INDEX

Aard-vark, 104. Acorns, eaten by woodpeckers, 46, 51, 57, 58, 59. Acquired habits, 61-66. Adaptations of woodpeckers to environment,104-109. Ant-bear, 104, 106. Ants, as food for woodpeckers, 3, 30, 63, 105, 106. Argument from design, 110. Bear, black, 107. Beechnuts, as food for woodpeckers, 57, 58, 59. Beetles, as food for woodpeckers, 3, 11, 63. Bill of woodpeckers as a tool, 68-76. Borers, 3, 10, 11, 29, 30, 36. Burroughs, John, quoted, 17. Cacti, woodpeckers nesting in, 20. Cannibalism among woodpeckers, 64. Carpenter, the. See California woodpecker. Carpintero, El. See California woodpecker. Caterpillars, as food for woodpeckers, 10, 11, 29, 63. Cecropia chrysalids, eaten by woodpeckers, 9. Chestnuts, eaten by woodpeckers, 59. Chickadee, 16, 21, 25, 30, 32, 74. Chipmunks, hoarding food, 60. Clape. See Flicker. Creeper, brown, 5, 81, 87, 88. Crossbills, eating salted food, 31. Crow, hoarding habit, 60; 74. Cuckoo, ground, 82. Cuckoos, yoke-toed, 5, 82. Drumming of yellow-bellied sapsucker, 16, 17. Evolution, 109, 112. Feeding young, how the flicker does it, 24, 25. Fence-posts used by woodpeckers, 48, 56, 58. Finch, purple, 39. Finches, 74. Fish-spears, 12, 13. Flicker, 6, 7, 15, 18, 20, 23-26, 73, 74, 82, 88, 89, 95, 97-99, 101, 103, 106, 125. brown, 126. cactus, 126. gilded, 126. Guadalupe Island, 127. northern, 126. northwestern, 126. red-shafted, 126. Flycatching habits of woodpeckers, 7, 56, 106, 124. Foot, of a four-toed woodpecker figured, 77. of a three-toed woodpecker figured, 80. discussed as a tool, 77-85. Grasshoppers, as food for woodpeckers, 3, 56, 63. Grosbeaks, pine, 39. Grouse, ruffed, 14, 15. Grouse, sharp-tailed, 15. Hawk, sparrow, 21. High-hole. See Flicker. Hoarding habits, 62, 63. Hummingbird, Anna’s, 27. Hummingbirds, 25, 103. Hyoid bones, 100-103. Jay, blue, hoarding habit, 53, 60. Kinglets, 5. Lightning rods attracting woodpeckers, 18. Logcock. See Woodpecker, pileated. Maple, rock and red, sugar made from, 36. Maize, eaten by English sparrows, 62, 65. Mandibles of woodpeckers, 13, 101. Martin, sand, 20. Mice, hoarding habit, 60. Migration, dependent upon food supply, 63. Mountain-ash trees, sought by woodpeckers, 38. Nesting of woodpeckers, 20-23. Nests, in unusual places, 20. North America, ornithologically defined, 114. Nuthatches, 5, 21, 30, 81. Oaks, used by Californian woodpecker for storing nuts, 48, 49. Oranges, eaten by woodpeckers, 65, 66. Owls, 15, 21, 80. Pangolin, as an ant-eater, 104. Parrot, 13, 82. Parroquet, Carolina, 5. Pigeon, domestic, 27. Pines, acorns stored in, 49. “Ploughshare,” anchylosed vertebræ of tail, 86. Ravens, 74. Reason in woodpeckers’ hoarding, 62. Red-head. See Woodpecker, red-headed. Robins, 39. Sap, not used as an insect-lure, 41. how its loss harms the tree, 44, 45. Sapsucker, orange, 65. See, also, Woodpecker, red-bellied. red-breasted, 122. red-naped, 121. Williamson’s, 122. yellow-bellied, 7, 15-17, 33-45, 59, 102, 103, 105, 106. Skull of woodpecker figured, 101. Sparrow, English or house, 21, 62, 65. Spears, 12, 13. Spruce, acorns stored in, 47, 49, 53. Squirrels, thievishness of, 23, 53. Subspecies defined, 114. Swallow, eaves or cliff, 61, 64, 65. Swallow, tree, 21. Swift, chimney, 5, 20, 61, 87, 88. Tail, shape, 89. number of rectrices, 95. experimental demonstration of shape a priori, 91. reason for shape, 98. Tail-feathers studied, 94-97. Taste in the woodpeckers, 38, 39. Telegraph poles resorted to by woodpeckers, 7, 18, 48. Thumb, of birds, 80. Tin roofs resorted to by woodpeckers, 17, 55. Titmouse, crested, 21. Toes, numbering of, 79, 80. Tongue, appearance of, 99. figured, 99. bones of, 13, 100-103. Trogons, yoke-toed, 82. Vanessa butterfly, 16. Vegetable food of woodpeckers, 3, 31. Vireos, 30. Warblers, 30. Weevils, not the object in storing nuts, 52. Woodpecker, Alaskan three-toed, 121. alpine three-toed, 121. American three-toed, 121. ant-eating, 123. arctic three-toed, 120. Arizona, 120. Batchelder’s, 118. Batchelder’s, 118. black-breasted, 6. See, also, Williamson’s sapsucker. Cabanis’s, 118. Californian, 46-54, 56, 66. downy, 6, 17, 21, 28-33, 59, 63, 70, 74, 83, 86, 88, 95, 107, 114, 118. Gairdner’s, 118. Gila, 55, 125. golden-fronted, 55, 102, 125. hairy, 6, 9, 28, 32, 59, 63, 74, 83, 86, 88, 89, 95, 97-99, 107, 114, 117. Harris’s, 118. ivory-billed, 70, 71, 73, 83, 88, 89, 93, 97, 98, 107, 117. ladder-backed, 119. Lewis’s, 6, 13, 55, 59, 66, 103, 124. narrow-fronted, 124. Nelson’s downy, 119. northern hairy, 118. northern pileated, 123. Nuttall’s, 119. pileated, 6, 71, 73, 83, 88, 93, 95, 98, 99, 107, 123. red-bellied, 6, 55, 65, 124. red-cockaded, 119. red-headed, 6, 7, 11, 55-58, 60-64, 105, 123. Rocky Mountain, 118. St. Lucas, 119. southern downy, 118. southern hairy, 118. Texan, 119. three-toed, foot figured, 80. white-headed, 120. Woodpeckers, advantages of, as subject for study, 2. bill as a tool, 69-73. carpenters or miners, 68. character of, 7, 8. coloration of, 5. coloration of sexes, 6. covered nostrils, 74, 75. favorite haunts, 3, 7. foot, structure and uses, 77. habit of drumming, 17. how to recognize the woodpeckers, 4. inferences from study of bills, 75. hunting borers, 10, 11. nesting, 21, 22. preferred foods, 3, 7. tail, study of, 86-99. winter quarters, 22. wooing, 15. Yoke-toed feet, 82. Zebra bird. See Woodpecker, red-bellied.

The Riverside Press Electrotyped and printed by H. O. Houghton & Co. Cambridge, Mass, U. S. A.

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Male symbol shown as ♂ Female symbol shown as ♀

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