Book 4 — INDEX.

Achilles, his connexion with Briseis, 15, 192, 198

Adultery, unknown in Sparta, 31;

severely punished in Athens, 51;

and in Roman wives, 88;

Augustus’s legislation, 145.

See Divorce and Marriage.

Afrania, wife of Licinius Bucco, her fondness for law, 125

Agesistrata, her efforts to reform Sparta, 35–8

Agiatis, wife of Cleomenes, 38–9

Agis, his efforts to reform Sparta, 35–7

Agnodice, first Athenian midwife, 240

Agrippina, the first, crushes a mutiny, 121

Agrippina, the second, the mother of Nero, at the Conventus Matronarum, 126;

her character, 132

Alcibiades and his hetaira, 59

Amæsia of Sentinum pleads her own cause, 125

Appius Claudius admits slaves to citizenship, 78

Ares bathed by Hebe, 200

Arete, her influence, 18

Aristophanes, on Aspasia, 65;

on community of wives, 74;

on women, 75;

and Plato’s ‘Republic,’ 215

Aristotle, on unfaithful husbands, 6;

on Spartan women, 34;

on Athenian citizenship, 213

Arria, wife of Pætus, her fortitude, 134

Asia, women elected to priesthood in, 124

Asia Minor, honours conferred on women in, 124;

inscriptions in honour of women, 237–8

Aspasia, her connexion with Pericles, 60;

her immense influence, 61;

on the duties of wives, 62;

and Lysicles, 63;

tried, but acquitted, 64;

the comic poets on, 65;

was she beautiful? 66;

in the Socratic dialogues, 73;

modern critics on, 210;

her portraits, 211

Athenagoras, on kissing, 173;

condemns second marriages, 179

Athens: two classes of free women in, 49;

restrictions on the citizen-woman, 50;

her life as maiden and wife, 52;

strangers in, 56;

the stranger-woman forbidden to marry, 57;

Aspasia’s influence in, 60–65;

treaties of intermarriage, 68, 211;

sons of an hetaira admitted to citizenship, 68;

changes in law of citizenship, 212

Augustus, was his wife a poisoner? 131;

his marriage legislation, 140–43, 238;

rewards for large families, 144

Bacchus, his worship introduced into Rome, 95–7

Bachelors, fined by the Censors, 138;

disabilities imposed on, 144;

in Plautus, 222

Bader (Mlle.) on divorces in Rome, 117

Baptism not to be administered by a woman, 162

Benecke, E. F. M., on love in Greek poetry, 206

Benoist, L. E., on female characters in Plautus, 227, 229, 230

Blandina, her terrible martyrdom, 155

Brandt, P., on Sappho, 208

Breach of promise, actionable in Latium, but not in Rome, 116

Bread-and-Cheesites, heretical sect, 165

Briseis, beloved by Achilles, 15, 192

Buchholz, E., on sexual passion among the Homeric Greeks, 205

Byzantines, intermarriage with Athenians, 69

Callistus, Bp., on marriage, 249–54

Calpurnia, wife of Pliny the younger, her ability, 121

Caracalla greatly extends Roman citizenship, 83

Carfania, woman lawyer, 126

Carvilius, Spurius, divorces his wife, 116

Cato the Censor, on adultery, 88;

opposes Roman matrons, 101–3

Cato Uticensis divorces his wife and remarries her, 110

Chelonis, her noble character, 36

Children, Roman father had power to make away with, 140;

looked upon as an evil, 141;

regarded as burdens by Christian ascetics, 180–81;

infanticide condemned by Christianity, 188;

the fœtus and the soul, 189;

“nothoi” in Homer, 193;

notable instances, 194;

legitimate and illegitimate, 195–7

Christ, his conduct towards women, 148

Christianity, its early influence on Rome, 113;

and on marriage, 147;

women in the Gospels, 148;

reason of St. Paul’s sternness to women, 149;

Christian views of morality: Clement of Alexandria, 151;

Methodius, 152;

various meanings of the term Christianity, 153;

women at first prominent in, 154;

martyrdom of Blandina, 155;

and of Perpetua and Felicitas, 156;

position of widows, 158;

deaconesses and virgins, 159;

women forbidden in the West to teach or baptize, 161;

allowed by some Eastern churches to teach, 162;

views on slavery, 167;

opposite views on marriage, 169;

pagan ideas of Christianity, 170;

Love-feasts, 172;

the “holy kiss,” 173;

marriage as a blessing, 175;

the ascetic view of marriage, 176–9;

of children, 180;

of woman’s nature, 181;

gold, ornaments, dyed clothes, and mirrors condemned, 186;

infanticide condemned, 188;

the fœtus and the soul, 189;

asceticism and the survival of the unfittest, 190;

concubinage of the clergy, 214;

influence of Christianity on the position of woman, 248;

Bp. Callistus’s views, 249–254.

See Paganism and Religion.

Chrysostom, Dio, on women of Tarsus, 150

Cicero, his affection for his daughter, 85;

on women in politics, 122–3

Clement of Alexandria, his ‘Pædagogus,’ 151;

on kissing, 173;

on children, 180;

on woman, 183;

her duties, 184;

her dress, 185–6;

on marriage, 239

Cleombrotus, his wife’s faithfulness, 36

Cleomenes, efforts to reform Sparta, 38–40

Cleopatra as ruler, 242

Clytemnestra, reasons why her conduct was condemned, 13

Collyridians, honours paid to the Virgin by, 165

Commodian on feminine adornment, 185

Companion. See Hetaira.

Comparetti, D., on portraits of Sappho, 211

Concubines, their rights in Athens, 51n., 213;

the “pallakis” and her children in Homer, 193–7;

concubinage among Christian clergy, 214;

a “God-loving concubine,” 254.

See Hetaira, Marriage, and Wives.

Conventus Matronarum, its history, 126

Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, her devotion to the State, 120

Cornelia, Pompey’s second wife, her culture, 120

Courtezans in Plautus, their heartlessness, 228, 231;

some exceptions, 229–30.

See Concubines and Hetaira.

Cratesicleia, her noble conduct, 38–40

Cyprian, on hair dyes, 186;

and tinting the eyes, 187

Deaconesses, their position in the early Church, 159–60;

forbidden to administer baptism, 162

Deacons, in the early Church, 160

Dejanira on a husband’s unfaithfulness, 5

Demosthenes on the Crown, forgeries in, 68

Diotima and Sophocles, 59

Divorce: Pericles divorces his wife, 60;

Roman wives divorced for trifling offences, 88;

dissolution of marriage contract by husband or wife, 109, 115;

first Roman divorce, 116;

divorces become frequent, 118;

legislated for by Augustus, 145;

provision for wife’s dowry in Egyptian contract, 245.

See Adultery and Marriage.

Drumann, W., on the virtues and vices of Roman women, 113

Düntzer on Thetis and Achilles, 199

Education:

Athenian wives little educated, 52;

the hetaira often highly educated, 58;

Plato on woman’s education, 74;

Pompey’s second wife highly educated, 120;

also the wife of Pliny the younger, 121;

Clement of Alexandria on women’s education, 239

Egypt, illegitimacy not recognized in, 196;

Cleopatra as ruler, 242;

typical marriage contract, 245

Elagabalus and the Conventus Matronarum, 127

Elliot, G. F. Scott, on nakedness and morality, 204

Epiphanius on the Collyridians, 165

Erinna, pupil of Sappho, 43

Eubœa and treaty of intermarriage with Athens, 68, 211

Euripides, on women, 10;

on Spartan women, 33

Felicitas, story of her martyrdom, 156

Finck, H. T., on nudity and bathing, 205

Furtwängler, A., on portraits of Sappho and Aspasia, 211

Gladstone, W. E., on Homeric women, 11n.;

on men washed by women, 200–202

Gracchus, Tiberius, his affection for his wife, 85

Greece, ancient, honour paid to priestesses in, 163;

sexual passion in, 205

Greece, modern, early maturity of woman in, 54

Greeks, their standard of conduct, 3;

views of love, 4;

their admiration of beauty of form, 7, 22.

See Athens, Homer, and Sparta.

Gregory Thaumaturgus, on chastity in woman, 183

Hebe bathes Ares, 200

Helen, not blamed by men, 13;

washes Ulysses, 202

Hetaira, companion or stranger-woman, forbidden in Athens to marry, 57;

her interest in philosophy and politics, 58;

Aspasia, 62–7;

children of an hetaira sometimes admitted to citizenship, 68;

influence on notable men, 71;

her social position, 213–214.

See Concubines, Courtezans, Marriage, and Wives.

Hippolytus on Bp. Callistus and marriage, 249

Hipponax on women, 9

Homer:

his women submissive, 11;

no flirtation in, 14;

Greeks monogamists in, 15;

married life in, 16;

influence of women, 17;

wives and concubines and their children, 192–7;

Melantho’s insolence, 198;

Thetis’s advice to Achilles, ib.;

men washed by women, 199–202

Horace on the Lex Julia de adulterio cohibendo, 146

Hortensia’s speech to the triumvirs, 105

Hortensius marries Cato’s wife, 110

Hruza, E., on the “nothoi” in Homer, 195

Husbands, their unfaithfulness tolerantly viewed by Greek wives, 6;

power over their wives in Rome, 87;

poisoned by their wives, 89, 91;

wives bought by, 105.

See Marriage and Wives.

Hyperides, his defence of Phryne, 7

Illegitimacy. See Children.

Julia, daughter of Julius Cæsar, her tact, 120

Julia, daughter of Augustus, her marriages, 131

Julius Cæsar gives rewards for large families, 143

Kissing, in the early Church, 173;

peculiar Roman custom, 233

Kock, T., attacks Sappho, 207

Koechly, H., on Thetis and Achilles, 199

Kublinski, J., on Sappho, 208

Lampito, her physical strength, 30

Lasaulx on “nothoi” and “pallakis,” 195

Laws. See Lex.

Lawyers, women as, 125

Leonidas opposes reform in Sparta, 36

Lex:

Canuleia, 82;

Julia and Plautia, ib.;

Oppia, 99–103;

Voconia, 108;

Papia Poppæa, 142–5;

De maritandis ordinibus, 146, 251

Livia, wife of Augustus, her share in politics, 123;

was she a poisoner? 131

Livy on woman’s influence in politics, 123

Love-making, among the Greeks, 205;

and the Romans, 230;

lovers’ terms of endearment, 232–6

Lysias on Eubœans and intermarriage, 211

Lysicles, his connexion with Aspasia, 63

Mæsta of Sentinum pleads her own cause, 125

Mahaffy, J. P., on the Cleopatras, 243

Marcia dissolves her marriage with Cato, and remarries him, 110

Marriage:

Greeks monogamists in Homer, 15;

happiness of married life, 16;

obligatory in Sparta for girls, 28;

and for men, 29;

restrictions on the citizen-woman in Athens, 51;

matches arranged by old women, 53;

the hetaira not allowed to marry, 57;

Athenian treaties of intermarriage, 68, 211;

intermarriage in Rome, 81;

effect of Caracalla’s action, 83;

status of the Roman wife, 105;

effect of wealth on marriage, 108, 115;

as a contract, 109;

curious dissolutions of marriage, 110;

consent the essence of Roman marriage, 114;

could be dissolved by husband or wife, 115;

Romans who married several times, 118;

Musonius’s defence of, 137;

regulated by Emperor Augustus, 138–43, 238;

rewards for large families, 144;

large families a disgrace, 147;

effect of marriage on slaves, 168;

two Christian views of marriage, 169;

marriage as a blessing, 175;

the ascetic view, 176–181;

second marriages condemned, 179;

children a burden, 180;

dowried and undowried wives in Plautus, 220;

effects of extravagance, 222;

philosophers on, 239;

between brother and sister in Egypt, 243;

equality of the Egyptian woman in marriage, 244;

typical contract, 245;

Bp. Callistus’s views condemned by Hippolytus, 249–54.

See Adultery, Concubines, Divorce, and Hetaira.

Maximus Tyrius on Sappho, 44

Medicine, first Athenian woman to practise, 240

Melantho’s insolence to Ulysses, 198

Men washed by women, 199–202, 204

Menander on Sappho, 209

Messalina, her death, 132

Metellus, Quintus, on duty of marriage, 140

Methodius, his ‘Banquet of the Ten Virgins,’ 152;

on the blessedness of virginity, 178;

on virgin purity, 188

Midwife, first Athenian, 240

Monogamy universal among Greeks in Homer, 15

Montanists, honours paid to women by, 164

Morillot, L., on legitimate and illegitimate children, 196

Müller, O., on Athenian intermarriage, 212;

on Athenian citizenship, 213

Mure, Col. W., attacks Sappho, 207

Musonius Rufus on the education of women, 135

Nausicaa, her industry and accomplishments, 20;

washes Ulysses, 200

Nothoi. See Children.

Octavia, wife of Antony, her interest in affairs of State, 121

Oppius, his legislation against women, 99–103

Paganism, its code of morality in Rome, 128;

position of women under, 153;

priestesses in Greece, 163;

in Rome, 164;

its ideas of Christianity, 170;

priestess in Plautus, 227.

See Religion.

Pallakis. See Concubines.

Panteus, his wife’s devotion, 40

Paris, P., on woman in Asia Minor, 237

Paul, reasons of his sternness towards women, 149–50;

on the members of the Corinthian Church, 171

Penelope, her love for Ulysses, 17

Pericles, on Athenian women, 55;

and Aspasia, 60;

Wilamowitz on, 210;

and law of Athenian citizenship, 212

Periktione on wife’s duty, 5

Perpetua, story of her martyrdom, 156

Phidias, Wilamowitz on, 210

Philemon on women, 10

Philosophy in Rome:

Epicureanism, 129;

Platonism, 130;

Stoicism, 133

Phratria and citizenship, 69

Phryne, influence of her beauty, 7, 71

Platæa, treaty of intermarriage with Athens, 68

Plato, on unfaithful husbands, 6;

on Spartan women, 33n.;

on Diotima, 59n.;

on Aspasia, 62;

his views on women, 73;

and the ‘Ecclesiazusæ’, 215

Plautus, women in his plays:

as slaves, 217;

the citizen-wife, 218;

marriageable girls, 219;

dowried and undowried wives, 220;

woman’s extravagance, 221;

its effect on marriage, 222;

wives faithful, 223;

husbands and female slaves, 224;

exemplary wives, 225–6;

a notable priestess, 227;

character of the courtezan, 228, 231;

some exceptions, 229–230;

terms of endearment used by lovers, 232–6

Pliny, the younger, praise of his wife, 121

Plutarch, on Spartan women, 31n.;

on Aspasia, 60;

on girls wrestling naked, 203

Poisoning by Roman wives, 89–92, 131

Politics, Aspasia’s influence on, 65;

Athenian citizen-wives without political standing, 67;

influence of Roman matrons on, 99–104;

notable instances, 120–24

Polycaste washes Telemachus, 199

Polygamy: Priam’s wives, 192

Porcia, wife of Brutus, her appeal for her husband’s confidence, 133

Priam, his wives, 192;

and his “nothoi,” 194

Religion, its effect on the condition of women in Greece and Rome, 93;

worship of the Idæan Mother in Rome, 94;

introduction of the Bacchanalia, 95;

and of Isis and other faiths, 97.

See Christianity and Paganism.

Rohde, E., on love-making among the Greeks, 205

Rome:

citizens, aliens, and slaves, 77, 79;

treatment of female slaves, 80;

patricians and plebeians, 81;

extension of the conubium, 82;

position of the Roman matron, 84;

religion in, 93;

worship of Bacchus introduced, 95;

its condition on the introduction of Christianity, 113;

pagan ideas of morality, 128;

Romans bound to marry, 138;

decrease of population, 141;

position of women in, 153;

honours paid to priestesses, 164.

See Christianity.

Sappho, testimonies to her ability, 42;

her poetry, 43;

close friendship with her pupils, 45;

her attitude towards marriage, 46;

honoured by her contemporaries, 47;

ridiculed by Athenian comic writers, 48;

was she beautiful? 66;

modern writers on her character, 207;

Greek plays on her career, 209;

her portraits, 211

Schneidewin, M., on men washed by women, 202

Servilia, mother of Brutus, her influence in politics, 122

Simonides of Amorgos on women, 9

Slaves in Rome:

become citizens, 78;

treatment of female slaves, 80;

slaves as Christians, 167;

female slaves in Plautus, 217;

amours with, 224

Sophocles, on Athenian wives, 53n.;

his relations with Theodota and Diotima, 59;

his grandson admitted to citizenship, 70

Sparta, idea of the State in, 25;

training of women in, 26;

their gymnastic contests, 27;

marriage obligatory for girls, 28;

and for men, 29;

physical development of men and women, 29–30;

no adultery, 31;

effects of Spartan system of training, 33;

influence of women in, 34;

decay and efforts at reform, 35–41;

strangers not allowed to reside in, 56;

girls wrestling naked, 202

Strabo on Sappho, 43

Sulpicia, her Satire, 127

Tacitus, his praise of his mother-in-law, 121

Tarsus, character of its women, 150

Telemachus washed by Polycaste, 199

Terentia, wife of Cicero, her share in politics, 123

Tertullian, on virgins and widows, 159;

forbids deaconesses to baptize, 162;

denounces women who speak in church, 165;

on marriage between Christians, 175;

on wives and wedlock, and second marriages, 179;

on children as burdens, 181;

on woman as a temptress, 182, 185;

on the fœtus and the soul, 189

Thebans and Athenians, question of intermarriages, 68

Theodota and Sophocles, 59

Thessaly, land of the beautiful women, 22

Thetis, her advice to Achilles, 198

Tiberius, his mother’s plans for him, 131

Ulysses, his love for Penelope, 17;

promises wives to his slaves, 193;

washed by Nausicaa, 200;

and by Helen, 202

Valerius, L., proposes abrogation of Lex Oppia, 102

Valerius Maximus, on women as lawyers, 125;

on bachelors, 139

Vestal Virgins, allowed to marry, 129;

honours paid to them, 164

Virgin Mary honoured by the Collyridians, 165

Virgins, their position in the early Church, 159;

virginity extolled, 178;

Cyprian’s advice to, 186–7

Welcker, F. G., defends Sappho, 207

Widows, their position in the Christian Church, 158;

prohibited from teaching, 161;

allowed to teach by some Eastern churches, 162

Wilamowitz, U. von, condemns Aspasia, 210

Williamson (Rev. David), his seven wives, 118

Wine, Athenian wives fond of, 54;

forbidden to Roman wives, 88;

drunk during the Bacchanalia, 96

Wives, in Homer, tolerant of husbands’ unfaithfulness, 5;

their faithfulness in Sparta, 32;

restrictions on, in Athens, 51;

fond of wine, 54;

Plato on community of wives, 74, 130;

their position in Rome, 84;

in early Rome, 87;

forbidden to taste wine, 88;

severe restrictions on, ib.;

many husbands poisoned, 89;

later cases, 91;

bought by husband, 105;

transferred to husbands’ family, 106;

effect of wealth on, 107, 109, 115;

their interest in politics, 120–124;

Christian view of wifely duties, 176;

wives and concubines in Homer, 193–7;

wives in Plautus, 220;

their extravagance, 221;

its effect on marriage, 222;

faithful to husbands, 223;

model wives, 225–6.

See Adultery, Concubines, Hetaira, and Marriage.

Woman in Greece:

reverence for her beauty of form, 7;

her history written by and for men, 8;

satirists on, 9;

her culture in modern Greece, 54

Woman:

In Homer:

her meekness, 11;

her influence, 17;

her freedom, 18;

her open-air life, 20;

causes of her beauty, 22;

mildness of Homeric women, 192;

two kinds of wives, 193–7;

Melantho’s insolence, 198;

Thetis’s advice to Achilles, ib.;

men washed by women, 199–202, 204;

girls wrestling naked, 203–4;

love-making, 205

In Sparta:

legislation for motherhood, 26;

gymnastic exercises, 27;

marriage obligatory, 28;

physical development, 30;

moral courage, 31;

faithfulness to husband, 32;

land held by women, 34;

heroic women—Agesistrata and Chelonis, 35–8;

Agiatis and Cratesicleia, 38–9;

the wife of Panteus, 40

Sappho:

her unique position, 42;

her friendship with her pupils, 45;

praised by contemporaries, 47;

ridiculed by Athenian comic writers, 48, 209;

modern critics on, 207;

her portraits, 211

In Athens:

restrictions on the citizen-woman, 51;

her life as maid and wife, 52–4;

the stranger-woman or hetaira, 57;

her interest in philosophy and politics, 58;

Aspasia’s life and influence, 60–67, 210;

notable “companions,” 71;

Plato on the education of women, 74;

Aristophanes on women, 75

In Rome:

as full citizen, as alien, and as slave, 79;

female slaves, 80;

effect of the conubium on, 82–3;

position of matrons, 84;

severe restrictions in early Rome, 87;

worship of the Idæan Mother, 94;

of Bacchus, 95–97;

and of other gods, 97;

opposition to sumptuary laws, 99–103;

appeal to the triumvirs, 104;

in power of father or husband, 105;

effect of wealth on, 107;

married several times, 118;

active interest in politics, 120;

elected to magistracies and priesthoods, 124, 237–8;

as lawyers, 125;

and law-makers, 127;

their ideas of morality, 128;

noble Stoic women, 133–5

Under Christianity:

women in the Gospels, 148;

St. Paul’s sternness towards, 149;

Clement of Alexandria on, 151;

Methodius on, 152;

contrast under paganism and under Christianity, 153–4;

martyrdom of Blandina, 155;

and of Perpetua and Felicitas, 156;

position of widows, 158;

deaconesses and virgins, 159;

widows and deaconesses forbidden to teach, 161;

women and teaching in the Eastern Church, 162;

honours paid to women under paganism, 163;

and by heretical sects, 164–6;

Christianity and women-slaves, 167;

the ascetic view of woman as a temptress, 182;

her duties, 184;

must not wear dyed clothes or use mirrors, 186;

value of woman in the home, 191;

effect of Christianity on, 248

In Plautus:

women-slaves, 217;

the citizen-wife, 218;

marriageable girls, 219;

effects of dowries, 220

Philosophers on woman’s education, 239;

the first woman doctor in Greece, 240

In Egypt:

Cleopatra, 242;

equality of the woman in marriage, 243.

See Wives.

Wordsworth, Bp. J., on women under Christianity, 248

Zscharnack, L., on women under Christianity, 248

FOOTNOTES: