INDEX

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Z

A Achæan League, organisation and dissolution, 203, 204 Acontius and Cydippe, love story of a modern type, 94 Actium, battle, 71 Æneid of Virgil, see Virgil Æolic school, characteristic, 53 Æschylus, source of his tragedy, 36, 37; one of the “three tragic poets,” 47; Milton’s view of, 47; characters of his plays, 48; judge of tragedy, 73; music of, 136 Agamemnon: great play, 27; opening of, 48; “vulgar and trivial persons,” 48; contributes to Byron, 55; Browning’s version, 57; often translated into English, 58 Prometheus Vinctus: model for Paradise Lost, 47 Æsculapius, shrine of, 176 Agamemnon, see Æschylus Agatharchus, discovers principles of perspective, 130 Alcæus, poet, 37 Alexander, Life of, 97 Alexandria, library, collecting of, gives impetus to literary criticism, 91 Alexandrian school, development of mechanics, 162; invention of the sakia, 165 Alkestis, see Euripides Alma-Tadema, Sir Edward, influenced by Greek art, 131, 132 Amyot, imitated Greek novel, 96 Anatomy, how studied by Greeks, 148 Anaxagoras, principal feature of his system, 229; on original particles, 229; Aristotle on, 229; his famous Nous, 230, 231 Anaximander, makes advances in astronomy, 216, 217; geological observations of, 218 Anaximenes, idea of the fundamental element of the world, 216, 217; theory of eclipses, 217 Antiphon, treatises of, 82 Antony and Cleopatra, see Shakespeare Aphrodite of Melos, mentioned, 118 Apollonius of Perga, treatment of conic sections, 161, 167 Apollonius Rhodius, delights in nature, 59 Argonautics: great epic, 41; model for Milton, 43; and Goethe’s Faust, 44 Arabic numerals, 157 Archilochus, poet, 37 Archimedes, triumphs of, in mechanics, 162, 167 Architecture, earliest form of house, 99; houses of the dead, 100-102, 110, 111; square house, 102; evolution of classical, 103; building materials, 103; Doric, 104; temples, 105, 110; distinction between house and temple, 106, 107; perfection of religious, 106, 107; arch not used by Greeks, 107, 108; Greek and Roman, compared, 108; purpose in parts of a building, 109; origin of arch, 109; Roman use of arch, 110; ornamentation of, by sculpture, 120 Archytas, 167 Areopagitica, see Milton Argonautics, see Apollonius Rhodius Argos, slaves in, 188 Aristides, studied oratory, 70 Aristocracies, in classical and mediæval times, 184 Aristophanes, as critic, 92; ridicules Asklepiads, 176 Aristophanes, diction and metre, 37; greatest master of Greek comedy, 60, 61; Frere’s translation, 61, 64; Rogers’s translation, 61; influence and legacy, 61 Birds and Frogs: 27 Aristotle, almost canonised, 19; criticism of Iphigenia in Aulis, 62, 72; criticism of Medea, 62; distinction between prose and poetry, 62, 63; on Herodotus, 62, 63, 73; on dramatic poetry and history, 72, 74; and Herodotus, on style and subject of history, 74; treatise on Language, 149; treatise on Reasoning, 150; arithmetical proof of theorem in geometry, 156; on geometry, 159; “master of those that knew,” 167; brought up in Socratic method, 167; style of writing, 167, 168; system of collaboration, 168, 171; collaborators, 169; does no original work in mathematics, 169; competence in mathematics, 170; sciences promoted by, 171; views on slavery, 189; views on craftsmen, 189; essential in his ideal of a state, 206; objection to atomic theory, 233; influence on modern thought, 237; his philosophy and the Church, 242 Constitution of Athens: 169 Poetic: on tragic poetry, 61; on dramatic poetry and history, 72 Aristoxenus, collaborator with Aristotle, 169 Arithmetic, starting-point of mathematics, 153; importance of, to Pythagoras, 153; numbers the essence of the universe, 153, 154; Greek meaning of, 154; Pythagorean speculations on natural series of units, 155; specimens of treatment by Pythagoras, 156; importance of numbers ten and twelve, 156; Greek notation, 157; Euclid’s works on, 161; books on history of, 170 Arnold, Matthew, compares Milton’s style with Virgil’s, 46; writes plays after Greek models, 58 Merope: 58 Art, earliest Greek, 12; proper province of, 33, 34; use of the term, 98 Artificiality of Greek poetry, defined, 33, 34 Asklepiads, method of, 176 Assemblies, in Greek democracies, 183 Astronomy, books on history of, 170 Atalanta, see Swinburne Athens, debts in, 186; leadership, 201; degeneration of spiritual life in, 210 Atomic theory, developed by Leucippus and Democritus, 231, 232; results of, 233; Aristotle’s objections to, 233 Atomists, doctrine of, 218, 219 Atreus, tomb of, 102, 111 Attic citizens, character, 208 Attic Code of laws, 190, 261 Attic life, portrayed by Menander, 208, 209 B Bacchylides, comparison of Gray with, 54 Beehive huts, earliest form of house, 99; extant examples, 99, 100; not easily defended, 99; once a general type, 100; houses of the dead, 100-102; Treasury of Athens, 101; development of, 102 Biography, Plutarch, model, 80 Birds and Frogs, of Aristophanes, 27 Blow’s anthem, “I beheld and lo! a great multitude,” 126 Boccaccio, and Greek novels, 95 Botany, promoted by Aristotle, 171 Botticelli, Greek influence on, 131 Brougham, Lord, on Demosthenes, 84 Browning, Robert, his version of Agamemnon, 57; version of Euripides, 57, 58, 64 Brydges, Sir Egerton, on choruses in Samson Agonistes, 50 Buckle’s Civilisation, famous opening, 5 Burke, Edmund, style influenced by Isocrates, 90; translation of the Tract on the Sublime, 92 Burlington Art Club of London, collection of Greek fragments, 21 Byron, Lord, leader of Romantic school, 55; knowledge of Greek poetry, 55; borrows from Æschylus, 55; interested in Greek life and Greece, 56; interests Romanticists in Greece, 56 Byzantine architecture, 18 C Calverley’s Theocritus, 64 Cambridge Platonists, 240 Carrey, Jacques, drawings of Parthenon, 52 Cathedral of Henry the Lion at Brunswick, 119 Chalmers, Thomas, Scotch orator, style, 90 Chapman, translation of the Iliad, 45, 51 Charioteer of Delphi, 117 Choral hymns, Doric, 41 Cicero on Pindar, 50; on history, 80; style modelled on that of Isocrates, 88, 90 De Finibus: 245 City states, in Greece, 183; combinations and alliances, 200 Colours, use, 118 Comedy, Greek, influence, 60, 61 Composition in sculpture, 120, 122 Comus, see Milton Constantinople, adheres to Hellenic traditions, 182 Constitution of Athens, 169 Contracts, civil, 194 Conversation, perfection of Greek style, 90, 91; Plato’s Dialogues, 91 Corcyrean massacre, Thucydides on, 77 Cornford, Mr., Thucydides Mythistoricus, referred to, 77 Criticism, literary, beginnings, 91; models of, 92; Tract on the Sublime, 92 Cyclic poets, 42 Cyrus, of Xenophon, 94 D Dante, gloomy splendour, 19 Inferno: 27 Daphnis and Chloe, author unknown, 96; best specimen of Greek novel, 96 Dark Ages, conditions in, 181; causes of retrogression, 236 Darwin, Charles, on sense of colour, 128 Death penalty, 192 Debts, reduction of by Solon, 186 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, see Gibbon Decoration, painting a branch of, 132, 133; household, 145, 146 De Corona, see Demosthenes De Finibus of Cicero, 245 De Jure Pacis et Belli, by Hugo Grotius, 198 Delos, discoveries at, 145 Delphi, treasury of Siphnos, 122; hymn discovered at, 134 Democritus, development of Atomic theory, 231, 232; consequences to which his theory led him, 233 Demosthenes, combined orator and politician, 70; character of orations, 83, 84 De Corona: greatest Greek oration, 83; style, 84 Derby, Lord, translator, 57 Descartes, teachings of, 216, 224; on colour, 216; on extension and thought, 224 Diagoras of Melos, atheist, 215 Dialects, Homeric, 33, 40, 41; main cause of their use, 40 Dialogues of Plato, see Plato Diatonic scale, basis of Greek music as well as of modern, 135, 142-144 Didot, Epistolographi Graeci, 92 Dikæarchus, collaborator with Aristotle, 169 Dion Chrysostom, rhetor and sophist, 93 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, essays of, 92 Dionysius of Syracuse, tyrant, 205 Diophantus, work in arithmetic and algebra, 161, 162, 167 Donatello’s problem, 113 Dorians, literary prose had its origin among them, 67, 68 Doric choral hymns, 41 Doric pillar, 104 Doric temple, 104 Dörpfeld, Dr., Greek critic, 27; discoveries at Tiryns, 105 Drama, Greek, beginnings, 36; influence, 46 ff, 57, 58 Dryden, John, translation of Virgil, 53; model for Gray, 54 Ode to St. Cecilia: shows Greek influence, 55 E Eclogues of Virgil, 24 Education, Greek: ethical inquiry, 215; subjects of thought, 215; relation of music to, 136, 137, 144; relation of mathematics and science to philosophy, 179; higher: and Greek studies, 20; relation of mathematics and philosophy, 179; essential element, 214; best exponent, 215; relation to character, 241 Egypt, greatness, 5; influence on Greece, 11 Egyptian art, influence on Greek art, 145 Elea, school of, founder, 221 Eleusinian Mysteries, 115 Empedocles, wrote in verse, 39; principal feature of his system, 229; postulated principles of Love and Hate, 230, 231 Entretiens sur l’architecture, see Viollet-le-Duc Epic poetry, Greek, 41; modern, 42; influence, 42 Epicteta, will of, 196 Epicureans, on music and morals, 138; and Stoics, 244 Epicurus, system of, 245 Epidauros, place of pilgrimage, 176 Epistolographi Graeci, 92 Epoch of Irish History, see Mahaffy, J. P. Erechtheus of Swinburne, 58 Etruscans, and the arch, 105; culture of, 110 Euclid, how attained perfection, 158, 159; on optics, 166; father of geometry, 167; founds Peripatetic Mathematics, 170 Elements: summary of all principles discovered previously, 158; three kinds of data, 159; careful definitions, 159; misfortune of, 160; thirteen books, 160, 161 Eudemus the Rhodian, collaborator with Aristotle, 169; his history of sciences, 170 Eudoxus, astronomer, 167 Euripides, Milton’s view of, 47; introduces “vulgar and trivial persons” into his plays, 48; influence on development of Samson Agonistes, 49; choruses of, 51; Browning’s version of his plays, 57-58, 64; and Tennyson, 60; Medea, 62 Alkestis: Browning’s version of, 57 Iphigenia in Aulis: type of heroine, 62; Aristotle’s criticism of, 62, 72 Mad Herakles: Browning’s version of, 57 Everyman, represents horrors of Middle Ages, 115 Excursion, see Wordsworth F Fall of Miletus, see Phrynichus Faust, see Goethe Federation, early example, 203 Fick, Augustus, on place-names, 7 Frere’s translation of Aristophanes, 61, 64 G Geometry, Euclid’s, 158-161, 167; books on history of, 170 Georgics of Virgil, 24 Germany, reduction of many states into one empire, 204 Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, conception which moved author to write, 79 Gladstone, William E., style of eloquence, 89 Goethe, Faust: a world epic, 27; borrowings from Argonautics, 44 Golden Age of Greek Literature, 91 Gray, Thomas, Greek temper, 54; compared with Simonides and Bacchylides, 54; swept away by Romantic wave, 54; prefers Celtic and national subjects, 54; Greek style, 54; grasps splendour of Pindar, 54; shows influence of Greek poetry, 54, 55; love of nature, 59 Greece, advantageous position of, 11; economic conditions in time of Polybius, 206; modern character of civilisation, 207 Greek culture, vital essence, 182; Latin, compared with, 182 Greek learning, revival of, 17-20 Greek scholars in Western Europe, 17, 18 Greek society, conditions, 213, 214 Greek studies, place in higher education, 20-22; and Latin, 22, 23; source of culture, 23; comparative value of originals and translations, 23-26 Greeks, the, explanations of pre-eminence insufficient, 3-7; pre-eminence unexplained, 7-9; originality, 9; genius of race analogous to genius of individual, 9; powers of assimilation and reproduction, 10-12; important position between two civilisations, 11; effect of diverse influences, 11, 12; receptive, but not absorbed, 13, 14; persistence of characteristics, 15; accomplishments in world’s history, 16-18; influence of, 53; not wanting in love for nature, 59; why no means of expressing Christian spirit, 113; and Christianity, 113; race of varied experience, 116; sense of fitness in sculpture, 116; power of logic upon their minds, 152; triumphs gained by hard thinking, 179; traders, 187; attitude toward monarchy, 205; furnish lessons in failures as well as in achievements, 205, 206; middle classes most important, 206; adopt limitation of family, 207 Grote, George, historian, 56; not interested in travelling in Greece, 56; on Attic citizens, 208 Grotius, Hugo, De Jure Pacis et Belli, 198 Guesses at Truth, see Hare H Hamlet of Shakespeare, 48 Hare, Guesses at Truth, quoted, 52 Hecatæus, historian, 71 Hegemony of Greece, what it was, 201; leaders, 201 Hellenic race, see Greeks Heracleitus of Ephesus, early writer of prose, 67; his fundamental element of the world, 219; on qualities of matter, 220, 221 Herculaneum, 145 Hermes of Praxiteles, 106 Hero and Leander, 96 Herodotus, Father of History, world model of art of history, 71-75; subject, 71, 74, 78; essence of history as an art, 73; agrees with Aristotle as to style and subject of history, 74; style, 74, 75; so-called inventions of, 76; vindicated, 76; compared with Thucydides, 76, 78; on Cyrene, 77; quoted, 116 Heron, development of mechanics and hydrostatics, 147, 162, 167; ingenious inventions of, 162-164, 165 Herondas, Mimes, inferior poetry, 39 Hiero of Xenophon, 116 Hipparchus, astronomer, 167 Hippocrates of Kos, Father of Rational Medicine, 67, 171; founds school of medicine, 171; style of writing, 172; works out a system of treatment, 172; Aphorisms quoted, 172; John Stearne on works of, 174; mental attitude of, 174; ignores supernatural causes of diseases and cures, 175; quoted, 175; combats superstition, 176; principles, 177; oath of practitioners, 178 Hipponax, 41 History, early annalists, 70; Herodotus and Thucydides, 71; models of the art and science of history, 71; Aristotle’s view of, 72, 74; Herodotus on history as art, 73, 74; views of Herodotus and Aristotle compared, 74; simplicity, 75; Herodotus vindicated, 76; Thucydides compared with Herodotus, 76; views of Thucydides, 77; style of Thucydides, 78, 79; human history as a great drama, 79; characteristics that will make it last, 80 History of Greek Literature, see Mahaffy, J. P. Homer, understood by all generations, 14; his influence through Pope, 53 Homeric dialect, 33, 40, 41 Homeric poems, artificiality, 33; beacon light, 37; translations, 45, 51, 52 Horace, Greek lyrics, 4; version of Alcæus, Sappho, and Pindar, 53 Hydrostatics, development by Heron, 147, 162 Hylozoists, study of, basis of higher work in science, 234 I Iliad, translated into many languages, 26; a world epic, 27, 41; imitated, 41; model for all time, 42; and Milton’s Paradise Lost, 42, 43; Chapman’s translation, 45, 51; Pope’s translation, 51, 52, 53; expunged texts, 183 Immigration, no inducements for, in Greece, 207 India, civilisation, 6 Inferno of Dante, 27 Interest, rate of, in Greece, 187 Intermarriage, 198 International relations of Greek states, 198; war, 199-200; political combinations or alliances, 200 ff Invalides in Paris, 111 Ionia, subjugation of, checks development of Greek prose, 67 Ionic school, subjects of speculation, 216; study of, important, 234 Iphigenia in Aulis, see Euripides Ireland, landed gentry, 212 Isæus, treatises of, 82; speeches, 194-196 Isocrates, father of political essay, 86; originates political pamphlets, 87; devises and perfects laws of prose composition, 88; teaches his style, 88 J Jonson, Ben, knowledge of Greek, 45 K Keats, John, Greek spirit, 46; not familiar with Greek originals, 46, 56 Ode on a Greek Vase: 132 Keltic influences on Greece, 12 Kos, school of, 176, 178 L Land legislation in Greece compared with that in Ireland and Scotland, 187 Language, perfected use of, by Greeks, 148; analysis of, 149; Greek: Non-Aryan roots, 7; permanence, 14 Laocoon, 116 Laplace’s theory, 220 Latin, place in higher education, 22, 23; medium of Greek influence, 45 Latin culture, why not permanent, 182; compared with Greek, 182 Latin races, 3 Latin Vulgate, the, St. Jerome compares it with Greek and Hebrew originals, 19 Law, Greek, Attic Code model for Romans and other nations, 190; criminal, 191 ff; compared with that of Modern Europe, 192; safety of citizens, 192; death penalty, 192, 193; civil, 193-198; contracts, 194; testaments or wills, 194-197; international, 198 ff Leighton, Lord, influenced by Greek art, 131, 132 Lepanto, battle, 72 Letter-writing, Greek letters not remarkable, 93; Cicero’s formulæ, 93; exceptions, 93 Leucippus, development of Atomic theory, 231; father of modern systems, 236 Literary criticism, beginnings, 91; models, 92; Tract on the Sublime, 92 Loans, 194 Local government, not representative, but popular, 189, 190 Locke, teachings of, 216 Logic, approached by Greeks through analysis of language, 148; beginnings of logical studies, 149; treatises of Aristotle on theory of Reasoning, 149, 150; importance of common logic, 150; small attention paid to, in American education, 150, 152; English and European training in, 151; power of, on Greek minds, 151, 152; and Greek mathematics, 153 Lourdes, place of pilgrimage, 177 Lucretius, claims, 4 Lyric poetry, beginnings, 37; influence, 53-57, 59, 60 Lysias, presentation of argument in character, 83 M Macbeth, of Shakespeare, 48 Macedonian power, 205, 211 Machinery, inventions of Heron, 162-164; moving force of automatic sakia, 165 Mad Herakles, see Euripides Magee, Archbishop, style of eloquence, 89; modelled after Chalmers, 90; style based upon principles of Isocrates, 90 Mahaffy, J. P., Epoch of Irish History: referred to, 173 History of Greek Literature: on poetry, 31; on obscurity of Thucydides, 79; on Isocrates and Demosthenes, 82; on conversation, 91 Rambles and Studies in Greece: on persistence of characteristics, 15, 16 Social Life in Greece: main thesis, 15 Marius the Epicurean, by Walter Pater, 244 Mathematics, school of Pythagoras, 153, 155, 156, 161, 167; theory of Descartes, 154; arithmetic, 153, 154; geometry, 158; mathematical physics, 162; library of Greek, 166; pure, 166, 169; Peripatetic, 170 Mausollus of Halicarnassus, tyrant, 205 Mechanics, development by Archimedes, Heron, and Alexandrian school, 162 Mediæval schools, training in logic, 150, 151 Medicine, formulated by Greeks, 147; school of Hippocrates, 171 ff; mediæval, 174, 175; and superstition, 174, 175; resurrection of, 176 Menander, character of plays, 34, 94; translations by Plautus and Terence, 61, 208, 209; influence, 61; portrays Attic society, 208-210; fragments of plays discovered in Egypt, 209 Meredith, George, characteristic of his work, 79 Merope, of Matthew Arnold, 58 Middle Ages, a period of gloom, 114, 115; conditions in, 181; causes of retrogression in, 182 Miletus, fall of, checks the development of Greek prose, 67; temple, statues at entrance, 120 Milton, John, poetic vision disturbed by political controversies, 42; influenced by Greek epic, 42; influenced by Greek drama, 46; poetic style and metre, 46; Matthew Arnold on, 46; defence of dramatic poetry, 47; on Shakespeare and Greek masters, 47; on Greek tragedy, 47-49; choruses and lyrical monodies, 50; inspired by Isocrates, 88, 90 Areopagitica: style, 88 Comus: lyric sweetness, 51 Paradise Lost: best modern epic, 42; compared with the Iliad, 43; divine and human in, 43; redundancy of similes, 43; and Argonautics, 43; and Prometheus Vinctus, 47 Samson Agonistes: Greek form, 47, 49, 50; borrowings from Œdipus and Prometheus, 49; development influenced by Euripides, 49; Greek spirit, 50; lyrics and choral odes, 50, 51; Sir Egerton Brydges on, 50 Mimes, see Herondas Minyæ, Tomb of the, 101, 108, 111 Motion and matter, 234 Mummius, cause of conquest of, 211 Music, first beginnings, 99, 133 ff; notation related to meaning, 125; existing specimens of Greek, fragmentary, 134; comparison of Greek with Japanese, 135; Greek scales, 135, 142-144; and Greek poetry, 136; relation to education, 136, 137, 144; effect upon morals, 137-140, 144; Greek music source of modern, 141; simplicity, 141; Greek works on, 141; Plato on instrumental and vocal, 141; extant Greek tracts on, 142; Hungarian, 142; problems of Greek, 142; scientific basis of harmony discovered by Pythagoreans, 143; Pythagorean theory, 143; Aristotle on melody, 144; summary of Greek music, 144 N Naples, 145 Natural history, collection of facts by Greeks, 147 Natural philosophy, 236 Nike of Samothrace, 117 Novel, development among Greeks, 93, 94; and Menander’s plays, 94; main topic imported from East, 94 O Ode on a Greek Vase, by Keats, 132 Ode to St. Cecilia, see Dryden Odyssey, world epic, 27, 41; imitated, 41; unequalled, 42 Œdipus, see Sophocles Optics, Euclid’s work on, 166 Oratory, school of pleaders, 68; treatment of subject, 69; subject of great importance, 69, 70; eloquence of debate and eloquence of display, 68, 81; Greeks adverse to extemporaneous speaking, 81; art of persuasion, 82; arguments and manner of presenting, 82, 83; legal rhetoric, 83; speeches of Demosthenes, 83; De Corona, 83; Greek oratory of debate still the model of modern world, 85 Orchomenos, 101 Ornament, earlier in development than architecture, 99; in pre-historic ages, 99; in Doric temple, 104 P Painting, 125 ff; examples of Greek, 126, 127; qualities requisite for success, 128; Greek sense of form, 128; Greek sense of colour, 128-130; landscape little developed among Greeks, 130, 131; portraits, 131; mythical subjects, 131; and sculpture, 131; indirect influence on modern painting, 131, 132; Greek vases, 132; branch of decoration, 132, 133 Pantheism, doctrine of, 222-224; positive side of, 223; arguments for, 224; how regarded by Greek public, 225; and Wordsworth, Shelley, Tennyson, 228, 229 Pantheists, Greek, character of, 222; legacy to mankind, 228; effect on modern poetry, 228 Pantheon, 111 Pappus, work in geometry, 161 Papyrus I. of Turin, 197 Paradise Lost, see Milton Parmenides, 236; gives positive side of doctrine of pantheism, 223 Parthenon, unexcelled, 27; J. Carrey’s drawings of, 52; frieze, 113, 122; horses of, 121; ornamentation, 130 Pastoral poetry developed by Theocritus, 35 Pater, Walter, Marius the Epicurean, 244 Paul, Saint, on Stoicism, 245 Pausanias, and temple of Hera, 105; and Tomb of the Minyæ, 108 Peisias, the Lycian, will of, 196 Peloponnesus, cities of, 201 Penrose, Mr., Greek critic, 27 Pericles studied oratory, 70 Peripatetic Mathematics, 170 Persians of Timotheus, see Timotheus Peyron, Amédée, 197 Phædo, of Plato, 242 Phelps, W. L., on Gray, 54 Pherecydes of Syros, predecessor of Heracleitus, 67 Phidias, and the Laocoon, 116; his ornamentation of the Parthenon, 121, 122; his procession of figures, 122, 123 Philodemus, Tract on Music, on effect of music on morals, 138 Philosophy, relation to science, 169, 236; secular and free, 215, 216 Phœnicia, influence on Greece, 11, 12 Phœnician alphabet, 12 Phormio, 71 Phrynichus, Fall of Miletus: displeasing to Attic audience, 73, 115 Physical geography, 169 Physics, mathematical, 162; developed by Archimedes, 162; development of hydrostatics and mechanics by Heron, 162, 167 Pindar, Cicero on, 50; Horace’s appreciation, 53 Pindar, Odes, 27 Place-names, Greek, 7 Plato, influence on Wordsworth, 57; as critic, 92; on influence of music, 139, 141; philosophy of, 237; influence on modern thought, 237; views of education, 237, 238; theology, 238 ff; on moral law, 239, 240; on aristocracy of intellect, 241; on immortality of soul, 242 Dialogues: model of conversation, 91; logical studies in, 149; character, 214; subjects, 215 Phaedo: 242 Politicus: 238 Republic: picture of gloom, 116; ideal for safeguard of society in, 238 Sophist: 152 Platonism, 228 Plautus, translation of Menander, 61, 209 Plutarch, model for modern biographers, 80 Lives: North’s translation furnished Shakespeare with subjects, 45, 80; influence on French Revolution, 46 Poetic, see Aristotle Poetry, Greek: 31 ff; carefully studied product, 32, 37; dialects, 33, 40; development, 34, 35; pastoral, 35; dramatic, 36; lyric, 37; form and spirit, 38; diction and metre, 38; best studied in the original, 38, 64; examples of inferior, 38, 39; associated with other arts, 39; dignity and brevity, 40; and modern poetry, 41 ff; great epics, 41; influence, 42 ff; how far reduced to theory, 61-63; translations, 45, 51, 52, 64; indirect influence through Latin, 45; and music, 136 Politics, causes of development, 182, 183 Politicus, of Plato, 238 Polybius, artistic conception of history, 79; and Achæan League, 203; on limitation of family, 207; on ruin of Greece, 211 Pompeii, 145 Pope, Alexander, translation of Iliad, 51, 52, 53 Praxiteles unexcelled, 112 Praxiteles, Hermes, 33 Prometheus Vinctus, see Æschylus Prose, Greek, knowledge of early development of, 65; late origin, 66; poetry more popular than, 66; early attempt at, by Heracleitus, 67; Hippocrates, 67; beginnings among Dorians, 68; prose adapted for a listening public, 86; political essay, 86; laws of composition devised by Isocrates, 88; conversation easy, 90; letter-writing, 92; the novel, 93; books of travel, 97 Puteoli, gateway into Italy, 145 Pythagoras, effect of influence, 221; contemporaries and successors, 221 Pythagorean school, importance of arithmetic, 153; theory of Descartes, 154; speculations on series of units, 155; specimens of treatment in arithmetic, 156; results of researches, 156; importance of numbers ten and twelve, 156; discoverers and teachers of science, 166, 167 Pythagoreans, discover science of harmony, 143; famous theory, 143 R Racine and his plays, 48 Rambles and Studies in Greece, see J. P. Mahaffy Renaissance (Renascence), 4; artists of, 131 Rénan, Ernest, simplicity of style, 75 Renascence, 4 Representation, local, 189 Republic, see Plato Research, original, requisite for, 235 Rogers’s translation of Aristophanes, 61 Roman life and culture, 18, 19 Roman Republic, effect of growth, 211 Romanesque architecture, example of tawdriness, 109 Romans, medium through which Greek learning was spread in Western World, 3, 4, 18, 19, 85, 190, 195; compared with the Greeks, 182 Romantic school, 59 Rome, Greek ruins in time of Renaissance, 146 Romeo and Juliet, see Shakespeare Royal College of Physicians, Ireland, 173 Ruskin, John, style, 89 S St. Angelo, castle of, 111 St. Mark’s at Venice, architecture of, 18, 109 Sakia, invention of, 165 Samson Agonistes, see Milton Sappho, 37; Horace’s version of, 53; love for nature, 59 Satyric drama, 48 Science, definition of term as used, 147; relation to philosophy, 168; abstract thinking necessary to experiment and discovery, 235 Sciences of observation, 147 Scriptores Erotici Graeci, 95 Sculpture, Greek: reasons for pre-eminence 112, 113; nude and draped figures, 112, 113; Donatello’s problem, 113, 114; use of bronze and marble, 116, 118; development, 117, 118; decay, 117; never dissociated from painting, 118; coloured statues, 118, 119; principles of composition, 120; second favourite form of composition, 122; effect on Europe, 123 Shakespeare, indebted to Plutarch’s Lives, 45; indirect knowledge of Greek poets, 46; Milton on, 47, 48; school of, defended 48 Antony and Cleopatra: source in Plutarch’s Lives, 45 Hamlet: Voltaire’s view of, 48 Macbeth: Voltaire’s view of, 48 Romeo and Juliet: Greek origin, 95 Shakespeare, school of, and Greek masters, 48 Shelley, combines Greek culture with Romantic imagination, 56, and Pantheism, 228 Sicilian troubles, 186 Sidon, tomb of, 112 Silver Age of Greek Literature, 91 Simonides, Gray compared with, 54 Skellig Michael, beehive huts at, 99 Slavery, among Greeks, 188, 190; Aristotle on, 189 Smyly, Prof., Essay; on Greek notation in arithmetic, 158 Social Life in Greece, see J. P. Mahaffy Socrates, prosecution of, 215; causes revolution in philosophy, 236, 237 Solon, use of verse, 39; modern, 66; reduces debts in Athens, 186 Sophist, of Plato, 152 Sophists, attitude toward scientific speculation, 237 Sophocles, Milton on, 47; choruses, 51; Whitelaw’s version of, 64; music of, 136 Œdipus; and Milton’s Samson Agonistes, 49 Sophron, poet, 39 Sovranties, pass into aristocracies, 184, 185; models in constitutional government, 184-186 Sparta, slaves in, 188; power, 201 Spinoza, teachings of, 216; Pantheist, 224 Statuary, portrait, 120 Stearne, John, Founder of Royal College of Physicians, Ireland, 173; theorist and writer, 173; on works of Hippocrates, 173; and the Church, 176 Stoics, speculations, 244-246; and Epicureans, 244-246 Stylists, modern English, 89 Swanwick, Miss, translations, 57 Swinburne, Algernon, writer of plays after Greek models, 58 Atalanta: choruses, 40, 58 Erechtheus; 58 Syracuse, 68 T Taylor, Jeremy, style influenced by Isocrates, 90 Temples, Greek: Doric ornament, 104; features, 105; at Tiryns, 105; Hera at Olympia, 105; distinction between dwellings and, 106; construction, 106; compared with houses, 107; proportions, 107; furnish models for all Europe, 110 Tennyson, influenced by Theocritus, 36, 59, 60; and Euripides, 60; and Pantheism, 228, 229 Terence, translation of Menander, 61, 209 Thales, his primitive element of the world, 216, 217; predicts an eclipse, 217 Themistocles, studied oratory, 70 Theocritus, Virgil’s translations, 24; pastoral poet, 35; goes back to life of people, 35, 36; influence on Tennyson, 36, 59, 60; idealises the commonplace, 38; delights in nature, 59; best translation of, 64 Idylls: 96 Theognis, use of verse, 39 Theon of Smyrna, 167 Theophrastus, collaborator with Aristotle, 169 Thirlwall, history written without first-hand knowledge of Greece, 56 “Three tragic poets,” the, 47, 49 Thucydides, has given to world model of the science of history, 71; subject, 71, 77, 78; compared with Herodotus, 76, 78; subtle artist, 76; style, 77; picture of politics in Greece, 77; artistic scheme, 78; diction, 78; obscurity, 78, 79; on war, 200 Thucydides Mythistoricus, see Cornford Timotheus, Persians: inferior poetry, 38, 39, 63; Wilamowitz on, 39 Tiryns, remains of temples at, 105 Tombs, domed or circular buildings, 110; Pantheon, 110; Castle of St. Angelo, 111; Invalides in Paris, 111; Mausoleum of Queen Victoria, 111; Treasure House of Atreus, 111; Tomb of the Minyæ, 111; early, in Ireland, 111 Tract on the Sublime, translated by Burke, 92; point of view of, 92 Tragedy, Greek: material, 42; Milton’s view of, 47, 48 Travels, not thoroughly Greek, 97 Treaties, between Greek city-states, 198 Trinity College, Dublin: some of the requisites for degree, 179 Turin, Academy of, Transactions; referred to, 197 U Unions or leagues, question as to rights of contracting parties, 202, 203; European examples, 204 V Vases, ornamentation of, 132 Venetian Republic, 184 Villari, Professor Pasquale, Studies: quoted, on problem of art in Renaissance, 113, 114 Viollet-le-Duc, Entretiens sur l’architecture: his theory of the origin of the arch, 109 Virgil, first foreign imitator of Homer, 42; compared with Milton, 46 Æneid: M. Arnold compares style with Milton’s, 47; Dryden’s translation, 53 Eclogues: 24 Georgics: 24 Vitruvius, 104 W Wagner, Richard, turned natural defect into success, 87; effect of his attempt to combine poetry and music, 136; effect of his music on morals, 138, 139 Tristan and Isolde: 139 War, between Hellenic peoples: weapons and prisoners, 199 Weem of Scale, beehive huts at, 100 Whitelaw’s Sophocles, 64 Wilamowitz, on Persians of Timotheus, 39 Wills or testaments, 194-197 Women’s rights, 181 Wordsworth, least Greek of nineteenth-century poets, 57; illuminated by Plato, 57; and Pantheism, 228, 229; immortality of soul, 242, 243 Excursion: 40, 57 Wyse, William, of Trinity College, Cambridge, 195 X Xanthus the Lydian, historian, 71 Xenophanes, founder of school of Elea, 221; doctrine of, 222 Xenophon, historian, 79 Cyrus: 94 Hiero: picture of gloom, 116 Z Zeno, Eleatic, theory of sound, 225, 226 Zeno, the Stoic, 245 Zoölogy promoted by Aristotle, 171

FOOTNOTES: