Part 2 — INDEX

All names of travellers are indexed, but only those towns concerning which some distinctive detail has been given.

Aarssen, F. van; 395.

Abdy, Sir T.; 393.

"Acta Sanctorum" quoted; 179.

Allen, Cardinal; as protector of English at Rome, 111.

Alps; see Mountaineering.

Ambassadors; see under Embassies, Busbecq, Chaworth, Chiericati, Contarini, Fanshawe, Foix, Glover, Guicciardini, Lionello, Lippomano, Muscorno, Myszkowski, Navagero, Pindar, Sherley, Willes, Wotton.

Amsterdam; 117, 281, 329.

Antwerp; 122, 252, 291.

Aragona, Luigi d' (cardinal); travelling expenses, 317;

itinerary, 396.

Art; an "Ephesus" statue of Diana, 149;

art-student abroad, his difficulties and advantages, 150-1, 376-7;

Turkish arts and crafts, 191.

Aschhausen, J. G. von (bishop of Würzburg); travelling expenses, 317.

Ashley, John; 393.

Aubigné, Agrippa d'; his "Les Tragiques" quoted, 349.

Audebert, Nicolas; 140, 145;

his MS., 394.

Augsburg; 119, 141, 152, 291, 350.

Average Tourist (see Education, and Tutors, and, for examples, Aarssen, Audebert, Bertie, Browne, Coligny, Davison, Hoby, Lauder, Raleigh, Rohan, Roos, Sobieski, Wotton);

the special type of the age, 25;

and its development, 26, 319;

psychology of, 29, 30, 32, 378-9;

instructions to, 37-9, 48, 57-8, 95;

and Protestantism, 53-6;

objective, 95, 100-1, 114, 118, 130, 132;

what he would have to spend, 314-8;

subsidized by Queen Elizabeth, 319.

Awliyáí Efendi; quoted, 249, 284.

Babeau, A.; his "Voyageurs en France" quoted, 270, 284.

Bacon, Francis; quoted, 3, 148, 319.

Barbaro, Giosaffate; 29.

Barberini, Rafael; 383.

Bargrave, R; 393.

Bassompierre, François, Maréchal de; 108.

Bathing-resorts; of western Europe, 3, 267-9;

Turkish, 196;

the Jordan, 235.

Battista, Giovanni (pilgrims' guide at Jerusalem); 230, 239.

Beasts of prey; risk from, 355.

Beatis, Antonio de; 396;

quoted, 162, 299, 381, 385.

Bergamo; 114.

Bernini, the artist; 98.

Bertie, Robert and Henry; 396.

Bisoni, Bernardo; 396.

Blount, Sir Henry, philosopher-errant; his aims, 8;

quoted, 33, 182, 187, 202-3, 213, 358, 360.

Bodley, Josias; 51, 400.

Bologna University; 103, 310-1, 394.

Boorde, Andrew; his "Introduction of Knowledge" as marking the beginning of the period here dealt with, 26;

quoted, 27, 50, 154, 173, 247, 348.

Bosio, Antonio; his re-discovery of the Catacombs at this time, 108.

Bouchet, Jean (Rabelais' "Xenomanes"); 56.

Boyle, Robert; 185.

Brereton, Sir William; in Holland, 83, 116, 140, 397.

Breuning, von Buchenbach, H. J.; 397.

Bridges; 82, 288-90, 328.

Brittany; neglect of, 144.

Brooke, N.; (18th century), 191.

Browne, Edward (son of Sir Thomas); 288, 339.

Brunel, Antoine de; 395.

Bruno, Giordano; at Geneva, 112;

in London, 134.

Buchell, Arend van, antiquary; 246, 275, 329, 385, 397.

Busbecq, A. G. de; Imperial ambassador at Constantinople, and in France, 14;

his letters, 14, 398;

tries to naturalize camels, 140;

quoted, 20, 81, 187, 192, 289.

Busino, Orazio; 398.

Cagots; 138.

Cairo; largest city then known, 8;

Bulak asses, 220;

and other details, 221, 237, 325;

usual excursions from, 222-7.

Callot, Jacques, the artist; 321.

Camden, W.; quoted, 41, 119, 164.

Campan, the Jesuit; 403.

Captivity and Ransoms (see Pirates); 56, 71, 101, 201, 203, 346, 356-62, 366.

Caravans; 216-9, 228-30, 235-6, 249, 292.

Carve, Thomas; 398.

Casola, Pietro; 398.

Cecily, princess (of Sweden); marries on condition her husband takes her to see Queen Elizabeth, 11;

her journey, 11-3;

and narrative, 398.

Cellini, Benvenuto; adventures, 81, 298;

quoted, 363.

Chamberlain, John, the letter-writer; 63.

Channel-crossings; havens, 60-2;

experiences of, 12, 60-4;

size of vessels, 64;

charges, 328.

Chapman, George; quoted, 25.

Charles II; his experience of Spanish fare, 262.

Chartres; a pilgrimage to, 20.

Chaworth, Sir G.; outlay on his embassy to Brussels, 318;

his account of it, 398.

Chiericati, Francesco; 384, 399.

Cirot, G.; his biography of Mariana quoted, 48.

Clara Eugenia, the Infanta;

journey from Milan to Brussels, 11, 399;

quoted, 135, 296-7, 303, 306.

Cleland's estimate of annual cost of travel; 315.

Clothes; 37, 133, 359, 365-8.

Coaches and Waggons; 79, 290-3, 333.

Coinage; small change and its bearing on expenses, 341;

substitutes for, 346;

multiplicity of, a great hindrance to travel, 368-72.

Coleridge, S. T.; quoted, 45.

Coligny, Francis and Gaspard de; their estimate for a year in Italy, 315.

Communications; see under Bridges, Caravans, Coaches, Escorts, Ferries, Litters, Locks, Mountaineering, Riding, River-travel, Road-travel, Sea-travel, Sign-posts, Vetturino.

Compostella; 173-4, 320.

Constantinople; 122, 194-7, 200-1, 215-6.

—— Bibl.; MSS. Rawlinson, C. 799;

Stowe, 180;

and Bertie, Busbecq, Carmoly, Cobham, Courthop, Dallam, Khitrowo, Moryson, Mundy, Röhricht, Vargas.

Contarini, Tommaso; takes peat from Flanders to Italy, 140.

Conversation-difficulties; see Linguistics.

Coryat, Tom; in Palestine, 232, 329.

Cost of Travel in 1600.

—— Direct (see Coinage, Fares, Finance, Food, Guides, Licences, Lodging, Luggage, Outfit, Passports, Pilgrimage—Jerusalem, River-travel, Tolls);

estimates of annual, 314-7;

means of economizing, 318-25;

foreigners more liable to overcharge then than now, 330;

"conducted" travel, 216, 331-2;

crossing the Alps, 332-4;

duration of journeys the chief factor in expense, 332-5;

in relation to food and lodging generally, 338-41.

—— Indirect (see Beasts of Prey, Captivity, Clothes, Droit d'aubaine, Escorts, Illness, Legal Status, Manners and Customs, Pirates, Plague, Robbers, Touring—greater strain of travel, War);

defined, 313;

epitomized in "Litany," 347.

Courthop, Sir G.; 399.

Cuelbis, Diego; 393.

Cuellar, Captain; 175-6, 399.

Dallam, Thomas; 9, 65, 214, 308, 400.

Dallington's estimate of annual cost of travel; 315.

Daniel, Samuel; quoted, 379, 389.

Dante; did not add to the attractions of Florence, 103;

quoted, 293.

Danzig; 131, 155, 211.

Davies, Sir John;

quoted, 177, 386.

Davis, William; a Protestant sailor, cared for at Rome, 112.

Davison, Francis; cannot live abroad on 100 marks a year, 316;

quoted, 344.

Della Valle, Pietro; a model traveller, 6;

life-story, 7;

his many interesting experiences on the way to Jerusalem, 205-35;

quoted, 50, 88, 90, 191-4, 198, 200, 269.

Denmark; 155, 244.

Digby, Sir Kenelm; dies in Paris, confiscation of property by "droit d'aubaine," 364.

Douglas, Thomas; remits broadcloth to Algiers as a substitute for money, 346.

Dresden; 120, 149.

"Droit d'aubaine"; enforcement and disuse of, 364;

its equivalent in Turkey, 196.

Education; as related to travel (see Average Tourist, Ideas, Touring—uses of, and, —causes of, Universities), growth of the idea, circ. 1542-1642, as constituting the unity of subject of this book, 25, 26, 158;

then and now, 377.

Elizabeth, Princess (James I's daughter); a visit to, 129.

Elizabeth, Queen; sends an organ to "Grand Turk," 9;

is visited by Princess Cecily, 12;

her twofold attraction for foreigners, 125-7;

as a linguist, 47;

and "der Einlasse," 141;

subsidizes travel, 318 (cf. 346 and 386).

Embassies (see Ambassadors, and Spies) facilitate touring to the point of becoming the chief cause of it, 15;

system of resident ambassadors developed in 16th century, and why, 15-6;

economical advantages to the tourist, 318, 337, 344, 365;

French maritime towns send one to Constantinople, 186, 197, 357.

Empire, the; communications in, 80, 289, 291;

sub-divisions for tourist purposes, 117;

characteristics of, 118-21;

inns, 242-3, 245, 250, 255-9, 268-9, 283;

expenditure in, 336-7, 339-40, 349-53;

coinage, 370.

—— people of; popularity of travel among, 29;

as seen by foreigners, 118-21, 255, 265, 366.

—— Bibl.; MS. Tournay 160, Beatis, Bisoni, Breuning, Buchell, Carve, Clara Eugenia, Cust, Guzman, Hoby, Maulde, Montaigne, Moryson, Rye, Sastrow, Sobieski, Taylor, Vargas, Wotton, Zetzner; IV. 1. note 14, VIII. notes 28 and 35.

England (see London); as seen by foreigners, 123-30, 267, 343-4;

their reasons for coming, 125-6;

and usual route, 127;

inns, 245;

communications, 291;

expenditure in, 330-1, 337-8, 349.

—— Bibl.; Bisoni, Brereton, Breuning, Busino, Cecily, Einstein, Rye, Sobieski, Zetzner.

English abroad; 346, 356, 386 note 5;

increase in their numbers and its significance, 25-8;

in Italy, 28, 74, 112;

innkeepers, 273-4.

Ens, Gaspar; one of his guide-books quoted, 49.

Escorts (see Communications); 38, 353-4, 357;

Janizaries, 198-9, 216, 325.

Espinel, Vicente; his "Marcos de Obregon" quoted, 49.

Este, Luigi d' (Cardinal); 386.

Evelyn, John; visits the Catacombs, 109;

goes to see a prisoner tortured, 137;

his credulity, typical, 146;

cost of his "Grand Tour," 315;

quoted, 18, 80, 95, 99, 140, 274, 285, 354.

Executions, etc., as "sights" (see Robbers); 136-7.

Exile; as a cause of travel; 23-4, 26.

Fairs; 114, 144.

Fanshawe, Ann, Lady; her journeys and memoirs, 13, 400;

quoted, 79, 170, 262, 352, 370.

——, Sir Richard; 13, 315, 370.

Fares (in Europe); 328-36.

Ferries and fords; 287-90, 329.

Finance (see Coinage, Cost, "Putting-Out");

equation of money-values, how reckoned, 313-4;

methods of ensuring supply of ready-money, 341-2;

how coin was carried, 342-3, 372;

legal limits to amounts carried and how to evade them, 343-4;

fluctuations in values, 338-9, 344-5, 369;

remitting by advice, 344-6, 348;

letters of credit, barter, and loans, 346-7.

Finland; wizards on the coast of, 75.

Flagellants; 138.

Florence; as attractive then as now, 103;

its Zoos, 139;

inns, 271, 277.

Florio, John; his "First-Fruits" quoted, 27.

Foix, Paul de; 13.

Food; on board ship, 66, 68, 79, 264-5;

in Turkey, 249;

drinks, 252-5, 263;

meals and meal-times, 255-66, 278-80, 333;

cost, 338-41, 349.

France; routes, 84, 115, 122;

on the rivers in, 79, 82-5;

attractions of, 114-6, 268;

inns, 255-6, 260, 266, 270-2, 274, 276, 281;

on the road in, 285, 289, 291-2, 300, 330, 354;

expenditure in, 315, 330, 348-9.

—— Bibl.; MSS. Rawlinson D. 120, 1285, Add. 34177, Egerton 34, Harleian 288, 942/3, 1278, Lansdown 720, Tournay 159, 160;

Aarssen, Babeau, Beatis, Bertie, Bisoni, Buchell, Busbecq, Busino, Courthop, Cust, Fanshawe, Hoby, Lauder, Locatelli, Montaigne, Mundy, Zetzner; IV. 1. note 4, VIII. note 45.

Frederick II (Elector Palatine); 399.

Fürer, Christopher, pilgrim; 325, 358.

Galileo, G.; 72, 97.

Galley-slaves; treatment of, 76, 137-8, 362.

Games new to travellers; 153.

Genoa; 99, 143.

Germany; see Empire.

Gesner, Conrad; as a mountaineer, 304.

Giustiniani, Vincenzo (Marchese di Bassano); 396.

Glover, Sir Thomas; in Thrace, 309.

Gölnitz, Abraham; quoted, 129, 252, 256, 269, 285, 343, 387.

Good, ——; an Englishman in Ireland, 384.

Gourville, J. H. de; "Mémoires" quoted, 266, 311.

Gracián, Jeronimo, St. Teresa's confessor; enslaved, 186.

Gramaye, J. B.; at Algiers, 356.

Greece; lack of interest in, 213.

Greene, Robert; quoted, 366.

Gresham, ——(?); obtains news from hell at Stromboli, 91.

Gruberus; a typical guide-book writer, 35, 204.

Guicciardini, Francesco; 16;

on Spain, 170.

Guide-books; general characteristics of, 35-40, 42-3, 333;

itineraries as guide-books, 43-6;

advice from, 57-9;

doggrel from, 106, 121, 154, 204;

a Jewish one, 236;

cost, 338.

—— Bibl.; Einstein.

Guides (see Escorts and Tutors); 333;

in Mohammedan lands, 210.

Guzman, Alonzo de; his autobiography, 23, 401;

quoted, 51, 280.

Hall, Joseph (bishop); his abuse of travel—in word and in deed, 374.

Harington, Sir J.; 142.

Hentzner, P.; typical character of his "Itineraria," 44;

quoted, 60, 120, 343, 353.

Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury; 61, 275.

Hoby, Sir Thomas; 336, 401.

Holland; see United Provinces.

Horsey, Sir Jerome; 244.

Howell, James; his "Instructions for Foreign Travel" taken as marking the end of the period here dealt with, 26;

estimate of cost of travel, 315;

quoted, 36, 71, 122, 276, 303.

Hungary; 156, 289, 311, 339.

—— Bibl.; Szamota, Vargas.

Ideas of the Day in relation to travel:—influencing travellers;

political (monarchical), 25, 31, 33, 95, 115-6, 118, 164;

historical, 40, 109, 110, 166-7, 185, 206;

æsthetic, 103, 214, 302-7;

lack of sympathy or sentimentality (see also theology, intolerance), 136-7, 144;

critical, 145-6, 148, 214-5, 239, 301;

pedagogic, 38-40, 58, 60, 95, 378-9;

relating to the Empire, 119, 351;

to Spain, 162-70, 261-3, 351;

to Ireland, 175-9;

to the Turks, 182-9, 193;

to Jerusalem, 205-6;

to Italy, 95-100, 103, 302;

to the fascination of Queen Elizabeth, 125-7;

where to stay, 101, 163.

—— modified by travel (see Touring, uses of); 27;

historical, 33, 105, 167;

town-planning, 117, 378;

economic and domestic, 113, 116, 120, 140-2, 169-70, 201-2;

political (democratic), 119, 120;

trustworthiness of relics, 19;

Scottish opinion of Scots, 32;

concerning Italy, 100;

and Venice, 105;

of Christians about themselves, 171, 199;

Turkish craftmanship and character, 191.

Illness (see Plague, and Touring, hardships of);

provision against, 66, 360-2;

mortality at sea, 67-8;

and on the Alps, 295-6;

hospitals, 112, 362;

abundance of vermin, 59, 67-8, 121, 241, 309, 360.

Imperiali, Gian Vincenzo; 381.

Inns (see Food, and Lodging); 46, 351, 372;

the best, 240-1, 268;

inn-signs, 240, 250-2;

innkeepers, 241, 245, 273-80;

and their case against the tourists, 272-83;

the personnel, 245, 275, 281;

utensils, 266-7;

government supervision strict, 271-2;

town watchmen notify innkeepers of new arrivals, 282;

"Khans," 247-50;

free quarters, 249, 265, 280-1, 319-20, 325.

Ireland; 175-181, 378 (Dublin);

scarcity of knowledge about, 41, 179-80;

accommodation, 245, 265.

—— Bibl.; Carve, Chiericati, Cuellar, Falkiner, Moryson; VI. note 7.

Italy (see English abroad); high reputation in 16th century, 6, 95-100, 254, 302;

adverse criticism, 100, 373;

communications in, 82-3, 85-7, 285-94, 329-32;

usual routes through, 102, 114;

inns, 241, 252, 256, 259-60, 271-2;

baths, 267-8;

expenditure in, 330-1, 336;

coinage, 369, 372.

—— people of; 114, 366;

travelling coming into fashion with Venetians, (1603), 26;

courtesans, 106, 143.

—— Bibl. All but a very few entries refer to Italy to some extent.

Jemsel, Samuel; a Jewish pilgrim (1641), 236.

Jerusalem (see Pilgrimage);

relation to mental life of the time, 205-7;

monastery of S. Salvatore at, 210, 230, 323;

as seen by foreigners, 230-4, 360;

extortion at, 323-5.

—— Bibl. MS. Rawlinson D. 122;

Carmoly, Casola, Cobham, Diarium, Khitrowo, Moryson, Röhricht, Serrano.

Jews; interest in, 8, 217;

as linguists, 50;

their badges, 139;

centres, 214, 236;

as travellers (to Palestine), 235-8.

Johanna, Frau (of Antwerp), a pilgrim; enslaved, 359.

Jonson, Ben; as tutor, 56;

quoted, 103.

Jouvin de Rochefort; 384.

Jusserand, J.; his "English Wayfaring Life" and comparison of its types with those of 1600, 17.

Kiechel, S.; 384.

Knight-Errant; of fiction as a cause of travel, 22;

typified by Alonzo de Guzman, 23;

one in a cart, 291.

Kochanowski, Jan; Polish satirist, 373, 378.

Koris, Joel; 393.

La Brocquière, Bertrandon de (15th century); quoted, 99.

Lascells, Richard, pedagogue; 394.

Lassota, Erich; 383.

Latin; see Linguistics.

Lauder, John, of Fountainhall; his diary, 31, 401;

studies law—and other things—at Poitiers, 31-2;

seasick, 77;

quoted, 49, 53, 272, 370.

Legal status of the traveller (see Droit d'aubaine); 246, 271, 365;

at Geneva, 112.

Leipzig; 4, 136.

Levant Company; 8.

——, Islands of the; particularly attractive to travellers, 88;

some details, 88-94.

Leyden; 4.

Licences to travel; see Passports.

Linguistics; Latin, its uses and limitations, 46-49, 215;

Italian and French as international languages, 49, 50;

"lingua franca" and other hybrids, 50-1;

misunderstandings, 46, 49, 51, 52, 230-1, 249;

tourist-pronunciation as a guide to phonology, 52;

towns, etc., in favour for purity of language, 103, 115, 121;

Jews as linguists, 50;

books as aids to conversation, 52, 245;

ignorance of, and lack of interest in, Greek, 213;

in Turkey, 193, 249.

Lionello (secretary to Venetian ambassador);

expenses, London, Edinburgh, 331.

Lippomano, G.; in Poland, 132;

in France, 353.

Liske, K.; his "Viajes ... por España" quoted, 383, 387, 404.

Lithgow, William; becomes a bad traveller and a worse writer, 10;

extent of his travels and consequent value of his comparisons, 10-1, 89, 123;

quoted, 54, 72, 88, 179, 203, 219, 232-5, 323, 342.

Litters the least uncomfortable method of travel; 290.

Locatelli, S.; 401.

Locks (on rivers); then being introduced, and where, 82, 83, 116.

Lodging; towns the stopping-places, 101;

monasteries, 225-6, 230, 319;

downstairs, 143, 244, 247, 266;

upstairs, 37, 59, 240-50, 265, 269-71.

London and Londoners; 120, 134, 140, 153, 289.

Loreto; 107-8.

Loyola, Ignazio; journeys to England and Flanders as a beggar, 320.

Lübeck; 120, 152, 251.

Ludwig V of Hessen-Darmstadt; pays a knight to journey with him, 317.

Luggage; (see Outfit); 291, 335-6.

Lyons; 84, 343, 376.

Madrid; 165, 174.

Malta; 91, 113, 399.

Manners and Customs (see Droit d'aubaine, Inns, Theology, intolerance, Vetturino, and under the various nationalities);

in the Levant, 88-90;

treatment of foreigners, 111-2, 132-5, 159, 170-1, 176, 197-8, 213, 231, 296, 311, 330, 343-4;

drunkenness, 133, 160, 192-3, 242, 254-5, 291, 340;

odds and ends, 135-54, 171, 174, 190, 246, 250, 277, 282, 312, 321, 332, 366;

carrier-pigeons and incubation in use among Mohammedans, 193.

Manwaring, ——; an Englishman ill-treated at Aleppo, 198.

Maps and Plans; 52, 333;

rivers marked, but not roads, 78.

Marlowe's "Tamburlane"; quoted, 185.

Maulde, François de (Modius); 402.

Mechanical devices as "sights"; water, 151-2, 174;

other kinds, 141, 152.

Messina; its municipal bank, 113.

Milan; 100, 147, 337;

its importance then, 102, 120.

Mines; 155-6, 294.

Missionaries-errant; scarcity of, 24.

Mole, John, a Protestant tutor; imprisoned thirty years at Rome, 54.

Money-matters; see Cost.

Montaigne, Michel de; as a traveller, 3-4, 105;

usefulness of his knowledge of Latin, 47;

his theory of travel, 57;

his narrative, 402;

quoted, 43, 107, 138, 186, 266, 268, 285, 338, 376.

Montpensier, Mlle. de; 270.

Montserrat; 19, 173, 281, 366.

Morelli, Jacopo; essay on little-known Venetian travellers quoted, 29.

Morgenthal, Hans von; 382.

Moryson, Fynes; his journeys, 4-5;

writings, 5, 402;

at Rome and Geneva, 111;

expenditure, 316, 323, 348;

quoted, 52, 65, 78, 100, 120, 131, 137, 140, 142, 153, 179, 186, 192, 198-9, 201, 231, 245, 257-60, 296, 298, 321, 326, 330, 343, 353, 385.

——, Henry; journey to Jerusalem, death and epitaph, 4-5;

"puts out" money, 326.

Moscow; 157.

Mountaineering; Alpine passes in use and details of crossing, 294-9, 306, 332, 334;

other passes, 212, 299, 300;

ideas about, for and against, 300-6.

—— ascents; Horeb and Sinai, 226-7;

Quarantana (Palestine), 235;

Les Jumelles (Pau), 300;

Roche Rommelon (Alps), 301-2.

Mundy, Peter; 14, 402;

quoted, 82, 217, 260, 307, 386.

Münster; his "Cosmography," 43, 146.

Murder of travellers; see Robbery.

Muscorno (secretary of Venetian ambassador in England); cost of journey thither, 335.

Muscovy; 156-62, 327, 342;

communications in, 80, 156, 293, 355;

lodging, 244, 266, 319;

fare, 253, 264;

an innkeeper of Nerva, 280;

expenses of an Englishman's journey thither, 335;

coinage, 371.

—— people of; hostility to travel, 159, 367;

as seen by foreigners, 159-61, 346;

on the way to Jerusalem, 211, 224-5.

—— Bibl.; Adelung, Khitrowo, Mundy, Possevino.

Myszkowski, Marshal of the Polish Diet; in England, 128.

Naples; 7, 113, 120, 138, 252, 292, 320, 343;

a St. John's Eve ceremony at, 145.

Nashe, Thomas; quoted, 33.

Navagero, Andrea; in Spain, 48, 337.

Netherlands, Spanish; 122.

—— Bibl.; MS. Tournay 159; Beatis, Bisoni, Breuning, Buchell, Carve, Chaworth, Clara Eugenia, Cust, Hagemans, Hoby.

Newberie, John; his tale of the Isola dei Diavoli, 93.

Nîmes; its amphitheatre in 1682, 376.

Noë, Father; his guide-book, 42-3;

quoted, 77.

Northumberland, ninth earl of;

letter to his son about travel, 58.

Norway; 346, 406.

Nützel, Karl; ("the German Ulysses") pays 300% for a loan, 346.

Ogier, Charles; 385.

O'Sullivan, Philip, the historian; quoted, 179.

Outfit; (see Clothes and Luggage), 37, 135;

for Jerusalem pilgrimage, 66, 325.

Overbury, Sir Thomas; quoted, 350.

Padua; (see Universities), 4, 231, 320-1, 329.

Paris; 115, 145, 153, 251-2, 289-91, 362, 372, 397.

Parsons, Robert, the Jesuit; at Geneva, 112.

Pasquier, Etienne; his verdict on touring, 375.

Passports and Licences; official restrictions, 54-5;

"charte-partie," 76;

licences to wear weapons, 135;

in Mohammedan lands, 198;

Jerusalem "Placets," 209;

licences to beg used by tourists, 320-1;

cost of English ones, 337-8;

"bills of health," 360-1.

Patron Saints; of travellers, 44;

of those who stay at inns, 251;

of seafarers, 75.

Payen of Meaux; quoted, 363, 383.

Payne, R.; 385.

Perlin, a French visitor in England; quoted, 344.

Perrault, Claude, architect of the Louvre; sticks in the mud, 285.

"Picaro"; a special 16th century type of vagabond, 21-3.

—— Bibl.; Chandler.

Pilgrimage (see Chartres, Compostella, Loreto, Montserrat, Saumur, Theology);

consecration for, 7;

an epidemic in France, 20;

to what extent in vogue, 18-20, 179, 208, 320;

relics to be seen, 145-8, and chap. v. part 2;

the degree and kind of attention relics received, 145-8, 239;

to St. Patrick's Purgatory, 179.

—— to Jerusalem; (see Jews, Passports, Sea-Travel—pilgrim-galley)

the most popular guide-book for, 42;

routes, 207, 209-14;

and their characteristics, 210-30;

information bureau at Venice, 209;

motives for, 208;

decline of, and why, 208-9;

licences for, 209;

finance of, 209, 216, 229, 321-6, 365;

at Jerusalem, 230-4;

Easter excursions to Emmaus, Jordan, and Hebron, 234-6;

Knighthood of the Holy Sepulchre, 239;

lodging, 247-50, 323;

enslavement of pilgrims, 358-60.

Pindar, Sir Paul; 13, 14.

Pirates; the chief centres, 72;

frequency of, 72-74;

tales of, 74, 106, 185-6.

Plague; 201, 299, 360-1.

Plotius; a typical guide-book writer, 35.

Poland; 130-2, 263, 303, 337, 364, 373;

inns, 243-4, 278;

bridge at Yarunov, 289;

expenditure in, 339-41.

—— Bibl.;

MS. Rawlinson, C. 799;

Adelung, Cust, Łosinski, Moryson, Mundy, Possevino, Zetzner;

IV. 1. note 14;

VI. note 2.

Possevino, Father (the Jesuit); 51, 310, 402.

Prague; 140.

Psalms; in use by travellers, 44, 64.

"Putting-Out" money (travellers' insurance); 325-7, 357-8;

for mortality among travellers, see under Illness, and Robbers.

Quevedo Villegas, F. G. de; quoted, 21, 275, 308.

Rabelais; quoted, 44, 57, 77, 139, 355, 382.

Raleigh, (Sir Walter)'s son abroad with Ben Jonson; 56.

Reresby, Sir John; quoted, 149, 350.

Retz, Cardinal de; quoted, 76, 94.

Riding (see Communications); 44, 333;

Bulak asses, 220;

camels, 228-9;

post-horses, 292, 330-1.

Rivadeneyra's "Cisma de Inglaterra" quoted, 41;

life of Loyola quoted, 286, 320.

River-, and Lake-Travel; 79-87;

frequency of, 156;

relatively cheap, 328-9.

Riviera, the; unvisited, and why, 101, 260, 312.

Road-travel (see Communications, Luggage and Riding);

inconveniences of, 79, 84, 328-9;

on the way to Jerusalem, 210-30;

transition-stage of, 284-5;

anecdotes (state of the roads, etc.), 285-7, 308-12.

Roanne; starting-point for navigation on the Loire, 79.

Robbers and Murderers (see Executions);

in south-eastern Europe, 212, 214, 289;

Arabs, 218, 220, 223, 225, 228-9, 234, 323, 359;

at inns, 272;

highwaymen, 287, 292, 329-30, 348-54, 363;

a by-product of war, 311, 348-54.

Rohan, Duc de (1600); his narrative typical, 33, 119;

quoted, 117.

Rome; as seen by visitors, 108-12, 116, 252, 280, 292, 343, 364, 376;

numbers received into English College there, 28;

Protestants at, 54, 110-1;

hôtel Vasa d'Oro at, 240, 338.

Roos, Lord; 54.

Rösmital, Leo von; 399.

Russia; see Muscovy.

St. Amant, the French poet; quoted, 303, 304, 307.

St. Malo; guarded at night by savage dogs, 311-2.

Sanderson, John; smuggles mummies, 223.

Sandys, George; quoted, 28, 91, 92, 113, 187, 232, 323-5.

Sarpi, Paolo; quoted, 60.

Sastrow, B.; his autobiography, 20, 403;

quoted, 133, 321, 350-1, 385.

Saumur; 20, 115.

Schaumburg, Wilwolt von; 399.

Schweinichen, Hans von; 399.

Scotland; 5, 124, 127.

—— Bibl.; Brereton, Brown, Cuellar, Moryson, Zetzner.

Scots abroad (see Lauder and Lithgow); 131 (and note), 274.

Sea-sickness; 12, 59, 63, 77-9.

Sea-travel (see Channel-crossings, Levant, Pirates, Sea-sickness);

size of vessels and accommodation, 64, 65;

Eastward-ho! from Venice, 68;

incidental difficulties, 69, 70, 267, 312;

water preferable to land, 70, 71;

daily service, Genoa-Rome (1588), 71;

coasting the usual practice, 71-2;

storms, 11, 74-6;

sorcerers and good weather, 75;

the need of the "charte-partie," 76;

a "funeral" at sea, 93;

Turkish sailors, 197, 201.

—— pilgrim-galley (Venice-Jaffa); arrangements in theory and practice, 66-8, 208, 210;

concerning the date of its cessation, 207-8.

Seville; 172, 174, 281.

Shakespeare's knowledge about Italy, 86, 112, 114;

a conjecture about "Othello," 188;

Rosalind on the cost of travel, 313;

quotations, 154, 222, 307, 363.

Sherley, Sir Anthony; 291, 357.

——, Sir Robert; his many journeys, 13.

Sicily; 113, 147.

Sidney, Sir Philip; abroad, when, where, and why, 27;

quoted, 35, 58, 100, 314, 333, 351.

"Sights"; see Art, Bathing, Executions, Fairs, Flagellants, Galley-slaves, Games, Levant, Locks, Manners and Customs, Mechanical devices, Mines, Pilgrimage-relics, Unicorn horns, Volcanoes, Women, Zoos, and names of towns.

Sign-posts; 293-4.

Sigonius, the Italian scholar; could not speak Latin, 48.

Sinigaglia; inn at, finest in Italy, 241.

Smith, Captain John; 294, 385.

Smith, L. P.; his life of Sir Henry Wotton, 104, 405.

Sobieski, Jakób; in France and England, 128-30, 384, 387, 404.

Solre, Comte de (Sieur de Molenbais), 394.

Spain; 162-74, 261-3, 343, 364;

the usual itinerary through, 163;

communications in, 85, 289, 292, 300, 354;

inns, 242, 246-7, 261-3, 278-80;

expenditure in, 337, 340;

coinage, 371.

—— people of; the women, 170;

the men, 171;

few know Latin, 48;

a Spanish dentist, 362.

—— Bibl.; MSS. Rawlinson D. 1286, Harl. 3822, Egerton 311;

Tournay 159;

also Aarssen, Busino, Chiericati, Fanshawe, Farinelli, Fouché-Delbosc, Guzman, Sobieski, Wynn, Zetzner; I. note 3, VII. note 13, VIII. note 42.

Spenser, Edmund; as foreign correspondent, 17.

Spies; qualify for their work by travel, 16;

numerous but not communicative, 17.

Stampes, ——(?); 394.

Strassburg; 119, 133, 152, 286, 288.

Students; (see Universities, and, Average Tourist), 121, 134, 320.

Sweden; 155, 244, 406.

Switzerland; see Mountaineering.

—— Bibl. MSS. Rawlinson D. 120, B. M. Add. 34177; VII. notes 5 and 12.

Symonds, Richard; 393.

Tasso, Torquato; quoted, 141, 303, 382.

Taylor, John (the "water-poet"); 80, 137, 370, 404.

Theology in relation to Travel (see Pilgrimage);

as a cause of travel, 24;

a "religious test" for tutors, 53-4;

examples of intolerance, 28, 53, 75, 111-3, 133, 171, 362;

attractions of Mohammedanism, 55-6;

increases the interest of volcanoes, 97;

in Spain, 167.

Thou, J. A. de; accompanies de Foix to Italy, 14;

interview with Sigonius, 48;

nearly drowned on Lake Wallenstadt(?), 81;

quoted, 97, 180, 260, 274, 300, 350.

Tolls and Duties; 320, 328, 336-8.

Touring, [1542-1642]; spread of the idea, 25-30, 158;

bibliography of, 29, 389-91;

estimates of amount of (see Constantinople, English abroad, Ireland, Pilgrimage, Scots abroad), 29, 236;

towns the stopping-places, 101;

hardships of, and their effect (see Illness), 102, 163, 173, 179, 223, 242-4, 260, 286, 310-2, 375-6;

official supervision of (see Passports), 131, 158, 271-2, 343, 346, 351;

compensations, 377-9.

—— for and against (see Ideas, modified by travel);

opinions of Bacon, 3;

of Montaigne, 3, 57;

of Pasquier, 375;

new ideas and knowledge brought home, 14, 140, 378-9;

otherwise unobtainable, 17, 40, 140;

opposition to, 36, 158-9, 373-4;

how far reasonable, 375;

some weak points, 375-7;

tourist-books as a source of knowledge for us, 52, 72, 82, 86, 118-9, 124, 154-6, 162, 175, 189, 193, 202, 213-4, 232, 350.

—— special causes of (see Average Tourist, Embassies, Exile, Pilgrimage, and Tourist, types of);

commerce, and lack of means of communication at a distance, 18;

exploration, 18;

difficulty of obtaining information from abroad, 17, 25, 40-3;

current fiction, 22;

theological, 24;

Philip Sidney's reason, 27;

historical, 28, 284;

the chief cause, 34.

Tourist, types of, in 1600 (see under names mentioned in pages here following, and also, Average Tourist, Pilgrimage, and Tutor);

Subjective, 3-4;

Objective, 4-5;

Perfect, 6;

Philosopher, 7;

Unintentional, 8;

Intolerable, 9;

Feminine, 11-3, 59;

Ambassadorial, 14, 130-1;

mediæval types, and how far they survived, 17-23;

Spy and News-Gatherer, 17;

Commercial, 20, 131, 321;

Vagabond, 21-3, 321;

Exile, 23;

Missionary, 24, 286, 320, 402-3;

Various, 24, 92;

Journalistic, 80.

Transylvania; cheapness of food there, 340.

Travellers and Travelling; see Tourist and Touring.

Turberville, George; on Muscovy, 159.

Turks; relation to European States, 8, 182-9, 197, 204;

Christians' fear of, 22, 85, 113, 117-8, 188;

conversions by, 55-6, 356;

learn navigation from renegades, 73;

Danube mainly a Turkish river, 81;

increase of their sea-power during this period, 106, 184-6;

as seen by tourists, 90, 189-91, 200-2, 269, 343, 346, 360;

their teetotalism, 93, 190, 192;

likeness to the Japanese as contrasted with Christians, 191, 321;

signs of decay, 192;

other characteristics, 90, 189-91, 200-2, 269, 343, 346, 360;

"Khans," 247-50;

coinage used by, 369, 372.

—— their ruler, the Grand Signor; Dallam and, 9;

as an employer, 55;

supposed to possess a complete Livy, 194;

diversions of, 196;

how to see his palace, 196-7;

audiences with, 197.

—— Bibl.; see Constantinople and Jerusalem.

Tutors; 37, 180, 316;

Hentzner as, 43-4;

qualifications, 53;

Ben Jonson as, 56.

Ulm; 120.

Unicorn horns; fact, fiction, and prices, 149, 150.

United Provinces; 116-7, 348;

communications in, 83, 291, 294, 329.

—— people of; 132, 143.

—— Bibl.; Beatis, Bisoni, Brereton, Buchell, Cust, Hagemans, Hoby, Moryson.

Universities (see Bologna, Padua, Saumur, Students, Wittenberg); Alcalá and Salamanca, 48;

Italian ones idealized, 103;

Orleans, 115.

Vagabond; see "Picaro."

Valois, Marguerite de; 152;

her litter, 290.

Vargas, Juan de; 405.

Venice; 4, 136, 149, 153, 291, 329, 341, 360-2;

more English there than in the rest of Italy, 28;

as a model State, 100-1;

attractions of, 103-6;

small boys of, 133;

inns of, 252, 274, 276-7.

Verona; 113.

"Vetturino-system"; what it was, 331;

its rise and services, 332-4.

Vienna; 121, 147, 188, 288, 395.

Villamont, Sieur de; quoted, 65, 87, 104, 143, 302, 329, 382.

Villers, MM. de; 365, 383, 395.

Villingen, Pastor Peter, pilgrim to Jerusalem, 1565;

enslaved, 359.

Vinci, Leonardo da; a conversation with, 396.

Volcanoes; 91.

Waller, Edmund; 80.

War; (see Robbers); decreases use of Latin, 47;

even distribution of war and peace in this period, 124, 350;

as affecting tourist finance, 348, 364.

Weston, Sir Richard; learns much from the Dutch, 116.

Whetenal, Lady Catherine; 394.

Willes, Dr.; cost of journey, England, Muscovy, 335.

Wilson, Arthur; 63.

Winghe, J. de (of Tournai); 395.

Wittenberg; 121.

Women and Travel; (see Cecilia, Clara Eugenia, Fanshawe, Johanna, Whetenal);

at Rome in 1600, 18;

advice concerning, 59;

in a seven-day Channel-passage, 63;

position of, in Italy and United Provinces, contrasted, 142-4;

Jerusalem "Placets" not granted to, 210;

embarrassments of, when abroad, 269-71;

of Chios, 88-9;

Russian, 161;

Spanish, 170;

Irish, 177-8;

Turkish, 200.

Wotton, Sir Henry; quoted, 26, 71, 154, 299, 329, 341, 347, 349, 356, 405.

Wunderer, Johann David; at Pskov, 162.

Wynn, Sir Richard; 385, 405.

Zeiler, Martin; guide-book to Spain quoted, 48, 351, 364.

Zetzner, Johann Eberhard; 406.

Zinzerling, J.; his itinerary as a guide-book, 46;

quoted, 122, 134, 138, 150, 252, 291.

"Zoos" of Europe; 139, 140, 174, 196.

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