R.R. LUTZ
Reading edition
THE SURVEY COMMITTEE OF THE CLEVELAND FOUNDATION CLEVELAND · OHIO 1916
Copyright, 1916, BY THE SURVEY COMMITTEE OF THE CLEVELAND FOUNDATION
WM. F. FELL CO. PRINTERS PHILADELPHIA
FOREWORD
This summary volume, entitled "Wage Earning and Education," is one of the 25 sections of the report of the Education Survey of Cleveland conducted by the Survey Committee of the Cleveland Foundation in 1915 and 1916. Copies of all the publications may be obtained from the Cleveland Foundation. They may also be obtained from the Division of Education of the Russell Sage Foundation, New York City. A complete list will be found in the back of this volume, together with prices.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword 5
List of Tables 10
List of Diagrams 12
Chapter
I. The Industrial Education Survey 13
Types of occupations studied 13
The Survey staff and methods of work 14
II. Forecasting Future Probabilities 18
The popular concept of industrial education 19
The importance of relative numbers 20
A constructive program must fit the facts 23
An actuarial basis for industrial education 24
III. The Wage Earners of Cleveland 25
IV. The Future Wage Earners of Cleveland 29
The public schools 29
Ages of pupils 32
Education at the time of leaving school 34
V. Industrial Training for Boys in Elementary Schools 38
What the boys in school will do 40
Organization and costs 44
What the elementary schools can do 45
VI. The Junior High School 47
Specialized training not practicable 48
A general industrial course 49
Industrial mathematics 52
Mechanical Drawing 54
Industrial science 55
Shop work 56
Vocational information 58
VII. Trade Training During the Last Years in School 60
The technical high schools 62
A two-year trade course 66
VIII. Trade-Preparatory and Trade-Extension Training for Boys and Men at Work 69
Continuation training from 15 to 18 74
The technical night schools 76
A combined program of continuation and trade-extension training 80
IX. Vocational Training for Girls 83
Differentiation in the junior high school 86
Specialized training for the sewing trades 88
Other occupations 90
X. Vocational Guidance 92
The work of the vocational counselor 92
The Girls' Vocation Bureau 94
XI. Conclusions and Recommendations 97
SUMMARIES OF SPECIAL REPORTS
XII. Boys and Girls in Commercial Work 101
A general view of commercial work 106
Bookkeeping 108
Stenography 108
Clerks' positions 109
Wages and regularity of employment 110
The problem of training 111
XIII. Department Store Occupations 115
Department stores 115
Neighborhood stores 116
Five and ten cent stores 117
Wages 118
Regularity of employment 122
Opportunities for advancement 123
The problem of training 124
Character of the instruction 129
XIV. The Garment Trades 131
Characteristics of the working force 132
Earnings 135
Regularity of employment 139
Training and promotion 140
Educational needs 143
Sewing courses in the public schools 145
Elective sewing courses in the junior high school 147
A one year trade course for girls 148
Trade extension training 149
XV. Dressmaking and Millinery 151
Dressmaking 151
Millinery 153
The problem of training 156
XVI. The Metal Trades 158
Foundry and machine shop products 159
Automobile manufacturing 169
Steel works, rolling mills, and related industries 170
XVII. The Building Trades 173
Sources of labor supply 173
Apprenticeship 174
Union organization 176
Earnings 176
Hours 178
Regularity of employment 179
Health conditions 179
Opportunities for advancement 180
The problem of training 181
XVIII. Railroad and Street Transportation 187
Railroad transportation 187
Motor and wagon transportation 192
Street railroad transportation 193
XIX. The Printing Trades 195
The composing room 198
The pressroom 201
The bindery 203
Other occupations 204
The problem of training 206
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Occupational distribution of the working population of Cleveland 26
2. Nativity of the working population in Cleveland 27
3. Pupils enrolled in the different grades of the public day schools in June, 1915 30
4. Enrollment of high school pupils, second semester, 1914-15 31
5. Ages of pupils enrolled in public elementary, high, and normal schools in June, 1915 33
6. Educational equipment of the children who drop out of the public schools each year, as indicated by the grades from which they leave 35
7. Per cent of total male working population engaged in specified occupations, 1900 and 1910 40
8. Distribution of native born men between the ages of 21 and 45 in the principal occupational groups 41
9. Distribution of third and fourth year students in trade courses in the Cleveland technical high schools, first semester, 1915-16 63
10. Distribution by occupations of Cleveland's technical school graduates 64
11. Time allotment in the apprentice course given by the Warner and Swasey Company, Cleveland 70
12. Course and number enrolled in the technical night schools, January, 1915 77
13. Per cent of total population engaged in gainful occupations during three different age periods 84
14. Number employed in the principal wage earning occupations among each 1,000 women from 16 to 21 years of age 85
15. Per cent of women employees over 18 years of age earning $12 a week and over 120
16. Wages for full-time working week, women's clothing, Cleveland, 1915 139
17. Average wages for full-time working week for similar workers, in men's and women's clothing, Cleveland, 1915 139
18. Proportions and estimated numbers employed in machine tool occupations, 1915 161
19. Average, highest, and lowest earnings, in cents per hour, and per cent employed on piece work and day work, 1915 162
20. Estimated time required to learn machine tool work 164
21. Average earnings per hour in pattern making, molding, core making, blacksmithing, and boiler making 166
22. Estimated number of men engaged in building trades, 1915 174
23. Union regulations as to entering age of apprentice 175
24. Union regulations as to length of apprenticeship period 175
25. Union scale of wages in cents per hour, May 1, 1915 177
26. Usual weekly wages of apprentices in three building trades 178
27. Average daily earnings of job and newspaper composing room workers, 1915 199
28. Average daily earnings of pressroom workers, 1915 202
29. Average daily earnings of bindery workers, 1915 203
30. Average daily earnings in photoengraving, stereotyping, electrotyping, and lithographing occupations, 1915 205
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Diagram Page
1. Boys and girls under 18 years of age in office work 103
2. Men and women 18 years of age and over in clerical and administrative work in offices 104
3. Per cent of women earning each class of weekly wages in each of six occupations 119
4. Per cent of salesmen and of men clerical workers in stores, receiving each class of weekly wage 121
5. Per cent of male workers in non-clerical positions in six industries earning $18 per week and over 122
6. Per cent that the average number of women employed during the year is of the highest number employed in each of six industries 123
7. Distribution of 8,337 clothing workers by sex in the principal occupations in the garment industry 134
8. Percentage of women in men's and women's clothing and seven other important women employing industries receiving under $8, $8 to $12, and $12 and over per week 136
9. Percentage of men in men's and women's clothing and seven other manufacturing industries receiving under $18, $18 to $25, and $25 and over per week 138
10. Average number of unemployed among each 100 workers, men's clothing, women's clothing, and fifteen other specified industries 141
11. Percentages of unemployment in each of nine building industries 180
12. Number of men in each 100 in printing and five other industries earning each class of weekly wage 196
13. Number of women in each 100 in printing and six other industries earning each class of weekly wage 198