INDEX.

Aillts and Alltuds (strangers in blood) under Cymric law, 50, 51;

kindreds of, recognised at fourth generation, 52

Alamannic Laws, 172-178;

wergelds, 172-175;

value of animals, 178

Alcuin uses Roman currency, 19, 184

Alfred, K., his laws, 370-377, 392, 396;

compact with Guthrum, 352-355, 500

Alod of land, a family holding, 508;

Lex Salica ‘de alodis,’ 151;

Ripuarian law, 170;

Lex Angliorum et Werinorum, 226

Ancilla as currency, see ‘Cumhal’

Anglii and Werini, Laws of, 224-228;

Wergelds of liber 200 sol., 225;

triple wergeld of the Adaling, 225

Anglo-Saxon Custom, 321 et seq.;

from Norman point of view, 321-336;

from Danish point of view, 337-350;

from Viking or Northmen’s point of view, 351-368;

from early custom (Alfred’s Laws), 370-377;

Archbishop Egbert’s Dialogue, 377-385;

King Ine’s Dooms, 386-439;

Kentish Laws, 441-495;

Twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, 406-416;

Gesithcund and Ceorlisc classes, 417-436;

Six-hynde stranger class, 371, 392, 396;

position of wife, 326

Anglo-Saxon Wergelds, position of paternal and maternal parentes in payment of, 322, 323, 328, 358;

of thane or twelve-hynde man, 325;

of ‘freeman,’ Dane and English, 326, 349, 353-55;

of ‘cyrlisci vel villani,’ 328;

of ‘villanus et socheman’ in Danelaga, 331-332;

of ‘ceorl on gafol-land’ and Danish ‘lysing,’ 353, 355;

how paid, 329, 357-59

Animals, value of as currency:

Ripuarian, 171;

Saxon, 215, 217, 221;

Alamannic, 178;

Cymric cow 3 oz., 48, 49;

Irish bo 1 oz., 97;

Frisian dog, 202

Argenteus (silver drachma) of Roman currency.

See ‘Currency’

Bavarian Laws, 175-177;

wergelds, 174

Beowulf, evidence of, as to feuds, 56-72;

as ‘sister’s son’ becomes chieftain, 68;

as to marriage, 71, 72

Borhbryce, fine for breach of pledge or protection, like mundbryce, 347;

of various classes, 377

Bullock as currency in Saxon Laws, 217

Burgundian Laws, 121-125, 527;

original wergeld of 160 sol., 167;

Roman and Christian influence on, 527

Burh-bryce (Burg-bryce) (breach of fence of precinct), of various classes, 372, 377, 387

Cæsar, evidence of, as to Gallic wergelds, 115-120;

and on Gallic landholding, 116;

as to division of classes, 528

Canones Hibernenses, 101

Canones Wallici, 105-109

Ceorl = man—husband, 482;

so man with household and flet or precinct, 371, 394, 482—‘who sits on gafol-land’ twy-hynde, 353-355, 361;

ceorlisc class mostly gafolgeldas, and twy-hynde, 373;

once could rise to be twelve-hynde, 366, 503;

accused of theft, 388;

harbouring a fugitive, 390;

his mundbyrd in Kent, see ‘Mundbyrd’

Chamavi, laws of, 229-231;

wergeld of ingenuus 200 sol., 229;

triple wergeld of ‘Homo Francus,’ 229

Charlemagne, conquest of Italy, 181;

becomes emperor, 19, 181;

and issues nova moneta in silver solidi of 12d. and at 1:4 with gold, 182-194;

conquers Frisians and Saxons, 182, 195

Cnut. His greater Scandinavia, 339;

his ore of 1/15th lb. or 16d., 341;

his smaller silver pence, 343

Compurgation, under Frisian law, 203-205;

under Anglo-Saxon law, see ‘Hyndens’ and see ‘Werborh’

Congildones = gegildas, sureties in lieu of kinsmen, 323, 389, 415

Cows, as currency, 1.

In Cymric law, 49;

Irish, 97;

Alamannic, 178;

value of, see ‘Animals’;

Norse, 247-250;

Bretts and Scots, 307

Cumhal in Irish currency, 97-98 = female slave and ‘ancilla’ of the Canones Hibernenses and Wallici, 101, 109

Currency, in oxen: ox-unit of Professor Ridgeway, 2;

in cows, Cymric, 1, 49;

Irish, 97;

Norse, 247-250;

Bretts and Scots, 307;

in cumhals, ancillæ or female slaves, 97-98, 101, 109;

in gold torques, &c., 17;

Anglo-Saxon in silver sceatts of 28·8 w.g. or 20 to the Roman ounce, 12, 443-455;

in silver pence of 32 w.g. or 20 to the Frankish and Norman ounce, 12;

gold and silver mancus of 30d., 18, 329;

Mercian scilling of 4d., 12, 363;

Wessex scilling of 5d., 12, 325;

Kentish scilling of 20d., or two gold tremisses, 443-455;

Northumbrian thrymsa of 3d., 362-368;

Danish in marks and half-marks, 16, 353-354;

Cnut’s in ores of 16d., 306, 341, 343 (see ‘Ore’);

Imperial in gold solidi and tremisses of 32 w.g., 5, 6;

in silver sicli (didrachmæ) and argentei (drachmæ), 184, 382;

Merovingian in gold solidi and tremisses of 28·8 w.g., 9;

afterwards in silver tremisses, 10, 180, 443-445;

Charlemagne’s nova moneta in silver solidi of 12d. of 32 w.g., 10, 11, 186, et seq.;

of Norse laws in gold and silver marks, ores and ortugs at ratio 1:8, 233-238

Cymric tribal custom as to galanas, 30;

fiscal unit for food-rents, the tref and treffgordd, 33-42;

strangers, how treated, 50-54;

as to marriage, 32;

galanas of several classes paid in cows, 46-55.

See ‘Gwely,’ ‘Galanas’

Danelaga, 331-332, 338, 522

Ealdorman in judicial position, 387;

his burgbryce, 387;

his fightwite, 394;

his residence, 420

Egbert, Archbishop, Dialogue of, 377 et seq.;

uses Roman currency, 20, 379;

wergeld of his monks, 382, 491;

value of their oaths, 379

Eye, hand, and foot, payments for, 175, 222, 225, 252, 300, 465, 489

Fightwite, fine for fighting within a person’s precinct or jurisdiction, 328-332, 359, 393;

in a ceorl’s flet, 371, 394, 482

Firma unius noctis, mode of paying food-rents to chieftain, 41, 431

Frankish Tribal Custom.

Wergeld of Lex Salica of 200 sol., 131-146;

division of classes, 147;

triple wergeld of officials, 148;

half wergeld of strangers, 149;

the Alod or family holding of terra Salica, 150;

the ‘de alodis,’ 151, 170, 226;

edict of Chilperic, 159;

Ripuarian Law, 163-171;

wergeld of 200 sol., 163;

division of classes, 165

Fredus, payment for breach of king’s peace, equivalent to A.S. mundbryce or grithbryce, 488, 489

Freedman (libertus) under Frankish Law, 168-170, 199;

under Bavarian Law, 175;

under Kentish Law, 478, 484.

And see ‘Læt’ and ‘Leysing’

Frisian Laws, 194-212;

wergeld of 160 sol., 167, 195, 201, 210;

ordeal under, 203-5

Frith, between Ethelred II. and Olaf, 349;

between Alfred and Guthrum, 352-355

Frostathing Law (Ancient Norse), 238-276.

See ‘Norse Tribal Custom’

Gafolgeldas, tenants on others’ land paying gafol to their lord, with twy-hynde wergelds, 353-355;

fighting in gafolgelda or gebur’s house, 394.

See ‘Twy-hynde’

Galanas (Cymric death fine or wergeld), 30;

liability of kindred for, 30-32;

method of payment, 42-46;

amount of, 46-49;

of non-tribesmen goes to the lord, 54

Gebur, tenant of a yardland doing work and paying gafol to lord for house and oxen, 422-429;

fighting in house of gafolgelda or gebur, 394

Gegildas (see ‘Congildones’) sureties in lieu of kinsmen, 323, 389;

hyndens of frith-gegildas in the city, 415

Gesithcund class, in direct service to the king and twelve-hynde, 366;

in landed position with five hides to king’s utware, 369;

forfeit land if they neglect the fyrd, 391;

in their connection with land, 417 et seq.;

sometimes evicted, 433

Grith, Danish for frith or peace, 344-348;

grithbryce of English and mundbryce of Kentish law the same, 346;

extent in area, 348;

in duration of time, 346;

of different moots, 345

Gulathing Law, oldest Norse law, 238-276.

See ‘Norse Tribal Custom’

Gwely (Cymric family holding of four generations), 21-30;

of non-tribesmen, 52

Halsfang, first part of wergeld paid to those ‘within the knee,’ 328, 329, 359

Hide in agriculture of four yardlands, 423;

Mr. Corbett on tribal hidage, 424;

in pastoral stage, 424;

= familia of Bede, also = hiwisc, 407;

also = ‘manentes et tributarii’ of Archbishop Egbert, 381, 408;

oaths reckoned in hides, 381, 408;

the 10-hide oath of the twelve-hyndeman, 411;

oath of himself and hynden of oath-helpers, 120;

hides, 411

Hiwisc (family) of land = hide, 364, 381

Homicide. Within the family unavenged, 30, 63, 66, 164, 176, 241, 336;

by a slave, 108, 202, 333, 472, 474;

of a slave, 202, 333;

between kindreds caused blood-feud, see ‘Beowulf,’ or wergeld in lieu of it.

See ‘Wergeld’

Hyndens of oath-helpers, 409;

of twelve-hynde and twy-hynde class, 409-411;

of city frith-gegildas, 415

Ine, K. Laws of, 386-439;

as to theft, 387-389;

burgbryce, 387;

ealdorman, 387-894;

gesithcund class, 388, 391;

six-hynde class, 392, 396;

gafolgeldas and geburs, 393;

ceorlisc class, 391, 396;

wealh and wylisc class, 397-405;

twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, 400-417;

gesithcund and ceorlisc classes, 417-436;

comparison of Wessex and Mercian with continental wergelds, 436

Irish Tribal Custom, 73-120;

the Eric-fine consisting of (1) the coirp-dire, or body-price, of seven cumhals, 74;

in Irish and Breton canons, 101 et seq.;

(2) the eneclann, or honour-price, varies with rank, 75, 80-83, 92;

the hearths or kindreds liable, 76-80;

gradations in rank, 83-86;

grades of tenants, 86 et seq.;

currency, 97

Kentish Laws, currency in scætts and scillings, 443-455;

scilling of 20 scætts or two gold tremisses, 450-455;

laws of Ethelbert, 455-466;

of Hlothære and Eadric, 467-476;

of Wihtræd, 477-481;

division of classes, 481-487;

Kentish wergelds, 487-492;

compared with Continental and Anglo-Saxon wergelds 492-495;

Kentish sulungs and yokes, 514-515;

gavelkind holdings, 515;

Kentish læts, 463, 484-486, 502

Kindred, solidarity of, 30, 45, 157, 276;

grades of, 22, 30, 76, 318;

disintegration of, 111, 124, 129, 162, 164;

emancipation from restraints of, 134, 158, 507;

power of, in East Anglia and Kent, 415, 416;

liability of, for wergeld, under Cymric custom, 42, 45;

Irish, 77-80;

Breton, 109;

Burgundian and Wisigothic, 121-130;

Salic Franks, 144, 164;

Frisian, 212;

Saxon, 216;

Norse, 246-257;

Scanian, 290, and see ‘Anglo-Saxon wergelds;’

groups of, holding land, Cymric gwely, 21-30;

Alod of terra salica, 150-162, 183;

Ripuarian hereditas aviatica, 171;

Norse odal-sharers, 271-275;

Scanian family holdings, 276-288;

Anglo-Saxon family holdings, 511-516

King’s thane, oath of, 353, 368, 390

Læt, in Kentish Law of three grades, 463, 484-486, 502.

See ‘Leysing’ and ‘Freedman’

Leases for three successive lives, tribal reason for, 524;

St. Oswald’s tenants, 525

Leysing in Norse law, newly made freedman, his rett, 240;

his wergeld, 259;

his want of kindred and his rise by steps of three generations into freedom, 260-267

Leysing’s son, great grandson of leysing in higher social position, 259, 268

Litus, Ripuarian, 168;

Frisian, 199, 201-207;

Saxon, 214, 215, 219, 224;

of Chamavi, 229

Lombardic tribal custom compared with Scanian as to family holdings, 292-296

London, ‘De Institutis Lundonie,’ 337-344;

Port of the Greater Scandinavia in Cnut’s time, 339;

‘Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ,’ 415

Lysing (leysing of Norse law), with same wergeld as A. S. ‘Ceorl on gafol land,’ 353-355, 501.

See ‘Leysing’

Manbot, payment for value of a man to his lord, 328-332, 359;

of freeman and of slave compared, 334-335;

of various classes, 392

Mancus, weight of 30 dwts., 18, 329

Mark, Norse gold and silver weight of eight ores or ounces, 234-237;

used in Frisia, 207;

half-marks of gold in compact between Alfred and Guthrum, 353;

27 marks of Charlemagne= 30 of old Norse and Merovingian, 256

Marriage, how regarded, 498;

under Cymric custom, 32;

in Beowulf, 69-72;

in Lex Salica, 146;

under Alamannic law, 177;

under Lex Saxonum, 216;

under Scanian law, 276-281;

under Lombardic law, 294;

under Laws of Bretts and Scots, 318;

under Kentish custom, 465-466

Mercian law, fragments of, 360-369;

Mercian oaths, 360;

wergelds, 361;

rise of ceorl into thane, 366

Merovingian kings, currency of, mostly in gold tremisses, see ‘Currency’

Mina, gold value of normal wergeld, 4;

ancient Eastern of 100 staters, 2, 7;

of 200 gold solidi, 6;

Italica of 20 Roman ounces, 14, 491;

Attica of 16 Roman ounces, 16, 233

Mundbryce or mundbyrd of king, 346, 377, 451;

of various classes, 377;

in Kent, 346, 452, 460, 476, 481, 488

Norse tribal custom, 238-276;

personal rett, 240;

wergelds how reckoned and paid, 242-258;

wergeld of the hauld odalman or typical freeman, 96;

cows = 200 sol., 259;

gradations in rank, 260-270;

the leysing or freedman, 261-267;

odal-sharers of odal land, 271-276, 284, 504, 508

North peoples law, fragments of, 360-369;

wergelds in thrymsas (of 3d.), 363;

wergeld of ‘hold’ double that of Saxon thane, 363

Nova Moneta of Charlemagne, 11, 179-193, and see ‘Currency’

Ordeal in absence of oaths of kinsmen, 166, 403, 413, 499;

under Frisian law, 203-205

Ore or ounce of 20d.;

Merovingian = Roman ounce of 20 silver tremisses of 28·8 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 6912 w.g.), 10;

and so also Kentish scilling, 443-455;

Charlemagne’s and later Anglo-Saxon and Norman ore of 20 pence of 32 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 7680 w.g.), 11-13

Ore, Cnut’s of 16d. (1/15 Anglo-Saxon lb.), 306, 341;

divided by him into 20 smaller pence, 343;

used in Laws of Bretts and Scots, 306

Ore, Norse, of three ortugs = 1/12 of Roman lb. 6912 w.g., 234-237

Ortug, of Scandinavia, ⅓ ounce = Greek stater, 233.

See ‘Ore’

Ox as currency, 1, 2;

value of, see ‘Animals’

Parage, tenancy in, 513, 525

Pound, Roman of 6912 w.g., 8, 11, 18;

Charlemagne’s of 7680 w.g., 11, 18;

Anglo-Saxon and Norman of 7680 w.g., 12;

Northern lb. of two marks, 234

Ratio between gold and silver:

Norse of 1:8, 238;

Merovingian 1:10, 185;

Imperial, 1:12, 11;

Charlemagne’s (attempted), 1:4, 11, 189;

restored Frankish, 1:12, 11, 191;

Cymric, 1:12, 49;

Irish, 98;

Bretts and Scots, 1:8, 307

Romanus possessor, half wergeld of, 149, 167;

his res propria, 158, 162

Saxon Laws (Lex Saxonum), 213-228;

wergeld of liber 160 sol., 214;

wergeld stated in silver, 214;

gold solidus of 2 tremisses or bullock, 217

Scæt.

See ‘Currency’

Scanian tribal custom. The lex Scania antiqua, family holdings, 276-288;

Scanian wergeld, 291;

Scanian and Lombardic custom compared, 292-296

Scilling.

See ‘Currency’

Scotland, tribal custom in ancient laws of, 297-302;

the Regiam Majestatem, 302-307;

Leges inter Brettos et Scotos, 307-318;

wergeld of thane 100 cows, 314;

rules of kindred, 318, 320

Siclus, silver didrachma or ¼ oz. of Roman currency, see ‘Currency’

Six-hynde class, 371, 392, 397

Soc and sac, 330, 348

Sochemen in Danelaga, 331-332, 522;

their services, 332 note

Solidus (gold) of Constantine of three tremisses, 7, 9;

of Merovingian kings, 10;

of Frisian custom (2 and 2½ tremisses), 197;

of Saxon (2 tremisses), 217;

(silver) of Charlemagne ‘nova moneta,’ see ‘Currency’

Strangers in blood, how treated under Cymric custom, 50-54;

under Irish custom, 90;

their rights increase with growth of kindred, 51, 90;

their half wergeld, 401-403;

galanas and wergeld of, without kindred, goes to the lord, 54, 478;

ordeal instead of oaths, 166, 403

Thane = twelve-hyndeman, 325;

might rise to be an eorl, 368.

See ‘King’s Thane’

Thrymsa, Northumbrian unit of currency = 3d., 362-366

Twelve-hynde and Twy-hynde, 406-416;

hyndens of oath-helpers, 409;

full kindred twelve hyndens of oath-helpers, 409-411;

twy-hynde class, originally the kinless class, as freedmen, 412, 500;

steps to higher grade, 365-369, 502

Werborh (wereplegium), 328, 358, and see ‘Hyndens’

Wergeld, death-fine in substitution for blood feud between kindreds, see ‘Beowulf,’ and 150;

liability of kindred for, see ‘Kindred;’

normal of 100 head of cattle or gold mina, 3;

of 200 gold solidi, 6, 49, 163, 171, 225, 229, 231, 233, 314;

of 160 gold solidi, 1, 167, 172, 214, 232;

Wessex and Mercian and Kentish wergelds compared with Continental wergelds, 436-439;

of various tribes, see names of tribes;

of clergy, 170, 177, 382

Wife, see ‘Marriage’

Wilisc, Wealisc, Wealh, non-Anglo-Saxon people, 364-5;

with five hides to King’s utware, six hynde, 397;

Gallo-Roman Wala, 398;

Wallerwente of Yorkshire, 399;

with half wergelds, 401-403;

wealh gafolgelda, 404;

Servus Waliscus 333;

Wilisc witetheow, 404;

theow-wealh, 405

Wisigothic Laws, 126-130;

Roman influence on, 527

Yardlands of gafolgeldas and geburs, 393, 422 et seq.;

single succession to, 517-521

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