INDEX.
Reading edition
Aben Aboo, last Morisco chief of Granada, his end, 174
Abraham, his purchase of the field of Machpelah with silver money, 297
Abydos, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Abyssinia, rock-churches of, 186
Aconcagua, height of the volcano of, 54
Adelsberg, cave of, vast dimensions of the, 135, 138 entrance to the Cave of, 137 stalagmital formations of, 140 traversed by a river, 150 fungi in the, 157 subterranean animals found in the, 162, 163 insects in the, 163
Adit levels, drainage by, 269
Adullam, David’s refuge in the cave of, 169
Æolian caverns, 198-200 those of Terni, 198 fables respecting, 199
Africa, future services of Artesian wells to, 51 cannibal caves of South, 234
Agates, 496 of Oberstein, 496, 498
Aidepsos, antiquity of the hot baths of, 44
Ajunta, rock-temples of, 182, 183
Alabaster, origin of, 4 of Montmartre, 468 of Volterra, 468 of England, 469
Alaghez, sulphur of the crater of the volcano of, 445
Albania, subterranean water-courses of, 150
Albano, Lake of, the crateriform hollow forming the, 132
Albert the Great, his discovery of arsenic, 385
Alchemists, their search for gold, 371
Aleschga, fire temple of, 91
Aleutian Mountains, volcanoes of the, 61
Aleutian Archipelago, formation of a new volcanic island in the, 60
Alexander the Great, wealth of, 286, 298
Aldborough, amber found on the coast at, 450
Algeria, Artesian wells of, 51
Algiers, great part of, destroyed by the earthquake of 1755, 118
Aljaska, volcanoes of the peninsula of, 61
Almaden del Azogue, quicksilver mines of, 371-373 mines of New Almaden in California, 378
Alpujarras, destruction of the Moors of Granada in the caves of, 173, 174
Alston, situation of the town of, 366
Alston Moor, horses used in the mines of, 262 great drain of Nent Force Level, 270 lead mines of, 365, 366
Altaï, copper mines of the, 326 porphyry of the, 468
Alten Fjord, copper mines of, 324
Aluminium, discovery and uses of, 387
Aluminium-bronze, 387
Amber, modes of collecting, on the Prussian coast, 449 diggings near Dantzig, 449, 450 various places in which it is found, 450 what is amber? 450 the extinct amber-tree, 451 insects inclosed in amber, 452-455 ancient and modern trade in, 455-457 constituents of, 458 mines of Tolfa, 458 manufacture of, 459
Amblyopsis spelæus, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 168
America, number of active volcanoes in Western and Central, 61 copper mines of, 326 ancient copper mines of, 327 iron industry of, 362 lead mines of, 367 silver mines of, 300-314 coal-fields of North, 424 fossil monkeys of South, 24 animals of the Pliocene period and of the present day, 24
1003Ammonites, number of species of the,18 characteristics of the, 18
Ammonites Henleyi, 9
Anaitis, golden statue of the goddess, 286
Anchorites, caves of, 178
Ancyloceras gigas, 19
Andernach, on the Rhine, glacial beer cellars of, 192 entrance to the glacière of, 201
Andes, sea-shells found on the, 34 fish disgorged from the volcanic caverns of the, 69
André, St., town and church of, buried by a landslip of Mount Grenier, 127
Andreasberg, St., depth of one of the pits of, 247
Animals, impressions produced on, by an earthquake, 113 subterranean, 159-168 divine honours paid to them by the Egyptians, and converted into mummies, 205 caves containing remains of extinct animals, 213
Anoplotheriums, size and characteristics of the, 23
Antæopolis, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Anthony, St., of Egypt, his rock-cave, life, and death, 178, 179
Anthracites, or non-bituminous coal, 401, 402 value of, for steam-engines, 405
Antimony, first mention of, 383 uses of, 383
Antioch, earthquake of, in the reign of Trajan, 97 its subsequent subversion by an earthquake, 97
Antiparos, Grotto of, 134
Antuco, eruption of the volcano of, in 1835, 79
Apallachian coal-field, its enormous extent, 424
Apollo, at Delphi, golden statue of, 285
Apteryx australis of New Zealand, 216
Aptornis, Professor Owen’s resuscitation of the, 217
Aqueducts of the Romans, 41 of the Turks, 41, 42
Aqueous rocks, countless ages of the formation of the, 1, 5 incomplete knowledge of these sedimentary formations, 1 aqueous strata disturbed by igneous formations, 4
Arabia, sulphur of, 446
Arcadia, consecrated caves to Artemis and Pan in, 187
Arcueil, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
Arica, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 109
Argentiferous veins of the Clausthal and the Veta madre, their length, 247
Armenia, hermits in, 179
Arnaud, St., Colonel, his massacre of the Arabs in the cave of Shelas, 176
Arracan, mud volcanoes of the coast of, 93
Arsenic, discovery of, 385 supply of, 385
Artesian wells, subterranean heat shown by, 32 theory of, 48 of the inhabitants of the Sahara, mentioned by Olympiodorus, 48 the well of Grenelle at Paris, 49 Artesian well sunk in the London basin, 49 various uses of Artesian wells, 50 those of Algeria, 51 future importance of, in Africa and Australia, 51, 52
Ashes thrown out by volcanic eruptions, 66, 67
Asia Minor, earthquakes of, in the reign of Tiberius, 97, 100
Asphalte, 426 found swimming on the Dead Sea, 427 uses of, 427 pavements made of, 428
Assuan, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Asterophyllites comosa, 392
Augustus, Emperor, and the sacrilegious soldier, story of, 286
Aurignac, sepulchral grotto of, 228, 229
Australia, future importance of Artesian wells to, 52 stalactital caves of, 141 ossiferous caves of, 216 discovery of gold in, 289 Sir Roderick Murchison’s surmises, 289 copper mines of, 329
Austria, coal-fields of, 423 salt mines of, 433-436
Auvergne, carbonic acid gas springs of, 88 maare, or crateriform hollows, in, 132
Avaricum (Bourges), Cæsar’s siege of, 347
Averno, Lake of, formed in an extinct crater of a volcano, 57
Aviculopecten sublobatus, fossils of, 15
Axmouth, landslip at, 128 Sir C. Lyell’s account of it, 128
Azores, earthquakes in the, 100
Azure Cave of Capri, beauty of the marine excavation called the, 143
Babylon, golden image of Belus at, 285
Bagdad, coins of, 287
Baghilt coal mine, in Wales, drowned, 273
Bahaud, Port, upheaval of the land at, 36
Baku, burning springs of, 91 new mud volcano near, 95
1004Balearic Islands, troglodytes of, 234
Ballarat, gold mines of, 291
Baltic, changes on the shores of the, 451
Banca, tinstone of, 335
Bann Bridge, subsidence of the land at, 36
Barbary, earthquake of 1755 in, 118
Barigazzo, burning springs near, 90
Bath, thermal springs of, 43
Bats, clusters of, in caverns, 159
Baumann’s Cave, in the Harz Mountains, 136 fatal expedition, 136
Bean shot and feathered shot of copperworks, 321, 322
Bear, grisly, of the Rocky Mountains, 125 bones of huge and formidable extinct species found in caverns, 123, 125 remains of bears found in caves, 213
Beatus, St., his cave on the Lake of Thun, 181 pilgrimages to his cave, 181
Beauheyl, or ‘living streams’ of tin, 337
Beaujonc, scenes of the inundation of the mine of, 274
Beckford, his remarks on the Grotto of Pausilippo and Virgil’s tomb, 242, 243
Beetle, cavern, in the cave of Adelsberg, 163 in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 167
Belemnites of the Lias and Oolite, 19 size and characteristics of the, 19, 20
Belemnite, restored, 19
Belgium, lead mines of, 367 production of zinc in, 381 coal-fields of, 423
Belus, image of, in the temple of Babylon, 285
Belzoni, his aptitude for his work, 203
Benedict, St., his cave near Subiaco, 180
Berchtesgaden, salt mines of, 436
Bergmann, his experiments with platinum, 382
Berguen, Louis von, discovers the art of cutting diamonds, 478
Beryl, the, 491, 492
Bethlehem, Church and Grotto of the Nativity at, 188
Bewick, Thomas, a coal-hewer in early life, 419
Biban-el-Moluk, the royal tombs of Thebes, 202-204
Biscayana, Veta de la, silver mine of, 304 its great wealth and subsequent abandonment, 304
Billiton, tinstone of, 335
Birds, cave-haunting, 160
Birmah, mud volcanoes of, 93 rock-temples, 184
Bismuth, first mention of, 383 whence furnished, 383
Bituminous substances, 426
Black Country, iron furnaces of the, 351
Black lead. See Plumbago.
Blast furnaces for iron, 352 benefits of the hot blast, 353
Blasting in mines and its dangers, 258-260
Bleyberg-à-Montzen, lead mines of, 367
Blothrus spelæus, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163 its pursuit of the cavern-beetle, 163
Blowers in coal-mines, 279
Bogs, effects of bursting of, 130
Bohemia, ice-caves of, 197 gold coins of, 287 gold of, 288 silver mines of, 299 their produce, 300 tin mines of, 336 iron mines of, 358 coal-fields of, 423
Bolivia, active volcanoes of, 61
Bolsena, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, 57
Bonifacio, in Corsica, caverns of, 144, 145
Borax, or borate of soda, former chief supply of, 459 obtained as a crude substance in various places, 459 the suffioni of the Florentine lagoons, 460
Boring for minerals, 249 Williams’s account of the emotions of the boring party, 249 mode of operation, 250, 251 prices in the North of England for boring, 250 note implements used for boring, 250
Borneo, diamond mines of, 480
Borrowstoness Colliery, 410
Bosio, Anthony, his discovery of the catacombs, 209
Boston, in America, smelting-houses of the Bay of, 328
Botallack mine, in Cornwall, 317-319 the blind miner of, 319, 320
Bourbon, Isle of, volume of the lava stream of the eruption of 1787, 75
Bracciano, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, 57
Brachiopods of the Silurian seas, 12, 13
Brandstein, ice-cave of, 197
Brazil, ossiferous caves of, 216 iron-ores of, 363 lead mines of, 367
Bressay, islet of, its marine caverns, 142
Breton, Cape, rain-drops of the Carboniferous period preserved at, 29
Brienz, village of, twice buried by a landslip, and twice reconstructed, 127
Brilliants, 479, 484
Britannia metal, 335 manufacture of, 383
Brittany, traces of depression of the land on the coast of, 37
1005Brixham, bone-caves of, 227
Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, 332 implements of, found in Switzerland, 332
Brownhill, in North America, bituminous coal-field at, 424
Brûlé, near St. Etienne, burning coalmine at, 283
Brunswick, New, coal-fields of, 424
Buch, Leopold von, his observations as to the rise of the land of Sweden, 35
Büdöshegy, in Transylvania, sulphur caves of the mountain, 446 visit to the caves, 446
Bufador, or the water-spout of Pope Luna, 146
Buffalo, food of the, 26
Burgbrohl, carbonic acid gas spring of, and quantity it produces, 88
Burra-Burra copper mine, in Australia, 329
Busingen, destruction of the village of, 124
Bustamente, Don José, his draining gallery, 304
Cadiz, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 on, 117, 118
Cadmium, discovery and uses of, 386
Calabria, earthquake of 1783 in, 98 conduct of the peasants in the, 99 movement of the sea during the earthquake, 107 depth of the original shock of 1857, 111
Calamine, zinc produced from, 380 worked in Prussia, Belgium, and England, 381
Calamites nodosus, 393
Caldera, copper mines of, 326
California, upheaval of the land at, 34 discovery of gold in, 288 immense flood of emigration into, 289 gold-washing at, 295 copper mines of, 328 iron discovered in, 362 quicksilver of, 378
Callistus, catacomb of, discovery of the, 210
Calobozo, sounds accompanying earthquakes at, 103
Camborne, copper mines of, 317
Cambrian rocks, antiquity of the, 2, 3, 10 fossils of the, 10, 11
Cambyses, his enormous wealth, 286
Campagna, different kinds of stone of the, 208
Canada, iron pyrites of, 448
Canary Islands, earthquakes of the, 100 maare, or crateriform hollows, of the, 132
Cane, Grotto del, cruel experiments on dogs at, 89
Canstadt, in WurtembergWurtemberg, mills kept at work in winter by Artesian wells, 50
Capac Urcu, the volcanic cone of, blown to pieces, 67
Caraccas, town of, destroyed by an earthquake, 101
Carbonic acid gas springs, 88 those of Germany, 88
Carboniferous period, fishes of the, 13 vegetable and animal remains of the, 14, 18 insects of the, 15 rain-drops of the, preserved at Sydney, in Cape Breton, 29 proof of the density of the atmosphere of the, 29 plants of the, 391
Carburetted hydrogen, springs of, 90-93
Carclaze tin mine, 341
Cardiganshire, lead mines of, 366
Cardona, rock-salt of the valley of, 437
Cardrew mine, in Cornwall, drainage of, 270
Carguairazo, fish disgorged from the eruption of the volcano of, 69, 70
Carinthia, dollinas and jamas of, 130 subterranean water-courses of, 150 fungi of the caves of, 158 iron of, 358
Carlsbad, hot springs of, 43
Carmel, Mount, grotto of the prophet Elijah on, 188 church on, 188
Carniola, dollinas and jamas of, 130 subterranean water-courses of, 150
Carnon, near Falmouth, tin-stream of, 338
Carrara marble, origin of, 4 quarries of, 465 situation of the quarries, 465 the town of, 465
Carron iron-works established, 350
Carson river, silver mines near the, 314
Cass, General, his report on the copper mines of Lake Superior, 328
Cassiterides, or tin islands, Herodotus’ mention of, 333
Cassotis, at Delphi, antiquity of the, 44
Castro, John di, his manufacture of alum at Tolfa, 458
Catacombs of Rome, 205 gallery with tombs, 206 sepulchral inscriptions, 209 Bosio’s discovery of the catacombs, 209 Cavaliere de Rossi’s researches, 210 these of Naples and Syracuse, 210 those of Paris, 210
Catania threatened by the lava-stream from Etna, 72 partly destroyed by the lava, 73
1006Catorce, Alamos de, silver mine of, 303
Caucasus, mud volcanoes of the, 93, 95 earthquakes of, 100
Cavern-roofs, falling in of, causing landslips, 129
Caves, in general, 133 their various forms, 133 natural tunnels, 133, 134 dimensions of caves, 135 discovery of caves, 135 the various rocks in which they occur, 136 marine caves, 142 volcanic caves, 146 cave rivers, 149 cave vegetation, 156 subterranean animals, 159 caves as places of refuge, 169 hermit caves and rock-temples, 178 subterranean places of worship, 181 ice-caves and wind-holes, 192 rock-tombs and catacombs, 202 caves with bones of extinct animals, 213 subterranean relics of prehistoric man, 221 troglodytes, or cave-dwellers, 231 cave of St. Peter’s Mount, near Maestricht, 470
Celsius, his observations of the rise of the land in Sweden, 35
Cemeteries, rock-hewn, of Egypt, 204, 205
Cenis, Mont, railway tunnel through, 238-240 machines for boring the, 238, 239 mode of proceeding, 238-240
Cervus megaceros, the, of Ireland, 28
Ceylon, rock-temples of, 184
Chalcedony, 497
Chaldæa, silver mines of, 298
Chalk group, star fish of the, 18
Charlemagne, imperial mantle of, 478
Cheshire, salt mines of, 431
Chili, number of active volcanoes of, 61 great earthquake of, in 1835, 79 earthquakes of, generally, 100 effects of the earthquake sea-wave after the shock, 108 silver mines of, 313, 314 copper mines of, 326 lead mines of, 367
China-clay, or kaolin, how formed, 460 mode of treating it, 460 export of, from Cornwall and Devonshire, 461
‘Chinaman’s Hole,’ gold diggings at, 292
Chinese, their use of springs of carburetted hydrogen, 90, 91 at the Australian gold diggings, 291 their discovery of gold near Mount Ararat, 291
Choke-damp, or black-damp, 278 destruction caused by, 281
Choquier, bones of extinct animals found in the cavern of, 214
Christians, tombs of the early, near Rome, 207, 208
Chrome, uses of, 385 discovery of, 386 whence obtained, 386
Chrysoberyl, or oriental chrysolite, 491
Chuquibamba, height of the volcano of, 54
Cinnabar, uses of, in early ages, 370
Cirknitz Lake, the Proteus first discovered in the, 164, 165
Clara, Boveda de Santa, at Almaden, 372
Cleveland district, iron manufacture of the, 354
Clausthal, length of the argentiferous veins of, 247 great adit levels of the mines of, 270
Clodius, Roman prætor, defeated by Spartacus at Vesuvius, 82
Coal and coal mines, 245, 246 age of, 390 plants of the Carboniferous age, 391 extent of the coal seams, 395 vast time required for the formation of the coal-fields, 395 the probable mode of formation, 396 derangements and dislocation of coal beds, 397, 398 separation of a coal-field into small areas by dykes or faults, 399 bituminous and non-bituminous coals, 401 chief coal-producing countries of the world, 402 the coal-fields of Great Britain, 402-422 the hewers and their work, 415, 418 other workmen, below and above the pit, 416, 417 early knowledge of coal, 419 its use prohibited by Edward I. in London, 419 the trade in coal in the middle of the seventeenth century, 420 increase in the demand and supply, 420 the question of the duration of our coal-fields, 420 coal-fields of foreign countries, 422-425
Coal-hewers of the North of England, 414 at work, 415 how they are paid, 416
Coalbrookdale, iron manufacture in, 349
Coal-cutting machines, 415
Cobalt, name of, 384 uses of, and whence obtained, 384
Coca, stimulating properties of, 311
Cochin China, rock-temples of, 184
1007Coins, the oldest known gold, 287
Collieries, casualties in, 245 drainage of the water in, 272
Colossochelys Atlas, gigantic proportions of the, 24
Columbia, mud volcanoes of, 93
Columbia, British, gold-fields of, 293 coal-fields of, 424
Consolidated Mines in Cornwall, amount of sinking in the, 251
Conto, Monte, landslip of the, 127
Copal-tree, resin at the foot of the, 451
Copiapo, in Chili, discovery of silver at, 248 silver mines of, 313
Copper, name and antiquity of, 315 how found, 315 its uses and compounds, 315 mines of Cornwall, 316, 317 ores and process of smelting, 320, 321 mines of Sweden, Germany, and Russia, 322-326 those of America, 326-329 and of Australia, 329 history of some of our copper mines, 329 lodes of Cornwall, 337
Copperopolis, copper mines of, 328
Coquimbo, copper mines of, 326
Corals, primeval, 16
Corneale, Cave of, colossal stalagmites of the, 140
Cornwall, mines of, 316 tin mines of, 336 persons employed in them, 343 zinc produced in, 382 China-clay of, 460, 461
Corsica, marine caves of, 145
Cort, Mr., his improvements in iron manufacture, 350
Corundum, 489
Cosiguina, phenomena of an eruption of, 65, 67 destruction caused by the eruption of 1835, 67
Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, burns a diamond, 479
Cotopaxi, shape of, 53 enormous stones hurled by an eruption of, 66 phenomena of the eruption of 1803, 69 noises heard 109 miles off during an eruption of, 104
Cretaceous period, fossils of the, 19, 22, 23 causes of landslips in the, 129
Crete, labyrinth of, 174, 175 consecrated caves and grottoes to Zeus in, 187
Crimea, mud volcanoes of the, 93
Crinnis Copper Mine, Old, abandoned but reworked, 329, 330
Crinoids, or sea-lilies, fossil, 17
Crœsus, his enormous wealth, 286
Crookes, Mr., his discovery of thallium, 388
Crowe, Mr., of Hammerfest, forms a copper-mining company in Norway, 324
Crustaceans of the Silurian seas, 11, 12 cavern, 163, 167
Cuba, copper mines of, 329 iron ores of, 363
Cumana, destruction of the town of, by an earthquake, 102 sounds accompanying the shocks, 103
Cuthbert, St., his cave on the Coast of Northumberland, 180 account of him, 180 ‘beads of St. Cuthbert,’ 180
Curtis, Thomas, his difficult work in the Huel Wherry tin mine, 339, 340
Cyclops, troglodytic caverns of the, at the base of Mount Etna, 232
Cyrus, enormous treasures accumulated by, 286
Cyprus, ancient silver mines of, 298
Cyzicus, the oldest known specimen of a gold coin of, 287
Dahra, French atrocities at the caves of the, 176
Dalecarlia, iron ores of, 360
Dalmatia, dollinas and jamas of, 130 subterranean water-courses of, 150
Dalton-le-Dale, drainage of the coal-mine of, 272
Dambool, rock-temple of, 184
Dammara australis, masses of resin at the base of the trunk of the, 451
Dana, Professor, his views respecting volcanoes, 79
Dannemora, iron-works of, 360
Dantzig, amber found near, 449
Darien, platinum discovered at, 382
Darius Hystaspis, his enormous wealth, 286
Davy, Sir Humphry, his safety-lamp, 280 his discovery of aluminium and magnesium, 387 and of sodium, 388
Delgada, Punta, in the Island of San Miguel, 147
Delphi, subterranean hollow under the tripod of the priestess of, 187
Demidoff, Prince, his copper mines, 326 his iron mountain in the Oural, 357, 358
Denbighshire, lead mines of, 366
Derbyshire, lead mines of, 366
Denmark, enormous antiquity of the peat mosses of, 221 remnants of a former vegetation and articles of human workmanship found in the mosses of, 222 1008the ‘shell-mounds’ of, 222
Depressions, subterranean, 34, 36 submarine forests in various places, 36 evidences of depression, 36, 37 probable causes of, 38
Derbyshire spar, 469
Devon Great Consols Mines, success of the copper mines of, 330
Devonian period, fishes of the, 13
Devonshire, tin mines of, 336 miners and wages of, 343 china-clay of, 460, 461
Diablerets, falls of the, 121 escape of a peasant from his living tomb in the, 122 causes of the phenomenon, 123
Diamond, the, 477 diamond-cutting, 478 rose diamonds and brilliants, 479 destroyed by heat, 479 stones of India and Brazil, 480 the Russian diamond, and the Pitt or Regent diamond, 485 that of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, 485 the Koh-i-Noor, 486 diamonds and diamond-dust used for industrial purposes, 489
Dinornis, size of the, 28 Professor Owen’s resuscitation of the, 217
Dinotherium, size and characteristics of the, 23
Diodorus Siculus, his account of the tin trade of Britain, 333
Divining rod, the, 248 how used, 249
Dolcoath tin mine, 337
Dolores, mine of, 303
Domingos, San, in Portugal, Roman mines of, 448 now worked by the Baron of Pommorão, 448 account of the works, 448
Donati, Vitaliano, his account of the fall of a mountain near Sallenches, 122
Doncaster, gigantic fungus in a tunnel near, 158
Donegal, bursting of bogs in, 131
Droitwich, salt-works of, 432
Drontheim, or Tronyem, city of, 324
Dudley, Lord, establishes iron-works near Stourbridge, 349
Dufan, in Arabia, sulphur of the, 446
Dukinfield colliery, depth of, 247
Dunfermline, monastery of, obtains a licence to dig coals, 419
Durham, coal-fields of, 403, 407
Dyeing, use of tin in the processes of, 335
Earthquakes, preceding volcanic eruptions, 65 volcanoes considered as the safety-valves of, 78, 79 but sometimes accompany volcanic eruption, 79 extent of misery caused by, 97-99 the horrors of, increased by man, 99 the progress of civilisation retarded by earthquakes, 99, 100 regions to which they are confined, 100 duration of the shocks, 101 indications of a coming earthquake, 102 sounds accompanying earthquakes, 103 sounds unaccompanied by movement of the earth, 104 vertical or undulatory motion of shocks, 104 extent and force of the seismic wave motion, 105, 106 movements of the sea in earthquakes, 106, 107, 117 extent of the wave motion, 109 changes caused by earthquakes in the configuration of the soil, 109, 110 causes of earthquakes, 111 probable depth of the focus, 111, 112 opinions of Sir C. Lyell and Mr. Poulett Scrope, 112 effects of an earthquake on man and animals, 112, 113 account of the great earthquake of Lisbon, 114
Egg, Isle of, atrocities of the Macleods in the cave of the, 171
Egypt, rock-temples of, 184 tombs of the kings in Thebes, 202-204 compared to an iron furnace, 347 quarries of, 474, 475
Ehrenberg, his discovery of the animated dust of the Harmattan, 156
Eifel, volcanic district of the, 58 carbonic acid gas springs of the, 88 crateriform hollows, or maare, in the, 131
Eileithyia, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Eimeo, hole in the island of, 133 tradition respecting this hole, 133
Elba, iron industry of, 362
Elephanta, rock-temples of, 183
Elevations of the land produced by earthquakes, 111
Elfdal, porphyry of, 467
Ellora, rock-temples of, 183
Emerald, or beryl, 491, 492
Emery, whence obtained, 463 total production of, 463
Emmanuel, St., church of, in Abyssinia, 187
Ems, hot springs of, 43
Enamel, materials used for, 335
Encrinites lily, called ‘St. Cuthbert’s beads,’ 181
Encrinus liliiformis, fossil, 17, 18
1009Engihoul, human remains in the cavern of, 226 Dr. Schmerling’s explorations, 226 Sir C. Lyell’s, 227
Engis, human bones discovered in the cavern of, 226
Engines, stationary, used in mines, 263
England, subsidence of the land on the west and east coasts of, 36, 37 effects of a violent earthquake in, 100 shocks felt in, at various times, 100, 101 effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118 the extinct hyena of, found in caves, 214 ossiferous caves in, 227 flint implements found in, 231 main causes of the prosperity of, 245 copper mines of, 316 manufacture of iron in, 349 lead mines of, 365, 366 zinc produced in, 381, 382 vast deposits of coal of, 402, 403 and their convenient distribution, 403 extent of the Great Central Coal-field, 406 quarries of, 464
Eozoon canadense, the only fossil found in the Laurentian rocks, 10 its extreme antiquity, 10
Epomeo, volcano of, its long periods of rest, 58
Erasinos, in Greece, antiquity of the spring of, 44
Ernst August Stollen, in the Harz, 271
Erzberg, or iron mountain, in Styria, 358 works at, and produce of, 359
Esquimaux, their iron implements, 347
EstrellaEstrella do Sul, or Star of the South, diamond, 487
Etna, Mount, M. Houel’s exploration of the crater of, 55 streams of lava in the eruption of 1669, 70 numbers of parasitic cones on the flanks of, 71 rate of progress of the lava-stream of 1699, 72 retention of heat in the lava-stream of 1832, 73 the Fossa della Palomba on, 147 ice-caves of, 198 troglodytic caverns of the Cyclops at the base of, 232
Euripides, his triumph, 476
Europe, volcanoes of, 61
Eurypterids, of the Silurian seas, 12
Fahlun, horses used in the copper mines of, 262 narrow escape in the mine, 264 copper-mine of, 322 ore of the mine, 323 the preserved body found in, 323
Ferdinand, Archduke, his visit to the Cave of Magdalena, 166
Fez, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
Fingal’s Cave, Sir W. Scott’s description of, 143
Fino, Don Andrea del, narrative of, in an earthquake, 99
Fire, its eternal strife with water, 1, 2 the subterranean forces, 7
Fire-damp, or carburetted hydrogen, 278 fatal explosions caused by, 281
Fish disgorged by volcanoes from caverns, 69 blind cavern, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 168 of the Upper Silurian group, 13 destruction of vast numbers of, by volcanic eruption, 15, 16
Flintshire, lead mines of, 366
Flores, Padre, his silver mine of ‘La Bolsa de Dios Padre,’ 304
Florins, or fiorini, origin of, 287
Fontaine-sans-fond, the, near Sable, 149
Footprints of former ages, preservation of, 28, 29
Forests, submarine, in various places, 36
Fossils, chronological importance of, to the geologist, 5, 6, 8 extinction of species, 9, 10, 14 those of the oldest and later periods, 10-29
Fountains, artificial, principle on which they are constructed, 42 of lava, 71, 72 of marine caverns, 146
Foxdale lead mine, in the Isle of Man, 366
Frais Puits, phenomenon of the, 150
France, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118 tin mines of, 336 consumption of coal in, 423
Frauenmauer Mountain in Upper Styria, ice-cave of the, 196, 197
Fredonia, town of, lit by springs of carburetted hydrogen, 90
Freiberg, drainage of the mines of, 270
French, their atrocities in the Cave of Longara, 170 their cruelty in Algeria, 176
Frio, Serro do, diamonds of the, 480
Fuegians, ‘shell mounds’ of the, 222
Fumaroles or steam-jets of volcanoes, 63 those of Jorullo of 1759 seen in 1803, 74
Fungi, subterranean, 157 Scopoli’s description of, 157 1010gigantic one at Doncaster, 158 the artificial mushroom-beds near Paris, 158
Furnaces, reverberatory, 321
Gallicia, salt mines of, 436
Ganoid fishes of the Upper Silurian group, 13
Garnet, the, 494
Garnock river bursts into a colliery, 276
Gas-springs, 88
Gellivara, in Swedish Lapland, mounds of magnetic iron-ore at, 360
Gems, superstitious power of, 477
Geological revolutions, influence of, on the earth-rind, 1 tabular geological profile, 3 periods of geological formations, 5 the same mineral substances in the oldest and newest formations, 5 guidance of the geologist in ascertaining the periods of the formations, 5 a continuous development to more highly organised species, 6
Georges, St., ice-cave of, 192 entrance to the glacière of, 201
Georg Stollen, great adit levels of the, in the Harz, 270
Germain, St., artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
Germany, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118 copper mines of, 325 lead mines of North Germany, 365 coal-fields of, 422 consumption of coal in, 423 quarries of, 464
Gibraltar, Rock of, monkeys of the, 24
Girgenti, town and trade of, 442 the sulphur mines of, 442
Glass, stained, colours of, how formed, 335
Glenmalure, lead mines of, 366
Glyptodon, size and characteristics of the, 25
Goaves, or old workings in coal mines, fire-damp in, 279
Goeppert, Professor, his observations on the extinct amber-tree, 451
Goethe, his remarks on the great Lisbon earthquake, 119
Goffin, Hubert, his heroism, 275 his future career, 276
Gold, antiquity of man’s knowledge of, 285 the story of the Golden Fleece, 285 statues of gold in ancient temples, 285 quantities of gold possessed by ancient monarchs, 286 earliest use of the metal, 287 auriferous land of the Iberian peninsula, 288 California and Australia, 288, 289 British Columbia and other places, 293 localities in which gold is deposited, 293, 294
Goldau, Vale of, devastated by a landslip, 123 destruction of the village of, 124
Golden Fleece, story of the, 285
Golubinas, or pigeon-holes, in Dalmatia and Carniola, 130
Goniatites of the Carboniferous period, 18 extinction of the, 18
Good Hope, Cape of, upheaval of the land at the, 34
Goroblagodat, Kuschwa, platinum of, 382
Gortyna, in Crete, labyrinth of, 174, 175
Gosforth Colliery, 409
Gothard, Mount St., proposed tunnel through, 241
Gower, bone-cave of, 228
Grâce-Dieu, glacière of, 192 stalagmites of ice in the, 193, 194
Graham’s Island, volcanic formation of, 59 its disappearance, 59
Granada, New, extent of the wave-motion of an earthquake at, 105
Granada, in Spain, destruction of the Moors of, 173
Graphite. See Plumbago.
Grasshopper, wing of, of the Carboniferous period, 15
Greece, subterranean water-courses of, 150 consecrated caves and grottoes of, 187
Greenhouses kept warm by water from Artesian wells, 50
Greenland, evidence of subsidence of the land at, 37
Grenelle, heat of the Artesian well of, at various depths, 32, 49
Grenier, Mount, landslip of, 127
Grosmont, iron manufacture of, 355
Guacharo, the Cueva del, 160, 161
Guacharo, a troglodytic bird, 160, 161 wholesale slaughter of, by the Indians, 161, 162 where found, 160, 162
Gualgayoc, the ventanillas of, 133
Gualgayoc, Cerro de San Fernando de, silver mines of, 309, 311
Guanaxuato, subterranean noises heard at, without earthquake, 104
Guanaxuato, rise of the town of, 302
Guatemala, volcanoes near the town of, 61
Guadiana, engulfment of the river, 150
Gunpowder, amount of, used in blasting in mines, 260
Gwennap, copper mines of, 317
Gypsum, origin of, 4
1011Haggar Silsilis, in Egypt, quarries of, 475
Haiti, upheaval of the land at, 34
Hann, Professor, a coal-hewer in early life, 419
Hanover, iron manufacture of, 357
Harmattan, animated dust of the, 156
Hartlepool, export of coal from, 413
Hartley Colliery, accident in the, 253
Harz Mountains, subterranean flora of the, 158 ice-caves of the, 197 great adit levels of the mines in the, 270
Haussmann, Professor, his visit to the Norwegian copper mine of Röraas, 324
Hawaii, effect of the eruption of Mauna Loa in 1840, 76 effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 109
Heat, subterranean, 31 zone of invariable temperature, 31, 32 increasing temperature at a greater depth, 32 rate of increase, 32 proof everywhere of a subterranean source of heat, 32
Heaton, accident at the colliery of, 273
Herculaneum, destruction of the town of, 81-85 the mud-stream which caused the destruction, 85 discovery of the buried town, 86
Hermits, caves of, 178
Hermits, numbers of, in rock-caves and huts in the East, 179
Herodotus, his mention of the Cassiterides, 333
Hetton Colliery, ventilation of the, 278
Hiera, volcanic island of, 60
Hilda, St., colliery and galleries of, 410
Himmelfürst, in Saxony, silver-fields of, 299
Hindostan, coal-fields of, 424
Hoffmann, G. F., his description of the subterranean flora of the Harz Mountains, 158
Holland, earthquakes felt in, 101 effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
Homer, tin ornaments mentioned by, 332
Honduras, coal-fields of, 424
Horses used in mines, 262
Hot-springs in the frozen lands as well as in the tropics, 33 as a vent of subterranean heat, 33
Houel, M., his dangerous exploration of the crater of Mount Etna, 55
Howitt, William, his description of shipping coal on the Tyne, 412
Huancayo, the Franciscan monk of, 313
Huatulco, fountains of marine caverns in, 146
Huel Wherry, rise and fall of the tin-mine of, 339
Humboldt, M., his visit to the volcano of Rucu-Pinchincha, 55 his treatise on subterranean fungi, 158
Huancavelica, quicksilver mine of, 378
Hungary, ice-caves of, 197 salt mines of, 436
Hutton, Dr., a coal-hewer in early life, 419
Hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of springs, 40, 41
Hyena, remains of, found in caves, 213,214
Ibarra, supposed causes of a fever at, 70
Iberian peninsula, auriferous land of, 288
Ice, effect of the meeting of a lava-stream with, 74
Ice-caves and their phenomena, 193-201
Iceland, volcanic formation of, 4
Iceland, geysirs of, 45-48 Bunsen’s theory of the causes of the geysirs of, 47, 48 volcanoes of, 61 mud-volcanoes of, 93 ice-caves of, 198
Ichthyosaurus communis, characteristics and size of the, 20, 21 where found, 22
Idria, fungi of the mines of, 158 quicksilver mines of, 373-378
Iktis, island of, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, 333
Iguanodon, size and characteristics of the, 22
Ilezk, rock-salt deposit of, 438
Illinois, coal-fields of, 424
India, mud-volcanoes of, 93 rock-temples of, 181
Indiana, coal-fields of, 424
Indies, West, earthquakes of, 100, 101
Insects enclosed in amber, 452-455
Ipsamboul, rock-temple of, 184 Warburton’s description of it, 184-186
Ireland, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118 coal-fields of, 404 why they are so little worked, 404
Iron, its value, 345 its wide diffusion, 345 meteoric iron, 347 ancient knowledge of, 347 extension of its uses in modern times, 348 British iron production, 348 smelting, 349 the hot blast, 353 the Cleveland district and the trade of Middlesborough, 364 amount and value of the British iron trade, 355 1012other statistics of the trade, 356 production of foreign countries, 357-363
Irtysch, copper and coal near the, 326
Isalco, formation of the volcano of, 59 in a constant state of eruption, 62
Iscalonga, in Basilicata, cave-dwellings of, 234
Iserlohn, in Westphalia, discovery of a cavern at, 135
Ispica, Val d’, cave-dwellings in the, 232
Istria, subterranean water-courses of, 150
Italy, mud-volcanoes of, 93 earthquakes of, 100 effects of the earthquake of 1755 in, 118 maare, or crateriform hollows, of, 132 cave-dwellings of Southern, 234 iron industry of, 362
Iwogasima, or Sulphur Island, of Japan, 444
Japan, sulphur of, 444
Java, number of active volcanoes of, 61 the ‘Valley of Death,’ or Poison Valley, of, 89 mud-volcanoes of, 93 maare, or crateriform hollows, of, 132 sulphur of, 445, 446
Jesuits, their intrigues during the earthquake at Lisbon, 116
Jet, formation of, 429 found at Whitby, 429 manufacture of jet ornaments, 430
John the Evangelist, St., his cave in the Isle of Patmos, 188 the cave converted into a chapel, 188
Jorullo, formation of the volcano of, 58 length of time the heat was retained in the lava-stream of 1759, 74
Judd, Dr., his dangerous visit to the crater of Kilauea, 56
Jura Mountains, cauldron-shaped depressions in the, 130
Kab, El, in Upper Egypt, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Kamtschatka, energy of the volcanoes of, 61 earthquakes in, in 1737, 79
Kan, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Kanara, rock-temples of, 181-183
Kaolin, or china-clay, how formed, and where, 460-462
Karli, rock-temples of, 183
Kea, Mount, tranquillity of the eruption of, in 1843, 76
Kentucky, coal-fields of, 424
Kertsch, mud-volcanoes near, 93
Kilauea, the lava lakes of, 64 length of the lava-stream in the eruption of 1840, 70 amount of lava thrown out by the eruption of 1840, 76
Killingworth Colliery, 410
Kingston, in Jamaica, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 107
Kinsale, effect of an earthquake sea-wave in the harbour of, 118
Kirghise hordes, their salt-works, 438
Kirkdale, Dr. Buckland’s account of the ossiferous cave of, 214, 215
Klaproth, his discovery of uranium, 385 works at Joachimsthal, 385 his discovery of rutile, or titanium, 386
Klîutschewskaja Skopa, eruption of the volcano of, 79
Koh-i-Noor, or Mountain of Light, diamond and its history, 486
Kohl, uses of, 383
Kongsberg, in Norway, silver mines of, 299 nuggets found at, 299
Kopperberg, iron manufacture of, 360
Kötlingia, effects of the eruption of, in 1758, 69
Kremnitz, discovery of the gold mines of, 248
Krisuvick, in Iceland, solfatara of, 444
Kupferschiefer, or copper-slate, of Thuringia, fossils of the, 15
Labuan, coal-fields of, 424
Lacustrine dwellings of Switzerland, 315 discovery of the, 223 ancient iron weapons found in the, 347
Laibach, Upper, river traversing the caves of, 150
Lalibala, rock-churches of, 186 town of, and country round, 187
Landslips, effects of earthquakes in producing, 110 that of Putley, in Hertfordshire, 110 igneous and aqueous causes of landslips, 121 cases of landslips, 121-128 caused by the falling in of cavern-roofs, 129
Lanuto volcano, lake formed in the extinct crater of the, 57
Lapis lazuli, 494
Lapland, auriferous veins in, 293
Laureacum, on the Danube, Roman iron manufactures at, 358
Laurentian rocks, 2, 3 their thickness, 2 the only fossil found in the, 10
Laurium, ancient silver mines of, 298 1013amount of lead in the scoriæ of the ancient silver mines of, 367
Lava, formation of fiery streams of, during volcanic eruptions, 70 phenomena attending the flow of a lava-stream, 72 effect of the meeting of a lava-stream with the sea, 73 and with ice, 74 vast dimensions of lava-streams, 74-76 waste of desolation of lava-fields, 77 progress of lava-streams, 77
Laxey lead mine, in the Isle of Man, 366
Lead, mine of, in Cardiganshire, section of a, 252 its property and uses, 364 its antiquity, 364 the mines of, in Europe, 365 production of, in foreign countries, 366-368 preparation of the ores, 368 Pattinson’s process, 368
Leadhills, in Lanarkshire, lead mines of, 366
Lebadeia, in Bœotia, cave of Trophonios near, 187
Lepidodendron elegans, 392
Leptodirus Hochenwartii, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163
Levant, Cornish copper mine of, 319
Levels, in mining, 251 extent of the works in some cases, 251 drainage by adit levels, 269, 270
Lias, fossils of the, 19
Liège, depth of the coal mines of, 247 accident in a colliery at, 263
Life, organic, progress of, on earth, 28, 29 everywhere present on the earth, 156
Lignite, or wood-coal, 401
Lima, frequency of earthquakes at, 105 displacement of stones of obelisks by earthquake shocks, 105 effects of the earthquake sea-wave of 1746, 108 indifference of the inhabitants of, to earthquakes, 113
Limestone, magnesian, or Permian group, animal remains of the, 15
Limestone caves, 136 causes of their excavation, 136 stalactites and stalagmites, 139, 140 origin and slow formation of limestone, 141
Lisbon, great earthquake of, 114 effect of the shock, 114 fire and thieves in the city, 115, 116 total loss of life from all causes, 116 effects of this earthquake in various parts of the world, 117-119
Little Bounds, copper mine of, 319
Livres, St., ice-caves of, 192 lower glacière of, 193 upper glacière of, 195 ice-streams of the upper glacière, 195, 196
Lizards, oldest known fossils of, 14, 15 the enormous species of the Mesozoic ocean, 20, 21
Llandegui, slate quarries of, 469, 470
Locke, his remark respecting iron, 345
Lomond, Loch, sea-shells found on the banks of, 34 effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
London shaken by the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, 118 subterranean wonders of, 237, 238
Long, Major, his report on the copper mines of Lake Superior, 328
Longara, Cave of, massacre by the French in the, 170
Lorca, sulphur mine of, 444
Lowerz, destruction of the village of, by a landslip, 124
Luganure, lead mines of, 366
Luna, Pope, waterspout of, 146
Lycopolis, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Maare, or crateriform hollows, of the Eifel, 131 in other places, 132
Macaluba, mud volcano of, 94 known to the ancients, 94
Madana, in Santa Cruz, height of the volcano of, 54
Madeira, volcanic formation of, 4
Madfuneh, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Magdalena Grotto, or ‘Black Grotto,’ Protei of the, 165, 166 visit of the Archduke Ferdinand to the, 166
Magnesium, discovery and uses of, 387
Magnetic mountain in Russia, 367
Maina, marble of, 467
Malacca, tinstone of, 335
Malaga, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
Malmesbury, section of the coal-field south of, 398
Malta, troglodytes of, 234
Malwah, rock-temples of, 184
Mammalia, geological period of its prominence in life, 23
Mammoth, or primitive elephant, size and characteristics of the, 26 Professor Owen’s skeleton of the, 217 Gray’s Inn Lane an ancient hunting-ground for, 231
Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky, vast dimensions of the, 135, 138 Professor Silliman on the, 139 1014clusters of bats in the, 159 animals of the, 167
Man, Isle of, lead mines of, 366 zinc produced in, 382
Man, prehistoric, subterranean relics of, in Denmark, 221 in Switzerland, 223 age of human relics in caves, 225
Manchester Coal-field, 403
Manganese, ores of, 386
Mansfeldt, in Prussia, silver and copper mines of, 325
Marble of Derbyshire and Devonshire, 465 that of Carrara, 4, 465 that of Pentelikon and Parian, 466 Rosso antico and Verde antico, 467
Marennes, upheaval of the chalk cliffs at, 36
Marpena, Mount, in Paros, marble of, 466
Marquette, American town of, its iron industry, 362
Marshall, James, his discovery of gold in California, 288 his subsequent life, 289
Marsupites ornatus, fossil, 18
Martinique, Island of, destructive earthquake in the, 101
Maryland, copper mines of, 328
Masaya, volcanoes of, constant eruption of the, 63
Massachusetts, copper mines of, 328
Master-borers in the North of England, 250 their charges per fathom, 250
Mastodon, where the fossils of, are mostly found, 27 size and characteristics of the, 27
Matlock, thermal springs of, 43
Mauna Loa, in Hawaii, shape of the volcano of, 53, 54 Dr. Judd’s visit to, 56 growth of ferns on, 63 the lava-lakes of, 64 length of the lava-stream of an eruption of, 70 parasitic cones of, 71 volume of the lava-stream of 1840, 75
Maunch Chunk (or Bear Mountain), in Pennsylvania, enormous coal-field of, 425
Mauritius, fountains of marine caverns in, 146
Mediterranean Sea, upheaval of the land on the shores of the, 34 marine caverns of the coasts of the, 144
Medellin, the proprietor of the mine of Dolores, 303
Meerfeld, crateriform hollow and lake of, 132
Megatherium, size and characteristics of the, 24, 25
Melidoni, cave of, Turkish massacre in the, 175
Mequinez, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
Mercado, Cerro del, of Mexico, 363
Mercury, its properties and uses, 370, 371 known to the Greeks and Romans, 370 mines of Almaden, 371 those of Idria, 373 diseases to which the miners are liable, 373 mines of America, 378
Metallic veins, how generally found in mines, 246 how ores collected or precipitated in, 247
Metamorphic rocks, origin of, 4, 5
Mettler, Bläsi, story of the escape of him and his wife, 124
Mettler, Sebastian Meinhardt, his escape from destruction, 125
Meuse, ossiferous caverns of the valley of the, 226
Mexico, silver mines of, 300-308 iron ores of, 363
Michael’s Mount, St., in Cornwall, 333
Middlesborough, its rapid rise, 354 its iron manufacture, 355
Miguel, Island of, the Punta Delgada of the, 147
Milagros, his silver mine in San Luis de Potosi, 308
Miller, Hugh, his account of a coal forest, 393
Milo, Island of, mud volcanoes of, 98 sulphur caves of the island of, 446
Mina Grande, lead mine of, 367
Minardo, Monte, near Bronte, volcanic formation of, 67 height of, 71
Mines, in general, 244 labours and perils of the miner, 244, 245 casualties in mines, 245 life in a mine, 245, 246 length and depth of mines, 247 discoveries of lodes, 248 the divining-rod, 248 boring, 249 divisions in coal mines, 255 long-wall working, 257 general view of mining operations, 257 tools employed in Cornwall, 258 mode of blasting, 258 heroism of miners, 259, 274 mode of loosening hard stones, 260, 261 tramways underground, and the conveyance of minerals, 261, 262 methods of descending, 263-266 man-engines for ascending or descending, 267 timbering and draining, 268-272 inundation, or drowning of mines, 273 evolution of foul gases, 276, 277 1015ventilation, 277 choke-damp, fire-damp, and blowers, 278, 279 the safety-lamp, 280 burning mines, 283 habits of the Mexican miners, 302
Minnesota mine, copper of, 327, 328 enormous nugget of copper found near, 328
Miocene period, animals of the, 23
Mirrors of silver among the Romans, 298 substance used for making, 335
Mississippi, ancient mounds in the valley of the, 224
Missouri, ‘iron-mountains’ of, 362
Moa, the great extinct bird of New Zealand, 216, 217 the cave of the Moa, 219
Moeris, Lake, hermits near the, 179
Molinos of the silver mines of Mexico, 306
Molybdenum, discovery and uses of, 387
Monarchs, vast treasures of, in ancient times, 286
Monkeys, fossil, of South America, characteristics of the, 24 small species of, on the Rock of Gibraltar, 24
Monk Wearmouth Colliery, 408
Montaño, Francisco, his descent into the crater of Popocatepetl, 446
Monte, Real del, silver mines of, 304 present yield of, 305
Monte Video, upheaval of the land at, 34
Montgomeryshire, lead mines of, 366
Montmartre, gypsum and alabaster of, 468
Montrouge, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
Moors of Granada, destruction of, by Philip II. of Spain, 173
Moran, silver mines of, 304
Morocco, earthquakes of, 100 effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
Morran, in Algeria, Artesian well in the desert of, 51
Mososaurus, size and characteristics of the, 23 skull of the, found, 473, 474
Moulin de la Roche, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
Mountain Ash, in South Wales, coal workings of the New Navigation Pit at, 406
Mud-streams caused by volcanic eruptions, 69 destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii by, 85 those of Obu, 95
Mud-volcanoes, 93-96 in various places, 93-95 origin of, 95, 96
Murchison, Sir Roderick, his surmises respecting gold in Australia, 289
Mürtschenstock, tunnel in the, 134
Mushrooms, subterraneansubterranean, 157 the artificial mushroom-beds near Paris, 158
Musk-ox, food of the, 26
Mylodon, size and characteristics of the, 24, 25 Professor Owen’s skeleton of the, 217
Naples, earthquake in, in 1857, 98 catacombs of, 210
Nassau, iron manufacture of, 357
Nativity, grotto of the, at Bethlehem, 188 church of the, 188
NauheimNauheim, carbonic acid gas spring of, 88
Naxos, consecrated caves to Dionysos in, 187
Naxos, emery of the island of, 463
Neilson, Mr., his discovery of the hot blast for iron furnaces, 353
Nemi, Lake of, the crateriform hollow forming the, 132
Nent Force Level, great drain of, 270
Nertschinsk, in Transbaikalia, copper mines of, 326 lead mines of, 367
Nettuno, Antro di, in Sardinia, 144
Nettuno, Grotta di, in Sicily, 145
Neusalzwerk, temperature of the well of, at various depths, 32
Nevada, state of silver mines of the, 314
Newcastle, coal-fields of, 407 their extent, 408 the various seams of coal, 408 human activity of the coal-fields, 411, 412 appearance of the town, 413 first licence to dig coals given to the town, 419
Newfoundland, gradual upheaval of the land of, 36 fountains of marine caverns in, 146
Niagara, carburetted hydrogen evolved near the falls of, 93
Nicaragua, Lake of, volcanoes near the, 61
Nicaragua, mud-volcanoes of, 93 earthquakes of, 100
Nicholas, St., rock-chapel of, in Crete, 189 legend of, 190
Nickel, name of, 384 uses of, and whence obtained, 384
Nicolas d’Aliermont, St., aquiferous layers or beds of stone at, 40
Noises, subterranean, accompanying earthquakes, 103
Normandy, traces of depression of the land on the coast of, 37
Norr Lake, emptied by a landslip, 130
Northumberland, coal-fields of, 403
1016Northwich, salt mines of, 431
Norway, copper mines of, 324
Noss, islet of, its marine caves, 142
Notornis, Professor Owen’s reconstruction of the, 217
Nuovo, Monte, in the Bay of Baiæ, volcanic formation of the, 67
Oberstein, rock-chapel of, 190 legend of the chapel, 190, 191
Obregon works the silver mine of Guanaxuato, 301, 302 his title and urbanity of character, 302
Obu, eruption of the, 95 mud-streams of, 95
Oche, Dent d’, landslip of the, 127
Oesterby, iron-works of, 360
Ohio, ancient mounds in the valley of the, 224
‘Oil harvest’ of Caripe, 161
Olm, or Proteus, discovery of the, 164, 165 various places in which it has been found, 166 description of the animal, 165-167
Olonne, Island of, upheaval of the land round the, 36
Onyx, the, 497
Ontanagon district, in America, ancient copper mines, 327
Oolite rocks, their thickness, 2
Oolitic period, fossils of the, 19, 22
Opal, precious, 495 mines of, in Hungary, 495
Ophir, seat of, 287
Ores, how generally found in mines, 246 how they have been collected or precipitated, 247
‘Orkneyman’s Harbour, The,’ the marine cavern so called, 143
Oroomiah, Lake, in Persia, salt of the hills and plains of, 437
Orthoceratites of the primitive seas, 18 extinction of the, 18
Oscillatory movements of the earth, 34-37 probable causes of, 38
Otero, a shopkeeper, joins in working the mine of Guanaxuato, 302
Owen, Professor, his memoir and skeleton of the great Moa of New Zealand, 217
Owls, cave-haunting, 160
Pachuca, silver mines of, 304
Pachyderms, remains of large extinct, 26, 27
Palæotheriums, size and characteristics of, 23
Palæopteryx, Professor Owen’s reconstruction of the, 217
Palladium, discovery and uses of, 388
Palestine, Southern, hermits in, 179
Palomba, Fossa della, on Etna, 147
Papalardo, Baron, his efforts to divert the lava-stream from Catania, 72, 73
Parian marble, or Lychnites, 466
Paris, artificial mushroom-beds near, 168 catacombs of, 210, 211 old cemeteries of, 211 plaster of, 468
Parsees, their worship of fire, 91 their legend of the devil, 91 their occupation and abandonment of Baku, 92
Pasco, Cerro di, silver mines of, 309
Pasco, mining town of, 310 mines of, 310, 311
Patmos, cave and church of St. John the Evangelist, 188
Paul, St., of Thebes, the first hermit, his cave, 178
Pausilippo, Grotto of, 241 origin of the, 242
Paviland, ossiferous caves of, 215
Peak, in the Island of Timor, blown up and replaced by a cavity, 68
Pecopteris adiantoides, 391
Peniscola, fountains of marine caverns in, 146
Pennsylvania, copper mines of, 328 coal-fields of, 425 petroleum springs of, 427
Pentacrinus briareus, fossil, 17, 18
Pentelikon, or Mount Penteles, marble of, 466
Pepandajan, in Java, the volcanic cone of, blown to pieces, 67
Percy, Dr. John, his discovery of aluminium-bronze, 387
Perdix, Bartholomew, his manufacture of alum, 458
Permian period, fishes of the, 13 fossils of the, 15
Peroxide of tin, or tinstone, 335 richest deposits of, 335
Perticara di Talamella in Italy, sulphur mines of, 444
Peru, active volcanoes of, 61 earthquakes of, 100 indifference of man in, to earthquakes, 113 silver mines of, 300 iron furnaces of, 353
Peter’s Mount, St., near Maestricht, quarries of, 470 visit of Faujas de Saint-Fond, 472
Petroleum, formation of, 426 old springs of, in Europe, 426, 427 production of the springs of America, 427
Petrospongidæ, or stone sponges, 17
Pfeiffer, Ida, her visit to the diamond mines of Borneo, 480
Pharaohs, rock-tombs of the, in Thebes, 202-204
1017Philip II. of Spain, his destruction of the Moors of Granada, 173
Philip, Port, town of, 290
Philotheus, St., his cave on Mount Penteles, 466
Phœnicians, their tin-trade, 333 their traffic in and uses of lead, 364
Pietra Mala, burning springs of, 90
Pigeons, cave-haunting, 160
Pilot Knob ‘iron mountain,‘ 362
Pines, black, of Trinidad, 429
Pitt, or Regent, diamond, 485
Pittasphalte, formation of, 426
Piuka Jama, cave of, 154, 155 the River Poik flowing below the, 154
Piz Mountain, destructive effects of a landslip of the, 127
Planina, river traversing the Cave of, 150 explored by Adolph Schmidl, 151 abundance of Protei in the, 166
Platinum, discovery of, 382 where obtained, 382 its qualities, 383
Playfair, his observations as to the rise of the land in Sweden, 35
Plesiosaurus, size and characteristics of the, 21 where found, 22
Pleurotomaria carinata, fossils of, 15
Pliny the Elder, death of, as described by his nephew, 82-84
Pliocene period, animals of the, 24
Plumbago, graphite, or black lead, former trade in, in Cumberland, 462 the mine exhausted, 462 places where found at present, 462
Plürs, town of, buried by a landslip, 127
Polistena, effects of an earthquake at, 98
Poik River, engulfment and re-appearance of the, 150 a subterranean canoe voyage on the, 151-154 the river flowing beneath the Piuka Jama, 154
Pombal, Marquis of, his conduct in the great earthquake of Lisbon, 116, 117
Pompeii, destruction of the town of, 81-85 the mud-stream which effected the destruction, 85 present state of the Roman town of, 87
Pontus, hermits in, 179
Popocatepetl, depth of the crater of, 54 Montaño’s visit to the crater of, 446
Porphyry of Elfdal, 467 of the Altai, 468
Portugal earthquakes of, 100
Potosi, San Luis de, silver mines of, 303, 309
Precious stones, 477
Proteus anguinus, discovery of the, 164, 165 description of the animal, 165-167 its abundance in the Cave of Planina, 166 different caverns in which it has been found, 166
Prussia, iron manufacture of, 357 production of zinc in, 381 salt-works of, 438
Pterichthys Milleri of the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, 13, 14
Pterodactyli, size and characteristics of the, 21
Pterygotus acuminatus, 12
Pulvermaar of Grillenfeld, lake or maare of, 132
Puzzuoli, solfatara of, 444
Quarries, celebrated, 464 those of France, 464 those of England and Germany, 464 of Carrara and the Pentelikon, 465, 466 porphyry, 467, 468 alabaster and plaster of Paris, 468 slate, 469 of St. Peter’s Mount, near Maestricht, 470 of Egypt, 474
Quicksilver. See Mercury.
Quito, active volcanoes of, 61 tradition respecting them, 67 earthquakes of, 100
Radoboy, sulphur mines of, 444
Rain-prints of former ages, preservation of, 29
Rammelsberg, in the Hartz—silver mines of the, 299 discovery of the lode of the, 248 burning hard mineral stone in, 260, 261 copper found in, 325
Rat, blind cavern, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 167
Rathlin, island of, massacre by the English under Sir John Norris in the, 172
Ravinazzo Mountain, landslip of the, 127
Red-lead, how made, 365
Redruth, copper mines of, 317
Regla, Conde de la. See Terreros.
Reptiles, oldest known fossils of, 14, 15 enormous marine fossil reptiles of the Mesozoic ocean, 20 footprints of reptiles of the Cambrian formation, 20
Rhodium, discovery and uses of, 388
Rhosdale, iron manufacture of, 355
Riobamba, destruction of the town of, 78, 79 destroyed by an earthquake, 104 remarkable displacement of objects during the shocks, 104 1018silence during the shocks, 104
Ripple-marks of former ages, preservation of, 28, 29
Rivers, cave, 149-151 explorations of Adolph Schmidl in the Cave of Planina, 151
Rochelle, La, upheaval of the land at, 36
Rock-tombs and catacombs, 202
Rock-crystal, 498 the grotto of the Galenstock, 499
Roebuck, Dr. John, his improvements in iron manufacture, 350
Romanus, the monk, feeds St. Benedict in his cave, 180
Rome, wealth of, after the third Punic war and in the time of the Cæsars, 286, 298 gold coins of, 287
Ronciglione, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, 57
Roquefort cheese, 198
Röraas Mountains, copper mines of, in Norway, 324
Rosa, Sierra de Santa, 301 silver mines of the, 301
Rosalia, St., rock-church of, in Sicily, 188, 189 story of, and of the discovery of her bones, 188, 189
Rossberg, or Rufi, landslip of the, 123 causes of the catastrophe, 124
Rossi, Monte, height and area of, 71
Rossi, Cavaliere de, his researches in the catacombs of Rome, 210
Rosso antico, 467
Roth, natural ice-cave of, 198
Röthen, villages of Upper and Lower, destroyed by a landslip, 124
Royale, Isle, ancient copper mines of, 327
Ruby, the oriental, 489 in the crown of England, 490
Rucu-Pinchincha, Humboldt’s view down the volcano of, 55
Russia, copper mines of, 326 iron manufacture of, 357, 358 salt-works of, 437, 438 amber ornaments of, 457 the Imperial diamond of, 485
Rutile, or Titanium, discovery and uses of, 386, 387
Saarbrück, oldest known reptiles found in the coal-field of, 14 other wonders of the coal-field of, 15 vast time required for the formation of the coal-fields of the, 397
Sable, in Anjou, the Fontaine-sans-fond near, 149
Sabrina, island of, volcanic formation of the, 59 its disappearance, 59
Sacrée Madame, near Charleroi, depth of the colliery of, 247 mode of ventilation in the mine of, 277 note
Sacro, Monte, marble mountain of, 465
Safety-cages, used in descending mines, 264, 265
Safety-lamp, Davy’s, 280 improvements in the, 281
Sahara, wells of the inhabitants of the, 48, 50 future importance of Artesian wells to, 51
Salamis, fleet which gained the battle of, 298
Salcedo, silver mine of, 311 tragical end of its proprietor, Don José Salcedo, 312
Sallee, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 118
Sallenches, fall of a mountain near, 122
Salt, geological position of, 431 the mines of Northwich, 431 those of Droitwich and Stoke, 432 that of Wieliczka, 433-436 in other places, 436-439 method of preparing it, 439 origin of rock-salt, 440
Salza, manufacture of salt at, 439
Salzburg, salt mines of, 436
San Francisco, its rapid rise, 289
Santorin, submarine volcano of, 60, 61
Sapphire, red, 489 oriental, 490
Sardinia, cave-dwellers of, 234 the dwellings of the Sarde shepherds of the present day, 234 lead mines of, 366
Saviour’s, Our, tomb at Jerusalem, church built over the, 188
Saxony, tin mines of, 336 coal-fields of, 404
SchaflochSchafloch, ice-cave of, 194, 195
Schmerling, Dr., his investigations respecting the antiquity of man, 226
Schemnitz, fungi of the mines of, 158 discovery of the rich mines of, 248 produce of silver in the mines of, 300
Schmidl, Adolph, his explorations of the subterranean river Poik and Cave of Planina, 151
Schneeberg, large block of silver found at, 299 use made of the burning vapours, 283 bismuth of, 383
Scilano, village of, buried by a landslip, 127
Scilla, Prince of, his death, 107, 108
Scopoli, his description of subterranean fungi, 157
1019Scoriæ, length of time the liquid fire is retained in the interior of a lava-stream, 73
Scotland, lead mines of, 366 coal-fields of, 403
Scott, Sir Walter, his visit to ‘The Orkneyman’s Harbour,’ 143 and to Fingal’s Cave, 143
Scrope, Mr. Poulett, his description of the Volcano of Stromboli, 62
Sea-shells found on the Andes and Alps, 34, 37 and in other places at present removed from the sea, 34
Sea, movements of the, in earthquakes, 106, 107 extent of the wave-motion, 105, 106 cases of the destructive effects of the earthquake waves, 107-109, 117-119
Segeberg, deposit of salt at, 439
Senegal, deposits of the Arca senilis on the banks of the river inland, 34
Sequoia, gigantic trees of the, 28
Seven Pagodas, rock-temples near Madras so called, 184
Seville, effects of the earthquakes of 1755 at, 118
Shelas, cave of, Colonel St. Arnaud’s massacre in the, 176
‘Shell-mounds’ of Denmark, 222 those of the Fuegians, 222
Shetland, marine caves of, 142
Shields inlaid with silver in Homer’s time, 298
Siberia, auriferous land of, 288 lead mines of, 367 emeralds of, 491
Sicanians, cave-dwellings of the ancient, 232
Sicily, earthquakes of, 100 marine grottoes of, 145 sulphur mines of, 441
Sickingen, Count, his experiments with platinum, 382
Sidi Rascheed, in Algeria, Artesian well of, 51
Sigillaria oculata, 392
Silurian period, crustacea of the, 10-12 brachiopods of the, 12, 13 fishes of the, 13
Silver, discoveries of lodes of, 248 antiquity of the discovery of, 297 most ancient silver mines, 298 European silver-fields, 299, 300 mines of Mexico and Peru, 300-314 mode of crushing and decomposing the ores, 306-307 law of Peru respecting the silver mines, 311 mines of Chili and Nevada, 313, 314
Singapore, antimony of, 383
Siphnos, ancient silver mines of, 298
Siphonia costata, fossil, 16
Sioa, constant state of eruption of the volcano of, 63
Sivatherium giganteum, size and characteristics of, 27, 28
Skaptar Jökul, in Iceland, lava-stream of the eruption of, in 1783, 70 that of 1787, 75
Skerries, water-spouts or fountains of the, 146
Slate quarries of North Wales, 469
Smeaton, John, his improvements in iron manufacture, 350
Sodium, discovery and uses of, 388
Solway Moss, appearance and area of the, 130 bursting of the, 130, 131
Sommatino, conflagration of the solfatera of, 443
Somme, flint implements of the Valley of the, 230, 231
Spain, gold coins of the Visigoths of, 287 auriferous land of, 288 ancient silver mines of, 298 tin mines of, 336 iron industry of, 361 lead mines of, 365 coal-fields of, 423 cupriferous pyrites of, 447
Spartacus, revolt of, 82 his defeat of Clodius at Vesuvius, 82
Speerenberg, deposit of salt at, 439
Sphenopteris affinis, 391
Spider, eyeless, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163
Spinel, the, 490
Spirifer princeps, 12
Spiriferidæ, 13
Sponges, fossil, of the primitive seas, 16
Springs, always warmer than the air in the locality where they gush forth, 32 hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of, 40-42 temperature of the water of, 43 geological phenomena favouring the production of thermal springs, 43 mineral particles in springs, 43, 44 intermittent springs, 44 geysirs of Iceland, 45-48 Artesian wells, 48-52 carbonic acid gas springs, 88-90 of carburetted hydrogen, 90-93
Staffordshire, burning mines of, 283 the Burning Hill of, 283, 284
Stag, Professor Owen’s skeleton of the primeval, 217
Stalactites and stalagmites, formation of, 139, 140 their varieties of form and slow formation, 140 1020Dr. Schmidl’s ‘Stalactital Paradise,’ 152 in the Cave of Guacharo, 162 of the Cave of Melidoni, 176 in the Norwegian copper mine of Röraas, 325
Stalita tænaria, the eyeless cavern spider, 163, 164
Stamping-mill in the silver mines of Mexico, 306
Star fish, of the Chalk group, 18
Stassfurt, mines of, 438
Steam, important part played by, in volcanic phenomena, 41
Steam-jets, or fumaroles, of volcanoes, 63 those of the eruption of Jorullo in 1759, seen in 1803, 74
Stephenson, George, a coal-trapper in life, 419
Stikeen, gold-fields of, 293
Stockton-on-Tees, export of coal from, 413
Stoke, in Worcestershire, salt mines of, 432
Stone implements of Denmark, 222 of the Brixham caverns, 227 of the Valley of the Somme, 230
Stromboli, diameter of the crater of, 54 constant activity of the volcano of, 62 Mr. Poulett Scrope’s description of it, 62
Stromeyer, his discovery of cadmium, 386
Strontian, in Argyleshire, lead mines of, 366
Styria, iron of, 358
Subiaco, St. Benedict’s Cave near, 180
Suffioni of the Florentine lagoons, 460
Sulphur of the mines of Sicily, 441 exports of, 443 conflagration of a sulphur mine, 443 mines of Ternel and Lorca, 444 combinations of sulphur with metals, 447
Sumatra, deposits of tinstone in, 335
Sunderland, export of coal from, 413
Superior, Lake, copper scattered near the shore of, 325, 327 ancient copper mines near, 327
Surtshellir, in Iceland, formation of the, 148
Sutherland, gold-fields of, 293
Swallows, cave-haunting, 160
Swansea, copper-works of, 320, 321
Sweden, effect of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118 mode of descending mines in, 264 copper mines of, 322
Swifts, cave-haunting, 160
Switzerland, subterranean relics of prehistoric man in, 223 ancient iron implements found in, 347
Swoszwice, sulphur mines of, 444
Syene, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Syracuse, catacombs of, 210 city of, 475 the Latomiæ of, 475
Syria, earthquakes of, in the reign of Tiberius, 97, 100
Syout, in Upper Egypt, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
Tagilsk, Nishne, platinum of, 382
Taman, mud-volcanoes of the peninsula of, 93, 95
Tamelhat, in Algeria, Artesian well at, 51
Tangiers, effects of an earthquake sea-wave in, 118
Tap cinders of the iron puddling furnaces, 355
Tasmania, coal-fields of, 424
Tauretunum, Roman town of, destroyed by a landslip, 127
Tees, importance of the river, 407
Teir, Djebel, height of the volcano of, 54
Temboro, cone of the volcano of, blown to pieces, 67
Temenitz, engulfment and reappearance of the river, 150
Temples, rock, of India, 181
Teneriffe, Peak of, shape of the, 53 ice-caves of, 198 solfatara of the, 445
Tenger, Gunong, in Java, diameter of the crater of the volcano of, 54
Terebratulæ of the Silurian seas, 13 hastata, fossils of, 15
Ternel, sulphur mine of, 444
Terni, Æolian caverns of, 198
Terranuova, effects of an earthquake at, 98
Terreros, Don Pedro, his silver mine of La Regla, 304
Tertiary period, mammalia of the, 23
Thallium, discovery and uses of, 388
Thaur, Mount, Mahomet’s refuge in a cave of, 169 Moslem miracle of, 169
Thebes, hermits in the desert of, 179 the royal tombs of, 202-204
Themud, rock city of the, 236 legendary tale respecting the, 236
Thomson, Dr., his cave explorations in New Zealand, 218-220
Tin, antiquity of the knowledge of, 332 mentioned in the Bible, 332 Phœnician trade in, 333 uses and importance of, 334 the two ores of tin, 335 lodes of Cornwall, 337 number of mines in Devon and Cornwall at work, 338 smelting of tin, 342 number and wages of the miners, 343 nature of the miner’s work, 343
1021Tin-foil, 334
Tino, island of, Rosso antico, 467
Titanium, or rutile, discovery and uses of, 386, 387
Titus, the Emperor, his benevolence to the survivors of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 85
Tjerimai, Gunong, in Java, extinct volcano of, 55 its height and depth, 55
Tlalpujahua, silver mine of, 305
Toeplitz, hot springs of, 43
Tofua, constant activity of the volcano of, 63 lake formed in the crater of the extinct volcano of, 57
Tolfa, manufacture of alum at, 458
Tombs, rock-hewn, 202
Topaz, the, 493
Töplitz, effect of the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 on the mineral waters of, 118
Torgatten, in Norway, natural tunnel of the grotto of, 134
Trajan, the Emperor, in an earthquake at Antioch, 97
Transbaikalia, iron of, 357
Transgariep country, cannibal caverns of the, 234
Transylvania, iron of, 358 salt mines of, 436
Travers, Val de, asphalte mine of the, 428
Trebich Cave, near Trieste, 134
Tresavean Copper Mine, wealth of, 329 tin mine, 337
Treviso, three villages of, buried by a landslip of the Piz Mountain, 127
Triassic rocks, their thickness, 2 fossils of the, 22
Trilobites, 10, 11 eye of, magnified, 11 gradually vanish in the Carboniferous period, 14
Trinidad, mud volcanoes of, 93, 94
Trinidad, the great Pitch Lake of, 428 the black pines of, 429
Tripolite, its composition and uses, 463
Troglodytes, or dwellers in caves, 232
Trophonios, Cave of, 187 visitors to the cave for information, 188
Trou-aux-Moutons, vast ice-cave of the Rothhorn, 194, 195
Tschudi, silver ornaments of the, 298
Tuileries, principle on which the grand fountain of the, is supplied, 42
Tungstate of soda, uses of, 385
Tungsten, discovery of, 384 uses of, 385
Tunnels, natural, 113, 34
Turks, their atrocities in modern warfare, 176 their use of amber in pipes, 456
Turquoise, the, 493
Turrilites tuberculatus, 19
Tuscany, suffioni of the lagoons of, 460
Tyne, importance of the river, 407 shipping coal on the banks of the, 411, 412
Tynemouth Priory, view from the, 414
Ubes, St., nearly destroyed by an earthquake sea-wave, 117
United States of America, copper mines of, 328, 329
Upheavals, subterranean, 34 taking place at the present day, 34 slow elevation of the land in Sweden, 35 and in other places, 35, 36 marks chiselled on the Swedish rocks, 37 probable causes of, 38
Upsala, iron manufacture of, 360 the old city of, and the burial-places of Odin, Thor, and Freya, 360
Ural, or Oural, Mountains, the iron of the, 357 copper mines of the, 326
Uranium, discovery and uses of, 385
Valenciana, Conde de, his silver mine and fortune, 302, 304
Valenciennes, depth of the coal mines of, 247
Valentinus, Basilius, his mention of antimony, 383
Valdivia, extent of wave-motion of an earthquake at, 105, 106
Valparaiso, upheaval of the land at, 34
Valparaiso, copper mines of, 326
Vaucluse, celebrated fountain of, 149
Vegetation, subterranean, 157 mushrooms or fungi, 157
Velleja, Roman town of, buried by a landslip, 127
Venetian gold coins, 287
Ventriculites, fossil, 16
Verde antico, 467
Vesuvius, its long period of rest, and resumption of its activity, 58 the lava-stream of the eruption of 1822, 70 lava-fountains of the eruption of 1794, 72 advance of a lava-stream into the sea near Torre del Greco, 73 vast dimensions of the lava-stream of, 75 state of the volcano previous to the eruption of 79 A.C., 81 first indication of the catastrophe, 82 account of Pliny the Younger, 85
1022Veta madre, silver mine of, 247, 301
Victoria, colony of, 290 gold-fields of, 294
Villaroel Don José, his silver mine of the Cerro di Potosi, 309
Vincent, Island of, volcanic eruption on the, 66 disappearance of a mountain at, 68
Virgil, tomb of, 242 belief in his incantations, 242
Visigoths of Spain, their gold coins, 287
Vivarrais, carbonic acid gas springs of the, 88
Vivian’s copper-works at Swansea, 321
Volcanoes, heat required for the production of the lava of, 33 extent of the action of, 33 important part played by steam in volcanic phenomena, 41 extinct and active volcanoes, 53 their shapes and heights, 53, 54 their craters, 54 desolation near them, 54 dimensions and depths of various craters, 54 dangers of crater explorations, 55, 56 lakes in the craters of extinct volcanoes, 57 line of demarcation between active and extinct volcanoes, 58 volcanoes still constantly forming, 58 submarine volcanoes, 59 formation of volcanic islands, 59 number of known volcanoes, 60 unequal distribution of, 61 in a constant state of activity, 61, 62 steam-jets, or fumaroles, 63, 74 phenomena of volcanic eruption, 65 stones and ashes thrown out, 66 explosion of cones, 67 disastrous effects of showers of sand, pumice, and lapilli, 68 mud-streams formed, 69 torrents formed by melted snow, 69 formation of fiery streams of liquid lava, 70 parasitic cones of eruption, 70 wooded volcanic craters, 71 phenomena attending the flow of a lava-stream, 72, 73 effect of the meeting of lava and the sea, 73 and of lava and ice, 74 vast dimensions of lava-streams, 75, 76 waste of desolation in lava-fields, 77 considered as safety-valves, 78, 79 probable causes of, 79, 80 destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 81-87 mud-volcanoes, 93-96 formation of volcanic caves, 146-148
Volterra, alabaster of, 468
Vultur, Mount, beauty of the forest scenery around the extinct craters of, 57
Wales, auriferous veins found in, 293 lead mines of, 366 time required for the formation of the coal-fields of South, 397 their superficial extent, 405 the coal-fields of North, 403 total number of pits in the South, 406 slate quarries of North, 469 New South, copper mines of, 329 coal-fields of, 424
Walker colliery, on the Tyne, disaster in, prevented, 282
Wallsend colliery, drowned, 273 attempt made to work a part of it, 278
Wanlockhead, lead mines at, 366
Warburton, his description of the rock-temple of Ipsamboul, 184-186 his visit to the tombs of the Pharaohs at Thebes, 202-204
Wash, evidences of subsidence of the land on the shores of the, 37
Washoe silver mine, 314
Water, its eternal strife with fire, 1, 2 the waters of the Cambrian or Silurian ocean, 11 filtered and made pure by the earth, 40 temperature of the water of springs, 43 subterranean distribution of the waters, 39 hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of springs, 40, 41 Bunsen’s theory of the Geysirs, 47 geological phenomena favouring the production of thermal springs, 43 geysirs of Iceland, 45-48 Artesian wells, 48-52 effect of the meeting of a lava-stream and the sea, 73 movements of the sea in earthquakes, 107 action of water in limestone caves, 138, 139 and in forming marine caves, 142
Water-spouts of caverns in the Skerries, 146 in mines, 269 modes of draining, 269
Waterfall, a subterranean, 153
1023Watt, James, his invention and its importance in iron manufacture, 351
Wear, importance of the river, 407
Wermland, iron manufacture of, 360
Westphalia, coal-fields of, 405
Wheal Cock, copper mine of, 319
Wheal, Edward, Cornish copper mine of, 319
Wheal Vor, rise and fall of the tin mine of, 339
Whitehaven coal-basin, extent of the, 407 excavations under the sea at the, 410
White-lead manufacture of the Brohl, 89
White-lead, how made, 365
Wicklow, lead mines of, 366 iron pyrites of, 447
Wielitzka, salt mines of, 262, 433-435 method of descending the, 263 accident in the, 435
Wiesbaden, hot springs of, 43
Wind-grottoes, 198-200 fables respecting, 199
Wirksworth, ossiferous caves of, 215, 216
Wissokaja Gora, the magnetic mountain of, 357
Wolfram, discovery of, 384
Wollaston, his discovery of palladium, 388 and of rhodium, 388
Wood, Colonel, his discovery of a bone-cave at Gower, 228
Workington Colliery, drowned, 274
Worship, subterranean places of, 181-183
Worsley, in Lancashire, subterranean canals in, 263
Yeermalik, massacre by Genghis Khan in the cave of, 172, 173 visit to the cave, 173 as a natural ice-cave, 197
York, New, copper mines of, 328
Yorkshire, lead mines of, 366
Zacatecas, silver mine of, 302
Zealand, New, effects of the earthquake of 1855 in upraising land, 111 maare, or crateriform hollows of, 132 the Apteryx australis of, 216 the gigantic Moa of, 216, 217 Professor Owen’s memoir and skeleton of the bird, 217 ossiferous caves of the country, 218 gold-fields of, 293 vegetation of, similar to that of the coal-fields, 395 coal-fields of, 424
Zellerfeld, great adit levels of the mines of, 270
Zepeda, Don Barnebé de, his discovery of the silver vein of Catorce, 303
Zeus, Olympian, Phidias’ ivory and gold statue of, 286
Zinc, not known to the ancients, 380 production of, 380, 381 the chief zinc-producing countries, 381, 382
Zircon, the, 492
Zoroaster, religion of, restored by the Sassanides of Persia, 92
Zwickau, in Saxony, burning mine at, 283
Footnotes
Works by the same Author.
THE SEA AND ITS LIVING WONDERS. With several hundred Wood Engravings; and an entirely New Series of Illustrations in Chromoxylography, representing the most Interesting Objects described in the Work, from Original Drawings by Henry Noel Humphreys. Third English Copyright Edition. 8vo. price 21s.
‘Dr. Hartwig’s volume is a perfect model of the popular treatment of a large subject. It is at once full, clear, concise, and attractive; and it possesses the merit, absolutely unique as far as our experience goes in works of this kind, of being readable from end to end. Though closely packed with details—sufficiently so indeed to be a good, though of course not an exhaustive, book of reference for practical use—these are so well selected and arranged, so concisely related, and so carefully subordinated to general views, that they never produce any sensation of weariness, monotony, or confusion. There are some admirable chromoxylographs, and an infinitude of excellent woodcuts scattered up and down the pages with a profuse hand. In short, the Sea has received from Dr. Hartwig a recommendation to public attention which can scarcely perhaps increase its popularity, but which will certainly enable many of its admirers to regard it with a more enlarged and intelligent admiration. The title, large as it is, does the work some injustice, for we are apt to forget the Sea itself in the Living Wonders which it nourishes; and we scarcely include, in our conception of life, the vegetation of the ocean. This, however, is no fault of Dr. Hartwig’s; for he fairly exhausts his subject. The first seventy pages are devoted to a very clear account of the general features of the sea. Its extent and depth and colour, its coast-line and currents, the height and velocity of its waves, the theory of its tides, the mighty circulation whereby the life-currents of the earth rise in evaporation from the ocean surface, are dispersed through the upper regions of the air, are condensed in rain, and, trickling through the soil, return in rivers to their native reservoir, are all set forth with great skill and beauty of language. Dr. Hartwig then passes on to the inhabitants of the sea. First come the “hugest of living things,” the Cetaceans, with their kindred the seals and walruses—animals which in their anatomy and habits form a curious link between the tribes of earth and 1024water, and in their vast size and outlandish forms seem, at least in fancy, to connect the present age with distant geological periods.... Penguins and auks and albatrosses next come under our notice: then turtles, the only modern representatives of the ancient saurians; then follows a description of many of the more curious fishes—among which we notice some singular creatures with fins and tails and gills, which can not only live for days out of water, but actually creep up trees and catch insects. Crabs and barnacles, worms and molluscs, star-fishes, sea-urchins, coral-polyps, and our familiar friends the sea-anemones, all come in for their fair share of attention. Even the microscopic foraminifera and diatomaceæ are included: one chapter is given to marine plants, and another to the primitive ocean; while the whole is appropriately closed with a brief sketch of the progress of maritime discovery. And all this is packed into an elegant volume of 400 pages. Never, surely, was such a mine of information presented in so pleasing a shape. Dr. Hartwig has skimmed the very cream of marine science, and thrown all its daintiest morsels into a single attractive dish.’
Guardian, First Notice.
‘This is the third edition, considerably enlarged, of the first and best of Dr. Hartwig’s beautiful and popular volumes on natural history. The size of the book is increased by a hundred pages; a good deal of it is remoulded; two whole new chapters have been added, one on Marine Caves, the other on Marine Constructions, such as Lighthouses and Breakwaters; some of the old illustrations have disappeared, but their place has been supplied by more and better; so that the new edition really amounts to a recasting of the entire book. It was a very good book before; it is better and more complete now. Whether we regard the letterpress or the numerous illustrations, it takes a rank second to none among ornamental and popular books of science.’ Guardian, Second Notice.
THE TROPICAL WORLD: a Popular Scientific Account of the Natural History of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms and the Equatorial Regions. With 8 Chromoxylographic Plates and about 800 Woodcuts. 8vo. price 21s.
‘This work well deserves popularity, and is just the book to interest young persons who have the sense to perceive that the truths of nature are not only stranger but far more profitable than some fictions. All that intelligent women and children desire to know about the tropics will be found here—the aspects of nature, the rivers and coasts, the great sandy deserts, the gigantic vegetation, and the animal denizens from insects to apes; but excluding the tropical varieties of man.’
Medical Times and Gazette.
‘Dr. Hartwig has followed up his admirable book on the Sea by another, not less admirable, on the Tropical World. The same wide erudition, vivid powers of description, and happy intermixture of popular and scientific treatment are displayed in it; and its pages are adorned by the same profusion of elegant illustration. Within the tropics Nature revels in her wildest luxuriance: bird, beast, reptile, and plant take there strange forms and colours, or attain unusual magnitude. Dr. Hartwig has steeped his pen in the glowing atmosphere of the tropics; and with it, as with a wand, he leads us through successive regions of a sunny fairyland teeming with beautiful natural objects in inexhaustible variety, changeful and brilliant as the effulgent landscapes amid which they flourish.’
Guardian.
‘The tropics give us something like a picture of the antediluvian world. The heat and moisture, with the consequent luxuriance of vegetation in tangled overgrowth, the violence of the storms, and the ferocity and hideousness of many animal forms, mark out these equatorial regions as very striking, very picturesque, very interesting, but not very 1025agreeable as a residence. Unless we are young, robust, and adventurous, it is pleasanter to read of such regions in our milder Europe, and to visit them in imagination, following the adventures of others. And this journey Dr. Hartwig enables us to make through his excellent compilation.... We have indicated the nature of Dr. Hartwig’s book, and have only to add that it is compiled with great skill, and written in a clear and agreeable style. It is seldom that we have occasion to notice a more satisfactory work of the class to which it belongs.’
Saturday Review.
‘We ought not to conclude these gleanings without a brief notice of Dr. Hartwig’s popular book. There are those who look with contempt on popular science of all kinds, and regard with undisguised aversion such compilations as the one before us. We do not share these feelings in the least degree; on the contrary, we welcome most heartily such introductions to the study of natural history. True, they may be sometimes of little scientific value, but they are very useful stepping-stones to something more solid. They are more especially intended for the young, but those of mature years may derive much profit by a perusal of many of these works, and even the naturalist may read them with pleasure and instruction. The numerous beautifully illustrated and carefully compiled works on natural history, such as the Tropical World, together with the Sea and its Living Wonders, by the same writer, and several others which have appeared within the last few years, are an encouraging sign of the growing interest which the rising generation takes in the study of the great Creator’s works, and we heartily wish them Godspeed.’
Quarterly Review.
Works by the same Author.
THE HARMONIES OF NATURE,
OR THE UNITY OF CREATION.
With 8 full-page Engravings on Wood, from Original Designs by
F. W. Keyl, and about 200 Woodcuts in the Text.
8vo. price 18s.
1026‘As a sort of abridged Kosmos brought down so as to include the latest discoveries of science, Dr. Hartwig’s Harmonies of Nature is admirable for the view it gives of the order of nature as we can at present conceive it. Such a work enlarges and clears our conception of the universe, and we can heartily commend both the ability with which the facts are elucidated and the reverential spirit with which they are treated.’
Globe.
‘Dr. Hartwig’s book at first looks like a system of natural history: it swarms with woodcuts of zoology and comparative anatomy. But it properly belongs to general psychology; for its object is comparison and deduction, and a view of the chain of being, which ... after some general cosmogony, begins at the lowest phases of vegetable life and ends with man.... The book is very interesting, and fills a very useful place.’
Athenæum.
‘The nature of Dr. Hartwig’s Harmonies of Nature will perhaps be better understood if we call it a popularised Kosmos. Beginning with the starry heavens, the Author leads us through air and ocean, and shows in broad outline how material nature is adapted to the organic life which fills it. He then traces out the ascending grades of organic life itself from plants to sponges and jelly-fishes, and from them up through molluscs, 1027insects, fishes, birds, and mammals, to man himself, the crown of all. This great outline is filled up with sufficient detail to give it substance and interest. It is traced with a flowing and expressive pen, and illustrated by an elegant and abundant pencil. Those who have seen Dr. Hartwig’s former works will be satisfied to know that this is no unworthy companion to them.’
Guardian.
‘The Harmonies of Nature will add to its Author’s well-deserved reputation as the most correct and philosophic as well as the most entertaining writer of the day on popular natural history. Unlike most of the compilers of this class of works, Dr. Hartwig has a very extensive knowledge of his subject, a knowledge sufficient to enable him to present to his readers a well-arranged work, that may be read with profit as well as with pleasure. The object of the work is to point out and illustrate the unity of plan which prevails throughout creation.... Compared with the popular natural histories current in France and England, the works of Dr. Hartwig are of much higher excellence; and for those readers who desire to know something about physical science without becoming painful and diligent students, no volume can be recommended as more delightful than the Harmonies of Nature.’
The Field.
THE POLAR WORLD;
A POPULAR DESCRIPTION OF MAN AND NATURE IN THE ARCTIC
AND ANTARCTIC REGIONS OF THE GLOBE.
With 8 Chromoxylographic Plates, 3 Maps, and 85 Woodcuts.
8vo. price 21s.
1028‘The appearance of Dr. Hartwig’s book at this time is very opportune. There is every reason to believe that public attention will be directed during the next ten or fifteen years to the Polar regions and the contemplated expeditions to them. Whether or not the suggestions are carried out which were made at the recent meeting of the Geographical Society for an educating trial trip to the Arctic coast, there can be no doubt that there will be an expedition in 1881-1882 for the purpose of observing the transit of Venus in the Antarctic Seas. Sabrina Land and Possession Island are spoken of as suitable stations for the observations. Most readers would have to refer to their maps, or to almost forgotten books of Antarctic travel to make themselves acquainted with those localities. Dr. Hartwig’s volume gives maps, description, and history of all that is known concerning these icy regions in a few compendious pages.... Like Dr. Hartwig’s former works, the Polar World is a model of interesting and authentic 1029compilation. Starting from Iceland, he takes us round the lands which circle about the North Pole, describing their natural features, the people who inhabit them, the birds, beasts, and fishes, and the scanty vegetation, which is frequently little more than varieties of mosses and lichens. The same plan is followed in the regions of the South Pole. In his treatment of all these subjects the Author combines the qualities of a clever historian, a well-informed geographer, and a correct naturalist. Gathering up all the information supplied by numerous explorers, he has presented to us the result in a beautifully illustrated volume, containing a clear, concise, and faithful description of man and nature in high latitudes. The work will be exceedingly useful as well as interesting to the naturalist, as nearly every chapter in it contains careful accounts of the animals peculiar to the regions described.... The Polar World will add greatly to the already well-deserved reputation of the Author.’
Land and Water.
London: LONGMANS and CO. Paternoster Row.
Transcriber’s Note
At 370.16, the freezing point of mercury is given as ‘-39° Fahr.’, which should be -39° Celsius.
At 198.9>, the paragraph ending ‘pillars supporting the roof’, includes a single closing quote, the opening of which is either missing, or it is itself a mistake. Given the wording of the paragraph, it is likely the latter.
Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original, or where two columns were employed, the page, column, and line. Where the spelling of index entries disagree with their references in the text, they have been corrected.
xvii.24 [(]Green Added.
5.13 subterran[n]ean fires Removed.
98.34 were found clasped in each other’s arms.[’] Added.
105.10 valley of the Mississip[p]i Added.
109.10 a vest[a/i]ge remaining Replaced.
158.40 præsertim subterraneas exhibens.[’] Added.
164.28 communicating with [un/nu]merous subterranean Transposed.
198.9 pillars supporting the roof.[’] Removed.
217.10 forms one of the most conspic[u]ous ornaments Added.
282.2 with the ox[gy/yg]en of the air, Transposed.
341.16 more like a vast natural crater tha[t/n] a hollow Replaced.
356.20 of North and[ and] South Wales Removed.
399.18 acc[c]ompanying Removed.
443.19 Sic[n/u]liana Replaced.
496.31 an ample i[m/n]demnity Replaced.
504.2.3 Canstadt, in Wurtemb[u/e]rg>, Replaced.
508.1.41 Estrell[o/a] do Sul, or Star of the South Replaced.
514.2.4 Mushrooms, subterran[n]ean Removed.
514.2.17 Na[n/u]heim, carbonic acid gas spring of, 88 Replaced.
517.2.45 S[c]haflock, ice-cave of, 194, 195 Added.