SO-CALLED HISTORY. RULERS.
Reading edition
EMPERORS OF GERMANY.
Otho IV 1198-1218
Frederick II 1212-1250
Conrad IV 1250-1254
William of Holland 1254-1256
Richard Earl of Cornwall 1257-1273
Rudolph of Hapsburg 1273-1291
Adolph of Nassau 1292-1298
Albert of Austria 1298-1308
KINGS OF SCOTLAND
William 1175-1214
Alexander II 1214-1249
Alexander III 1249-1286
Margaret 1286-1292
John Balliol 1292-1296
Interregnum 1296-1306
KINGS OF CASTILE AND LEON.
Alfonso IX 1188-1214
Henry I 1214-1217
St. Ferdinand III 1217-1252
Alfonso X 1252-1284
Sancho IV 1284-1295
Ferdinand IV 1295-1312
KINGS OF ENGLAND.
John Lackland 1199-1216
Henry III 1216-1272
Edward I 1272-1307
KINGS OF FRANCE.
Philip II 1180-1223
Louis VIII 1223-1226
Louis IX 1226-1270
Philip III 1270-1285
Louis [Philip] IV 1314-1316
KINGS OF ARAGON.
Pedro II 1196-1213
James I., the Conqueror 1215-1276
Pedro III 1276-1285
Alfonso III 1285-1291
James II 1291-1327
KINGS OF NAPLES.
Conrad 1250-1254
Conradin 1254-1258
Manfred 1258-1266
Charles of Anjou 1266-1285
Charles 1285-1309
EVENTS.
1202Fourth great crusade under Boniface, marquis of Montferrat.
1204The English stripped of Normandy, etc., by Philip Augustus of France.
1206Jenghis-Khan: foundation of the great empire of the Moguls.
1212Battle of Ubeda: defeat and fall of Almohads of Africa.
1213John Lackland acknowledges himself vassal of the pope.
1213Battle of Bouvines won by Philip Augustus.
1215Magna Charta. The palatinate of the Rhine goes to the house of Wittelsbach.
1217Crusade of Andrew II., King of Hungary.
1218Extinction of the dukes of Zarringuia: Switzerland becomes an immediate province of the empire.
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1222Charter or decree of Andrew II., basis of the Hungarian constitution.
1226Renewal of the League of Lombardy to oppose the Emperor Frederick II.
1227Battle of Bornhoeved in Holstein: Waldemar II., King of Denmark, loses his conquests on the southern coast of the Baltic.
1228Crusade of the Emperor Frederick II.
1230The Teutonic order establishes itself in Prussia. Conquest of the Balearic islands by the King of Aragon.
1235Formation of the Duchy of Brunswick in favor of the house of the Guelphs.
1236Conquest of the Kingdoms of Cordova, Murcia and Seville by the Castilians.
1237Conquest of Russia by Baton-Khan: origin of the Mogul or Tartar horde of Kaptschak.
1241Invasion of Poland, Silesia, and Hungary by the Moguls.
1248Crusade of St. Louis, King of France.
1250Beginning of the great interregnum in Germany.
1254Accessions of the emperors of different houses in Germany. End of the dominion of the Agubites in Egypt and Syria; beginning of the empire of the Mamelukes.
1256Enfranchisement of the serfs at Bologna in Italy.
1261Michel Paleologus, emperor of Nice, takes Constantinople; end of the empire of the Latins.
1265Accession of the house of Anjou to the throne of the Two Sicilies.
1266Admission of the Commons to the Parliament of England.
1268Corradino decapitated at Naples; extinction of the house of Hohenstaufen. Suabia and Franconia become immediate provinces of the empire.
1271The county of Toulouse passes to the King of France, and the Venaissin to the Pope.
1273Accession of the Emperor Rudolph of Hapsburg to the throne of the empire: first election by the seven electors.
1282Conquest of Wales by the King of England.
1282The Sicilian Vespers, the kingdom of Sicily passes to the King of Aragon. The Emperor Rudolph gives to his sons the duchies of Austria; foundation of the house of Hapsburg.
1283The Teutonic order completes the conquest of Prussia.
1289Extinction of the male line of the old race of Scotch kings. Contest of Baliol and Bruce.
1290Decline of the republic of Piza. Aggrandizement of that of Genoa.
1291Taking of Ptolemais and Tyre by the Mamelukes. End of the crusades.
1294Decline of the Mogul empire at the death of Kublai-Khan.
1298Introduction of an hereditary aristocracy at Venice.
1300Foundation of the modern Turkish empire by Ottoman I. First Jubilee proclaimed by Pope Boniface VIII.
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