E. ADAM, Ph.D. (continued 3)
Reading edition
2485 f.:
Torrent so sore to hym rode, That he bare hym to the ground MS.
2487. bent] ffeld MS.
2493. dynt MS.
2496. ver.] in that tyde MS.
(217) And on) the morow, whan) it was day, Amonge all̴ the lordys gay, That worthy were, par de, Desonell̴ wold no lenger lend, 2500 But to sir Torent gan) she wend [2601] And knelid on her kne. Desonell greets Torrent, She said: ‘Welcom), my lord sir Torent!’ f. 117a. ‘And so be ye, my lady gent!’ and swoons. In sownyng than fell̴ she. 2505 Vp they coueryd that lady hend, And to mete did they wend With joye and solempnite.
2499. par de] in wede MS.
2502. And on her kne she knelid MS.
DESONELL GREETS TORRENT. HER BEAUTY.
(218) Dame Desonell̴ be-sought the kyng. That she myght, with oute lesyng, 2510 Sytt with Torent alone. [2611] ‘Yes, lady, be hevyn) kyng, There shall̴ be no lettyng; Worthy is he, be seynt Iohn)!’ All go to Dinner. Tho they washid and went to mete, 2515 And rially they were sett And seruid worthely, echone. Euery lord in) the hall̴, As his state wold be-ffall̴, Were couplid with ladyes schone. 2520
2514. ffor welle worthy MS.
2517. echone] verament MS.
2520. schone] gent MS.
(219) Desonell is the fairest lady. But of all̴ ladyes, that were there sene, [2621] So ffeire myght there none bene As was dame Desonell̴. . . . . . . . The Kings of Jerusalem and Greece go to the Thes two kyngis, that doughty ys, To the Cite come, i-wys, 2525 With moche meyne emell.
2526. emell] om. MS.
(220) King of Nazareth’s Castle. To the castell̴ they toke the way, There the kyng of Naȝareth lay, With hym) to speke on higħ. At none the quene ete in) the hall̴, 2530 Amongist the ladyes ouer all̴, [2631] That couth moche curtesye. Desonell̴ wold not lett, Desonell sits by Torrent. By sir Torent she her sett, There of they had envye . . . . . . 2535
2535. envye] wonder MS.
DESONELL FINDS HER TWO SONS BY TORRENT.
(221) Whan) eyther of hem other be-held, f. 117b. Off care no thyng they ffeld, Bothe her hertes were blithe. She tells the Lords how her Gret lordys told she sone, What poyntes he had for her done, 2540 They be-gan to be blithe; [2641] Father sent her and her 2 Boys to sea; And how her fader in the see did her do, With her she had men) childre two; They waried hym) fell̴ sithe. ‘Sir kyng, in this wildernes, 2545 My two children) fro me revid wes, I may no lenger hem) hide.
2542. fader] om. MS.
2546. was MS.
(222) ‘The knyght yaue me rynges two, Euerich of hem) had one of thoo, Better saw I never none. 2550 and how one was carried off by a Griffin, and the other by a Leopard. A Gryffon) bare the one away, [2651] A liberd the other, parmaffay, Down) by a Roche of stone.’ Than) said the kyng of Ierusalem): ‘I ffound one by a water streme, 2555 He levith with blood & bone.’ Leobertus and Antony are these boys. The kyng of Grece said: ‘My brother, Antony my son) brought me anoþure.’ She saith: ‘Soth, be seynt Iohn)?’
2556. levith] yet add. MS.
TORRENT INVITES 3 KINGS TO PORTUGAL.
(223) The kyng said: ‘Sith it is so, 2560 Kys ye youre fader bo, [2661] And axe hym) his blessyng!’ Torrent’s 2 Sons kneel and ask his blessing. Down) they knelid on) her knee: ‘Thy blessing, ffader, for charite!’ ‘Welcom), children) ying!’ 2565 Thus in armes he hem) hent, A blither man) than) sir Torent f. 118a. Was there none levyng; He rejoices in them and their Mother, It was no wonder, thouȝe it so were; He had his wiffe and his children) there, 2570 His joye be-gan) to spryng. [2671]
2561. bothe MS.
2565. yong MS.
(224) Of all̴ the justis, that were thare, A way the gre his sonnys bare, That doughty were in dede. and thanks the Kings for taking care of them. Torent knelid vppon) his knee 2575 And said: ‘God yeld you, lordys ffree, Thes children) that ye haue ffed: Euer we will̴ be at youre will̴, What jurney ye will̴ put vs tyll̴, So Iesu be oure spede, 2580 He asks the Kings to Portugal. With that the kyng thre [2681] In to my lond will̴ wend with me, For to wreke oure stede.’
(225) All agree to go. They graunted that there was, Gret lordys more and lesse, 2585 Bothe knyght and squiere; And with Desonell̴ went Al the ladyes, that were gent, That of valew were. Shippis had they stiff and strong, 2590 Maistis gret and sayles long, [2691] Hend, as ye may here, Their ships arrive at Portugal. And markyd in to Portingale, Whan) they had pullid vp her sayll̴, With a wynd so clere. 2595
TORRENT, DESONELL, AND THEIR SONS, GO TO PORTUGAL.
(226) The riche quene of that lond In her castell̴ toure gan stond And be-held in)-to the see. ‘Sone,’ she said to a knyght, f. 118b. ‘Yonder of shippis I haue a sight, 2600 For sothe, a grett meyne.’ [2701] The Queen The quene said: ‘Verament, I se the armes of sir Torent, I wott well̴, it is he.’ He answerid and said tho: 2605 ‘Madam, I will̴, that it be so, God gefe grace, that it so be!’
2605-7 put before 2602-4 MS.
(227) welcomes A blither lady myȝt none be, She went ageyn hym) to the see With armed knyghtes kene. 2610 Torrent and his friends, Torent she toke by the hond: [2711] ‘Lordys of vncouth lond, Welcom muste ye bene!’ and swoons when she sees her daughter Desonell. Whan she sye Desonell̴, Swith in) sownyng she fell̴ 2615 To the ground so grene. Torent gan) her vp ta: ‘Here bene her children) twa, On lyve thou shalt hem seene!’
2616. grene] kene MS.
2619. see MS.
TORRENT WEDS DESONELL. HIS SONS MADE HEIRS OF KINGS.
(228) In the Castell̴ of Portyngale 2620 A-Rose trumpes of hede vale, [2721] To mete they went on) hye. Torrent holds a great feast, He sent letters ffar and nere; The lordys, that of valew were, They come to that gestonye. 2625 The Emperoure of Rome, To that gestonye he come, A noble knyght on) hyȝe. Whan) all̴ thes lordys com were, and weds Desonell. Torrent weddid that lady clere, 2630 A justyng did he crye. [2731]
2621. of] om. MS.
2629. ware MS.
(229) f. 119a. So it ffell̴ vppon a day, The kyng of Ierusalem) gan say: ‘Sir, thy sonne I ffound Lying in a libertes mouth, 2635 And no good he ne couth, Dede he was nere hond: Wold thou, that he dwellid with me, Till̴ that I dede be, And sith reioyse my lond?’ . . . . . . 2640
(230) He gives his son Leobertus as heir to the King of Jerusalem; Be fore lordys of gret renown), [2741] Torent gaue hym) his son) . . . . . . . . The kyng of Grece said: ‘Sir knyght, I yeff thy son all̴ my right and his son Antony as heir to the King of Greece. To the Grekys flood: 2645 Wouch thou saue, he dwell̴ with me?’ ‘Yea, Lord, so mut I thee, God yeld you all̴ this good!’ For sir Torent was stiff in stoure, Torrent is elected Emperor. They chose hym ffor Emperoure, 2650 Beste of bone and blood. [2751]
2645. flood] I plight add. MS.
TORRENT IS MADE EMPEROR. HE DIES.
(231) Gret lordys, that there were, Fourty days dwellith there, And sith they yode her way; Torrent gives his 2 Sons a Sword each. He yaue his sonnys, as ye may here, 2655 Two swerdys, that were hym) dere, Ech of hem) one had they. Sith he did make vp-tyed Chirchus and abbeys wyde, For hym) and his to praye. 2660 In Rome this Romans berith the crown) [2761] Of all̴ kerpyng of Renown): He lies in a fair Abbey. He leyth in a feire abbey.
2654. And sith her way they yode MS.
2663. leyth] in Rome add. MS.
(232) Now Iesu Cryst, that all̴ hath wrought, f. 119b. As he on the Rode vs bought, 2665 He geve hvs his blessing, May Christ grant us Heaven! And as he died for you and me, He graunt vs in blis to be, Lesse and mare, both old and ying! Amen.
2669. Oute of this world whan) we shalle wend MS.
Explicit Torent of Portyngale.
THE FRAGMENTS.
I. 1
[The King of Portugal plots Torrent’s death.]
Desonell gives Torrent a Horse [T] . . . . est hym vp . . . . 462 . . . . . chent be for to fle . . . . . ly ivyll he gone 464 which the King of Nazareth had sent her. The kynge of Nazareth sent hym me, Torent, I wot-saue hym on the, For better loue I none!’ 467
Afterwarde vpon a tyde, As they walkyd by the ryvers syde, The kynge and yonge Torent, 470 The King This lorde wolde fayne, that he dede were And he wyst nat, on what manere, Howe he myght hym shent. 473 treacherously A fals letter made the kynge And made a messangere it brynge, On the ryuer syde as they went, 476 asks Torrent to get Desonell a Falcon To Torent, that was true as stele, If he loued Dyssonell wele, Gete hir a faucon gent. 479
Torent the letter began to rede, The kynge came nere and lystened, As thoughe he it neuer had sene. 482 The kynge sayde, ‘what may this be?’ ‘Lorde, it is sent to me For a faucon shene; 485
I ne wote, so God me spede, In what londe that they brede.’ The kynge sayde, ‘as I herde sayne, 488 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from the Forest of Magdalen. In the forest of Maudelayne 491
FRAG. 2. TORRENT GOES TO THE FOREST OF MAUDELAYNE.
II. 2
Than sayde [the] kyn[g] vntrue, 492 ‘And ye fynde haw[k]es of great value, Brynge me one with the!’ 494 Torent sayd: ‘so God me saue, Torrent agrees to do it. Yf it betyde, that I any haue, At your wyll shall they be.’ 497
To his squyer bade he thare, After his armoure to fare, In the felde abode he; 500 He rides They armed hym in his wede, He bestrode a noble stede . . . . . . . . . . 503 to the Forest of Magdalen,
Torent toke the way agayne Unto the forest of Maudelayne, In a wylsome way; 506 Berys and apes there founde he And wylde bestys great plente And lyons, where they lay. 509 In a wode, that is tyght, It drewe towarde the nyght. By dymmynge of the day 512 Lysten, lordes, of them came wo, gets separated from his Squire, He and his squyer departed in two, Carefull men then were they. 515
At a shedynge of a rome Eyther departed other frome, As I vnderstande. 518 Torent taketh a dolefull way Downe into a depe valay, . . . . . . . . . . 521
FRAG. 3. TORRENT IS TO FIGHT THE CALABRIAN GIANT, SLOGUS.
III. 3
[The King of Portugal sends Torrent to be kild by the Giant Slogus.]
Torrent sits at the head of a side table. . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 And the good squyres after h[ym], That knyghtes sholde be. 821 The King asks Torrent if he’ll As they were a-myddes theyr . . . The kynge wolde not forgete, To Torente than sayd he, 824
He sayd: ‘so god me saue, Fayne thou woldest my dough[ter haue], Thou hast loued her many a d[aye].’ 827 ‘Ye, by my trouthe,’ sayd Torente, ‘And I were a ryche man, Ryght gladly by my faye.’ 830 do a deed of arms for Desonell. ‘If thou durst for her sake A poynte of armes vndertake, Thou broke her vp for ay.’ 833 ‘Yes,’ says Torrent.
‘Ye,’ sayde he, ‘or I go, Sykernes thou make me so Of thy doughter hende. 836 Ye and after all my ryghtes By VII score of hardy knyghtes’ Al they were Torentes frende. 839 ‘Now, good lordes, I you praye, Bere wytnes of this day Agayne yf god me sende!’ 842
Torente sayd, ‘so may I the, Wyst I, where my jorney shold [be], Thyder I wolde me dyghte.’ 845 The kyng gaue hym an answ[e]re, ‘Then go to Calabria, ‘In the londe of Caleb[e]re There wonneth a gyaunte wygh[hte] 848 . . . . . . . . . . . . Slogus he hyght as I the tolde, and fight the Giant Slogus.’ God sende the that waye ryghte!’ 851
FRAG. 4. TORRENT WILL NOT GIVE UP HIS GIANT-FIGHT.
IV. 4
[Torrent is offerd a Princess of Provyns.]
The king of Provyns warns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For why I wyll the saye, 917 Moche folke of that countre Cometh heder for socoure to me, Bothe by nyghte and by daye. 920 him against the terrible Giant there, There is a gyaunte of grete renowne, He destroyeth bothe cyte and towne And all that he may. 923 As bokes of rome tell, He was goten with the deuyll of hell, As his moder slepynge lay.’ 926
The kynge sayde, ‘by Saynt Adryan, I rede, a nother gentylman Be there and haue the degre. 929 I haue a doughter, that me is dere, and offers him his Daughter and 2 Duchies. Thou shalte wedde her to thy fere, And yf it thy wyll be, 932 Two duchyes in honde I wyll gyue her in londe.’ ‘Gramercy, syr,’ sayd he, 935 Torrent says he must keep his troth. ‘With my tonge I haue so wrought, To breke my day wyll I nought, Nedes me behoueth there to be.’ 938
‘On Goddes name,’ the kynge gan sayne, ‘Iesu brynge the saffe agayne, Lorde, moche of myght!’ 941 Mynstralsy was them amonge, With harpe, fedyll and songe, Delycyous notes on hygh[t]e. 944 Whan it was tyme, to bed they wente, And on the morowe rose Torente And toke leue of kynge and knyght 947 Torrent starts, And toke a redy way.
FRAG. 5. TORRENT HEARS OF THE CALABRIAN GIANT, SLOGUS.
Fragment V. 5
By the se syde as it lay, God sende hym gatys ryght! 950
An hye waye hath he nome, reaches Calabria, Into Calabre is he come Within two dayes or thre. 953 So he met folke hym agayne, Fast comynge with carte and wayne Frowarde the se. 956 ‘Dere God,’ sayd Torente now, ‘Good folke, what eyleth you, That ye thus fast fle?’ 959 and hears of the Giant. ‘There lyeth a gyaunte here besyde, For all this londe brode and wyde No man on lyue leueth he.’ 962
‘Dere God,’ sayd Torente then, ‘Wher euer be that fendes den?’ They answered hym anone: 965 ‘In a castell in the see, Slogus’ they sayd ‘hyght he, Many a man he hath slone. 968 The Giant Slogus is in Hungary.
We wote full well, where he doth ly Byfore the cyte of Hungry,’ . . . . . . . . . . 971
FRAG. 6. TORRENT FIGHTS A GIANT. DESONELL HAS TWINS.
VI. 6
[Torrent fights the Giant.]
The number and configuration of dots corresponds as closely as possible to the printed book.
The giant says he’ll wring Torrent’s nose. . . . . . . all the wrynge, 1014 . . . . . . . . lynge . . . . . . . . . thou the 1016 . . . . . . . . he toke, . . . . . . . . bare a croke His Crook is 13 ft. long. . . . . . . . . te longe and thre 1019 . . . . . . ever so longe were . . . . . . . . had no fere . . . . yd darste thou come nere 1022 . . . . . nte nolengre a-byde Torrent charges, . . . . . nte wolde he ryde . . . . ghte. 1025 . . . . one eye but one, . . . . . . neuer none, . . . nor by nyght. 1028 . . . . lpe of god of heuen, pierces the Giant’s eye, . . . . . herin euen, . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031 and makes him roar. . . . . gan to rore, . . . . the cyte wore, . . . ay. 1034 . . . . es eyen were oute . . . . . . . . boute . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
FRAG. 7. DESONELL AND HER TWINS ARE SENT TO SEA.
VII. 7
[Desonell bears twins. All are sent out to sea. They reach land.]
Thus the lady dwelled there, 1807 Desonell is delivered of 2 male children Tyll that she delyuered were Of men chyldren two. 1809 Of all poyntes were they gent, like Torrent. Lyke were they to Sir Torent, For his loue suffred they wo. 1812 The kynge sayd, ‘so mote I the, Her Father says she shall be sent out to sea. Thou shalt into the se Without wordes mo. 1815 Every kynges doughter fer and nere At the they shall lere, Agaynst right to do!’ 1818 She is led from his land.
Great ruthe it was to se, Whan they led that lady fre Out of hir faders lande. 1821 The Queen bewails her daughter’s fate. The quene, hir moder, was nere wode For hir doughter, that gentyll fode, Knyghtes stode wepynge.8 1824
A clothe of sylke toke they tho, And departed it bytwene the chyldren two, Therin they were wonde. 1827 Desonell is sent to sea. Whan they had shypped that gentyll thynge, Anone she fell in swownynge At Peron on the sonde. 1830 Whan that lady was downe fall, On Iesu Cryste dyd she call. To defende hir with his honde: 1833 She prays to Christ for her children.
‘Rightfull God, ye me sende Some good londe on to lende, That my chyldren may crystened be[n].’ 1836 She sayd, ‘ladyes fayre and gent, Great well my lorde Sir Torent, Yf euer ye hym se[n]!’ 1839 The wynde arose on the myght, Fro the londe it blewe that lady bryght Into the se so grene. 1842
FRAG. 7. DESONELL AND HER TWINS REACH LAND.
Wyndes and weders hathe hir dryuen, That in a forest she is aryuen, Where wylde bestys were. 1845 Desonell and her twin babes reach land. The se was ebbe and went hem fro And left hir and hir chyldren two [Alo]ne without any fere. 1848 Hir one chylde began to wepe, The lady awoke out of hir slepe She stills her crying child, And sayde, ‘be styll, my dere, 1851 Ihesu Cryste hathe sent vs lande, Yf there be any Crysten man at hande, We shall haue socoure here.’ 1854
The carefull lady then was blythe, To the londe she went full swythe, As fast as she myght. 1857 Tyll the day began to sprynge, Foules on trees merely gan synge Delicyous notes on hyght. 1860 goes up a mountain, To a hyll went that lady fre, Where she was ware of a cyte With toures fayre and bryght. 1863 Therof I-wys she was fayne, and sits down. She set hir downe, as I herd sayne, Hir chyldren for to dyght. 1866
Footnotes to Fragments
NOTES.
St. 1
Page 1, line 12. Cf. ll. 118, 187, 190, 198, 558, 924, 1924, 2183. So in Eglamour (Thornton Romances), l. 408:
‘The boke of Rome thus can telle,’
and The Erl of Tolouse, ed. Lüdtke, l. 1219:
‘Yn Rome thys geste cronyculyd ys.’
See Halliwell’s and Lüdtke’s notes to these passages. I agree with both of them, that an expression like that does not earnestly refer the reader to a Latin or Italian source of the story; there is evidently no difference at all between in Rome and in romance.
St. 2
p. 1, l. 15. wyght has been inserted instead of dowghtty in order to restore the rhyme with hyght, knyght, myght; cf. Havelok, ed. Skeat, l. 344:
‘He was fayr man and wicth.’
p. 1, l. 17 = Ipomadon, l. 63. Parallel passages to this hyperbolic expression are collected in Kölbing’s note to this line (p. 364).
p. 1, l. 24. We find the same idea as here, viz. that nobody can resist the will of God, who has power over death and life, in Sir Tristrem, ll. 236 ff.:
‘Þat leuedi, nouȝt to lain, For soþe ded is sche! Who may be ogain? As god wil, it schal be, Vnbliþe.’
St. 3
‘Þat he ne dede al Engelond Sone sayse intil his hond.’
Hall writes to me on this word as follows: fesomnyd is, I am convinced, not a word at all, but a scribe’s error for festonyd or festnyd = confirmed, fixed. Comp. ’And þat ich hym wolde myd trewþe siker faste on honde,’ Robert of Gloucester (Hearne), p. 150. For this use of fasten, fastnen, comp. ’But my forwarde with þe I festen on þis wyse,’ Alliterative Poems, p. 47, l. 327: ’& folden fayth to þat fre, festned so harde,’ Sir Gawayne, p. 57, l. 1783: ’And þis forward, in faith, I festyn with hond,’ Destruction of Troy, p. 22, l. 636. See also Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary, ii. p. 216, under to Fest.
p. 2, l. 31. For my correction cf. Lüdtke’s note to The Erl of Tolouse, l. 199, sub 2; Eglam., l. 26:
‘That was a maydyn as whyte as fome,’
Ib. l. 683:
‘Crystyabelle as whyte as fome,’
where the Percy Folio MS. reads:
‘Christabell that was as faire as sunn;’
Chronicle of England, l. 75 f.:
‘Ant nomeliche to thy lemmon, That ys wyttore then the fom.’
St. 5
p. 2, l. 50. The alteration of And and bee into An and see seemed necessary; sayment is like Fr. essaiement, Lat. exagimentum.
p. 3, l. 59. Cf. l. 1216 f. and The Lyfe of Ipomydon, ed. Kölbing, l. 1795:
‘If thou hyr haue, thou shalt hyr bye.’
St. 7
p. 3, l. 77 f. As half of the stanza is lost, it is impossible to make out to whom they refers. Nor do I believe that l. 78 is correct, especially as to chaunce.
St. 8
p. 3, l. 79. Cf. Ipomadon, ed. Kölbing, l. 8123:
‘A myle wyth in the Grekes see.’
p. 3, l. 80. in an yle is certainly the correct reading; mauyle was introduced by a scribe who supposed it to be the giant’s name; but that is mentioned some twenty lines later.
St. 13
p. 5, l. 136. The correction of lyght into ryght I owe to Hall, who refers me to the legend of Sancta Maria Egyptiaca; cf. f. i. Barbour’s Legends of Saints, ed. Horstmann, I. p. 143 ff.
St. 14
St. 16
p. 6, l. 171 = l. 596. This alliterative binding is a very frequent one; cf. Sir Orfeo, ed. Zielke, p. 9.
St. 17
p. 7, l. 188. The same rhyme, which I have restored here, occurs l. 559 f.
p. 7, l. 190. Yt tellythe = Yt is told; cf. Lüdtke, note to The Erl of Tolouse, l. 1070, and Sarrazin, note to Octavian, l. 1749.
St. 22
p. 9, l. 236. I was about to write, Crystyn men thow they were, referring this line to the guardians of the lions; but, no doubt, Hall’s reconstruction of the line, which I have put into the text, is far better.
‘Now sone of that salle wee see, Whose browes schalle blakke.’
Ib. l. 1056:
‘His browes to blake.’
St. 23
p. 9, l. 245. Though syghyng gives no offence, still it may be, that the author has written syngyng, and the scribe was wrong in altering it; cf. Zupitza’s note to Guy, l. 5424.
p. 9, l. 251. Cf. l. 802, 1204, Ipomadon, l. 6481 f.:
‘Your nece of Calabyre, that lady clere, Ys bovnden wyth a fendes fere.’
Reliquiæ Antiquæ, i. p. 241:
‘He seith bi niȝte and eke bi day, That hy beth fendes ifere.’
St. 25
p. 10, l. 265 f. The reading of these two lines is quite destroyed by the careless scribe. My correction is not more than an attempt to restore the rhyme.
St. 26
p. 10, l. 277 ff. There is nothing in Torrent’s words which could lead the princess to a conclusion like that. I think that after l. 276 one stanza is wanting.
p. 11, l. 286-8. As to the contents of these lines, Kölbing refers me to Englische studien, vol. IV. p. 133 f., where F. Liebrecht mentions a passage in Sir Beves of Hamtoun, according to which a king’s daughter,—if she is a pure virgin,—can never be hurt by a lion. Here we have another proof for this remarkable bit of folk-lore.
St. 27
p. 11, l. 292 = l. 329.
St. 28
p. 11, l. 303 = l. 342.
p. 11, l. 305. I am not quite sure whether I was right in substituting the prince’s name—which is mentioned once more, the first time, as it were, l. 341—for the name of his father’s kingdom; but I didn’t see any other way of restoring the rhyme.
p. 12, l. 311. Cf. l. 469 and Skeat’s note to Sir Thopas, l. 1927.
St. 30
p. 12, l. 334. Instead of he I should prefer to read they: Torrent has just admonished the prisoners to cheer up.
St. 31
p. 13, l. 344. There must be something wrong in this line, because the name of the third Earl’s son is missing; to write the third instead of of may not suffice to put the text right; even the names Torren and Berweyne seem to me very suspicious.
St. 34
p. 14, l. 379. Cf. Ipomadon, l. 4245, for Crystys dede; Crystys was substituted by Kölbing for mannes, which is clearly wrong; he could as well have chosen godes.
St. 35
p. 15, l. 393 ff. Cf. Kölbing’s note to Tristrem, l. 736.
St. 38
p. 16, l. 427. Of this allusion to Veland, Halliwell treats in his edition of Sir Torrent, p. vii f. Cf. Zupitza, Ein zeugnis für die Wieland-sage, Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum, Vol. XIX, p. 129 f.
p. 16, l. 429-31. The line which follows l. 429 in the MS. is superfluous; it damages the metre; and the rhyme with l. 430 won’t do. The old king wishes to say; ‘I have seen the day when, if this sword wielded by me fell on any one, he was considered done for, doomed to death.’ Therefore l. 431, I fawght therfor I told has been corrected into Fawe they were I-told. The scribe did not understand the obsolescent word fawe or faye, so he wrote the nearest word to it to make sense, I-told = ‘held, considered.’—I. Hall.
St. 41
p. 17, l. 458. Cf. Breul’s note to Sir Gowther, l. 410.
p. 17, l. 465. Cf. l. 2061 f.
St. 48
p. 20, l. 543. Of and on, off and on, intermittently.
St. 49
p. 21, l. 555. schyld is not to the point here, Torrent having only his sword at hand. The scribe has forgotten what he has said himself, l. 526 and 549; cf. l. 652.
St. 51
p. 21, l. 582-4. We meet with this description twice more in the poem, ll. 1514-16, and ll. 1858-60.
St. 56
p. 23, l. 640. On the meaning of theff, cf. Kölbing’s note to Am. and Amil., l. 787.
St. 58
p. 24, l. 659. of Perowne is certainly wrong, as it does not agree with the rhymes stere, nere, fere; but I don’t know how to amend the line.
p. 24, l. 662. schere gives no meaning; I write stere and translate, There might nobody move further, i.e. the giant was brought to a standstill in the glen.
p. 24, l. 665. Cf. ll. 434, 791.
St. 60
p. 25, l. 688. Cf. Eglam., l. 324:
‘And to [the] herte hym bare.’
The weak preterit tense of berien is very rare; if bere = A.S. beran sometimes has the same meaning, i.e. ‘to strike,’ the reason is that A.S. beran and Icel. berja are confounded.
St. 61
p. 25, l. 696. woo can hardly stand for wood. It seems to me like a last corruption of an old romance phrase, like worthy inwith wall (woȝe); possibly the line was simply so: Thus in II journeys Torrent so.—Hall.
p. 25, l. 700. On the use of M.E. fote as a plural see Zupitza’s note to Guy, l. 598.
St. 63
‘This reeve sat vpon a ful good stot, That was al pomely gray, and highte Scot.’
St. 65
p. 27, l. 744. Cf. l. 788. On St. James cf. Kölbing’s note to Am. and Amil., l. 796.
St. 70
p. 29, l. 808 f. ‘In so dangerous conditions he has been before [and still come back safe], so he will come back even this time.’
St. 71
p. 29, l. 819. On the meaning of the phrase ’the bord beginne,’ cf. Kölbing, Englische studien, III. p. 104, and Zupitza, Anglia, III. p. 370 f.
St. 73
p. 30, l. 838. This stanza being incomplete, I think, the lacuna is to be put after l. 838. The missing three lines contained the fact, that the king promises Torrent, before his knights, that, when he has done this deed, he will give him his daughter, and grant him one half of his kingdom during his life, and the whole afterwards; cf. l. 1206 ff. The odd number of XXVII knights is probably due only to the scribe; cf. F. III: By VII score of hardy knyghtes.
St. 76
p. 31, l. 867 f. These two lines are poor, and the rhyme is very bad; l. 868 may have run originally, Thurrow Pervyns, for sothe, it ley; cf. l. 949.
St. 78
p. 32, l. 901. squyere, although very odd at the first sight, may still be right; Torrent says: ‘The only squier that I took with me for this journey, is my sword’; cf. l. 909.
St. 80
p. 33, l. 922. Cf. Kölbing’s note to Ipomadon, l. 3344.
p. 33, l. 924-6. On the story of a child, begotten by a devil on a sleeping woman, cf. Breul, Sir Gowther, p. 119 f.
St. 83
p. 34, l. 954 ff. Cf. Tristrem, l. 1409 ff.:
‘Out of Deuelin toun Þe folk wel fast ran, In a water to droun, So ferd were þai þan.’
St. 84
p. 34, l. 963 f. Cf. Beves of Hamtoun, l. 187 f.:
‘Madame, a seide, for loue myn, Whar mai ich finde þat wilde swin?’
St. 87
p. 36, l. 1000. Instead of spere perhaps we ought to read sworde.
St. 89
p. 37, l. 1030 f. If we compare the rests of these lines in F. VI., this reading or a similar one is to be expected. The reading of l. 1029 ff. in the fragments may be completed so: [Thourgh the he]lpe of god of heuen Thorough ye and] herin euen God send the spere the right way.
p. 36, l. 1033 f. Cf. ll. 1166, 2468 f., and Kölbing’s note to Sir Tristrem, l. 69 f.
St. 92
p. 38, l. 1070. ‘I came hither to seek my death,’ i.e. this expedition was so dangerous, that I expected to die.
St. 93
p. 38, l. 1076. Cf. Ipomadon, l. 239 f.:
‘Tyll vncovth contreys will I wende, The maner wille I see.’
p. 39, l. 1081. is was to be corrected into it: ‘Because you slew him that possessed it.’
St. 94
p. 39, l. 1086. This line, according to Hall’s emendation, means: You owe no homage or feudal due, the manor is yours and your heirs’ for ever; i.e. the manor is in fee simple, and free from any feudal obligation.
St. 95
p. 39, st. 95. The text would be improved by putting ll. 1104-6 before 1101-3, although this transposition is not absolutely necessary.
p. 39, l. 1105. lefte may be a mistake for loste; cf. Gower, I. 207:
‘Contenaunce for a þrowe He loste.’
St. 96
p. 40, l. 1117. Cf. Ritson’s Met. Rom., III. p. 341 f., and Zupitza’s note to Guy, l. 436.
St. 97
p. 40, l. 1121. he bare looks rather suspicious, but it is supported by l. 2169. The author is about to describe the figures inlaid on the shield. Cf. Eglamour, l. 1030 f.:
’He bare in azure1 a grype of golde, Rychely beton on the molde.’
p. 40, l. 1124. This line is hopelessly spoilt; the scribe, careless as he was, has almost literally repeated l. 1121; l. 1125 directly continues the description begun before.
St. 98
p. 40, l. 1132. Is than I haue in tale right? We expect rather: than I can telle in tale.
p. 41, l. 1138 f. Cf. l. 1587 f.
St. 99
p. 41, l. 1143. I thought it necessary to insert mete, although Mätzner, Wörterbuch, II. p. 274, cites this line as the only instance in the M.E. literature for glad as a substantive. But even the sense is very poor without this addition.
p. 41, l. 1144. As to a man riding into the hall, cf. Skeat’s note to Chaucer’s Squiere’s Tale, l. 80, and Kölbing’s note to Ipomadon, l. 6253 f.
p. 41, l. 1150 f. I hope my alterations in l. 1151 are right. It cannot be said that the King of Aragon defends the lady unless somebody has laid claims to her. Torrent wants either three combats or the lady, quite a regular occurrence in mediæval romances.
St. 100
p. 41, l. 1154. none, i.e. no lady.
p. 41, l. 1160. Cf. Kölbing’s note to Tristrem, l. 138.
St. 101
p. 41, l. 1165. the gres, which word is here required by the rhyme, is, in the same way as in this passage, used for ‘battle-field,’ in Perceval, l. 1225 f.:
‘Hedes and helmys ther was, I telle ȝow withowttene lese, Many layde one the gresse, And many brode schelde.’
St. 102
St. 103
‘Hys schon wer with gold ydyght And kopeth as a knyght.’
p. 43, l. 1198 f.: ‘None of them said a single word, But that Torrent had been right to do so as he had done.’
St. 104
p. 43, l. 1211. There is an evident contradiction between this line and l. 1199. I suppose the word waried to be wrong; but I am not able to give a fairly certain emendation of it.
St. 106
p. 44, l. 1228 f.: ‘The king had supposed he was dead, and, indeed, foolhardy he was to undertake an adventure like this.’
St. 109
p. 45, l. 1268 f. This fight between the giant Cate and Torrent reminds us in some points of the combat between Guy and Colbrond. Like the old northern holmganga, both fights take place on an island, and in both cases the giant declines to sit on horseback, because he is too heavy; cf. Guy of Warwike, Edinburgh, 1840, l. 9940 ff.:
‘When þai had sworn and ostage founde, Colbrond stirt vp in þat stounde, To fiȝt he was ful felle. He was so michel and so vnrede, That no hors miȝt him lede, In gest as y you telle. So mani he hadde of armes gere, Vnneþe a cart miȝt hem bere, Þe Inglisse for to quelle.’
p. 45, l. 1271 = l. 1546.
St. 113
’Sir Torent praid, as was his wonne.’
St. 115
St. 116
p. 48, l. 1353. Cf. Kölbing’s note to Sir Tristrem, l. 2508.
St. 117
p. 48, l. 1364. We ought probably to read she instead of he.
St. 118
p. 48, l. 1367 f. Cf. l. 1756 f.
p. 48, l. 1378. Cf. Sir Tristrem, l. 2458:
‘Bi holtes and bi hille.’
St. 119
p. 49, l. 1385 ff. Here he addresses the King of Portugal. In l. 1385 the is superfluous, and should perhaps be struck out.
St. 120
p. 49, l. 1395. fend = defend; cf. Zupitza’s note to Guy, l. 576.
St. 124
p. 51, l. 1445. The alteration of fleand, which is absurd here, into failand is supported by l. 1280.
p. 51, l. 1446. As to make instead of made, cf. l. 332.
St. 126
p. 51, l. 1463. Cf. l. 2090 f. I am afraid neither of these passages is quite right.
St. 131
p. 53, l. 1518. Perhaps we ought to read:
‘And out of the valey he hyd swith.’
St. 132
p. 54, l. 1531. I don’t believe that the poet used the word tree thrice within these four lines; perhaps he wrote for l. 1531: Shold not drawe it, parde.
St. 134
p. 54, l. 1551. Cf. Guy, ed. Zupitza, l. 5430:
‘To reste þer horsys a lytull wyght,’
and Zupitza’s note to l. 419.
St. 135
p. 55, l. 1570. Cf. Stratmann’s note to Havelok, l. 1129 (Englische studien, I. p. 424).
St. 137
p. 56, l. 1592. To the I haue full good gate means, ‘I am fully entitled to kill you.’ I don’t recollect to have met with any parallel passage.
St. 138
p. 56, l. 1600. That dynt is wrong, the rhyme shows as well as the meaning. But whether my alteration is right, seems very doubtful, especially as l. 1609 offers the same rhyming word.
St. 142
p. 58, st. 142. Rhymes like dight, be-taught, draught, right can by no means be admitted. Now, instead of be-taught we may be allowed to write be-teighte (cf. Beket, l. 1827), and l. 1654 may have run:
‘He wold haue a draught, aplight.’
St. 144
p. 59, l. 1676. After was, sent may have been dropped.
St. 145
p. 59, l. 1692. For his love, i.e. ‘As his sweetheart.’
St. 148
p. 60, l. 1714. Cf. Ipomadon, l. 52:
‘Begge he wex of bonne and blode.’
Ib. l. 1763:
‘Ryghtte bygge of bone and blode.’
p. 60, l. 1722: ‘All his men agreed with him,’ viz. that this was the knight whom he came to seek.
St. 152
p. 62, l. 1774. Is her day = A.S. aerdagas, cf. Havelok, l. 27? The word is very rare, and in this meaning occurs only in the plural.
p. 62, l. 1777. After king, on kne may have dropped out.
St. 155
p. 63, l. 1799. Cf. Chaucer, C. T., the Millere’s Tale, l. 325:
‘Say what thou wolt, I schal it never telle To child no wyf, by him that harwed helle.’
Ib., The Sompnoure’s Tale, l. 407:
‘Now help, Thomas, for him that harewed helle.’
Perhaps even here, l. 1702, Iesu, that made hell, ought to be altered into I. that harowde hell.
St. 159
St. 169
p. 68, l. 1961. Instead of A I should prefer to read The, because this griffon is the same which robbed the child before.
St. 171
p. 69, l. 1982. Of what lond that he is left, i.e. ‘Wherever he may be born.’
St. 172
p. 69, l. 1991 f. Cf. Ipomadon, l. 50 f.:
‘He sayd: Fro tyme he kepe tham con, My landes I shall hym take.’
St. 173
p. 70, l. 2002. It is good in euery fight, i.e. there is a stone in the ring which heals wounds, if they are touched with it; cf. Kölbing’s note to Ipomadon, l. 8018.
St. 175
p. 71, l. 2026. But is probably to be altered into And.
St. 178
p. 72, l. 2053. Cf. Kölbing’s note to Tristrem, l. 3068.
St. 180
p. 72, l. 2075. One might be inclined to write:
‘That my two children vncrystonyd ware,’
but I don’t think that we are obliged to change: ‘I cared only for that one thing, That my two children might be christened.’
St. 184
p. 74, l. 2126. For hing instead of heng cf. Mätzner, Sprachproben, I. 1, p. 292, note to line 675, where hynges rhymes with springes.
St. 185
p. 74, l. 2138. born seems to me somewhat suspicious, though I cannot propose a better reading; and torn instead of born wouldn’t do.
St. 186
p. 75, l. 2152. The imperfect rhyme shows that there is something wrong in this line; it may be restored thus:
‘Loo, lordys good and hende.’
p. 75, l. 2153. wyll haue has probably been inserted here from the following line; we ought to read has.
St. 187
p. 75, l. 2157. Season for to hold, i.e. ‘in order to hold court.’ But I don’t know another instance of season with this meaning.
St. 188
p. 76, l. 2174. This line involves a contradiction to l. 2158 f.
St. 189
p. 76, l. 2185. smote means the same as caste; cf. King Horn, ed. Wissmann, l. 1038:
‘And ankere gunne caste.’
The only question is, whether ankere is allowed to be supplied or must be added; cf. l. 2203.
St. 191
p. 77, l. 2209-2214. The Sultan informs Torrent by messengers, that the inhabitants of the town are starving, evidently appealing to his generosity. Torrent answers him, that if they will lie here, i.e. leave the town, they are to have victuals enough. But the Sultan doesn’t accept this condition, and so the siege is continued. That seems to me to be the meaning of this half of the stanza.
St. 192
p. 77, l. 2216 f. dede means here, and l. 2400, ‘exploit, battle.’ In the same way Saber, Beves’s uncle, once a year on a certain day fights against the Emperor; cf. Sir Beues, l. 2917 ff.:
’& eueri ȝer on a dai certaine Vpon þemperur of Almaine He ginneþ gret bataile take, Beues, al for þine sake.’
It agrees very well with the religious feelings of the Middle Ages, when they thought it a merit to fight against the heathens on Good Friday; cf. here l. 2230 ff.
p. 77, l. 2224 ff. I am afraid there is something wrong in these lines; the copyist seems to mean, that Torrent didn’t bereave the inhabitants of their worldly goods, their treasures; then we must write them for it. But what we really expect here is, that he leaves in the town some trustworthy men to keep it. Accordingly, the fault lies in Worldely goodis. Besides, l. 2224, did wyn, instead of was yn, would improve the rhyme.
St. 193
p. 77, l. 2232. bryght is a rather odd epithet to Sarȝins.
p. 78, l. 2233 ff. Fifteen years have past since Torrent began to fight against the infidels: he besieges the first town two years (cf. l. 2189), the second, six years (cf. l. 2206), the third, seven years (cf. l. 2230). Meanwhile, the education of a young man being finished at the age of fifteen (cf. Kölbing’s note to Tristrem, l. 287), his son had become just old enough to win his spurs.
St. 194
p. 78, l. 2240. I doubt whether ordeyn can be allowed to stand without an object, such as your folk, or your ships; cf. Robert of Glo’ster, ed. Hearne, p. 139, l. 19:
‘He bigan to ordeyne ys folk, & to batail aȝen drow.’
St. 195
p. 78, l. 2256: ‘Woebegone was she, that must see that,’ viz. that ‘le leopard took away her sone.’
St. 196
p. 78, l. 2259 f. The meaning of these two lines is not quite perspicuous, and they may be corrupt; only this one thing is clear, that these two knights are Torrent and his son, who belong to different parties.
St. 197
p. 79, l. 2269 ff. It may be that ll. 2269-71 and ll. 2272-74 are to be transposed, but I don’t think it necessary: Torrent’s men flee when they see that their chief has surrendered.
St. 199
p. 80, l. 2304. Cf. Tristrem, l. 88, Kölbing’s note to that passage, and York Plays, p. 438, l. 155:
‘For, certys, my lyf days are nere done.’
St. 200
p. 80, l. 2316. The alteration of this line is rather a radical one; but there was no other way to restore the rhyme; I think that first, day and nyȝt had changed their places in line 2313, and then the copyist, in order to get a rhyme to nyȝt, spoilt the latter line.
St. 202
p. 81, l. 2335. be my ffaye and parmaffay in the same stanza, and both in the rhyme, are rather poor; one of these lines may have run thus:
‘Be god of heven, the king gan say.’
St. 204
p. 82, l. 2357. The same confusion between turment and turnament occurs in Ipomadon, l. 2868; cf. Kölbing’s note to this line.
St. 207
p. 83, l. 2392. Cf. Ipomadon, l. 3958:
‘A mercy, syr, for Crystes pitte,’
and Kölbing’s note to this line.
p. 83, l. 2395 f. Cf. Kölbing’s note to Tristrem, l. 3064, where he cites an interesting parallel passage to this line from Guy of Warwick, ed. Zupitza, l. 4707 f.:
‘Ȝyt þou art the trewest knyght, That euer slepyd in wynturs nyght.’
St. 208
p. 83, l. 2405. and is perhaps miswritten for an or on.
p. 83, l. 2407. This line, as it stands, is rather odd; perhaps it ought to be identical with l. 1128.
St. 209
p. 84, l. 2420. juster, jouster, means here a knight who joins in a joust or tournament: in the only other passage where it is known to occur, Alis., l. 1400, it is a horse for tourneying.
St. 210
p. 84, l. 2433 = l. 2456; cf. Ipomadon, l. 8830:
’Euery man in there degre.’
St. 212
p. 85, l. 2450. On roial, cf. Kölbing’s note to Ipomadon, l. 64. To a roall ffyght may be compared Shakespeare’s A royal battle (Rich. III., IV. iv.).
St. 213
p. 85, l. 2461. with oute lent = ‘without fasting’? I have not met with this expletive phrase anywhere else.
St. 216
p. 86, l. 2493. It was not superfluous to mention this fact, because knights were very often killed in tournaments; cf. Niedner, Das deutsche turnier im XII. und XIII. Iahrhundert, Berlin, 1881, p. 24. See also R. Brunne’s Handlyng-Synne, ed. Furnivall, 1862, p. 144-6.
St. 218
‘Do hiezens under mîne man Ir ingesinde wol getân Sich teilen in dem palas, Daz kein mîn recke dâ was, Ern sæze zwischen magedîn.’
St. 219
p. 87, l. 2526. emell was added by Hall in order to restore the rhyme with Desonell.
St. 220
p. 88, l. 2535. For this correction, cf. Zupitza’s note to Guy, l. 600.
St. 225
p. 90, l. 2593. After marked, them may have dropped; cf. Layamon, l. 5642 f.:
‘And heom markede forđ, Touward Munt-giu heo ferden,’
instead of which lines the later MSS. writes:
‘Hii nome riht hire way Touward Muntageu.’
St. 226
p. 90, l. 2597. On castelletoure cf. Kölbing’s note to Tristrem, l. 158.
St. 229
p. 91, l. 2636. Cf. Kölbing’s notes to Amis and Amiloun, l. 1019, and to The lyfe of Ipomadon, l. 506. Here the expression, no good he ne couth means, he was quite feeble and strengthless.
St. 231
p. 92, l. 2661. Cf. Eglamour, l. 1339, Lincoln MS.:
‘In Rome this romance crouned es.’
The Cambridge MS. reads instead:
‘In Rome thys geste cronyculd ys.’
I am inclined to think that crouned is nothing else but a misreading for cronyculd. Afterwards, considered to be correct, it has originated expressions like those we find here.
Footnote to Notes
GLOSSARY.
Commas at the end of some entries are not errors. The letters I and J are alphabetized together. Initial U is written and alphabetized as V.
Asterisks* are not explained. They seem to indicate words that did not appear in the original MS but are the result of editorial emendation. They may or may not occur elsewhere in the text.
A B C D E F G H IJ K L M N O P R S T UV W Y
abydde, 2/41, vb. to endure.
a-bye, 21/569, vb. to pay for.
actone, 79/2276, sb. a jacket of quilted cotton. Cf. Skeat’s Glossary to Wars of Al., s.v.
ago, 3/65, pp. gone.
a-right, 48/1364, pt. s. prepared, served up.
assent, 48/1357, sb. proposal.
assttyt, 23/640, adv. at once.
auter, 68/1952, sb. altar.
avented, 54/1554, pt. s. refl. recovered his breath.
aventorres, 2/39, sb. pl. adventures.
aventurly, 44/1229, adv. boldly.
axithe, 10/260, pr. 3 sg. asks.
balle, 15/400, sb. bale.
bane,* 29/794, sb. bone;
52/1478, sb. destruction, death;
59/1678, sb. over-comer.
bare, 53/1502, pr. s. stabbed.
barys, 35/978, sb. pl. bars.
bayte, 54/1553, vb. to pasture.
bed, 29/793, pp. offered.
bent, 25/701, 86/2487, sb. battle-field.
berdles, 36/1015, adj. beardless.
bere, 37/1045, vb. to stab.
be-stad, 29/808, pp. sore bestad = distressed.
bet, 57/1622, pt. s. beat.
be-taught, 58/1651, pp. surrendered, delivered.
bett, 55/1585, pp. beaten;
40/1123, pp. ornamented.
be-tyde, 45/1270, vb. to befall;
cf. the note to this line.
beytyng, 36/1008, vb. sb., baiting.?
bla,* 9/237, adj. pale, wan;
cf. the note.
blo,* 13/351, adj. blue.
blynd, 4/87, pr. s. conj. blind.
bode, 18/498, pr. s. ordered.
boffettes, 85/2472;
buffettes, 56/1596, sb. pl. blow, dint.
bone, 55/1565, sb. prayer.
bord, 29/819, 42/1194, sb. table.
bowes, 51/1451, sb. pl. bough, branch.
bowght, 21/556, sb. bend.
brayd, 56/1598, sb. sudden attack.
broke, 30/833, 48/1354, vb. to enjoy.
browȝ, 24/654, sb. rising ground, hill.
byddythe, 18/500, pr. s. waited, remained.
byght, 22/605, vb. to bite.
byne, 2/46, vb. to be.
byrlyd, 11/292, 12/329, pr. s. to pour out.
castell toure, 90/2597, sb. castle tower.
chaffare, 35/986, sb. bargain.
chalenge, 41/1150;
pr. s. 41/1163;
pr. s. conj. challenge.
cheff-foster, 21/574, sb. chief-foster.
ches, 26/718, pr. s. chose.
chyrge, 29/814, sb. church.
clarkys, 1/12, sb. pl. clerks.
clere, 3/62, adj. clere of, renowned for.
clow,* 20/542, sb. clough.
cobled, 46/1298, adj. cobled stones = cobblestones.
comely, 26/722, adv. in a comely manner;
cf. the note.
contenance,* 3/75, sb. countenance, presence of mind.
cord, 48/1357, pr. s. accord.
coueryd, 87/2506, pr. pl. Vp they coueryd = They recovered.?
countenance, 39/1105, sb. countenance.
couped, 42/1193, pp.;
cf. the note.
coupled, 87/2520, pp. coupled;
cf. the note.
coursus, 41/1150, 42/1177, sb. pl. courses.
couth, 46/1295, 91/2636, pr. s. knew.
craftely, 54/1527, adv. skilfully.
crest, 40/1128;
creste, 83/2407, sb. crest.
croke, 36/1018, 37/1042, 55/1577, 56/1607, 58/1652, sb. crook.
dalle, 21/562, sb. valley.
delyuer, 41/1154, vb.;
41/1151, imp. to deliver up;
delyuerd, 63/1806, 1808, pp. delivered of a child;
delyuerd, 82/2372, pp. released?
dent, 2/41, sb. blow.
departid, 47/1329, pr. pl. divorced.
dewe, 4/88, sb. dieu.
deyr, 2/37, adj. dear.
deyse, 38/1067, 42/1192, sb. dais.
dight, 39/1081, pr. s. built.
disparplid,* 70/2010, pp. dispersed;
cf. the note.
dong, 61/1754, pr. pl. dung, beat.
dourst, 3/81, prs. sg. darest.
draught, 58/1654, sb. draught.
dryee, 36/994, vb. endure.
duchyes, 33/933, sb. pl. duchies.
dulful, 19/519, adj. troublesome.
dynnyng, 52/1487, sb. roaring.
dyspisyst, 2/47, prs. 2 sg. despisest.
eb, 64/1846, sb. ebb;
cf. the note.
ebbyd, 8/223, pp. ebbing.
ech, 92/2657, pron. each.
eche, 24/649, sb. oak.
endentyd, 9/227, pp. indented, adorned.
erber, 65/1868, sb. garden of pleasure.
ermyght, 36/1008, sb.?
eyllythe, 34/958, prs. 3 sg. ails.
fall, 47/1331, vb. to fell, kill.
fame, 2/31, sb. foam.
fare, 44/1234, sb. at that fare = under these circumstances.
farly, 2/44;
ferly, 69/1974, 71/2035, sb. wonder.
fawe,* 16/431, adj. destined to death.
fede,* 2/30, sb. feed, pasture ground;
cf. the note.
ffede, 51/1444, sb.;
cf. the note.
fell, 85/2444, adj. strong, able.
fell, 1/21, 4/90, vb. to fell, kill;
fellythe, 3/82, pr. 3 sg. fells.
fere, 3/69, 4/98, 4/102, 33/931, 85/2466, sb. companion.
fesomnyd, 2/28, pr. s.;
cf. the note.
fet, 12/309, pp. fetched.
ffettouris, 81/2333, sb. pl. fetters.
flyng, 67/1927, vb. to hasten.
flyngyng, 14/378, p. prs. hastening.
fode, 36/1012, sb. food;
ffode, 64/1823, sb. child, wight.
ffont, 69/1993, sb. font.
forsake, 26/724, vb. to leave behind.
fforward, 41/1743, sb. agreement.
fraye, 23/638, sb. attack.
freke, 58/1661, sb. warrior.
frethe, 6/161, sb. forest.
fyle, 33/911, sb. fill.
ffyne, 39/1086, sb. fine.
fytte, 17/458, sb. pl. feet.
fytyng, 7/1731, p. prs. fighting.
gadlyng, 36/1015, sb. vagabond.
gale, 46/1313, sb. galley.
gas, 4/103, prs. 3 sg. goes.
gestonye, 82/2374, 91/2625, 91/2627, sb. banquet, feast.
gethe, 71/2042, prs. 3 sg. goes.
glemyrryng, 16/426, p. prs. glimmering.
governe, 28/779, vb. refl. to behave.
greme,* 67/1929, sb. grief, sorrow.
grennyng, 40/1126, p. prs. distorting, gaping.
gryffon, 69/1971;
greffon, 69/1981, sb. griffin.
grype, 68/1961, sb. griffin.
harood, 60/1711, sb. herald;
82/2365, harroldys, sb. pl. heralds.
harood, 63/1799, pr. s. distracted.
hed, 17/444, sb. heed.
hede, 74/2126, vb. to behead.
hede-vale, 74/2135, 91/2621, sb. principal value;
cf. the note to l. 2135.
hedles, 25/702, adj. headless.
hende, 4/106, adj. courteous.
herne,* 37/1030, sb. brains.
heved,* 14/371, sb. head.
hight, 65/1860, sb. height.
housell, 45/1272;
howsell, 74/2139, sb. housel.
howge, 20/548, adj. huge, enormous.
howt, 25/703, adv. out.
hurt, 57/1625, sb. hurt.
i-bye, 43/1222, vb. to pay for.
i-wysse, 15/391, adv. surely.
juster, 84/2420, sb. jousting knight.
kene, 2/47, adj. brave.
kerpyng, 92/2662, vb. sb. talking.
lade, 58/1663, sb. load, i.e. a lot of blows.
lay, 6/165, 52/1492, sb. grass land, bank.
lede, 2/36, sb. country.
lemyred, 11/291, pr. s. glimmered.
lenage, 18/491, sb. lineage, family.
lende, 1/9, prs. pl. go.
leng, 32/899, vb. to stay.
lent, 85/2461, sb. lent?
leryd, 40/1110, pp. informed.
lifte, 45/1273, vb. to lift.
lothly, 34/964, 35/991;
lothely, 53/1508, 54/1534, adj. loathsome.
love, 59/1692, sb. love, sweet-heart.
lyst, 1/7, vb. to listen.
lythe, 13/337, vb. to listen.
lyvelode, 83/2384, sb. livelihood.
maistershipmon, 50/1425, sb. captain.
mall, 12/322, sb. hammer, club.
markyd, 90/2592, pr. s. directed.
mate, 25/678, adj. faint, exhausted.
maynerey, 16/435, sb. banquet, feast.
maystry, 8/212, sb. mastery;
maystres, 28/789, sb. pl. = maystries, exploits?
meche, 10/270, 20/531, 26/713, 37/1040, adj. much, great.
met, 25/700, pr. s. measured.
moche, 49/1399, 76/2195, adj. much, great.
myd mete, 41/1141, 42/1189, sb. the middle of the dinner.
mylle, 3/79, sb. mile.
myrre, 11/293, 34/943, adj. merry.
myster, 21/581, sb. need, want.
nonys, 46/1299, in phr. for þe nones, for the once, for the occasion.
noryse, 67/1928, sb. nurse.
not,* 54/1535, prs. ne wot, don’t know.
nowyd, 6/153, pp. annoyed? cf. the note.
of-smyght, 25/691, vb. to cut off.
omage, 39/1086, sb. homage.
onfre,* 53/1499, adj. unnoble.
on-harnes, 11/302, vb. to unharness.
ordor, 2/51, sb. order.
ordurres, 2/48, sb. pl. knighthood, dub.
ovyr-ryde, 2/40, vb. to ride over, to overcome?
payn, 44/1252, sb. fine, mulct.
persewyd,* 17/462, pp. pursued.
pertely, 53/1501, adv. openly, plainly.
pluckys, 56/1611, sb. strokes;
cf. Halliwell, Dict., p. 633.
pomell, 26/714, sb. pommel.
poynt, 17/445, 88/2540, = poynt of armys, 3/68, 30/832, 49/1383, sb. exploit.
prekand, 45/1263, prs. p. pricking.
preste, 50/1418, adj. ready.
preve, 10/275, adj. privy.
pyll, 21/573, sb. rock?
ragyd, 7/194, adj. ragged.
rawght, 24/645, pr. s. gave.
red, 7/178, sb. counsel.
reioyse, 75/2151, 80/2309, 91/2640, vb. to enjoy.
rerid, 55/1561, pr. pl. reared, tried to bring on.
reue, 35/986, vb. to bereave, to rob.
reuelid, 85/2467, pr. pl. revelled, feasted.
revid, 88/2546, pp. robbed.
rewe, 31/860, vb. to rue, to pity.
reysed, 46/1313, pr. pl. raised, made ready;
reysing, 51/1454, prs. p. rising, starting up.
rially, 87/2516, adv. royally.
rialte, 85/2455, sb. royal state.
rightfull, 64/1834, adj. rightfull.
roall, 85/2450, adj. royal.
rome, 19/516, sb. cross-way?
rore, 37/132, vb. to roar.
rough, 66/1879, sb. wood, copse.
rowe, 50/1426, prs. pl. row.
rowght, 24/645, sb. stroke, blow?
rude, 58/1666, adj. rude.
ryd, 2/44, pr. s. rode.
ryde-wey, 22/598, sb. spur-way, horse-way.
ryngis, 82/2354, sb. ring, arena.
ryved, 73/2090, pr. s. ryved up, landed, disembarked;
ryven, 50/1435, pr. p. landed.
sare, 4/97, adv. sorely.
sarten, 26/717, adj. sb. the sarten = the truth.
sayment, 2/50, sb. trial, exploit.
scape, 81/2327, prs. subj. escape.
schedyng, 19/516, sb. separation.
scheff-chambyr, 26/718, sb. chief-chamber, first rank-chamber.
scheld, 21/578, vb. to shelter.
schere, 21/556, vb. to shear, to cut.
schope, 21/567, pr. s. created.
schowt, 21/570,
schoute, 61/1751, 65/1877, s.;
schuot, 22/594, vb. to shout.
season, 75/2157, sb. court.
see-fome, 75/2165, sb. sea-foam.
sege, 77/2204, sb. siege.
sekyrnes, 30/835, sb. surety.
semled, 85/2445, pr. pl. assembled.
sete, 33/922, sb. city.
seth, 74/2141, conj. since.
sett, 41/1152, pr. s. sat.
sewe, 4/89, vb. to look at.
shipped, 45/1260, pr. s. 46/1318, pr. pl. shypped, pp. embarked.
shone, 40/1117, sb. pl. shoes.
side lokyng, 57/1637, sb. side-glance.
siȝed, 79/2288, pr. s. sighed.
simarr,* 47/1338, sb. cloak;
see the note.
slade, 58/1660, sb. slade.
slon,* 16/458, sb. sloe.
smote, 76/2185;
smote adown, 77/2203, pr. s. cast anchor.
solasyd, 24/657, pr. s. solaced, comforted.
solemnite, 56/1591, sb. pride.
sotell, 61/1761, adj. subtle, sly.
sownyng, 49/1400, 62/1782, 90/2615, sb. swooning.
sparid, 73/2096, pr. pl. barred, blocked up.
sped, 3/70, prs. conj. speed.
spent, 67/1910, pp. lost.
sperryd, 14/364, pr. s. barred, shut up.
sperrys, 5/127, sb. spire, tree.
spousage, 62/1791, sb. spousage.
sprent, 7/181, pr. s. lept.
spryt, 7/181, sb. pole.
stad,* 55/1566, sb. stead.
state, 60/1729, sb. chair of state.
stere,* 24/662, vb. refl. move.
steryng, 62/1785, p. prs. stirring, moving.
stomlyng, 24/660, p. prs. stumbling.
storrope, 35/987, sb. stirrup.
strake, 2/42, pr. s. struck.
styll, 18/477, sb. steel.
swathing band, 67/1917, sb. swath.
swowe,* 20/548, sb. noise;
cf. the note.
sybbe,* 27/739, sb. kinsman.
takyll, 49/1402, sb. tackling.
tall, 26/734, sb. tale.
tene, 3/73, sb. grief, sorrow.
the, 2/49, vb. to thrive.
thede,* 60/1728, sb. people.
thefe, 46/1292;
theffe, 58/1659, sb. villain.
theves, 61/1760, sb. pl. villains.
thole,* 17/460, vb. to suffer.
throng, 38/1057, sb. crowd, troop.
thronge, 79/2283, pr. pl. thronged, pressed.
tombelyd, 42/1173, pr. pl. tumbled.
to-sheverd, 42/1172, pr. s. shivered in pieces.
trast,* 17/455,? vb. to trust.
trayll, 46/1314, vb. to trail.
trayn, 29/803, 51/1455, sb. treachery, deceit.
trompettys, 29/816, 34/443,
trumpettes, 41/1164, sb. pl. trumpets.
trovylld, 17/452, pr. s. travailed, exerted himself.
trow, 21/572, pr. s. believe.
trusse, 13/354, vb. to truss.
trussyd, 14/371, pr. pl. trussed.
tyed, 92/2658, pp.;
cf. the note.
tyght, 22/589, adj. tight.
tyght, 25/690, adv. in phr. ase tyght, at once.
tymbyr, 2/40, 81/2349, 86/2483, sb. lance.
tynding, 42/1181, sb. beating;
cf. the note.
vale, s. hede.
venturus, 55/1566, adj. adventurous, dangerous.
vetelid, 76/2188, pp. supplied with provisions.
victoure, 83/2411, sb. victor.
vnbrydeled, 54/1552, pr. s. unbridled.
vnder, 71/2029, sb. noon.
vndyr-nethe, 20/542, prep. underneath.
vndertane, 61/1733, vb. to undertake.
walloyng, 7/189, prs. p. wallowing.
wanne, 62/1767, adj. wan, dark.
ward, 48/1351, sb. warden.
waried, 43/1211, 88/2544, pr. pl. cursed;
waried, 54/1537, pp. cursed.
warne, 29/795, prs. s. deny, refuse.
water fflood, 65/1872, sb. water-flood.
watt, 44/1247, prs. 3 sg. knows.
wax, 3/73, pr. s. became.
wede, 2/33, sb. garment, dress.
wekid, 80/2302, adj. wicked;
see the note.
were, 57/1623, vb. to get tired.
were, 28/773, adj. aware.
wet-saffe, 17/466, pr. s. vouchsafe.
wexe,* 9/237, pr. pl. became.
wight, 54/1551, sb. white.
wilsom, 71/2030;
wyld-som, 20/535;
wyldsome, 19/506, adj. wild, desert.
wis, 53/1525, vb. to show.
wod, 14/377, adj. mad.
won, 4/94, adj. one.
wonande, 1/14, p. prs. living.
wondyr-thyng, 2/53, sb. wondrous thing.
wonne, 46/1295, sb. custom, expedient.
wonne, 46/1307, pp. wont? cf. the note.
wonne, 65/1870, p. dwelling, living?
wonne, 69/1995, pp. won.
wrought vp, 54/1532, pr. s. built up, raised.
wyght,* 1/15, 3/60.
wyt, 27/749,
wyhte, 30/848, adj. wight.
yare,* 7/177,* 14/369, 47/1320, adv. wholly, yarely.
yatis gone, 71/2025, sb. pl. footpaths.
yell, 46/1305, vb. to yell.
yell, 52/1487, sb. yell.
yf, 61/1740, imp. s.
yff, 70/2009, prs. conj. s. may give.
ylke, 25/694, 63/1801, pron. same.
INDEX OF NAMES.
Adolake, 434, the name of a sword;
Adyloke, 665;
Hatheloke, 791.
Adryan, 927, St. Hadrian.
Amyas, 345, a young prince.
Antioche, 2229, Antiochia.
Antony, 1874, 1940, 1970, 2558, St. Antony.
Antony fice greffoun, 1998, 2435, 2476, Torrent’s son.
Aragon, 1114, 1152, 1182, 1212, 1257, 1325, 2110;
Eragon, 765.
Awsden, 1029, St. Austin.
Be-gon-mese, 101, a giant.
Berweyne, 344;
see Jakys.
Brasille, 1450, a forest on the Norwegian coast.
Calabur, 847, 907, 952, 1059, 1320, 2113, Calabria.
Calamond, 1221, King of Portugal;
Calomond, 2116, 2168;
Colomand, 2104;
Colomond, 1408, 2143.
Cardon, 1091, a town in Calabria.
Cargon, 1326, a town in Aragon.
Cate, 1238, 1254, 1293, 1593, a giant.
Desonelle, 109, 382, 446, 450, 478, 673, 795, 859, 985, 1102, 1135, 1161, 1359, 1393, 1703, 1780, 2006, 2059, 2077, 2092, 2173, 2401, 2424, 2500, 2509, 2523, 2533, 2587, 2614, King Calamond’s daughter, Torrent’s spouse;
Dissonelle, 1329;
Dysonelle, 32.
Elyoner, 347, daughter of the King of Gales.
Flonthus, 1005, Slonges of Flonthus, a giant.
Fuolles, 748, Slogus of Fuolles, variation of the former name.
Gales, 346, 408, 417.
Gendres, 1747, daughter of the King of Norway.
George, 1677, St. George.
Grece, 2419, 2434, 2557, 2643, Greece.
Grekes, 79, 1282, 2179, 2645, Greeks.
Gryffen, 1215, St. Griffon.
Hungry, 970, Hungary.
Jakys, 344, Jakys of Berweyne, a young prince.
Jame, 744, 788, St. James.
Jerusalem, 1897, 1921, 1938, 2236, 2245, 2275, 2426, 2473, 2554, 2633.
Jesus, 134, 274, 537, 540, 675, 996, 1340, 1371, 1382, 1447, 1539, 1564, 1702, 1799, 1937, 1985, 1997, 2218, 2580;
Iesu Cryst, 206, 529, 1275, 1832, 1852, 2664.
John, 1884, 2140, 2514, 2559, St. John.
Katryn, 2053, St. Catherine.
Leobertus, 1925, 2246, 2477, Torrent’s son.
Marre, 85, 624;
Mary, 136, 1308, 1565, 1646, 1888, 1906, 1946, 1969, 2098, 2311;
Marry, 61, 259, 863.
Mavdeleyn, 489;
Mawdleyn, 505, 737, Maudlin, name of a forest.
Mownpolyardnus, 716, the name of a sword.
Myhelle, 753, St. Michael.
Nazareth, 465, 2032, 2041, 2389, 2437, 2528.
Norway, 1370, 1377, 1412, 1417, 1759, 1781, 2083.
Nycholas de Barr, 1337, St. Nicholas de Bari;
see the note.
Peron, 1776, 1830;
Perowne, 659;
Perrown, 412, a town in Portugal.
Pervens, 420, 1095, 1320;
Pervyns, 868, 2113, Provence;
Provyns, 397, 413.
Portingale, 1069, 1346, 2090, 2095, 2593;
Portyngale, 1772, 2134, 2176, 2413, 2620;
Portynggalle, 13, 25, 374, 399, 727, 763, 877, 883, 1255, Portugal.
Quarelle, 2182, 2415, a town in Syria.
Raynes, 2414, a town in Syria.
Rochense, 637, a giant.
Rome, 12, 118, 187, 190, 198, 558, 924, 1224, 1282, 1319, 1924, 2183, 2626, 2661.
Samson, 95, Samson.
Sarȝins, 2232, Saracens.
Sathanas, 1237, Satan.
Slochys, 850;
Slogus, 748;
Slonges, 1005;
Slongus, 967, a giant.
Torrayne, 26, Touraine.
Torren, 343.
Torrent, 34, 46, 49, 61, 91, 133, 148, 181, 200, 203, 217, 224, 230, 252, 280, 295, 302, 314, 392, 399, 432, 466, 470, 477, 480, 495, 504, 519, 528, 540, 556, 577, 585, 591, 621, 634, 642, 645, 648, 663, 670, 677, 681, 687, 691, 693, 699, 733, 739, 752, 768, 772, 819, 824, 825, 828, 834, 839, 843, 852, 877, 883, 896, 946, 957, 984, 987, 999, 1006, 1021, 1023, 1039, 1044, 1051, 1060, 1072, 1119, 1163, 1167, 1170, 1176, 1200, 1256, 1263, 1270, 1284, 1298, 1414, 1434, 1480, 1535, 1699, 1756, 1838, 1903, 2081, 2485, 2630;
Terrant, 142;
Terrent, 85;
Torent, 157, 205, 756, 784, 1246, 1254, 1278, 1293, 1307, 1317, 1322, 1325, 1331, 1347, 1355, 1367, 1379, 1391, 1437, 1443, 1494, 1511, 1517, 1562, 1569, 1598, 1613, 1622, 1724, 1727, 1780, 1811, 2084, 2097, 2107, 2117, 2120, 2140, 2150, 2155, 2179, 2191, 2197, 2209, 2224, 2244, 2257, 2263, 2269, 2281, 2330, 2362, 2380, 2478, 2479, 2482, 2489, 2495, 2501, 2503, 2511, 2534, 2567, 2575, 2603, 2611, 2617, 2642, 2649;
Torrant, 70, 76, 103, 241, 253, 364, 380, 657, 760, 840, 963;
Tyrrant, 18.
Velond, 427, Veland the smith.
Verdownys, 305, 341, 410, son of the King of Provence.
Weraunt, 1650, a giant.
R. CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY.