geschichte des Marien und Annencultus, 1854, p. 54 ff.

[15] Froissart, Chronicle, c. 162, in English translation; also Oberle, K. A., Ueberreste germ. Heidentums im Christentum, 1883, p. 153.

[16] Menzel, Christ. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Baum.’

[17] Oberle, K. A., Ueberreste germ. Heidentums im Christentum, 1883, p. 144.

[18] Menzel, Christl. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Himmelfahrt.’

[19] Ibid., article ‘Frauenberg’; also Oberle, K. A., Ueberreste germ. Heidentums im Christentum, 1883, p. 38.

[20] Rochholz, Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 81, calls it Walburg; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Traditions et légendes de la Belgique, 1870, p. 286, calls it Fro or Frigg.

[21] Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie, 1887, p. 379; also Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 257.

[22] Comp. below, p. 35.

[23] Bede, Ecclesiastical History, 1, ch. 30.

[24] On English calendars, Piper, F., Kalendarien und Martyrologien der Angelsachsen, 1862; Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887.

[25] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858-62, vol. 2, Einleitung.

[26] For France, Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847-55, vol. 1, p. 1; for England, Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, pp. 1 ff.; for Germany, Friedrich, Kirchengeschichte, 1867, vol. 1, pp. 86 ff.

[27] Ducange, Glossarium: ‘coenobium.’

[28] Dupuy, A., Histoire de S. Martin, 1852, p. 176.

[29] Gildas, Epistle, c. 66.

[30] In Ireland we hear of nunneries founded by St Bridget in the fifth century, the chief of which was at Kildare; also that this saint crossed the Irish Sea and founded nunneries at Glastonbury in England and at Abernethy in Scotland. The accounts of the work of Bridget are numerous, but have not been subjected to criticism. Comp. A. SS. Boll., St Brigida, Feb. 1, and Lanigan, Eccles. History of Ireland, 1829, 1, pp. 377 ff.

[31] Ambrosius, Opera (edit. Migne, Patrol. Cursus Comp. vol. 16), De virginibus, p. 187; (vol. 17) Ad virginem devotam, p. 579.

[32] Hilarius, Opera (edit. Migne, vol. 10), Ad Abram, p. 547.

[33] Blunt, J. J., Vestiges of Ancient Manners in Italy and Sicily, 1823, pp. 56 ff.

[34] Menzel, W., Christl. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Brust,’ makes this statement. I do not see where he takes it from.

[35] A. SS. Boll., St Agatha, Feb. 5.

[36] A. SS. Boll., St Agnes, Jan. 21; St Rosalia, Sept. 4.

[37] A. SS. Boll., St Cunera, June 12.

[38] Kist, N. C., in Kerkhistorisch Archiv, Amsterdam, 1858, vol. 2, p. 20.

[39] Vita St Meinwerci, bishop of Paderborn (1009-39), written about 1155 (Potthast), c. 37.

[40] Hautcœur, Actes de Ste Pharailde, 1882, Introduction, p. xc.

[41] A. SS. Boll., Gloria posthuma St Bavonis, Oct. 1, p. 261.

[42] Wauters, A., Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, 1852, vol. 3, pp. 111, 123 ff.

[43] A. SS. Boll., Vita St Leodgarii, Oct. 2.

[44] Roth, K. L., ‘St Odilienberg’ in Alsatia, 1856, pp. 91 ff.

[45] Bonnell, H. E., Anfänge des karolingischen Hauses, 1866, pp. 51, 149 etc. It is noticeable that another woman-saint Ida (A. SS. Boll., St Ida, June 20) figures as ancestral mother of the Liudolfings, who became kings in Saxony and emperors of Germany, comp. Waitz, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich I. 1863, Nachtrag I.

[46] Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 207.

[47] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858-82.

[48] Lebensgeschichte der heil. Othilia. Freiburg, 1852.

[49] Alsatia, 1858-60, p. 268, contains local stories.

[50] Roth, K. L., ‘St Odilienberg’ in Alsatia, 1856, p. 95.

[51] Menzel, Christliche Symbolik, article ‘Knieen.’

[52] Du Bois de Beauchesne, Madame Ste Notburg, 1888, pp. 85, 197 etc. Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, and A. SS. Boll. so far, omit her.

[53] Lefebure, F. A., Ste Godeleine et son culte, 1888. A. SS. Boll., St Godelewa, July 6.

[54] Wonderlyk Leven. Cortryk 1800, anon., pp. 42, 45 etc.

[55] Comp. below, ch. 4, § 2.

[56] Rochholz, L., Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, pp. 26, 80 etc.

[57] Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie, p. 389.

[58] Clouet, Histoire de Verdun, p. 180; A. SS. Boll., St Lucie, Sept. 9.

[59] A. SS. Boll., St Germana, Oct. 1; Husenbeth, F. C., Emblems of the Saints, 1882.

[60] Rochholz, L., Drei Gaugöttinnen, p. 164.

[61] Zacher, J., St Genovefa Pfalzgräfin, 1860, p. 55.

[62] Menzel, Christliche Symbolik, article ‘Aehre,’ refers to Notre Dame de trois épis in Elsass.

[63] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, St Nothburga, nr 2.

[64] Wauters, A., Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, 1, p. 302; Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 76.

[65] A. SS. Boll., St Alena, June 19; Menzel, W., Christliche Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Arm.’ Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, June 19.

[66] Corémans, L’année etc., p. 77.

[67] Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Traditions et légendes de la Belgique, 1870, vol. 1, p. 99.

[68] A. SS. Boll., St Gunthildis, Sept. 22.

[69] Imagines SS. Augustanorum, 1601; also Stadler and Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, St Radegundis, nr 3.

[70] Pharaildis has been depicted with one, A. SS. Boll., St Pharaildis, Jan. 4; also Verena, comp. below.

[71] Husenbeth, F. C., Emblems of the Saints, 1870, mentions one instance.

[72] Rochholz, Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 7.

[73] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon; A. SS. Boll., St Rolendis, May 13.

[74] A. SS. Boll., St Edigna, Feb. 26.

[75] A. SS. Boll., St Christiane, July 26.

[76] Rochholz, L., Drei Gaugöttinnen, p. 37.

[77] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858-82, St Radegundis, nr 3.

[78] Ibid., Appendix, p. 998, footnote.

[79] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Regina, nr 4.

[80] Kist, N. C., ‘Reenensche Kuneralegende’ in Kerkhistorisch Archiv, Amsterdam, 1858, vol. 2, p. 5.

[81] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Sura.

[82] A. SS. Boll., St Germana, Oct. 1.

[83] Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, 1848, pp. 5 ff., 272 ff.

[84] Capgrave, Catalogus SS. Angliae, 1516.

[85] Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887.

[86] Capgrave, Catalogus SS. Angliae, 1516. Comp. Surius, Vitae SS. 1617.

[87] Hautcœur, Actes de Ste Pharailde, 1882, Introd. cxxviiii.

[88] Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Traditions et légendes de la Belgique, 1870, vol. 1, p. 288.

[89] Lefebure, Ste Godeleine et son culte, p. 209.

[90] Wauters, A., Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, 1852, vol. 1, p. 304.

[91] Rochholz, Drei Gaugöttinnen, 1870, p. 154.

[92] Potthast, Wegweiser durch die Geschichtszwerke des europ. Mittelalters, 1862; Rochholz, loc. cit., p. 108, prints an early poetic version of the story in the vernacular.

[93] Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie, 1887, p. 393.

[94] Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 254, footnote.

[95] Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, pp. 61, 113, 158.

[96] Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 252.

[97] Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, p. 76; Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, and the A. SS. Boll. pass her over.

[98] Wessely, J. G., Iconographie Gottes und der Heiligen, 1874.

[99] A. SS. Boll., St Afra, Aug. 5.

[100] Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 242.

[101] Velserus, Antiqua monumenta, Chronica der Stadt Augsp. 1595; pp. 4, 14, 17, 32, 88.

[102] Rettberg, F. W., Kirchengeschichte, 1846, vol. 1, p. 147.

[103] Friedrich, Kirchengeschichte, 1867, vol. 1, p. 413.

[104] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Notburg, nr 1. A. SS. Boll., St Notburga, Jan. 26.

[105] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, Appendix, St Achachildis.

[106] Birlinger, A., Schwäbische Sagen, vol. 2, p. 341.

[107] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Radegundis, nr 3.

[108] Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 896.

[109] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Kumernissa.

[110] A. SS. Boll., St Liberata, July 20.

[111] Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884.

[112] I cannot account for the presence of the beard; St Paula, venerated at Avila in Spain, is also represented with one (Stadler und Heim). Macrobius (Sal. bk 3, c. 8) tells us that the Venus Barbata was represented in Cyprus in the form of a man with a beard and wearing female clothing, which shows that goddesses of this type were venerated during heathen times.

[113] Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythol. 1875, p. 896.

[114] Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, p. 36.

[115] Menzel, W., Christl. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Bart.’

[116] Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, pp. 31, 33, 36, 42 etc.

[117] Ibid. p. 32.

[118] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Liberata, footnote, p. 807.

[119] Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, pp. 5, 50 etc. Ellis, H., Original Letters, series III, vol. 3, p. 194, quotes the following sentence from Michael Woddes, Dialogues, 1554: ‘... if a wife were weary of her husband she offered Otes at Poules (St Paul’s) at London to St Uncumber,’ a proof that the veneration of Ontkommer had found its way into England.

[120] Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, 1848, pp. 5 ff., 272 ff.

[121] Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 149.

[122] Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Myth., 1887, p. 344.

[123] Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 23.

[124] Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 148.

[125] Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, pp. 69 ff.

[126] Cradles are frequently kept in churches in Bavaria, and form, I am told, part of the furniture which was formerly used at the celebration of the Nativity play at Christmas (Weihnachtskrippenspiel).

[127] Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 273.

[128] Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Myth., 1887, pp. 344, 349, gives lists of their names.

[129] Grimm, Wörterbuch, ‘Bett’; Mannhardt, W., Germanische Mythen, 1858, p. 644.

[130] Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Mythol., 1848, p. 180.

[131] A. SS. Boll., St Einbetta, Sept. 16.

[132] A. SS. Boll., St Kunegundis, June 16.

[133] Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 379.

[134] Menck-Dittmarsch, Des Moselthals Sagen, 1840, pp. 178, 258.

[135] Grimm, Wörterbuch, ‘Marge.’

[136] Lersch, Centralmuseum rheinl. Inschriften, vol. 1, p. 23; also Jahrbücher des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande, Bonn: J. 1852, Freudenberg, ‘Darstellungen der Matres oder Matronae’; J. 1853, ‘Neue Matronensteine’; J. 1857, Eick, ‘Matronensteine’; J. 1858, Becker, ‘Beiträge’ etc.

[137] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Lufthildis.

[138] Ibid. St Rolendis.

[139] A. SS. Boll., St Cunera, June 12.

[140] Fustel de Coulanges, L’invasion germanique, 1891; Gérard, P. A. F., Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864; Ozanam, Civilisation chrétienne chez les Francs, 1855.

[141] A. SS. Boll., St Caesaria, Jan. 12, Regula, pp. 730-737; also A. SS. Boll., St Caesarius episcopus, Aug. 27.

[142] A. SS. Boll., St Caesaria, Jan. 12, Regula, c. 66.

[143] Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847, vol. 2, 46; Labbé, Sacr. Conc. Collectio, Conc. Agathense, canon nr 19.

[144] Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847, vol. 2, p. 109.

[145] Keller, Ch., Étude critique sur le texte de la vie de Ste Geneviève, 1881; also A. SS. Boll., St Genovefa, Jan. 3.

[146] Darboy, Mgr, Sainte Clothilde, 1865; also A. SS. Boll., St Chrothildis, June 3.

[147] Giesebrecht, W., Fränkische Geschichte des Gregorius, 1851, Einleitung xviii.

[148] Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Completus, vol. 71).

[149] Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Martyrum, ch. 5 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 71).

[150] A. SS. Boll., St Radegundis, Aug. 13 (contains both these accounts).

[151] Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887.

[152] Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 9, ch. 42.

[153] Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 3, ch. 7; Fortunatus, Vita, ch. 2-4.

[154] Giesebrecht, W., Fränkische Geschichte des Gregorius, 1851, appendix.

[155] Fortunatus, Vita, ch. 3.

[156] Ibid., ch. 10.

[157] Ibid., ch. 5.

[158] Baudonivia, Vita, ch. 2.

[159] A. SS. Boll., St Medardus, June 8.

[160] Commentators are much exercised by this summary breaking of the marriage tie; some urge that Radegund’s union had not been blessed by the Church. In the A. SS. it is argued that the Gallic bishop Medardus in pronouncing her divorce acted in ignorance of certain canons of the Church.

[161] Fortunatus, Vita, c. 10.

[162] Ibid., ch. 11; Baudonivia, Vita, ch. 6.

[163] Ibid., Vita, ch. 12.

[164] Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, Johannes, nr 52; Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 23.

[165] Fortunatus, Vita, ch. 26.

[166] Lucchi, Vie de Venantius Fortunatus, ch. 85 (in Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887).

[167] Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106.

[168] Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 111, 3, p. 214.

[169] Gérard, P. A. F., Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864, vol. 1, p. 272.

[170] Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 9, ch. 40.

[171] Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 11, 1, p. 76.

[172] Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 8, ch. 40.

[173] Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 7, ch. 36.

[174] Baudonivia, Vita, c. 11.

[175] Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, bk 10, nr 9.

[176] Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, bk 2, nr 16.

[177] Ibid., bk 6, nr 1.

[178] Mone, F. J., Lateinische Hymnen des Mittelalters, 1853-5, vol 1, 101; Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, note, p. 76.

[179] Fortunatus, Opera poetica, Appendix, nr 2.

[180] Ibid., bk 8, nr 1.

[181] Fortunatus, Opera poetica, note 9, p. 213.

[182] Ibid., Appendix, nr 16.

[183] Ibid., nr 31.

[184] Nisard, Ch., Des poesies de Radegonde attribuées jusqu’ici à Fortunat, 1889, p. 5.

[185] Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 111, 2, 3, etc., p. 284.

[186] Ibid., ‘De Excidio Thoringiae,’ Appendix, nr 1.

[187] Fortunatus, Opera poetica, Appendix, nr 3.

[188] Ibid., bk 8, nr 8.

[189] Ibid., bk 8, nr 6.

[190] Ibid., bk 11, nr 10.

[191] Ibid., bk 11, nr 9.

[192] Fortunatus, Opera poetica, bk 11, nr 11.

[193] Ibid., bk 11, nr 22.

[194] Ibid., bk 11, nr 8.

[195] Ibid., bk 11, nr 6.

[196] Ibid., Appendix, nr 21.

[197] Ibid., bk 11, nr 2.

[198] Ibid., bk 11, nr 7.

[199] Ibid., Appendix, nr 15.

[200] Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106.

[201] Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, chs. 39-44; bk 10, chs. 15-17, 20.

[202] Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 39.

[203] Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 41.

[204] Ibid., bk 10, ch. 15.

[205] Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 33; bk 10, ch. 12.

[206] A. SS. Boll., St Vedastus, Feb. 6.

[207] A. SS. Boll., St Eleutherius, Feb. 20, Vita 1, ch. 3 (Potthast, Wegweiser: ‘Vita auctore anonymo sed antiquo’).

[208] Gérard, P. A. F., Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864, vol. 1, p. 384.

[209] Comp. throughout A. SS. Boll., St Wandregisilus, July 22; St Waningus, Jan. 9, etc.

[210] Drapeyron, L., La reine Brunehilde, 1867.

[211] Gregorius, Papa, Epistolae, liber 9, epist. 109 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl. vol. 77).

[212] St Columban who went abroad and died in 615 should be kept distinct from St Columba who died in 597, sometimes also called Columban. Both of them wrote rules for monks (cf. Dictionary of Nat. Biography).

[213] Bouquet, Recueil Hist., vol. 3, p. 478.

[214] A. SS. Boll., St Desiderius, May 23.

[215] Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, vol. 1, p. 317.

[216] Opinions differ as to the original form of the rule of St Benedict. Comp. Benedictus, Opera, pp. 204 ff. (in Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Complet., vol. 66).

[217] A. SS. Boll., St Filibertus, Aug. 20.

[218] Roth, P., Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, Appendix, gives the Charter.

[219] Roth, P., Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, p. 249.

[220] A. SS. Boll., St Bathildis, Jan. 26 (contains both accounts).

[221] Roth, P., Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, p. 86.

[222] A. SS. Boll., St Bathildis, Jan. 26; Vita 11., ch. 14.

[223] A. SS. Boll., ibid., St Aurea, Oct. 4.

[224] Ibid., St Filibertus, Aug. 20, Vita, ch. 5.

[225] Ibid., St Austreberta, Feb. 10.

[226] Regnault, Vie de Ste Fare, 1626.

[227] A. SS. Boll., St Teclechildis, Oct. 10.

[228] A. SS. Boll., St Bertilia, Jan. 3.

[229] Ibid., St Salaberga, Sept. 22, Vita, ch. 8.

[230] Ibid., St Austrudis, Oct. 17.

[231] Bede, Hist. Eccles., bk 3, ch. 8; bk 4, ch. 23. Comp. below, ch. 3, § 1.

[232] History of the Anglo-Saxons, transl. Thorpe, 1845, vol. 2, p. 247.

[233] Raine, Historians of the Church of York. Rolls series, vol. 1, Preface, p. xxiii.

[234] It is probable such settlements existed. Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 3, p. 302, holds a religious foundation to have existed in Tinmouth founded 617-33, but in Bede, Life of Cuthbert, transl. Stevenson, T., 1887, ch. 3, it is referred to as a monastery formerly of men, now of ‘virgins.’

[235] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Folkestone,’ vol. 1, p. 451.

[236] Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 226: ‘the life of Eanswith cannot be traced to any earlier authority than John of Tinmouth († c. 1380) whose account Capgrave († 1484) embodied in his collection of saints’ lives.’ The work of Capgrave, Catalogus SS. Angliae, was printed in 1516; the Kalendre of the newe Legende of Englande, printed 1516 (Pynson), from which expressions are quoted in the text, is an abridged translation of it into English.

[237] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Folkestone,’ vol. 1, p. 451, nr 2.

[238] Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1880, ‘Eanswitha’; also A. SS. Boll., St Eanswida, Aug. 31.

[239] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Liming,’ vol. 1, p. 452.

[240] Jenkins, R. C., in Gentleman’s Magazine, 1862, August, p. 196 quotes this statement; I do not see where he takes it from.

[241] Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 144.

[242] Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 475.

[243] Gocelinus, Vita St Wereburgae, c. 1 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 155).

[244] Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 130 footnote.

[245] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Sheppey,’ vol. 2, p. 49.

[246] Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 123.

[247] Bede, Hist. Eccles., bk 3, ch. 8, transl. Gidley, 1870.

[248] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Thanet,’ vol. 1, p. 447; Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, on lives of St Mildred, vol. 1, p. 376; A. SS. Boll., St Mildreda, July 13.

[249] Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, July 13.

[250] Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, article ‘Mildred’ by Bishop Stubbs.

[251] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Thanet,’ vol. 1, p. 447.

[252] A. SS. Boll., St Milburga, Feb. 23.

[253] Ibid., St Mildwida, Jan. 17.

[254] Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, Jan. 17.

[255] ‘Lives of Women Saints’ (written about 1610) p. 64, edited by Horstman for the Early Engl. Text Soc., London, 1887.

[256] Haddon and Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, 1869, vol. 3, p. 240.

[257] ‘Upmynstre, Suthmynstre, Folcanstan, Limming, Sceppeis.’

[258] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Whitby,’ vol. 1, p. 405.

[259] Bede, Eccl. Hist., bk 4, ch. 23 transl. Gidley, 1870. Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Hartlepool,’ vol. 6, p. 1618, places the foundation about the year 640.

[260] Bede, Eccl. Hist. bk 3, chs. 24-25; bk 4, chs. 23-24.

[261] A. SS. Boll., St Bega, Sept. 6; Tomlinson, G. C., Life and Miracles of St Bega, 1839.

[262] Carthularium abbathiae de Whiteby, publ. Surtees Soc., 1879.

[263] Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 23, translat. Gidley, 1870, with additions and alterations.

[264] Bede, Eccles. History, bk 5, ch. 3.

[265] Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 10; Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 1, p. 233, mentions Easington only as a manor of Durham.

[266] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Hackness,’ vol. 3, p. 633.

[267] Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 23.

[268] Dictionary of Nat. Biography, article ‘Caedmon’ by Henry Bradley.

[269] Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 24, transl. Gidley, 1870.

[270] Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ Yorksh. Archaeolog. Journal, vol. 3, p. 370. I do not know on what authority Haigh designates Heiu as saint.

[271] Gray, de Birch, Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 15.

[272] Comp. below, p. 106.

[273] Charlton, L., History of Whitby, 1779, p. 33.

[274] Raine, Historians of the Church of York, Rolls series, vol. 1, Preface p. xxvii. This volume contains reprints of several accounts of the life of Wilfrith, including the one by Eddi.

[275] A. SS. Boll., St Withburga, March 17; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘East Dereham,’ vol. 2, p. 176.

[276] Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ Yorkshire Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 352, decides in favour of Aethelric.

[277] Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 235.

[278] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Coldingham,’ vol. 6, p. 149. The promontory of St Abb’s Head retains her name. She is believed to have founded another religious settlement at a place in Durham on the river Derwent called Ebbchester, and the village church there is dedicated to her (Dict. of Nat. Biog.).

[279] Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.

[280] A. SS. Boll., St Etheldreda June 23, Thomas of Ely, Vita ch. 41.

[281] Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 252 footnote.

[282] Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.

[283] Kalendre of the newe Legende of Englande, printed 1516 (Pynson) fol. 39 b.

[284] Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.

[285] Dictionary of National Biography, ‘Etheldreda, Saint.’

[286] Bentham, History of Ely, 1817, p. 9.

[287] Gocelinus, Vita St Wereburgae (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl. vol. 155).

[288] Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 49, calls it Weedon in Northamptonshire; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wedon,’ vol. 6, p. 1051, doubts its existence.

[289] Life of St Werburgh, 1521, reprinted for the Early Engl. Text Soc., 1887.

[290] Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 49.

[291] Livien, E. ‘On early religious houses in Staffordshire,’ Journal of the British Archaeolog. Assoc., vol. 29, p. 329. (The widespread cult of St Werburg may be due to there having been several saints of this name; comp. Stanton, R., Menology.)

[292] Eddi, Vita, c. 34 (in Raine, Historians of the Church of York, Rolls series).

[293] Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 300, casts discredit on this story, which is told by Eddi, Vita, c. 38.

[294] Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, pp. 301 ff.

[295] Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, pp. 297 ff.

[296] Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 10.

[297] Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 25.

[298] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives 679 as the date of the fire; Eddi’s account represents Aebbe as alive in 681. Perhaps she died in 680; comp. Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1877, Ebba, nr 1; also Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 300, footnote.

[299] Bright, W., ibid., p. 255, footnote.

[300] Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 312.

[301] Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 23.

[302] Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 34.

[303] Ibid., ch. 24.

[304] Psalm lxxxix. 10 (The Vulgate here follows the LXX.; it would be interesting to know what sense they or indeed Bede gave to the passage).

[305] Eccles. xi. 8.

[306] Bede, Eccles. Hist., bk 4, ch. 26.

[307] Eddi, Vita, c. 43.

[308] Bright, W., Early English History, 1878, p. 448, from 686-691.

[309] Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ Yorksh. Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 375.

[310] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Peterborough,’ vol. 1, p. 377, nr 2, prints the charter.

[311] Gough, R., Parochial History of Castor, 1819, p. 99.

[312] ‘Cum beatissimis sororibus meis Kyneburga et Kyneswida, quarum prior regina mutavit imperium in Christi ancillarum praesidens monasterio ... etc.’

[313] Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 370.

[314] A. SS. Boll., St Kineburga et St Kineswitha, virgines, March 6, argue the existence of a third sister.

[315] Camden, Britannia, edit. 1789, vol. 2, pp. 219, 223.

[316] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Repton,’ vol. 6, p. 429; the abbesses he mentions should stand in this order: Alfritha, Edburga.

[317] Haddon and Stubbs, Councils and Eccles. Documents, 1869, vol. 3, p. 273.

[318] Ibid., vol. 3, p. 274.

[319] Birch, W. de Gray, Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881.

[320] A. SS. Boll., St Guthlac, April 11; Felix, Vita, c. 12.

[321] Felix, Vita, c. 33.

[322] Ibid., ‘Egburgh abbatissa, Aldulfi regis filia’; Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1877, call her ‘Eadburga (nr 3)’; two abbesses Ecgburh occur in the Durham list of abbesses, comp. Gray, W. de Birch, Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 70.

[323] Comp. below, ch. 4, § 1.

[324] Holdich, B., History of Crowland Abbey, 1816, p. 2.

[325] Gray, W. de Birch, Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881, Introd. p. l, footnote.

[326] Brit. Mus. MS. Harleian Roll, Y 6, reproduced Gray, W. de Birch, Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881, pp. 14, 16, etc.

[327] Goodwin, C. W., The Anglo-Saxon version of the life of St Guthlac, 1848, p. 93.

[328] A. SS. Boll., St Pega sive Pegia, Jan. 8.

[329] A. SS. Boll., St Ositha, Oct. 7.

[330] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Chich Priory,’ vol. 6, p. 308.

[331] Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, vol. 1, pp. 524 ff.

[332] A. SS. Boll., St Frideswida, Oct. 19; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Christ Church,’ vol. 2, p. 134.

[333] Dictionary of National Biography, Frideswide.

[334] Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 137: ‘we have no records of Osburg till 1410.’

[335] Ibid., p. 310: ‘there is much obscurity in the history of St Modwenna. It seems that she must be distinguished from one or perhaps two other Irish saints....’ Also Livien, E., ‘On early religious houses in Staffordshire’ in Journal of the British Archaeol. Association, vol. 29, p. 333; Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, pp. 94 ff.

[336] Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 328.

[337] Bede, Eccles. Hist., bk 4, chs. 7-10.

[338] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 436.

[339] A. SS. Boll., St Ethelburga, Oct. 11; Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, p. 485.

[340] Stanton, R., Menology, calls her Theorigitha but says, p. 36, that she has no day.

[341] A. SS. Boll., St Hildelitha, March 24.

[342] Bede, Eccles. Hist., bk 5, ch. 18.

[343] Capgrave, T., Catalogus SS. Angliae, 1516, fol. 10, b.

[344] Monumenta Moguntina, edit. Jaffé, Epist. nr 2, written between 675 and 705; Giles (Aldhelm, Opera Omnia, 1844, p. 90) calls her Osgith, a name which occurs several times in the Durham ‘Liber Vitae.’

[345] Aldhelm, Opera, edit. Giles, 1844, p. 103.

[346] Ibid., p. 115, De Basilica, etc.

[347] Ibid., p. 135, De Laudibus Virginum (it is not known over which house Maxima presided); p. 203, De octo Principalibus Vitiis.

[348] Ibid., p. 1, De Laudibus Virginitatis (chapter references in the text are to this edition).

[349] Mediaeval exegesis interpreted in these four ways, comp. Cassian Erem., De Spiritu Sc., c. 8.

[350] I take ‘crustu’ to go with ‘crusta,’ comp. Ducange.

[351] Monumenta Moguntina, edit. Jaffé, Epist. nr 70.

[352] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Sherbourne,’ vol. 1, p. 331, footnote K.

[353] Will. of Malmesbury, History, c. 31.

[354] Dict. of Nat. Biography, ‘Aldhelm.’

[355] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 88.

[356] A. SS. Boll., St Cuthberga, Aug. 31.

[357] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 88.

[358] Opera edit. Giles, 1844, p. 216; Dict. of Nat. Biog., ‘Aldfrith,’ he is sometimes called Alfred.

[359] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 89, nr 2.

[360] Brit. Mus. MSS. Lansdowne, 436 f., 38 b.

[361] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Tetbury,’ vol. 6, p. 1619.

[362] A. SS. Boll., St Lioba, Sept. 28, c. 2.

[363] Arndt, W., Introd. to translation into German (in Pertz, Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit, Jahrhundert 8, Band 2), p. xix.

[364] Epist. nr 12. The only edition of the letters of Boniface which attempts chronological order is that of Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, the numeration of which I have followed. Additional remarks on the dates of some of the letters are contained in Hahn, H., Bonifaz und Lull, ihre angelsächsischen Correspondenten, 1883.

[365] Willibaldus presb., Vita Bonifacii, edit. Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, pp. 422-506, c. 2.

[366] Whether Eadburg of Thanet is identical with St Eadburga buried at Liming (comp. p. 84), is uncertain.

[367] Epist. nr 10.

[368] Epist. nr 112.

[369] Epist. nr 32, written 735 (Jaffé); after 732 (Hahn).

[370] Epist. nr 75.

[371] Epist. nr 31.

[372] Epist. nr 62.

[373] Epist. nr 76.

[374] Epist. nr 22, written 722 (Jaffé).

[375] Epist. nr 39.

[376] Epist. nr 46.

[377] Epist. nr 72, 2 Cor. vii. 5.

[378] Epist. nr 73.

[379] Comp. Ps. cxix. 105.

[380] Epist. nr 87.

[381] Epist. nr 8; written between 709 and 712 (Hahn). Boniface is known to have travelled in the district of the Mosel; there is no other reason why this letter should be included in the correspondence.

[382] John xv. 12.

[383] Epist. nr 59; written 745 (Hahn).

[384] Epist. nr 60.

[385] Epist. nr 61.

[386] Epist. nr 70; written after 748 (Hahn).

[387] Epist. nr 13, written 717-19 (Hahn).

[388] Jaffé, Ph., loc. cit., footnote, p. 64, quotes the lines Virg. Aen., 11. 369-70, of which this sentence seems an adaptation.

[389] Comp. Psalm i. 2.

[390] Romans x. 15.

[391] Matth. xxv. 36.

[392] Comp. Matth. xix. 28.

[393] Epist. nr 14, written 719-22 (Jaffé). Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ in Yorkshire Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 377, speaks of her as Cangith and holds her to have been abbess of Hackness.

[394] Birch, W. de Gray, Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 68.

[395] Matth. vii. 25.

[396] Comp. Luc. xiv. 31.

[397] Wisdom vi. 7 (Vulgate).

[398] Wisdom iv. 12 (Vulgate).

[399] There are some difficulties in this passage.

[400] Daniel xiv. 33 (Vulgate).

[401] Acts viii. 26.

[402] Ps. cxix. 103.

[403] Ps. xxxvi. 6.

[404] Cp. Ps. cxli. 2.

[405] Cp. 2 Cor. v. 12.

[406] The name Bugga occurs frequently during this period.

[407] Epist. nr 16, written 720-22 (Jaffé); I think somewhat later.

[408] Epist. nr 86.

[409] Epist. nr 88.

[410] Epist. nrs 37, 38, 39.

[411] Epist. nr 103, written shortly after 740 (Hahn).

[412] Epist. nr 113.

[413] Epist. nr 53.

[414] Epist. nr 70.

[415] Epist. nr 126.

[416] Epist. nr 23; the verse runs as follows:

[417] A. SS. Boll., St Lioba, Sept. 28, Vita, ch. 9.

[418] Epist. nr 91, written between 737-41 (Hahn).

[419] Vita, ch. 13.

[420] Epist. nr 34.

[421] Epist. nr 98, written 732-747 (Hahn).

[422] Vita, ch. 14.

[423] Epist. nr 93.

[424] Epist. nr 126; also Epist. nr 68, written 748 (from the Pope on the consecration of abbot and abbess).

[425] Vita St Sturmi in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 2, p. 365.

[426] In Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, p. 475.

[427] Comp. above, p. 135.

[428] A. SS. Boll., St Tecla, Oct. 15, casts discredit on Tecla’s settling at Kizzingen and argues in favour of Oxenfurt. Kizzingen existed in the 15 c.; nothing is known concerning the later history of Oxenfurt.

[429] Hahn, H., Bonifaz und Lull, ihre angelsächsischen Correspondenten, 1883, p. 138, footnote 4, considers her identical with the Cynehild of the correspondence.

[430] Two letters, nrs 148, 149, in the correspondence are written by ‘Berthgyth,’ apparently a nun in England who wished to go abroad, to her brother Baldhard, but judging by their contents (‘I have been deserted by my parents,’ etc.) it is improbable that she is identical with the nun referred to above.

[431] Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, p. 490.

[432] Comp. above, p. 25.

[433] Comp. the attempt to identify Chunihilt with St Gunthildis, A. SS. Boll., Sept. 22.

[434] Edit. Canisius, H., Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2; this anonymous nun is sometimes considered identical with the sister of Wilibald and Wunebald, and therefore with St Walburg.

[435] Vita St Willibaldi (also called Hodoeporicon), edit. Canisius, H., Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2, ch. 2.

[436] Bede, Hist. Eccles., bk 5, ch. 15.

[437] For erasing writing from parchment.

[438] Vita St Wunebaldi, edit. Canisius, H., Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2.

[439] Widukind, Annalium libri tres, year 924.

[440] Giesebrecht, W., Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, 4 ed. 1873, vol. 1.

[441] Ex Vita Liutbergae in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 4, p. 158 (Potthast, Wegweiser, written about 870).

[442] Dümmler, E., Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs, 1865, vol. 1, p. 348.

[443] Translatio St Pusinnae in A. SS. Boll., April 23 (Potthast, Wegweiser, written probably by a monk of Corvei between 860-877).

[444] Dümmler, E., Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs, 1865, vol. 2, p. 336.

[445] Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 22.

[446] Vita Mathildis Reg. (in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 4, p. 283 ff.), c. 26.

[447] Annales Quedliburgenses, year 999.

[448] Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1826, vol. 1, p. 45.

[449] Luther, An den Adel christl. Nation, 1520, edit. Knaake, vol. 6, p. 440.

[450] Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, vol. 1, p. 529.

[451] Engelhausen, Chronicon (in Leibnitz, Scriptores rer. Brunsv. 1707, vol. 2), p. 978.

[452] Comp. below, ch. 6, § 1.

[453] Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 67, quoting ‘Reimchronik,’

[454] Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, vol. 1, p. 626 ff.

[455] Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, vol. 1, p. 319.

[456] ‘De fundatione Brunswilarensis’ (in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 11, p. 394 footnote); Adelheid was abbess of Nivelles, Mathilde of Villich and Diedenkirchen, Theofanu of Essen, Hedwig of Neuss; Sophie and Ida, to whom reference has been made in the text, are said by Pertz to have presided over Gandersheim and St Maria at Cöln; Sophie certainly did not become abbess at Gandersheim, perhaps she went to Mainz; Ida probably presided over the convent of St Maria on the Münzenberg, a dependency of Gandersheim.

[457] Waitz, G., Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, 1868, vol. 7, p. 258.

[458] Reichstage, 1548-1594.

[459] Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 259.

[460] Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 67.

[461] Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 84.

[462] Ebert, Ad., Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, 1887, vol. 3, p. 429 footnote.

[463] Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Ganders., 1734; also Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, pp. 33 ff., 63 ff.

[464] Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae (in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 4, pp. 166-189).

[465] Hrotsvith, ‘Carmen de Primordiis Coenobii Gandersh.,’ in Opera, edit. Barack, 1858, p. 339 ff.

[466] Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 3.

[467] Ibid. ch. 5.

[468] Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 9.

[469] Ibid. ch. 15.

[470] ‘Carmen de Primordiis Coenobii Gandersh.,’ line 273.

[471] ‘Carmen de Gestis Oddonis I,’ in Opera, edit. Barack, 1858, p. 302.

[472] Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 11.

[473] Köpke, R., Deutschlands älteste Dichterin, 1869, p. 17.

[474] Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, p. 589.

[475] Meibom, H., Rerum German. Script., 1688, vol. 1, p. 706, quoting Selneccer.

[476] Hrotsvith, Opera, edit. Barack, 1858; Ebert, Ad., Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 285 ff.

[477] Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 6.

[478] Piltz, O., Die Dramen der Roswitha, no date; Magnin, Théâtre de Hrotsvitha, 1845.

[479] Köpke, R., Deutschlands älteste Dichterin, 1869, p. 28.

[480] Hrotsvith, Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 54.

[481] ‘Maria,’ Opera, p. 7.

[482] Opera, edit. Barack, p. 2.

[483] ‘Ascensio Domini,’ Opera, p. 37.

[484] Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 48.

[485] ‘Gongolf,’ Opera, p. 43.

[486] Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 290.

[487] ‘Pelagius,’ Opera, p. 63.

[488] Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 295.

[489] ‘Theophilus,’ Opera, p. 79.

[490] ‘Proterius,’ Opera, p. 97.

[491] ‘Dionysius,’ Opera, p. 107.

[492] Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 300.

[493] ‘Agnes,’ Opera, p. 117.

[494] Opera, p. 133.

[495] Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 301.

[496] Opera, p. 95.

[497] Opera, p. 137.

[498] Hudson, W. H., ‘Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim,’ English Historical Review, 1888.

[499] ‘Gallicanus,’ Opera, p. 143.

[500] Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 316.

[501] ‘Dulcetius,’ Opera, p. 174.

[502] ‘Calimachus,’ Opera, p. 191.

[503] Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 321.

[504] ‘Abraham,’ Opera, p. 213.

[505] Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 323.

[506] ‘Paphnutius,’ Opera, p. 237.

[507] Piltz, O., Dramen der Roswitha (no date), p. 178, refers to Boëthius, In Categorias Aristotelis, liber 1, ‘de substantia’; and to De musica, liber 1.

[508] The ancient course of university study included the seven ‘liberal arts’ and was divided into the Trivium including grammar, dialectic and rhetoric, and the Quadrivium including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. The Trivium was sometimes designated as logic and the Quadrivium as physic.

[509] ‘Sapientia,’ Opera, p. 27.

[510] Piltz, Die Dramen der Roswitha, p. 181, refers to Boëthius, De Arithmetica, liber 1, cc. 9-22.

[511] ‘who favoured and improved these works before they were sent forth,’ additional words of some manuscripts; Opera, edit. Barak, p. 140 footnote.

[512] Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 305.

[513] Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 311.

[514] Köpke, Die älteste deutsche Dichterin, 1869.

[515] Comp. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Roswitha.’

[516] Labbé, Sacror. Concil. Collectio, 1763, years 789, 804, 811; Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, p. 146 ff.

[517] Matth. Paris, Historia Major Angliae, sub anno.

[518] Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 184 ff.; Ladewig, Poppo von Stablo und die Klosterreform unter den Saliern, 1883.

[519] Wulfstan, edit. Napier, Arthur, Berlin 1883, p. 156.

[520] Tanner, T., Notitia monastica, edit. Nasmith, 1787, Introduction, p. ix.

[521] Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 341 ff.; A. SS. Boll., St Stephanus abbas, April 17.

[522] Janauschek, L., Origines Cisterciensium, 1877.

[523] Dialogus inter Clun. et Cist. in Martène and Durand’s Thesaurus nov. Anecdot. Paris, 1717, vol. 5, p. 1568.

[524] Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia Occidentalis, 1597, c. 15.

[525] Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 375, 468 ff.

[526] Hermannus, De Mirac. St Mariae Laudun. (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus completus, vol. 156), p. 1002.

[527] Brunner, S., Ein Cisterzienserbuch, 1881, p. 612.

[528] Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, p. 376.

[529] Birch, W. de Gray, On the Date of Foundation ascribed to the Cistercian Abbeys of Great Britain, 1870.

[530] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Rivaulx,’ vol. 5, p. 274.

[531] Ibid. ‘Fountains,’ vol. 5, p. 292, nrs I-XI.

[532] A. SS. Boll., St Robertus, Feb. 25, contains two accounts of his life, the one by Baldric († 1130), the other by Andrea. Comp. also Helyot, Hist, des ordres mon., 1714, vol. 6, pp. 83 ff.

[533] Differing from settlements of the Gilbertine order, in which there were lay sisters also.

[534] Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, pp. 156 ff. ‘Leben des heil. Norbert’ (written before 1155) transl. by Hertel in Pertz, Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit.

[535] Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, p. 175; Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia occidentalis, 1597, ch. 15.

[536] Gonzague, Monastère de Storrington, 1884, p. 8.

[537] They were Brodholm and Irford.

[538] § 3 of this chapter.

[539] ‘Peregrinatio Relig. ergo.’

[540] Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, pp. 11 ff.

[541] Tanner, J., Notitia Monastica edit. Nasmith, 1787, Introd. XI.

[542] Rohrbacher, Histoire universelle de l’église catholique, 1868, vol. 6, p. 252.

[543] Labbé, C., Sacror. Conc. Collectio, 1763, year 816, part 2.

[544] Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, p. 55.

[545] Hugonin, ‘Essai sur la fondation de l’école St Victor à Paris,’ printed as an introduction to Hugo de St Victore, Opera (in Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Compl. vol. 175).

[546] Comp. below, ch. 9, § 1.

[547] Norgate, Kate, History of the Angevin Kings, 1887, vol. 1, p. 66.

[548] Idung, De quatuor questionibus in Pez, B., Thesaurus anecdot. nov. 1721, vol. 2.

[549] Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 7, pp. 366, 406. Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia Occidentalis, 1597, c. 15.

[550] Giraldus Cambrensis, Speculum Ecclesiae, edit. Brewer, 1873.

[551] Map, W., De Nugis Curialium (written 1182-89), 1850, p. 38.

[552] John of Salisbury, Polycraticus, edit. Giles, bk. VII. chs. 21-23.

[553] Wirecker, N., Brunellus, 1662, p. 83.

[554] Goldsmid, Political Songs, vol. 2, p. 64.

[555] Freeman, Norman Conquest, 3rd edit. 1877, vol. 2, p. 609.

[556] Ibid. p. 554; Map, De Nugis Curialium, 1850, p. 201 (Freeman: Map like other Norman writers speaks very ill of Godwin).

[557] Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 6, p. 1618 (p. 1619 he says in connection with the destroyed nunnery Woodchester that the wife of Earl Godwin built it to make amends for her husband’s fraud at Berkley).

[558] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 470.

[559] Ibid. ‘Nunnaminster,’ vol. 2, p. 451.

[560] Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 436.

[561] Ibid. ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 472. The abbess does not even seem to have been represented (as she was at the Diet abroad).

[562] Ibid. p. 472; and p. 473 footnote.

[563] Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 1, p. 472.

[564] They were Godstow, Elstow, Malling.

[565] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Amesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 333; Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest (3rd edit. 1877), vol. 2, p. 610; the event is dated 1177; perhaps the letters from John of Salisbury, Epist. edit. Giles, nrs 72, 74, are addressed to the abbess of Amesbury, who was deposed.

[566] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Sopwell,’ vol. 3, p. 362.

[567] Ibid. ‘Kilburn,’ vol. 3, p. 422.

[568] Ibid. ‘St Clement’s,’ vol. 4, p. 323.

[569] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Stanford,’ vol. 4, p. 257.

[570] Ibid. ‘Sinningthwaite,’ vol. 5, p. 463.

[571] Ibid. ‘Swine,’ vol. 5, p. 494, nr 2; ‘Nun-Cotham,’ vol. 5, p. 676, nr 2.

[572] A. SS. Boll., St Margaret, June 10.

[573] Dict. of Nat. Biography, Christina.

[574] Brand, History of Newcastle, vol. 1, p. 204.

[575] Freeman, History of William Rufus, vol. 2, pp. 596, 682.

[576] Will. of Malmesbury, Gesta Reg. (Rolls Series), pp. 279, 470, 493.

[577] Orderic Vitalis, Eccles. Hist., transl. by Forester, 1847, vol. 3, p. 12.

[578] Eadmer, Historia (Rolls Series), p. 122.

[579] Comp. below, ch. 8, § 2.

[580] Anselm of Canterbury, Epistolae (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus completus, vol. 159), the numeration of which is followed in the text.

[581] Hilarius, Versus et ludi, edit. Champollion-Figeac, 1838, p. 1. (Champollion prints Clinton, which he no doubt misread for Winton.)

[582] Milner, J., History of Winchester, 1823, vol. 1, p. 212.

[583] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wherwell,’ vol. 2, p. 634.

[584] Ibid. ‘St Mary’s Abbey,’ vol. 2, p. 452.

[585] Ibid. ‘Lillechurch,’ vol. 4, p. 378, charter nr 2.

[586] Ibid. ‘Rumsey,’ vol. 2, p. 506.

[587] Norgate, Kate, History of the Angevin Kings, 1887, vol. 1, p. 469.

[588] Beket, Epistolae (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus compl., vol. 190), nr 196.

[589] Petrus Blesiensis, Epistolae, edit. Giles, letters nrs 35, 36, 55, 239.

[590] A. SS. Boll., St Gilbert, Feb. 4, contain two short lives; Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 6 inserted between pp. 946, 947, contains a longer account, the ‘Institutiones,’ and various references to Gilbert; Dict. of Nat. Biography refers to a MS. account at Oxford, Digby, 36, Bodleian.

[591] Helyot, Histoire des ordres mon., 1714, vol. 2, p. 190.

[592] Dict. of Nat. Biography.

[593] A. SS. Boll., St Gilbert, Feb. 4, Vita, nr 2, ch. 3; Dugdale, Vita, p. xi.

[594] The ‘precentrix’ is strictly speaking the leader of the choir. Cf. below ch. 10 § 2.

[595] Dugdale, Institutiones, p. lxxxii.

[596] Dict. of Nat. Biography.

[597] Ailred, Opera (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus comp., vol. 195), p. 789. ‘De sanctimoniali de Wattun.’

[598] Oliver, G., History of Beverley and Watton, 1829, p. 520 ff.; cf. above, p. 91.

[599] Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 6, p. xcviii.

[600] Report in Athenaeum, Oct. 7, 1893.

[601] Oliver, G., History of Beverley and Watton, 1829, p. 531.

[602] Wattenbach, W., Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, 2nd edit. 1875, p. 374.

[603] Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 3 vols. 1866-71, vol. 1, p. 214.

[604] Cf. above, p. 122.

[605] Cf. above, pp. 122, 132.

[606] Cf. above, p. 109.

[607] Cf. above, p. 106.

[608] Michel, F., Étoffes de soie au moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 339, contains this and other references.

[609] Eddi, Vita Wilfredi, c. 65 (it is unknown over which house she presided).

[610] Cf. above, p. 63.

[611] Haddon and Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, 1869.

[612] Cf. above, pp. 103, 115, 198, and below, ch. 11, § 1.

[613] Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 142.

[614] Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 340.

[615] Wharton, Anglia Sacra, vol. 1, p. 607.

[616] Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 338.

[617] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Albans,’ vol. 2, p. 186 footnote.

[618] Middleton, J. H., Illuminated MSS., 1892, p. 112.

[619] For example in the South Kensington Museum, nr 594-1884, Italian chasuble; nr 1321-1864, panel of canvas, from Bock’s Collection (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).

[620] Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 209, suggests that gold plaques may have been sewn into the work.

[621] Cf. South Kensington Museum, nr 28-1892, a number of fragments of textile linen worked over in coloured silks and gold thread with scenes taken from the life of the Virgin. English work of the 14th century (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).

[622] Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 337, points out that the expression ‘opus anglicum’ was applied also to the work of the goldsmith; comp. Ducange, Glossarium, ‘Anglicum.’ ‘Loculus ille mirificus ... argento et auro gemmisque, anglico opere subtilitater ac pulcherrime decoratus.’

[623] Historia Major Angliae, sub anno.

[624] South Kensington Museum, nr 83-1864 (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).

[625] Ibid. p. 168.

[626] A. SS. Boll., St Eustadiola, June 8. Vita, ch. 3.

[627] A. SS. Boll., SS. Herlindis et Renild, March 22, ch. 5 (videlicet nendo et texendo, creando ac suendo, in auro quoque ac margaritis in serico componendo).

[628] Ibid. ch. 12 (palliola ... multis modis variisque compositionibus diversae artis innumerabilibus ornamentis).

[629] Stadler and Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, ‘Harlindis.’

[630] Zeitschrift für Christl. Archaeologie, edit. Schnuetgen, 1856, ‘Münsterkirche in Essen,’ 1860, Beiträge.

[631] Labarte, Arts industriels au moyen âge, 1872, vol. 1, p. 341.

[632] Ibid. vol. 1, p. 84.

[633] Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 2, p. 326.

[634] Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 155.

[635] Schultz, A., Höfisches Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger, 1889, cites many passages from the epics which refer to embroidery worn by heroes and heroines. A piece of work of special beauty described vol. 1, p. 326, had been made by an apostate nun.

[636] Ekkehard IV., c. 10, in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 2, p. 123.

[637] Erath, Codex diplom. Quedliburg., 1764, p. 109.

[638] Brunner, S., Kunstgenossen der Klosterzelle, 1863, vol. 2, p. 555.

[639] Kugler, F., Kleine Schriften, 1853, vol. 1, pp. 635 ff.; part of the hanging is given by Muentz, E., Tapisseries, broderies et dentelles, 1890, plate 2.

[640] Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 121.

[641] Kugler, F., Kleine Schriften, 1853, vol. 1, p. 540.

[642] Büsching, F. G., Reise durch einige Münsterkirchen, 1819, p. 235.

[643] Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 227.

[644] Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 3, pp. 201 ff.

[645] Ibid. 1866, vol. 3, p. 202.

[646] Hefner, Oberbair. Archiv, 1830, vol. 1, p. 355.

[647] Westermayer in Allgemeine Deutsche Biog., article ‘Diemud’; Catalogus Cod. Lat. Bibliothecae Reg. Monac., vol. 7, 1881, nrs 140, 146-154.

[648] Wattenbach, W., Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, 2nd edit. 1875, p. 374.

[649] Ibid. p. 177.

[650] Ibid. p. 304.

[651] Ibid. p. 374.

[652] Middleton, J. H., Illuminated MSS., 1892, p. 216.

[653] Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 350.

[654] Reproductions par la Société pour la conservation des monuments de l’Alsace, Sept livraisons containing Plates 1-53 inclusive (till 1895).

[655] Silbermann, J. A., Beschreibung von Hohenburg, 1781.

[656] Roth, K. L., ‘Der Odilienberg’ in Alsatia, 1856, vol. 1, pp. 91 ff.

[657] Comp. above, pp. 22, 24.

[658] Wiegand, in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Relind.’

[659] It is possible but hardly probable that the miniaturist in colouring the picture gave free play to his fancy.

[660] Gérard, Ch., Les artistes de l’Alsace, 1872, p. 92.

[661] Ibid.; Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818. p. 16, footnote.

[662] The monument is represented in Schoepflin, Alsatia Illustrata, 1751, vol. 1, ad pag. 797.

[663] Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818, with sheets of illustrations, which in a few copies are coloured.

[664] Woltman, in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Herrad.’

[665] Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818, Vorwort p. xi.

[666] Cf. above, p. 180.

[667] Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818, p. 104.

[668] Piper, F., Kalendarien und Martyrologien der Angelsachsen, 1862.

[669] Apparently following the ‘Psychomachia’ of Prudentius, a Christian poet of the 5th century.

[670] Gérard, Ch., Les artistes de l’Alsace, 1872, Introd. p. xix., p. 46, footnote.

[671] Probably with reference to Job xxxix., 14-15.

[672] Hildegardis, Opera, 1882 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 197, which contains the acts of the saint reprinted from A. SS. Boll., St Hildegardis, Sept. 17; her life written by Godefrid and Theodor; the ‘Acta Inquisitionis’; the article by Dr Reuss, and the fullest collection of the saint’s works hitherto published).

[673] Roth, F. W., Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth und die Schriften von Ekbert und Emecho von Schönau, 1884.

[674] ‘Annales Palidenses’ in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 16, p. 90.

[675] Neander, Der heil. Bernard und seine Zeit, 1848.

[676] Opera (Vita, c. 17), p. 104.

[677] Opera, ‘Scivias,’ pp. 383-738.

[678] Ibid. (Vita, c. 5), p. 94.

[679] Giesebrecht, W., Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vol. 4, p. 505.

[680] Opera (Epist. nr 29), p. 189.

[681] Opera (Responsum), p. 189.

[682] Ibid. ‘Epistolae,’ pp. 1-382.

[683] Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, pp. 19 ff.

[684] Ibid. pp. 53 ff.

[685] Schneegans, W., Kloster Disibodenberg; Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, pp. 45 ff.

[686] Opera (Responsum to Bernard), p. 190.

[687] Ibid. (Vita c. 14), p. 101.

[688] Ibid. (Vita c. 19), p. 105.

[689] Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, p. 53.

[690] Opera (Vita c. 21), p. 106.

[691] Ibid.

[692] Ibid. (Acta Inquisitionis), p. 136.

[693] Ibid. (Epist. nr 4), p. 154.

[694] Opera, p. 383.

[695] Opera (lib. 2, visio 7), p. 555.

[696] Opera (lib. 3, visio 11), p. 709.

[697] Opera (lib. 3, visio 13), p. 733.

[698] Opera (Epist. nr 1), p. 145.

[699] Opera (Responsum), p. 145.

[700] This interpretation is given by Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, p. 157.

[701] Jessen, ‘Ueber die medic. naturhist. Werke der heil. Hildegardis,’ in Kaiserl. Acad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, Naturwissensch. Abth. vol. 45 (1862), pp. 97 ff.

[702] Opera, ‘Physica,’ pp. 1117-1352.

[703] Virchow, R., ‘Zur Geschichte des Aussatzes, besonders im Mittelalter,’ in Archiv für pathol. Anatomie, vol. 18, p. 286.

[704] Haeser, H., Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medizin, 1875, vol. 1, p. 640.

[705] Jessen, Botanik der Gegenwart und Vorzeit, 1864, pp. 120-127.

[706] Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, p. 83; an example of the musical notation as an appendix in Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879.

[707] Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, p. 78, ‘Expositiones Evangeliorum.’

[708] Opera, ‘Explanatio regulae St Benedicti,’ pp. 1053-1069.

[709] Ibid. ‘Explanatio symboli St Athanasii,’ pp. 1066-1093.

[710] Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, p. 38.

[711] Opera, ‘Solutiones triginta octo quaestionum,’ pp. 1038-1053.

[712] Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, p. 79.

[713] Opera (Epist. nr 12), p. 164.

[714] Ibid. (Epist. nr 6), p. 157.

[715] Ibid. (Epist. nr 11), p. 163.

[716] Opera (Epist. nr 62), p. 281.

[717] Ibid. (Epist. nr 49), p. 253.

[718] Ibid. (Epist. nr 22), p. 178.

[719] Ibid. (Epist. nr 5), p. 156.

[720] Ibid. (Epist. nr 10), p. 161.

[721] Opera (Epist. nr 100), p. 321.

[722] Ibid. (Epist. nr 101), p. 322.

[723] Ibid. (Epist. nr 96), p. 317.

[724] Ibid. (Epist. nr 48), p. 243; cf. below, p. 281.

[725] Ibid. (Vita, c. 44), p. 122; also p. 142 (Reuss here misunderstands the Acta Inquisitionis, p. 138), comp. Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, pp. 538 ff.

[726] Opera, ‘Liber divinorum Operum,’ pp. 739-1037.

[727] Ibid. (visio 4), pp. 807 ff.

[728] Opera (visio 5, c. 36), p. 934.

[729] Ibid. (visio 5, c. 43), p. 945.

[730] Ibid. (visio 10, c. 25), p. 1026.

[731] Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, pp. 95 ff.

[732] Line 1401.

[733] Cf. The Nunns prophesie ... concerning the rise and downfall of ... the ... Jesuits, 1680.

[734] Prédictions sur la révolution de la Belgique. Amsterdam, 1832.

[735] Opera, ‘Vita St Rupertis,’ pp. 1081-1092.

[736] Ibid. ‘Vita St Disibodi,’ pp. 1093-1116.

[737] Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, p. 75, footnote.

[738] Opera, p. 90; A. SS. Boll. St Hildegardis, Sept. 17.

[739] Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879.

[740] Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877.

[741] Opera, p. 140, footnote.

[742] Roth, F. W. E., Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, Vorwort, p. cv.

[743] Roth, Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, Vorwort, pp. cvii. ff.

[744] Ibid. ‘Liber Visionum primus,’ Prologus, p. 1.

[745] Ibid. ‘Liber Visionum secundus,’ c. 31, p. 53; Anlage, p. 153.

[746] Ibid. ‘Liber Viarum Dei,’ pp. 88-122.

[747] Ibid. Vorwort, p. cix.

[748] Ibid. ‘Liber Viarum Dei,’ c. 10, p. 92.

[749] Roth, Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, ‘Liber Viarum Dei,’ c. 13, p. 100.

[750] Ibid. p. 104.

[751] Roth, Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, ‘Liber Viarum Dei,’ c. 20, p. 122.

[752] Ibid. pp. 70, 178.

[753] Ibid. p. 74.

[754] Ibid. ‘De Sacro Exercitu Virginum Coloniensium,’ pp. 123-153.

[755] Ibid. Vorwort, pp. cxi ff. Roth discusses the history of the development of this legend.

[756] Comp. above, p. 40.

[757] A. SS. Boll., St Ursula, Oct. 21.

[758] Roth, Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, Vorwort, p. cxxiv; Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive catalogue of MS. material, 1858, vol. 2, p. 417.

[759] Roth, Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth etc. 1884, p. 253.

[760] A. SS. Boll., St Elisabetha, June 18.

[761] A. SS. Boll., St Severinus, Jan. 8.

[762] A. SS. Boll., St Magnericus, July 25, Vita, c. 49.

[763] Creighton, C., History of Epidemics in England, vol. 1, 1891, p. 85.

[764] Ibid. p. 97.

[765] Muratori, Antiquitates Italiae, 1738. Pope Hadrian I to Karl the Great, vol. 3, p. 581.

[766] Salles, F., Annales de l’ordre de Malte, ou des hospitaliers de St Jean de Jérusalem, 1889.

[767] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Hospital of St Gregory,’ vol. 6, p. 615, nr 1.

[768] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Herbaldoun,’ vol. 6, p. 653; Creighton, C., History of Epidemics, vol. 1, 1891, p. 87.

[769] Map, W., De Nugis Curialium, 1850, p. 228.

[770] Ailred, Opera (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Completus, vol. 195), p. 368.

[771] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Giles in the Fields,’ vol. 6, p. 635.

[772] Creighton, C., History of Epidemics in England, vol. 1, 1891, p. 88.

[773] Hormayr, ‘Die Grafen von Andechs und Tyrol,’ Sämtl. Werke, vol. 3.

[774] Virchow, R., ‘Zur Geschichte des Aussatzes, besonders in Deutschland,’ in Archiv für pathol. Anatomie, vol. 18, article 2, p. 311.

[775] Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, article ‘Hedwig.’

[776] Stenzel, G. A. H., Scriptores rerum Siles., Breslau 1835, ‘Vita St Hedwigis’ vol. 2, pp. 1-114; also A. SS. Boll., St Hedwig, Oct. 17.

[777] Verein für das Museum schles. Alterthümer, edit. Luchs, H., 1870. Also Luchs, H., Schlesische Fürstenbilder, 1872.

[778] Virchow, R., ‘Zur Geschichte des Aussatzes, besonders in Deutschland,’ in Archiv für pathol. Anatomie, vol. 18, article 2, p. 275.

[779] Wolfskron, Bilder der Hedwigslegende, 1846.

[780] Stenzel, G. A. H., Scriptores rer. Siles., 1835, ‘Vita Annae ducissae Sil.’ vol. 2, p. 127.

[781] A. SS. Boll., St Agnes de Bohemia, March 6, print two accounts, of uncertain date.

[782] A. SS. Boll., Ibid., print these letters.

[783] A. SS. Boll., Ibid., Vita 1, ch. 32.

[784] Montalembert, C., Histoire de Ste Elisabeth de Hongrie, duchesse de Thuringe, edition de luxe 1878, with preface by Gautier, contains reproductions of some of those pictures; Potthast, A., Wegweiser, enumerates a number of accounts of the life of St Elisabeth.

[785] Rieger, L., prints this ‘Leben der heil. Elisabeth’ in Literarisch. Verein, 1843, and discusses early MS. accounts of her life.

[786] Justi, C. W., Elisabeth, die Heilige, 1797.

[787] Montalembert, C., Histoire de Ste Elisabeth de Hongrie, 1836, 7th edit. 1855.

[788] Wegele, F. X., ‘Die heil. Elisabeth von Thüringen’ in Sybel, Historische Zeitschrift, 1861, pp. 351-397, which I have followed in the text.

[789] Virchow, R., ‘Zur Geschichte des Aussatzes, besonders in Deutschland,’ in Archiv für pathol. Anatomie, vol. 18, article 2, p. 313.

[790] Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, article ‘Konrad von Marburg.’

[791] Hauréau, Histoire de la philosophie scolastique, 1850, vol. 1, pp. 319 ff.

[792] Dictionary of National Biography, article ‘Hales, Thomas.’

[793] ‘A luve ron,’ edit. Morris, Old English Miscellany, p. 93, for the Early Engl. Text Soc. 1872.

[794] Edit. Morton for the Camden Soc. 1853.

[795] ‘Die angelsächsischen Prosabearbeitungen der Benedictinerregel,’ edit. Schröer, 1885 (in Grein, Bibliothek der angels. Prosa, vol. 2), p. 9.

[796] Schröer, Winteney Version der Regula St Benedicti, 1888, p. 13.

[797] ‘De vita eremetica’ (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 32, by an oversight it is included among the works of St Augustine), p. 145.

[798] Anselm, Opera (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 158), ‘Meditationes’ (nr 15-17), pp. 786 ff.

[799] Edit. Koelbing, Englische Studien, vol. 7, p. 304.

[800] Scenes and characters of the Middle Ages, 1872, pp. 93-151.

[801] Wilkins, D., Concilia, 1737, vol. 1, p. 693.

[802] Brink, B. ten, Early English Literature, trans. Kennedy, 1883, p. 205.

[803] First advanced by Morton, Ancren Riwle, Introd. pp. xii-xv; it is supported neither by tradition nor by documentary evidence.

[804] Dalgairns, Introd. to Hylton, Scale of Perfection, 1870, thinks it possible that the author was a Dominican friar.

[805] Comp. throughout Ancren Riwle, edit. Morton for the Camden Soc. 1853.

[806] That is bands or ligatures to be used after the letting of blood.

[807] Old English Homilies, First Series, edit. Morris, 1867, p. 268.

[808] Hali Meidenhad, edit. Cockayne, for the Early English Text Soc., 1866.

[809] Comp. Revelationes Gertrudianae ac Mechtildianae, edit. Oudin, for the Benedictines of Solesmes 1875, 2 vols., which contain the works of these three nuns; Mechthild von Magdeburg, Offenbarungen, oder Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, edit. Gall Morel, 1869; Preger, W., Geschichte der deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter, 1874, vol. 1, pp. 70-132.

[810] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, Praefatio.

[811] Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 497 ff.

[812] Comp. Preger, ‘Dante’s Matelda,’ Acad. Vortrag, 1873; Paquelin and Scartazzini, ‘Zur Matelda-Frage’ in Jahrbuch der Dante Gesellschaft, Berlin, 1877, pp. 405, 411; Lubin, Osservazioni sulla Matilda svelata, 1878.

[813] Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Mechthild’ by Strauch, Ph.

[814] Keller, L., Die Reformation und die älteren Reformparteien, 1885, pp. 29 ff.; also Hallman, E., Geschichte des Ursprungs der Beguinen, 1843.

[815] Mechthild von Magdeburg, Offenbarungen, oder Das Fliessende Licht der Gottheit, edit. Gall Morel, 1869; the abridged Latin version in Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2, pp. 423-710.

[816] Heinrich not to be confounded with Heinrich who translated her work.

[817] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2, pp. 298, 329, 332, etc.

[818] Ibid. vol. 1, p. 542; vol. 2, pp. 325, 330.

[819] Mechthild, Offenbarungen, etc. edit. Gall Morel, p. 3 ‘Wie die minne und die kuneginne zesamene sprachen.’

[820] Ibid. p. 6 ‘Von den megden der seele und von der minne schlage.’

[821] Ibid. p. 18 ‘Von der minne weg,’ etc.

[822] Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 43 ‘Wie die minne vraget,’ etc.

[823] Ibid. p. 38 ‘Wie die bekantnisse und die sele sprechent zesamne,’ etc.

[824] Ibid. p. 232 ‘Wie bekantnisse sprichet zu dem gewissede.’

[825] Ibid. p. 30 ‘Von der armen dirnen’ (I have retained the designation ‘saint’ where it is used in the allegory).

[826] Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 210 ‘Da Johannes Baptista der armen dirnen messe sang.’

[827] Ibid. p. 46 ‘Wie sich die minnende sele gesellet gotte,’ etc.

[828] Ibid. p. 82 ‘Von der helle,’ etc.

[829] Ibid. p. 270 ‘Ein wenig von dem paradyso.’

[830] Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 52 ‘Von diseme buche,’ etc.

[831] Ibid. p. 90 ‘Dis buch ist von gotte komen,’ etc.

[832] Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 110 ‘Von einer vrowe, etc.’

[833] Ibid. p. 68 ‘Von siben dingen die alle priester sollent haben.’

[834] Ibid. p. 171 ‘Wie ein prior, etc.’; p. 177 ‘Von der regele eines kanoniken, etc.’; p. 178 ‘Got gebet herschaft.’

[835] Ibid. p. 198 ‘Wie böse pfafheit sol genidert werden.’

[836] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2, p. 524.

[837] Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 115 ‘Von sehs tugenden St Domenicus’; p. 116 ‘Dur sehszehen ding hat got predierorden liep’; ibid. ‘Von vierhande crone bruder Heinrichs’; p. 154 ‘Von sehsleie kleider, etc.’

[838] Ibid. p. 166 ‘Von funfleie nuwe heligen.’

[839] A. SS. Boll., St Peter of the Dominican Order, April 29.

[840] Ibid., St Jutta vidua, May 5, appendix.

[841] Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 256 ‘Wie ein predierbruder wart gesehen.’

[842] Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 243 ‘Von der not eines urluges.’

[843] Ibid. p. 249 ‘Von einem geistlichen closter.’

[844] Comp. below, ch. 11, § 1.

[845] Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 68 ‘Von dem angenge aller dinge’; p. 107 ‘Von der heligen drivaltekeit, etc.’; p. 147 ‘Von sante marien gebet, etc.’

[846] Ibid. p. 14 ‘In disen weg zuhet die sele, etc.’

[847] Ibid. p. 16 ‘Von der pfrunde trost und minne.’

[848] Mechthild, Offenbarungen, p. 98 ‘Von zwein ungeleichen dingen, etc.’

[849] Ibid. p. 214 ‘Bekorunge, die welt und ein gut ende prüfent uns.’

[850] ‘Liber Specialis Gratiae,’ in Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2, pp. 1-421.

[851] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2, p. 727.

[852] Preger, W., Geschichte der deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter, 1874, vol. 1, p. 87.

[853] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2 (‘Liber Specialis Gratiae,’ bk 1, ch. 30, De angelis), p. 102.

[854] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2 (‘Liber Specialis Gratiae,’ bk 2, ch. 2, De vinea domini), p. 137.

[855] Cf. Gal. v. 22-3, to which Mechthild adds.

[856] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2 (‘Liber Specialis Gratiae,’ bk 1, ch. 10, De veneratione imaginis Christi), p. 31.

[857] Ibid. vol. 2 (‘Liber Specialis Gratiae,’ bk 2, ch. 23, De coquina domini), p. 165.

[858] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 2 (bk 2, ch. 43, De nomine et utilitate hujus libri), p. 192.

[859] Ibid. vol. 1, pp. 46, 269.

[860] Ibid. vol. 1, p. 218.

[861] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, pp. 1 ff. on her life.

[862] Ibid. vol. 1, p. 14.

[863] Ibid. vol. 1, p. 23.

[864] Ibid. vol. 1, p. 227.

[865] Ibid. vol. 1, p. 27.

[866] Ibid. vol. 1, p. 39.

[867] ‘Legatus Divinae Pietatis’ in Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, pp. 1 ff.

[868] ‘Legatus Divinae Pietatis’ in Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, p. 61.

[869] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, p. 113.

[870] Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, p. 351.

[871] Preger, W., Geschichte der deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter, 1874, vol. 1, p. 78.

[872] ‘Exercitia Spiritualia,’ in Revelationes, etc. edit. Oudin, vol. 1, pp. 617-720.

[873] Ibid. pp. 701 ff.

[874] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Rumsey,’ vol. 2, p. 507 footnote.

[875] Ibid. ‘Davington,’ vol. 4, p. 288.

[876] Ibid. ‘Sopwell,’ vol. 3, p. 365, charter nr 7.

[877] Jusserand, J., Histoire littéraire du Peuple Anglais, 1894, pp. 121 ff., 235 ff.

[878] Romania, edit. Meyer et Paris, vol. 13, p. 400.

[879] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Ankerwyke,’ vol. 4, p. 229, charter nr 4.

[880] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 471, charter nr 21.

[881] Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 441.

[882] Ibid. ‘Legh,’ vol. 6, p. 333, footnote t. MS. Harleian 3660.

[883] Bateson, M., ‘Register of Crabhouse Nunnery’ (no date), Norfolk and Norwich Archæol. Society.

[884] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Littlemore,’ vol. 4, p. 490, charter nr 14.

[885] Koelbing, Englische Studien, vol. 2, pp. 60 ff.

[886] This supposition is based on certain peculiarities in the language of the rule for men. Cf. ‘Die angelsächsischen Prosabearbeitungen der Benedictinerregel,’ edit. Schröer, 1885 (in Grein, Bibliotek der angels. Prosa, vol. 2) Einleitung, p. xviii.

[887] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Godstow,’ vol. 4, p. 357, charter nr 23.

[888] Lansdowne MS. 436.

[889] Early English Text Soc., nr 100. Arundel MS. 396.

[890] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Kilburn,’ vol. 3, p. 424.

[891] Blaauw, W. H., ‘Episcopal visitations of the Benedictine nunnery of Easebourne’ in Sussex Arch. Collections, vol. 9, p. 12. According to Bradshaw, H., ‘Note on service books’ (printed as an appendix in Middleton, J. H., Illuminated Manuscripts, 1892) the missal was used for celebration of the mass; while the breviary contained the services for the hours, including the antiphony (anthems to the psalms)—the legenda (long lessons used at matins),—the psalter (psalms arranged for use at hours),—and the collects (short lessons used at all the hours except matins). In the list above, these are enumerated as separate books. He further says that the ordinale contained general rules for the right understanding and use of the service books. It is noteworthy that this is in French in the list of books at Easebourne.

[892] Maskell, W., Monumenta Ritualia, 1882, vol. 3, p. 357 footnotes.

[893] Placita de Quo Warranto published by Command.

[894] Placita de Quo Warranto, pp. 11, 97, 232, 233.

[895] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Malling,’ vol. 3, p. 381, charter nr 5.

[896] Ibid. ‘Stratford,’ vol. 4, p. 119, charter nr 3.

[897] Ibid. ‘Wroxhall,’ vol. 4, p. 88.

[898] Ibid. ‘Redlingfield,’ vol. 4, p. 25, charter nr 2.

[899] Gasquet, A., Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, 1888, appendices to vols. 1 and 2.

[900] The word ‘mynchyn’ was I believe never applied to them.

[901] Holstenius, Codex regularum, 1759, vol. 3, p. 34.

[902] Cf. above, p. 204.

[903] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 473.

[904] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Mary Prée,’ vol. 3, p. 353, charter nr 9.

[905] Ibid. ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 474.

[906] Blaauw, W. H., ‘Episcopal Visitations of the Benedictine Nunnery of Easebourne,’ Sussex Archæol. Collections, vol. 9, p. 7.

[907] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Mary Winchester,’ vol. 2, p. 452, footnote.

[908] Ibid. ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 473.

[909] Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 441, charter nr 8.

[910] Schröer, Winteney Version der regula St Benedicti, 1888, p. 16.

[911] Edit. Koelbing, Englische Studien, vol. 2, pp. 60 ff. (line references in the text throughout this section are to this version).

[912] Shermann, A. J., Hist. Coll. Jesus Cantab., edit. Halliwell, 1840, p. 16.

[913] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Langley,’ vol. 4, p. 220.

[914] Maskell, W., Monumenta Ritualia, 1882, vol. 3, p. 358 footnote.

[915] Cf. above, p. 206.

[916] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Catesby,’ vol. 4, p. 635.

[917] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Bromhall,’ vol. 4, p. 506.

[918] Jessopp, A., Visitations of the Diocese of Norwich (1492-1532), pp. 185, 190, 318.

[919] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wilton,’ vol. 2, p. 317.

[920] Benedictus, Regula, c. 65 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl. vol. 66).

[921] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 437, footnote k.

[922] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 445 Computus.

[923] Dugdale, Monasticon, charter nr 15.

[924] I am unable to ascertain the quantity indicated by the ‘piece.’

[925] I am unable to ascertain the difference between ‘stubbe’ and ‘shafte.’

[926] Rogers, Th., Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 1884, p. 101.

[927] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Mary’s, Winchester,’ vol. 2, p. 451, charter nr 4.

[928] Jessopp, A., Visitations of the Diocese of Norwich (1492-1532), p. 290.

[929] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 472.

[930] Ibid. ‘St Mary, Winchester,’ vol. 2, p. 451, charter nr 4.

[931] Ibid. ‘Kilburn,’ vol. 3, p. 424.

[932] Blaauw, W. A., ‘Episcopal Visitations of the Benedictine Nunnery of Easebourne,’ Sussex Arch. Collections, vol. 9, p. 15.

[933] Jessopp, A., Visitations of the Diocese of Norwich (1492-1532), p. 138.

[934] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Elstow,’ vol. 3, p. 411, charter nr 8.

[935] Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 438, footnote b.

[936] ‘Here begynneth a matere’ etc. (by John Alcock (?)), printed by Wynkyn de Worde (1500), last page but one.

[937] Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 1884, p. 166.

[938] Rye, W., Carrow Abbey, 1889, p. 48 ff.

[939] Skelton, Poetical Works, 1843, vol. 1, p. 51, ‘Phyllyp Sparowe.’

[940] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Rumsey,’ vol. 2, p. 507, footnote p.

[941] Jessopp, A., Visitations of the Diocese of Norwich (1492-1532), p. 140.

[942] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Helen’s,’ vol. 4, p. 551, charter nr 3.

[943] Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 437, footnote m.

[944] Fosbroke, British Monachism, 1843, p. 176.

[945] Way, A., ‘Notices of the Benedictine Priory of St Mary Magdalen, at Rusper,’ Sussex Arch. Collections, vol. 5, p. 256.

[946] Bateson, M., ‘Visitations of Archbishop Warham in 1511,’ in English Hist. Review, vol. 6, 1891, p. 28.

[947] Maskell, W., Monumenta Rit., 1882, vol. 3, p. 331, ‘The order of consecration of Nuns,’ from Cambridge Fol. Mm. 3. 13, and Lansdown MS., 388; p. 360 ‘The manner to make a Nun,’ from Cotton MS., Vespasian A. 25, fol. 12.

[948] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Chatteris,’ vol. 2, p. 614.

[949] Way, A., ‘Notices of the Benedictine Priory of St Mary Magdalen at Rusper,’ Sussex Arch. Collections, vol. 5, p. 256.

[950] Comp. Smith and Cheetham, Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, 1875, article ‘Hours of Prayer.’

[951] Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840; Myroure of Oure Ladye, Early English Text Soc., 1873, Introduction by Blunt, J. H.

[952] Hammerich, Den hellige Birgitta, 1863.

[953] A. SS. Boll., St Birgitta vidua, Oct. 8.

[954] Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. xiv.

[955] Gasquet, A., Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, 1888, vol. 1, p. 42.

[956] Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Amesbury,’ vol. 1, p. 333.

[957] Ibid. ‘Westwood,’ vol. 6, p. 1004.

[958] Ibid. ‘Levenestre,’ vol. 6, p. 1032.

[959] Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840, p. 249 ff., from Arundel MS. nr 146 (chapter references throughout the text in this chapter are to this reprint).

[960] Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. xxxv.

[961] Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840, pp. 312 ff., from Additional MS. nr 5208.

[962] Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840, pp. 405 ff. ‘A table of signs.’

[963] Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. xxvi.

[964] Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. xxix.

[965] Aungier, G. J., History and Antiquities of Syon, 1840, p. 421, ‘Indulgentia monasterii de Syon,’ MS. Ashmol. nr 750; p. 422, ‘The Pardon of the monastery of Shene which is Syon,’ MS. Harleian 4012, art. 9.

[966] Ibid. p. 426, footnotes.

[967] Myroure of Oure Ladye, Introd. p. xlv. B. M. Addit. MS., nr 22285.