INDEX.
Reading edition
A.
Addison, quotation from, 94
Aire and Calder Canal, 49;
cost of transport on, 383;
system of towage on, 402;
sluices, 432;
boats on, 461
Allen’s, Capt., proposals for Jordan route to India, 273
Allport, Sir James, on the cost of mineral traffic, 390
Alpine Canal, 106
Amazon river, 229
American canals, plans of, 266-267;
lakes, cost of transport on, 386
Amsterdam Canal, 19, 147
Ancients, skilled in canal-making, 22
Aqueduct, Chirk, 48
Archipelago, first attempts to unite Ionian Sea with, 13
Arkwright’s first patent for spinning frame, 8
Austria-Hungary, waterways of, 185;
Danube regulation works, 184;
canals, 190
Avon, improvement of, 23
B.
Backwater (India), 243
Bailey, Ald., on sea transport, 385;
on canal transport, 401
Baltic and Caspian Seas, junction of, 18;
canals connecting the, 175, 176
Barge, proposed, for mowing weeds, 466
Barges, on Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 400;
use of as tugs, 401
Bartholomew, steamboat trains on Aire and Calder Canal, 383;
system of towage on Aire and Calder, 402
Barton Aqueduct on Bridgwater Canal, 428
Belgium, waterways of, 134;
ship canals of, 135;
canal from Ostend to Bruges, 138;
the Terneuzen Canal lift, 140;
the Scheldt Navigation, 142;
economical conditions of water transport in, 143;
extent and income of Belgian canals, 143
Bengal, canal system, 240
Beresinsk Canal, 176
Berlin, traffic of, 133
Birmingham Canal, 49, 51;
embankment of, 430;
and London, water connection between, 58;
proposed connection between and the sea, 89
Black Sea and German Ocean, first attempts to unite, 13;
and Caspian, junction of, 18;
and Azov Canal, 182
Blackman, Col., locks proposed by, for Nicaraguan Canal, 418
Blackmore, Sir R., quotation from, 116
Boats employed on British canals, 55;
size of on different English canals, 56;
on French canals, 414;
numbers and tonnage capacity of, on French waterways, 115;
on German waterways, 131, 133;
on Russian canals, 183;
on Indian canals, 239, 463;
on American rivers and lakes, 388;
on different canals, 460;
on English canals, 462
Bourgogne Canal, 464
Brahmapootra river, 240
Bread, price of, in seventeenth century, 8
Briare, Canal de, v
Bridgwater, Duke of, 11;
canal, 24;
history of, 41;
cost of transport of coal on, 40;
aqueduct on, 344;
charges on, 387;
system of transport on, 402;
underground plane on, 412
Brindley, genius of, 11;
projected system of main waterways by, 11;
construction of Bridgwater Canal by, 43;
his first lock, 411
Bristol and London, proposed improved waterway between, 88
British rivers, 23
” shipping and the Suez Canal Company, 267
Briton Canal, 52
Brussels and Charleroi Canal, lift on, 421
Bude Canal, Cornwall, inclines on, 413
Buonaparte, Napoleon, and the Suez Canal, 249
Burke, Edmund, on our foreign commerce, 16;
on tyranny, 469
C.
Cable Haulage on the St. Maurice Canal, 403
Caerdyke, the, a Roman waterway, 23
Cæsar, Julius, Caligula and Nero, canal-makers, 13
Calcutta Canals, 240
Caledonian Canal, 19, 69
Camden, on the Clyde, 63;
on the Mersey, 28
Canada, waterways of, 216;
Welland Canal, 216;
Cornwall Canal, 224;
Sault St. Marie Canal, 225;
Canadian canal system, 225;
Ottawa river, 227;
St. Lawrence river, 228
Canadian dredger, the, 452;
canals, boats on, 461
Canal Acts, period of first, 11, 365;
boats, 469;
categories of, iii;
mania, 365-69;
engineering, 15;
companies’ shares, fluctuations in, 17;
system of Great Britain, 40;
gauge, differences of, 53;
extent of, 54;
examples of, 61;
traffic, 441;
navigation in England, chronology of, 475
Canals, ship, projected in United Kingdom, 21, 82;
owned by railway companies and employés thereon, 53;
mileage of, connecting chief navigable rivers, 54;
system of, between London and Birmingham, 58;
advantages offered by, 60;
extent of, completed and projected in Germany, 133;
speed on, 435;
see English, French, German, Dutch, &c.
Capital expenditure on railways, 377
Caspian and other seas, junction of, 19
Centre, Canal du (France), 415
Ceylon and India, proposed connecting canal, 241
Chagres river, and Panama Canal, 305
Chain traction in France, 395;
in Germany, 396
Charlemagne, canals projected by, 13
Charleroi Canal, 384
Cheap canal transport, conditions required for, 474
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 206
Chesney, Capt., and the Suez Canal, 249;
and the Euphrates Valley route, 271
Chinese waterways, 232;
piers, 410
Chronology of river improvement and canal navigation in England, 475
Cities and seaboard facilities, 21;
boats, 466
Clyde, the river, 63
Coal, production of, 130 years ago, 2;
scarcity of in seventeenth century, 8;
transportation, cost of, 40;
supply of Paris, 96
Colonies, British exports to, 16
Compensation tolls, 473
Competition of railways and canals, 369;
in France, 441
Conder, Mr., on the cost of mineral traffic, 390
Condreux excavator, 449, 458
Conservancy of rivers, principles of, 36
Contracts for works on Suez Canal, details of, 254
Corinth, Isthmus of, canal attempted by Cæsar, Caligula and Nero, 13;
description of, 346
Cornwall Canal (Canada), 224
Cortez and the Isthmus of Panama, 274
Cost of transport by turnpike roads and railways, 15;
reduction of by canals, 40-41;
of remodelling canal system of United Kingdom, x, 54;
present cost by English canals, 55;
of transport of coal to Paris, 115;
of works on the Dortmund and Emden Canal, 129;
on the Oder and Upper Spree Navigation, 130;
by different systems of transport, 281;
of Panama Canal, 287;
of the proposed Nicaraguan Canal, 324;
of water and land transport, 375;
on lakes and Erie Canal, 380;
on Elbe Canals, 383;
on Aire and Calder Canal, 383, 389;
horse and steam towing, 384
Crapone, Adam de, canal maker, 14
Crinan Canal, 72
Cunda Canal, 170
Cuttings, large, in England, 449
D.
Dalsland Canal, 167
Dampier, and the Panama Canal, 275
Dams, principal canal, 433
Danube and Rhine, first attempts to unite, 13;
river improvement, 185;
dredgers employed on, 457
Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, 214
” Raritan Canal, locks on, 423
Density of traffic on German water- and railways, 132;
on French canals, 445, 446
Desague Real de Huchuetoca, 230
Deûle and Neufossés Canals, locomotive haulage on, 402
Distance, saving of by the Suez Canal, 260;
by Nicaraguan Canal, 328;
by Isthmus of Corinth Canal, 346
Dodd, Ralph, apparatus for canal excavation, 448
Don river, 184
Dortmund and Emden Canal, 128
Dredger, the Couvreux, 451;
the Canadian, 452;
the Otago, 454;
the La Châtre, 454
Dredging machines on Panama Canal, 309-312
” operations, cost of, on Humber, 455;
on Clyde, Tyne, Wear, Tees, and Birmingham Canal, 456
Dudley Canal, 51;
tunnel, 427
Dutch Canals. See Holland.
Dykes, repair of canal, in Holland, 151
E.
Edinburgh Review on the Suez Canal, 19, 266;
on the Panama Canal, 310;
on canal property, 471
Egypt, occupation of by England, 264
Eiffel, M., sluices for Panama Canal, 301, 409
Elbe, the river, 116;
canals, cost of transport on, 383;
early propulsion, experiments on, 395
Elbing Highland Canals, 148
Ellesmere Canal, 47;
viaduct on the, 427
Embankments, 424
Employés on British Railways and Canals, comparison of, 53
Ems, the river, 117, 118
Engineers, hydraulic, 12
England and Wales, rivers of, 23;
canals of, 40;
boats on, 462;
progress of inland navigation in, v
Epochs in history of canals, 18
Erewash Canal, 18
Erie Canal, 194, 202, 215;
competition of with railways, 379
Euphrates Valley route to India, 270
Excavators, 449
Exeter Canal, 11
Exports from United Kingdom, 16
Eyder, the river, 123;
the canal, 124
F.
Falmark, Capt., and the Panama route, 276
Farrar, Sir Thomas, on state of British Canals, 472
Finland, canals of, 183
Florida Ship Canal, proposed, 213
Forth and Clyde Canal, 66;
section of, 67;
proposed new canal, 83
” Bridge, the, 73
Fossdyke navigation, 18;
Roman origin of, 23
France, cost of canal system of, in 1880, 97;
cost of river improvement in, 98;
expenditure on ports of, 98;
traffic of principal river basins, 99;
early canals of, 99;
canal of Languedoc, 100;
Crappone Canal, 105;
Alpines Canal, 106;
Lens La Deûle Canal, 107;
Marne Canal, 108;
canalisation of the Moselle, 110;
Mediterranean and Biscay Canal, 111;
Rhone Canals, 112;
St. Louis Canal, 112;
mania for canals, in, v
French canals: Charolais, 14;
Languedoc, 14;
waterways, 93;
general character of system, 94;
total tonnage carried on canals, 94;
canals compared with railways, 95;
density of traffic on, 98;
size of locks on principal, 113;
law of 1879 as to dimensions of, 113;
cost of transport on, 387;
locks on, 414
French rivers, 115
Froude, Mr., on Panama Canal, 310
G.
Ganges, river, 240
German Ocean and Black Sea, first attempts to unite, 13;
waterways, traffic on, 382;
railways, cost of transport on, 383
Germany, waterways of, 116;
river systems, 116;
the Rhine, 117;
the Ems, 118;
the Mosel, 118;
the Rhine and Danube Canal, 119;
the Oder and Elbe Canal, 120;
the Holstein Canal, 121;
North Sea and Baltic Ship Canal, 122;
Rhine-Ems Canal, 127;
Scheldt and Rhine Canal, 127;
Dortmund and Emden Canal, 128;
Oder and Upper Spree Canal, 129;
traffic on German waterways, 130
Glamorganshire and Aberdare Canal, 52
Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, system of towage on, 402
Gotha Canal (Sweden), 164;
West Gotha Canal, 167
Government control of waterways, 470
Grand Canal (Ireland), 80;
(China), 232, 302
” Junction Canal, locks on, 415
Great sluice, Boston, 37
H.
Hamburg, traffic of, 133
Hargreaves, invention of spinning-jenny by, 9
Haskew’s excavator, 448
Haulage and transport, systems of, 391;
cost of different methods of, 440
Henry II. and the canal of Charolais (France), 14
History, personal, of canal navigation, 13
Holland, waterways of, 145;
North Holland Canal, 145;
Haarlem Canal, 146;
North Sea Canal, 146;
Amsterdam Ship Canal, 147;
Elbing Highland Canals, 148;
Voorne Canal, Niewe-waterweg, Walcheren and South Beveland Canals, 149;
Afwaterings Kanaal; canalised river Ijssel;Keulsche Vaart, Meppelerdiep,
Drentsche, Hoofdvaart, Kolonievaart, and Willemsvaart, 150;
Apeldoorn Canal, Noordervaart, and Dokkum Canal, 151;
construction of canals in seventeenth century, 365
Holstein Canal, the, 121
Hoogly river, 240
Horace Walpole, robbed in streets of London, 3
Horse towing, cost of, 384
Humboldt, on the volcanoes of Nicaragua, 317
Hungary, canals of, 190
Hyegra and Kovja Canal, 181
I.
Ice on Canals, dealing with, 467
Inclines for canals, 413
India, British, waterways of, 237;
Madras Presidency, and Delta Canals, 238;
Godavery delta, 239;
Calcutta Canal, 240;
Naddea rivers, 240;
Madras Canals, 241;
Ramisseram Canal, 241;
Indus canals, 242;
Ganges and Hoogly, 239, 442;
recent Indian Canals, 243;
South Malabar and Travancore Canals, 243;
projected Palk Straits Canal, 244
India, Euphrates Valley route to, 270;
Jordan route to, 272;
boats on canals of, 463
Indus river, the, 243
Inventions of 18th century, 8
Ireland linen manufacture of, 9;
waterways of, 74
Irish rivers and canals, minor, 78
” Sea and Birkenhead Ship Canal, proposed, 87
Iron, production of, 130 years ago, 2
Irrigation canals in Italy, 160;
tanks or reservoirs in India, 241
Irwell and Mersey, proposed improvement of, 26, 35
Isthmian Canals, xii
Italy, waterworks of, 153;
early canals in, 153;
the Tiber, 157;
the Villoresi Canal, 158;
the canals of Venice, 159;
irrigation canals, 160;
river Po, 162;
projected canals, 163;
early sluice-gates in, 409
Itchin Dyke, a Roman waterway, 24
J.
Johnson, Dr., an enemy to canals, 369
Jordan, proposed canal from Acre to the, 273
K.
Kattegat and Skager Rack, 126
Kennet and Avon Canal, 45
Ketley, William, first inclined plane, 411
L.
Lakes, American, commerce of the, 213;
transport on, 386;
areas of, 494
La Louviére hydraulic lift, 420
Land transport, conditions of, 376
Languedoc Canal, v, 14, 19, 100
Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 12, 44; cost of transport on, 383
Lens la Deûle Canal, 106
Lesseps, M. de, portrait of, 261; plans of, for Suez Canal, 250
Level, differences of, on English canals, 436
Levy’s system of cable haulage, 403
Lifts, canal, 420
Liverpool and Manchester, cost of transport between, 40;
traffic carried between, 41;
Goole and Hull, section of navigation between, 50
Lloyd, Capt., and the Panama route, 276;
E. J., on best size of locks, 417;
Samuel, on national canal, viii
Locking, length of operation, 464
Locks size of, between London and Birmingham, 58;
dimensions of on principal French canals, 113, 415;
different systems of, 409, 414;
earliest, 411;
on English canals, 415;
on St. Mary’s Falls and Welland canals, 417;
on Manchester Ship Canal, 418;
on Nicaraguan Canal, 418
Locomotive haulage on canals, 402;
on French canals, 403
London, condition of streets of, in eighteenth century, 3;
through water routes between, and manufacturing districts, 12;
and Birmingham, water routes between, 58;
and Bristol, canal connection between, 88;
traffic of port of, 97
Lord Clarence Paget, on the Languedoc canal, 100
Loughborough Canal, 18
Louis XIV. and the Languedoc Canal, 14
Louvain Canal, cost of horse towing on, 384
M.
Macaulay, Lord, on inventions which abridge distance, 1;
on condition of England at end of seventeenth century, 4
Maclaren, Charles, on railways and canals, 368;
on economical transport, 436
Madras, canal system, 241
Magdalena river, 229
Maintenance, expense of, on railway and canals,
Manchester Ship Canal, 19, 329;
probable trade of, 330;
history of, 332;
docks, 333;
works, 337;
sections, 340;
Brindley’s aqueduct, 343;
and Liverpool, cost of transport between, 40;
works on, 448
Marco Polo, 232
Markets often inaccessible at end of seventeenth century, 6
Marne Canal, 108
Masonry weir on Cavour Canal, 434
Menes, construction of waterways by, 13
Menocal, on the Nicaraguan Canal, 323
Merchandise, general, on canals, 441
Mersey and Irwell, proposed improvement of, 26;
development of, 26, 27
Miami and Erie Canal, 202
Milan, canals of, 153, 411
Milton, on British rivers, 23
Monkland Canal, 68;
inclines employed on, 413
Morris Canal, 205; inclines on, 413
Mosel or Moselle, the river, 118;
canalisation of the, 110
N.
Napoleon III. and the Nicaraguan Canal, 14, 316.
See Buonaparte
Natural condition of earth’s surface, 2
Navigation, length of, on principal English canals, 56;
map showing extent of English canal, 57;
between London and Birmingham, 58;
development of inland, in England, vi
Neath Canal, 52
Nene and Ouse, the, 34
Nero, a canal builder, 13
Netherton tunnel, 427
Neutralisation of waterways, importance of, 9
New York State, canals of, see United States; Act of Legislature, 465
Nicaragua lake, 317
Nicaraguan Canal 14, 314;
history of, 317;
description of proposed, 319;
locks, 321;
basins, 322;
estimates of cost, 324;
harbours, 327;
saving of distances by, 328;
locks proposed for, 418
Nieman, the river, 116
North and Caspian Seas, junction of, 19
North Sea and Baltic Ship Canal, 122
North Sea Canal, 146
O.
Oder, the river, 116;
and Elbe Canal, 120;
and Upper Spree Navigation, 129
Ohio Canal, 208
Orebro Canal, 170
Ottawa river, 227
Ourcq Canal (Paris), 97
P.
Pack-horse, cost of transport by, 7
Palmerston, Lord, and the Suez Canal, 264
Panama Canal, cost of, 19;
history of, 295;
proceedings at Congress of geographical science, 278;
proposals of M. de Lesseps, 280;
rival projects, 280;
works required, 282;
progress of operations, 286;
capital, expenditure of, 287;
difficulties, 288;
mortality, 289;
cost of labour, 290;
financial troubles, 292;
suspension of the company, 293;
decision of Chamber of Deputies, 294;
comparison of railway and canal experiences, 296;
technical description, 298;
profile and tracing of canal, 298;
plans of proposed sluices, 299;
calculations of traffic, 203;
the Chagres river, 305;
American opinion, 307;
dredging machines, 309-312
Papin’s digester, Watt’s first experiment with, 8
Paris, traffic of by railways and waterways, 95;
coal supply of, 96, 97
Peel, Sir Robert, print works of, 9
Perekop Canal, 180
Peter the Great and Catherine as canal-makers, 14;
canals planned by, 173
Pitchora river, 184
Planes, locks, sluice-gates, and lifts, 408;
first inclined, for waterways, 411
Po, the river, 162
Ports of France, expenditure on, 98
Poutiloff Canal, 177
Price-Williams, R., on the cost of mineral traffic, 390
Priestley, on British canals, 54
Provinces, condition of, in eighteenth century, 4
Ptolemy II., a canal-builder, 13
Q.
Quarterly Review on the Suez Canal, 266;
on the early railways, 366
R.
Railroad, the Callao, Lima, and Oroya, 15
Railway rates, prohibitive character of, 9;
Liverpool and Manchester, 367;
and canal traffic Acts, 1888, 374
Railways, average cost of, per mile, in different countries, 10;
traffic carried on, in United Kingdom, 15, 17;
in Germany, traffic on and waterways compared, 133;
and canals, general comparison of 364;
cost of, 377;
canals owned by, vii
Rainhill locomotive contest, 367
Rates, railway, 376;
railway and canal compared, 378;
on New York State canals, 381;
inland navigation in Germany, 388;
on British canals, 387
Regulations for Dutch canals, 152
Rhine, wire ropes used for traction on, 397;
Marne canals, 110
Rhine and Danube, attempted union of by Charlemagne, 13;
proposed canal between, 119;
characteristics of, 117;
Rhine Ems Canal, 127;
and Scheldt, 127
Rhone, systems of haulage on, 392;
canals of the, 112
Ribble, the river, 31
Rio Grande river, 317
Rio San Francisco, 317
Riquet, M., and the Languedoc Canal, 100
Rivers in England, number of made navigable, 12;
conservancy and improvement of, 36;
suggested department for control of, 37;
shipping trade of 37;
particulars of principal, 38;
basins, principal, 491
Rivers of England and Wales, 23;
of France, 115;
of Germany, 116;
of Italy, 157, 162;
of Russia, 184;
of United States, 191;
of Canada, 227
Roads, condition of, in middle of eighteenth century, 3;
from Kensington to London, 3;
difference between macadamised and other, 7
Rokeby, Justice, on going circuit at end of seventeenth century, 5
Romans, the, as canal makers, v;
and British waterways, 23
Rope traction, 395
Rotterdam, canals of, 149
Royal Canal (Ireland), 81
Rundall, General, on advantages and defects of canals, 60
Russia, waterways of, 172;
canals projected by Peter the Great, 173;
Baltic and Caspian Sea canals, 175;
Baltic and Black Sea canals, 176;
Beresinski Canal, 176;
Ognisky Canal, 176;
King’s Canal, 176;
canal communication with Bay of Finland, 176;
Iwanoff Canal, 177;
Kamüshinski Canal, 177;
the Poutiloff Canal, 177;
Perekop Canal, 180;
Baltic and White Sea Canal, 181;
Volga and Don Canal, 181;
Hyegra and Kovja Canal, 181;
Black Sea and Azov Canal, 182;
the canals of Finland, 183;
river systems of Russia, 184;
early canals of, 365
S.
Sailing ships and steamers, and Suez Canal, 260
Salwarp, proposed improvement of, 23, 25
Sandys, William, and the Avon improvement, 23;
and Salwarp Navigation, 23;
100 years before Brindley, 24;
improvement of Wye by, 24
San Juan de Nicaragua river, 316
” del Norte, 320
” del Sur, port of, 316
Saône, weirs on the, 431
Sault St. Marie Canal, 209;
locks on, 417
Scheldt and Rhine Canal; and Meuse Canal, 415
Schuylkill Navigation, 205
Scotland, waterways of, 63
Seaboard, struggle for by modern nations, 9
Sea transport, cost of, 385;
seas, areas of, 494
Seine, regulating weirs on the, 431
Sesostris, a canal builder, 13
Severn and Thames, proposals for connection of, 25;
improvement of the, 32;
section of navigation between, and the Thames, 50
Shannon, the, 74
Sheffield and Goole Canal, proposed, 85
Ship Canal projects, 20.
See Panama, Suez, Nicaragua, Manchester, &c.
” Railway, proposed by Captain Eads, 422;
canals, future of, viii
Shipping trade of chief British rivers, 37;
of Clyde, 66;
of Tyne, 31;
of Suez Canal, 259, 267
Shropshire Canal, planes on, 413
Single-width canals, 467
Sluices proposed for Panama Canal, 311;
on Aire and Calder Canal, 432;
on the Weaver, 432;
earliest in Italy, 409;
at Trolhätta in Sweden, 430
Sluice-valves, substitution of, for let-offs, 429
Sluiceways on Aire and Calder Canal, 432
Smeaton, construction of great sluice by, 37
Smiles, Samuel, on canal development, 369
Sone Canal (India), boats on, 463
South and Central America, waterways of, 229
Speed, details of, 399;
on Belgian Canals, 399, 435;
on Lea, 399;
on Grand Junction Canal, 435;
on Rotterdam Canal, 435;
increase of by lifts or inclined planes, 436;
effect of breaking waves on, 437;
on Suez Canal, 437;
in Sweden and Holland, 437;
effect of size and number of locks on, 438;
depth of English canals, 439;
canal and railway compared, 439
Squires, Mr., and the American isthmus, 277
Stafford and Worcester Canal, 41;
first locks on, 411
Stage-coach and railway travelling compared, 6
Stage-coaches, rate of speed of, 7
State acquisition and control of canals, 469
State, English waterways under control of, 11;
ownership of, versus private enterprise, x, 11
Steam locomotives on common roads, proposed by Robinson, 8;
towing, cost of, 384;
on shallow canals, 399;
application of, to locks, 423
Stephenson, Robert, and the Suez Canal, 265
St. Lawrence river, 228;
plan of locks on canals, 416
St. Mary’s Falls Canal. See Sault St. Marie
St. Maurice Canal, cable haulage on, 403
Stockton and Darlington Railway, 366
Stourbridge Canal, 51
Stour, river, 25
Suez Canal, inauguration of new era by, 18;
cost of, 19;
history of, 245;
canal of Rameses, 247;
proposals of M. de Lesseps, 250;
concessions granted, 251;
contracts, 253;
progress of work, 255;
effect of Suez Canal, 257;
saving of distance, 260;
size of ships, 260;
income and working expenditure, 259;
Euphrates Valley route, 270;
enlargement of canal, 268;
Trebizonde and Tigris Valley routes, 272;
proposed parallel canal, 273
Swansea Canal, 52
Sweden, waterways of, 164;
the Gotha Canal, 164;
West Gotha Canal, 167;
Dalsland Canal, 167;
Cunda Canal, 170;
Orebro Canal, 170;
projected canals, 170
T.
Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, 278;
proposed ship railway for, 422
Tees, the, 34
Telford, Thomas, and the Gotha Canal, 165;
locks on Caledonian Canal, 417
Textile industries, condition of, in eighteenth century, 3
Thames, early propulsion on, 394
Thames, Severn and Mersey, communication between, 12;
conservancy of, 37
Thames, the river, 353;
extent of commerce of, 354;
ship canal, 356;
Tilbury docks, 357;
comparison of proposed ship canal with Suez Canal, 358;
plan of the, 360;
navigable facilities of Thames, 361;
the upper Thames, 362
Thread and gauze, manufacture of, begun at Paisley, 8
Tiber, the river, 157
Tigris Valley route to India, 272
Tolls, examples of on English Canals, 387
Torksey, a Roman town and fort, 23
Towing, cost of, 381;
by horse and steam, 384;
by men, 399;
on Aire and Calder canal, 402;
on Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, 402;
paths, 429
Traffic carried on French waterways, 94, 115;
on German waterways, 130;
canal, character and density of, 441;
on English waterways, 442
Trajan interested in canals, iv, 13
Transport and haulage, systems of, 391
Transport and working of canals, 364;
water and land, compared, 375;
cost of, by different systems, 380, 381;
cost of, on German railways, 383
Transportation, higher cost of in United Kingdom, 10;
cost of coal, to Paris, 115;
conditions of in United States, 214
Trolhätta, cataract of, 430
Tugs, employed on Danube, 397;
on Rhine, 399;
wire-rope, 398;
Jacquel’s system, on Saar coal canal, 398
Tunnels, viaducts, embankments, and weirs, 424;
on Bridgwater Canal, 424;
on Shropshire Canal, 426;
length of chief on English canals, 426;
on Birmingham system of canals, 427;
Dudley and Netherton, 427
Turf and wood, fuel, used in seventeenth century, 8
Tyne, the river, 29
U.
Ulloas, de, and the Panama route, 276
Union Canal (Scotland), 68;
Pennsylvania, 205
United Kingdom, coast line of, 9.
See England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland
United States, waterways of the, 191;
river systems, 191;
historical notes on early canals, 192;
Erie Canal, 194;
Ohio canals, 195;
Indiana and Illinois, 196;
growth of traffic, 197;
details of chief canals, 201;
extent of system, 202;
Miami and Erie, 202;
Morris Canal, Union Canal, and Schuylkill Navigation, 205;
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 206;
Ohio Canal, 208;
Sault St. Marie Canal, 209;
projected canals, 213;
transportation in the United States, 214;
contest between railways and canals in, 370
Ural, the, 184
V.
Vasa, Gustavus, as a canal-maker, 14
Venice, Doges of, as canal-makers, 14;
canals of, 159
Vernon-Harcourt, on canal inclines, 413
Vessels. See boats
Viaducts, embankments, tunnels and weirs, 424;
on the Ellesmere Canal, 427
Villoresi Canal, Italy, 158
Vinci, Leonardo da, as a canal-maker, 13
Vishni Volotchok Canal, 443
Vistula, the river, 116
Volga, the, 184;
Volga and Don Canal, 181
Voyage of Lord Clarence Paget on the Canal du Midi, 102
W.
Wafer, Lionel, and the Panama route, 275
Wages, rates of, in seventeenth century, 7;
paid on Panama canal works, 302
Wales, canal facilities of, 53
Waller, quotations from, 40
Warwickshire canals, compensation tolls paid by, 273
Water and land transport compared, 375;
elements affecting cost of, 377
Waterways: of England and Wales, rivers, 23;
canals, 40;
of Scotland, 63;
of Ireland, 74;
of France, 93;
of Germany, 116
Waterways, results of construction of, 8;
neglect of, in United Kingdom, 12;
total length of, in United Kingdom, 12;
Roman, in Great Britain, 23;
traffic carried on, and length of, principal in Germany, 130-131;
making of, 447;
Government control of, 471;
cost of transport by, ix, 472
Watt, James, personal details of, 72;
as a canal-maker, 72
Watt’s first experiment on the power of steam, 8
Wear, the river, 36
Weaver, the, 28;
cost of transport on, 385;
lift on the, 420;
sluices on the, 432
Wedgwood ware, manufacture of first begun, 8
Weirs, 424;
regulating, on the Seine, 431
Welland Canal, 216;
plan of locks on, 416
Weser, the river, 117
Wheelwright, Mr., and the Panama route, 277
Whittier, quoted, 447
Willebroeck Canal, cost of towing on, 384
Windmills, use of in Holland, 151
Wire rope traction, 397;
unsuccessful in England, 402
Witham, the, 33
Wood, Nicholas, calculations as to cost of transport, 15;
on speed on railways, 366;
on cost of transport of minerals, 367
Worcester and Birmingham Canal, 51
Wye, improvement of, by Sandys, 24
Y.
Yarranton, Andrew, and river improvement, 25;
proposal to deepen the Salwarp, 25;
Stour navigation improved by, 25;
proposed connection of Thames and Severn by, 25;
personal details of, 25
Yellow river, or Ho-hang-ho, 233
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.