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Tibetan Grammar

Note 1 — Appendix.

Reading edition

WT kʽyod gá-na̤ yoṅ, Where do you come from?

CT kʽyöʼ gʽá-na̤ yoṅ.

W kʽyod su yin, C kʽyöʼ s. y. Who are you?

W kʽyod (C kʽyöʼ) sṳ̄1 yin.2 Whose (man, servant) are you?

W kʽyod ráṅi miṅ c̀i zer, What is your name? (rule 34. 2. c is not always observed)

C kʽyöʼ-kyi míṅ-la gʽaṅ zér-gi yöʼ-dʽam.

W kʽyód-di kʽáṅ-pa gá-na yod, Where is your house?

C kʽyöʼ-kyi kʽaṅ-pa gʽá-na yöʼ(-pa).

W kʽyod c̀i-la yoṅ, Why do you come?

C kʽyöʼ gʽaṅ-la yoṅ. (What do you want?)

W c̀i-la ’i-ru dug. Why are you here?

W ṅa s̀ruṅ-te dad. I sit here to watch.

W dī yúl-li miṅ c̀i zer, What is the name of this village?

C yul dī miṅ-la gʽaṅ zér-ra3 yim-pa.

W kʽyod-la ḍel-wa4 z̀ig yód-da, Have you any errand (business)?

C kʽyöʼ la dʽo̤n z̀ig yöʼ-dʽam.

W c̀aṅ med; c̀ʽón-la yoṅ(s), Not any; I have come to no purpose.

C c̀aṅ mĕ́ʼ; dʽo̤n-mĕ́ʼ-la yoṅ.

W da tʽug pa tʽuṅ-c̀e-la kaṅ-pa-la-soṅ. Then go home to eat (drink) your soup.

W yod: ṅá-la man5 z̀ig sal6, Yes: please give me some medicine.

C yöʼ: ṅá-la ma̤n z̀ig naṅ7-rog.

W ṅá-la zug8 yod, Ts sug gyág9-gī, I am ill (I have got, am befallen with, an illness).

Ü ṅá-la ná-tʽsa toṅ10-gi dug.

W zúr-mo rag, C - - dug. I feel pain.

W gá-na, C gʽá-na. Where?

W ḍód-pa11-la, C ḍʽöʼ-pa-la. In the stomach.

W gó-la zug rag, C - - - yöʼ. I have headache.

W ṅa-z̀a yaṅ-pa-la c̀ʽa-c̀e-la tʽsan-te rag. We should have taken a walk, but it is too hot.

WC di len. Take this!

W di kʽyer, C di kʽur soṅ. Take this with (you)!

W di kʽyoṅ, C di kʽur s̀og. Bring this!

W di gá-zug c̀o-c̀e, How shall I do this?

C di gʽán-ḍa̤12 j̀ĕʼ toṅ (or j̀ĕʼ gyu) yin (yim-pa).

W dí-zug c̀o mi gos (goi, gō̤), You must not do it in this way.

C dí-ḍā̤ j̀ĕʼ mi gō̤.

W ṅá-la da-ruṅ ó-ma z̀ig gos, I want some more milk.

C ṅá-la dʽa-ruṅ wó-ma s̀ig gō̤.

W i lág-mo c̀o, C di lég-mo j̀ā̤. Clean this!

W bé-ma daṅ ṭu13-c̀e, Wash it with sand!

C j̀é-mā̤ ṭʽṳ̄.

W ṅa-la c̀ʽu c̀uṅ zad (C säʼ) c̀ig naṅ14 z̀ig (C s̀ig). Give me some water, please!

W lág-pa lág-mo yód-da, Are (your) hands clean?

C lág-pa lég-mo (lā-mo, or tsaṅ-wa) é yöʼ.

W o-ma tʽsag-rā̤́-la tʽsag toṅ, Filter the milk through the filtering cloth!

C wo-ma - - - tʽsag s̀og.

W tʽab c̀ʽuṅ-se dḗ c̀ʽog-la bor-toṅ, Put the little stove there!

C - - - dʽḗ c̀ʽog (c̀ʽö)-la z̀ag15-c̀ig.

W pʽàn-dil sá-la pʽob16 (pʽab-toṅ), Put the pot (degc̀i) down on the ground!

C saṅ17 sá-la pʽáb-s̀ig.

W zaṅ(-bu) me daṅ ñe-mo bor, Put the pot near the fire!

C saṅ me dʽaṅ ñe-mo z̀ag.

W pʽog ton. Take it off!

W ñí-ma gás18-sa (gā̤-a) tsám-z̀ig-ga me pʽu19, As soon as the sun sets, light a fire!

C - - gā̤ tsam-s̀ig-la - -.

W kar-yol kʽyoṅ-ṅa son. Go to fetch the china!

- - len-na s̀og. Come to take away - -.

W c̀ʽu ḍáṅ-mo20 daṅ ṭú-na kar-yól21 mi dag (or kar-yol lag-mo mi c̀ʽa-yin); tʽsán-te z̀ig láṅ-te gyal-la ṭu gos (gō̤), If you wash with cold water, the china does not become clean; wash it well with some hot (water)!

C c̀ʽu dʽáṅ mō̤ tṳ̄ na kar-yól mi dag; tʽsám-mo s̀íg gī lég (lā̤)-pa-ṭṳ̄ s̀og.

W lás (lā̤)-ka tʽsaṅ-ma tʽsar-na̤ mán-na ma c̀ʽa, Unless all the work is done, don’t go! (or) you must not go.

C - - - ma̤m-pa ḍo22 mi c̀ʽog.

W sol-c̀óg23 ṭʽal-ḍig24 c̀o-a, Shall I make the table ready?

C - - - - j̀ĕʼ gyu yin-na(m).

W o-ná; c̀og-tán tiṅ25 toṅ, Yes; lay (spread) the cloth!

C yā-ya; c̀og-tá̤n tíṅ-c̀ig.

W tib-ríl li naṅ-na c̀ʽu máṅ-po yód-da ñúṅ-ṅu yód, Is there much water in the teapot, or little?

C - - gyi-naṅ-na c̀ʽu máṅ-po yöʼ-dʽam ñúṅ-ṅu yöʼ.

W ñúṅ ṅu z̀ig yod (a-tʽsig man-na med), (But) a little.

C ñúṅ ṅu s̀ig yöʼ.

W tib-ril c̀ʽu kaṅ26-te kʽyoṅ, Fill the teapot with water, and bring it!

C - - c̀ʽṳ̄ káṅ-nā̤ kʽur s̀og.

W tib-ril dzag dug. The kettle leaks.

W kár-yā27 daṅ j̀ar28 gos (gō̤), It must be soldered (fastened with pewter).

C kár-yā̤ (or s̀a-kar-gyī) j̀ar gō̤.

W gar-wa̤29 tsar30 kʽyer, Take it to the blacksmith’s.

C kʽur soṅ.

W s̀el-kor gas (gā̤) soṅ, The tumbler (glass-cup) has got a crack.

C s̀el-pʽor gā̤ soṅ.

W ṅā̤ ma zer-na s̀iṅ ma kʽyoṅ, Unless I tell you, do not bring wood!

C - - ser-na - - kyal31.

W sab mol-na kʽyoṅ yin, When master commands, I shall bring.

C sa-hib suṅ32-na kyal gyu yin.

W sab gá-zug mol, What did you say, sir (did the gentleman say)?

C sa-hib gʽaṅ suṅ wa yin.

W ma pʽaṅ33; bud ma c̀ug34, Don’t cast it away! Do not let it slip!

C ma bʽor-wa j̀ʽĕʼ; bʽüʼ ma c̀ug.

WC rig-pa ḍim35, Take care! Cautiously!

W kʽa-dar c̀o.

W nán36-c̀e man, You must not press!

C ná̤n gyu min.

W ḍás37-si (ḍā̤́-i) lág-ma ṭí38-te bor, Put by the remainder of the rice!

C ḍā̤́-kyi lhág-ma tʽsag j̀ʽā̤.

W lag-ma mi dug, c̀aṅ ma lus (lṳ̄). There is no remainder; nothing is left.

W o-ma lud ma c̀ug, Do not let the milk run over!

C wo-ma lüʼ ma c̀ug.

W c̀ʽín-pa39 ma túb40-te són-te kʽyoṅ, Not cutting the liver, bring it as a whole!

C - - - - - tʽsáṅ-ma (or gʽáṅ-mo) kʽur-s̀og.

W a-lu s̀u-te tub toṅ, Peel the potatoes, and cut them in pieces!

C kyi-u (or ḍo-ma41) s̀u-te tub-c̀ig.

maṅ-po (or yun riṅ-mo) ma gor. Don’t tarry much!

W gyog-pa (C gyog-po, gyō-po) s̀og. Come soon!

W ma j̀ed42, 1. Do not forget! 2. (I) did not forget.

C ma j̀ĕʼ.

W yid-la zum43 tʽub-ba, Can you remember it (bear it in mind)?

C sem-la ṅē tʽub-ba.

W yid-la zum gos (gō̤), You must bear it in mind, (make it certain).

C ṅē-pa j̀ʽĕʼ gō̤.

naṅ-du soṅ; naṅ-du s̀og. Go in! Come in!

W naṅ-du kyod44, Go (or come) in, sir!

C naṅ-du pʽeb.

W dod45, C däʼ. Sit down!

z̀ug46. Please sit down, sir!

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