INDEX.

——::—— The Fossils, the names of which appear in Italics, are figured in the Text.

ABBEVILLE, flint tools of, 152 Aberdeenshire, granite of, 558 Abich, M., on trachytic rocks, 504 Acer trilobatum, Miocene, 220, 221 Acrodus nobilis, Lias, 359 Acrogens, term explained, 303 Acrolepis Sedgwickii, Permian, 390 Actæon acutus, Great Oolite, 345 Actinocyclas, in Atlantic mud, 288 Actinolite, 499, 502 —— schist, 578 Æchmodus Leachii, Lias, 358 Adiantites Hibernica, Old Red, 441 Agassiz on fish of Sheppey, 267 —— on fish of the Brown-Coal, 540 —— on fish of Monte Bolca, 544 —— on Old Red fossil fish, 443, 447 —— on Silurian fish, 460 Age of metamorphic rocks, 597 —— of Plutonic rocks, 564 —— of strata, tests of, 123 —— of volcanic rocks, 520 Agglomerate described, 509 Agnostus integer. A. Rex, 488 Air-breathers of the Coal, 413 Aix-la-Chapelle, Cretaceous flora of, 302 Alabaster defined, 39 Alberti on Keuper, 376 Albite, 499, 500 Aldeby and Chillesford beds, 192 Alkali, present in the Palæozoic strata, 587 Alpine blocks on the Jura, 169 Alps, age of metamorphic rocks in, 599 ——, nummulitic limestone and flysch of, 77 Alum schists of Norway and Sweden, 489 Alluvial deposits, Recent and Post-pliocene, 151 Alluvium, term explained, 99 —— in Auvergne, 100 Alternations of marine and fresh-water strata, 72 Alum Bay beds, plants of the, 262 Amblyrhynchus cristatus, a living marine saurian, 362 America. See United States, Canada, Nova Scotia. ——, North, Glacial formations of, 182 ——, South, gradual rise of land in, 72 ——, Silurian strata of, 478 American character of Lower Miocene flora, 238 —— forms in Swiss Miocene flora, 223 Amiens, flint tools of, 152 Ammonites bifrons, Lias, 356 —— Braikenridgii, Oolite, 351 —— Bucklandi, Lias, 356 —— Deshayesii, Neocomian, 311 —— Humphresianus, Inferior Oolite, 351 —— Jason, Oxford Clay, 340 —— Noricus, Speeton, 312 —— macrocephalus, Oolite, 352 —— margaritatus, Lias, 357 —— planorbis, Lias, 356 —— rhotomagensis, Chalk marl, 298 Amphibole group of minerals, 499, 502 Amphistegina Hauerina, Vienna basin, 225 Amphitherium Broderipii, in Stonesfield, 348 —— Prevostii, Stonesfield slate, 347 Ampullaria glauca, 56 Amygdaloid, 507 Analcime, 500 Anamesite, a variety of basalt, 504 Ananchytes ovatus, White chalk, 293 ——, with crania attached, 49 Ancillaria subulata, Eocene, 57 Ancyloceras gigas, 309 —— spinigerum, Gault, 301 —— Duvallei, Neocomian, 312 Ancylus velletia (A. elegans), 55 Andalusite, 500 Andes, Plutonic rocks of the, 569 Andreasburg, metalliferous vein of, 611 Angelin, on Cambrian of Sweden, 489 Angiosperms, 303 —— of the Coal, 429 Anglesea, dike cutting through shale in, 514 Anodonta Cordierii, 54 —— Jukesii, Upper Old Red, 441 —— latimarginata, 54 Anoplotherium commune, Binstead, 254 —— gracile, Paris basin, 271 Anorthite, 499, 501 Annularia sphenophylloides, Coal, 425 Antholithes, coal-measures, 429 Anthracite, conversion of coal into, 408 Anticlinal and synclinal curves, 74, 85 Antrim, Chalk altered by a dike in, 516 ——, Lower Miocene, volcanic rocks of, 539 Antwerp Crag, 204 Apateon pedestris, a carboniferous reptile, 406 Apatite, 500 Apennines, Northern, metamorphic rocks of, 599 Apes, fossil of the Upper Miocene, 215 Apiocrinites rotundus, Bradford, 343 Appalachians, long lines of flexures in, 92, 93 ——, vast thickness of successive strata in, 110 Aptychus, part of ammonite, 336 Aqueous rocks defined, 27, 35 Araucaria sphærocarpa, Inferior Oolite, 348 Arbroath, section of Old Red at, 74 Archæopteryx macrura, Solenhofen, 338 Archegosaurus minor and A. medius, coal measures, 406, 407 Archiac, M. de, on nummulites, 277 ——, on chalk of France, 306 Arctic Miocene Flora, 239 Area of the Wealden, 319 Areas, permanence of continental, 117 Arenaceous rocks described, 35 Arenicolites linearis, Arenig beds, 475 Arenig or Stiper-Stones group, 474 ——, volcanic formations of, 549 Argile plastique, 276 Argillaceous rocks described, 36 Argillite, Argillaceous schist, 579 Argyll, Duke of, on Isle of Mull leaf-beds, 247 Armagh, bone-beds in Mountain Limestone at, 437 Arran, amygdaloid filled with spar near, 518 ——, erect trees in volcanic ash of, 546 ——, Greenstone dike in, 514 Arthur’s seat, trap rocks of, 545 Arvicola, tooth of, 165 Asaphus caudatus, Silurian, 467 —— tyrannus, A. Buchii, 474 Ascension, lamination of volcanic rocks in, 595 Ash, Mr., on fossils of Tremadoc beds, 483 Ashby-de-la-Zouch, fault in coal field of, 91 Aspidura loricata, Muschelkalk, 379 Astarte borealis (=A. arctica=A. compressa), 176 —— Omalii, Crag, 199 Asterophyllites foliosus, Coal, 425 Astrangia lineata (Anthophyllum lineatum), 229 Astræa basaltiforme, Carboniferous, 432 Astropecten crispatus, London clay, 266 Atherfield clay, 309 Atlantic mud, composition of, 287 Atrypa reticularis, Aymestry, 462 Aturia ziczac (Nautilus ziczac), 266 Augite, 499, 502 Auricula, recent, 55 Austen, Mr. Godwin, on marine deposit of Selsea Bill, 182 ——, on boulders in chalk, 292 Australian cave breccias, 158 Australia, auriferous gravel of, 617 Auvergne, alluvium in, 100 ——, chain of extinct volcanoes in, 495 ——, granite veins in, 610 ——, Lower Miocene of, 233 ——, Miocene volcanic rocks of, 540 ——, Post-pliocene volcanic eruptions in, 527 ——, springs from spent volcanoes in, 604 Aveline Mr., on Tarannon shales, 468 Avicula contorta, Rhætic beds, 366 —— cygnipes, Lias, 355 —— inæquivalvis, Lias, 355 —— socialis, Muschelkalk, 379 Aviculopecten papyraceus, coal measures, 405 —— sublobatus, mountain limestone, 434 Aymestry Limestone, 461 Azoic period, supposed, 603 Azores, Miocene lavas with shells, 539

BACILLARIA paradoxa, 51 Baculites anceps, Lower Chalk, 298 —— Fauiasii, chalk, 286 Baffin’s Bay, formation of drift in, 171, 173 Bagshot sands, 258, 259, 262 Baiæ, Bay of, subterranean igneous action in, 569 Bakewell, Mr., on cleavage in Swiss Alps, 590 Bala and Caradoc beds, 470 Balistidæ, defensive spine of, 261 Bangor, or Longmynd group, 485 Banksia, seed and fruit of, Lower Miocene, 238 Barmouth sandstones, 486 Barnes, Mr. J., on insects in American coal, 416 Barnstaple, Upper Devonian of, 450 Barrande, M. Joachim, his “Primordial Zone,” 471, 482, 487 ——, on metamorphosis of trilobites, 471 Barrett, Mr., on bird in Blackdown beds, 299 Barton series sands and clays, 258 —— shells, percentage of, common to London clay, 258 Basalt, columnar, 511 ——, composition of, 504 Basaltic rocks, poor in silica, 504 ——, specific gravity of minerals in, 504 Basilosaurus, Eocene, United States, 280 Basset, term explained, 83 Basterot, M. de, on Bordeaux tertiary strata, 141 Bath Oolite, 342 Batrachian reptiles in coal, 406 Bay of Fundy, denudation in coalfield in, 418 Bean, Mr., on Yorkshire Oolite, 350 Bear Island carboniferous flora, 441 Beaumont, M. E. de, on island in Cretaceous sea, 305 ——, on mineral veins, 613 ——, on Jurassic plutonic rocks, 571 ——, on formation of granite, 553 Beckles, Mr. S. H., on footprints in Hastings sands, 315, 330 —— on Mammalia of Purbeck, 326 Belemnitella mucronata, Chalk, 283 Belemnites hastatus, Oxford clay, 340 —— Puzosianus, Oxford clay, 341 Belgium, Lower Miocene of, 241 Bellerophon costatus, Mountain Limestone, 436 Belosepia sepioidea, Sheppey, 266 Belt, Mr., on subdivision of Lingula Flags, 484 Bembridge beds, Yarmouth, 252 Berger, Dr., on rocks altered by dikes, 515 Berlin, Miocene strata near, 242 Bernese Alps, gneiss in the, 599 Berthier on isomorphism, 502 Bertrich-Baden, columnar basalt of, 512 Beyrich on term Oligocene for Lower Miocene, 244 Billings, Mr., on trilobites, 471 Binney, Mr., on Sigillariæ in volcanic ash, 546 ——, on Stigmaria, the root of Sigillaria, 426 Biotite, 499, 501 Bird in argile plastique, 276 Bischoff, Professor, on Nile and Rhine mud, 154 ——, on conversion of coal into anthracite, 403 ——, on hydrothermal action, 586 Blackdown beds, 301 Blacklead of Borrowdale, 65 Bog-iron-ore, 52 Bohemia, Cambrian rocks of, 487 ——, silver veins in, 616 Bolderberg, in Belgium, Upper Miocene of, 224 Bone-bed of fish remains, Armagh, 437 —— of Upper Ludlow, 450 —— of the Trias, 367 Boom, Lower Miocene of, 241 Bordeaux, Upper Miocene of, 214 Borrowdale, blacklead of, 65 Bosquet, M. on chalk fossils, 283 ——, on Maestricht beds, 283 Botanical nomenclature, 303 Boucher de Perthes on Abbeville alluvium, 152 Boulder-clay, whether formed by icebergs or land-ice, 166-73, 178 Boulder-clay of Canada, 182 —— fauna of, 176, 189 Boulders and pebbles in chalk, 292 Bournemouth beds (Lower Bagshot), 262 Bovey Tracey, lignites and clays of, 246 Bowerbank, Mr., on fossil fruits of London Clay, 265 ——, on fossil fruits of Sheppey, 265 Bowman, Mr., on uniting of distinct coal-seams, 401 Brachiopoda, preponderance of, in older rocks, 470 ——, mode of recognising shells of, 471 Bracklesham beds and Bagshot Sands, 259 Bradford encrinites, 342 Breccias of Lower Permian, 391 Brick-earth or fluviatile loam, 153 Bridlington drift, 189 Bristol, dolomitic conglomerate of, 373 Bristow, Mr., on volcanic minerals, 500 Brixham cave near Torquay, 158 Brocchi on Italian tertiary strata, 141 —— on subapennine strata, 208 Brockenhurst, corals and shells of, 257 Brodie, Rev. P. B., on Lias insects, 363 Brodie, Mr. W. R., on Purbeck mammalia, 326 Brongniart, M. Adolphe, on botanical nomenclature, 303 ——, on Lias plants, 364 ——, on flora of the Bunter, 380 ——, on flora of the coal, 420 ——, on fruit of Lepidodendron, 424 ——, M. Alex., on Tertiary series, 141 Bronteus flabellifer, Devonian, 453 Brora, oolitic coal formation of, 350 Brown, Mr. Richard, on Stigmaria, 426 ——, on carboniferous rain-prints, 416 Brown, Robert, on Eocene protaceous fruit, 264 Brown, Reverend T., on marine shells in Scotch drift, 177 Brown-coal of Germany, 540 Bryce, Mr., on Scotch till, 176 Bryozoa of Mountain Limestone, 433 —— and polyzoa, terms explained, 197 Buch, von. See Von Buch. Buckland, Dr., on Kirkdale cave, 158 ——, on violent death of saurians, 362 ——, on spines of fish, 359 ——, on Eocene oysters, 268 ——, on pot-stones in chalk, 291 Buddle, Mr., on creeps in coal-mines, 78 Bulimus ellipticus, Bembridge, 253 —— lubricus, Loess, 56 Bullock, Capt., R.N., on Atlantic mud, 287 Bunbury, Sir C., on leaf-bed of Madeira, 532 ——, on ferns of the Maryland coal, 421 Bunter of Germany, 380 —— or Lower Trias of England, 372 Buprestis? Elytron of, Stonesfield, 346 Burmeister on trilobites, 471

CAINOZOIC, term defined, 123 Caithness, fish beds of, 443 Calamite, root of, 425 Calamites Sucowii, coal, and restored stem, 424 Calamophyllia radiata, Bath Oolite, 342 Calcaire de la Beauce, age of the, 230 —— grossier, fossils of the, 274 —— siliceux of France, 273 Calcareous matter poured out by springs, 604 —— rocks described, 36 —— nodules in Lias, 63 Calcarina rarispina, Eocene, 275 Calceola sandalina, Devonian, 453 ——, schiefer of Germany, 453 California, aurifrous gravel of, 617 ——, gold in petrified wood of age of alluvium, 601 Calymene Blumenbachii, Silurian, 466 Cambrian Group, classification of the, 481 Cambrian, Upper, 482 ——, Lower, 484 ——, of Sweden and Norway, 489 ——, strata of Bohemia, 487 ——, of North America, 489 ——, volcanic rocks, 549 Campophyllum flexuosum, 431 Canada, Cambrian of, 489 ——, Devonian of, 455 ——, trap-rocks of, 549 Canadian drift, 182 Canary, Grand, shelly tuffs of, 538 Cantal, Lower Miocene of the, 231 Cape Breton, rain-prints in coal-measures of, 416 Cape Wrath, granite veins in gneiss at, 560 Caradoc and Bala beds, 470 Carbonate of lime in rocks, how tested, 37 Carboniferous Group, subdivisions of the, 394 —— flora, 420-30 —— limestone, thickness of, 396 ——, marine fauna of the, 432 —— Period, trap-rocks of, 545 —— plutonic rocks, 572 —— reptiles, 406 —— insects, 405 Carcharodon angustidens, Bracklesham, 262 Cardiganshire, section of slaty cleavage in, 589 Cardiocarpon Ottonis, Permian, 393 Cardita (Venericardia) planicosta, 260 —— sulcata, Barton, 259 Cardium dissimile, Portland Stone, 336 —— rhæticum, Rhætic Beds, 366 —— striatulum, Kimmeridge clay, 336 Carne, Mr. N., on Cornish lodes, 607 Carpenter, Dr., on Atlantic mud, 288 ——, on Eozoon Canadense, 491 Carrara, marble of, 599 Carruthers, Mr., on Eocene proteaceous fruit, 265 ——, on cycads of the Purbeck, 332 ——, on leaves of calamite, 425 ——, on spores of carboniferous Lycopodiaceæ, 422 ——, on structure of sigillaria, 426 ——, on trees in volcanic ash, 547 Cashmere, recent formations in, 146 Cassian, St., Triassic strata of, 376 Castrogiovanni, curved strata near, 86 Catania, laterite formed in, 510 ——, Tertiary beds in, 206 Catillus Lamarckii, White Chalk, 295 Caucasus, absence of lakes in the, 187 Caulopteris primæva, Coal, 421 Cave-breccias of Australia, 158 Cavern deposits with human and animal remains, 156 Caves of Kirkdale and Brixham, 157 Celts described, 152 Cementing of strata, 61 Cephalaspis Lyelli, Old Red, 446 Ceratites nodosus, Muschelkalk, 379 Cerithium concavum, Headon, 256 —— elegans, Hempstead beds, 245 —— (Terebra) Portlandicum, 335 —— plicatum, Hempstead beds, 245 —— melanoides, 268 Cervus alces, tooth of, 164 Cestracion Phillippi, Recent, 297 Chabasite, 500 Chalk, composition, extent, and origin of, 286 —— of Faxoe, 286 —— flints, origin of, 290 —— fossils of the White, 293-6 ——, iceborne boulders in the, 292 —— of North and South Europe, 305 ——, Lower White, without flints, 298 —— marl, fossils of the, 298 —— Period, popular error concerning, 288 Chalk-pit with pot-stones, view of, 291 Chama squamosa, Barton, 258 Champoleon, junction of granite with Jurassic strata near, 571 Chara elastica, C. medicaginula, 58 —— tuberculata, Bembridge, 253 Charpentier, M., on Alpine glaciers, 170 ——, on depression of Alps in Glacial Period, 185 Chatham coal-field, 383 Cheirotherium, footprints of, 372 Chemical deposits in veins, 612 —— and mechanical deposits, 60 Chiapa, fall of volcanic dust at, 523 Chichester, erratics near, 181 Chili, copper pyrites with gold in, 616 ——, walls cracked by earthquake in, 87 Chillesford and Aldeby beds, 192 Chimæra monstrosa, Lias, 359 Chlorite-schist, 579 Chloritic series, or Upper Greensand, 298 Christiania, Euritic porphyry at, 562 ——, granite veins in Silurian strata of, 572 ——, quartz vein in gneiss at, 561 Chronological groups of formations, 129 Chronology, test of, in rocks, 121 Cinder-bed of the Purbeck, 325 Cinnamomum polymorphum, Miocene, 219 —— Rossmässleri, Miocene, 239 Claiborne beds, Eocene fossils of, 279 Clarke County, United States, Zeuglodon of, 279 Classification of Tertiary formations, 137, 143 ——, value of shells in, 142 Clausilia bidens, Loess, 56 Clay defined, 36 —— iron-stone defined, 404 ——, plastic, 267 —— slate, 579 ——, Weald, 313 Cleavage explained, 502 ——, crystalline theory of, 591 ——, mechanical theory of, 592 —— of metamorphic rocks, 588 Cleidotheca operculata, 483 Clermont, metalliferous gneiss near, 586 Climate of the Crags, 200 —— of the Coal, 430 —— of the Miocene in the Arctic regions, 240 —— of the Post-pliocene period, 161 Clinkstone, 506 Clinton group, fossils of the, 479 Clyde, buried canoes in estuary of, 146 ——, arctic marine shells in drifts of, 176 Clymenia linearis, Devonian, 451 Clymenien-Kalk of Germany, 450 Coal, conversion into anthracite of, 403 —— a land and swamp formation, 397 ——, cause of the purity of, 402 ——, conversion of lignite into, 403 ——, erect trees in, 411 ——, structure of the, 412 ——, vegetation of the, 420 ——, air-breathers in the, 405, 413 Coal Period, climate of the, 430 —— field of Virginia, 382 —— measures of Nova Scotia, 408 —— measures, thickness of, in Wales, 397 —— pipes, danger of, 390 ——, rainprints in, 416 —— seams, uniting of, 400 Coalbrook-Dale, faults in, 88 Cochliodus contortus, 437 Cockfield Fell rocks, altered by dikes, 516 Coelacanthus granulatus, Permian, 390 Coleoptera of Œningen beds, 223 Collyrites ringens, Inferior Oolite, 351 Columnar structure of volcanic rocks, 510 —— basalt in the Vicentin, 511 Compact feldspar, 501 Concretionary structure, 63 Cone of Tartaret, 527, 542 —— of Côme, 28 Cones and craters described, 495 ——, absence of, in England, 30 Conformable stratification, 39 Conglomerate or pudding-stone, 36 ——, Dolomitic, of Bristol, 373 Coniferæ of the coal-measures, 427 Connecticut Valley, New Red Sandstone of, 381 Conocephalus striatus, 488 Conocoryphe striata, 488 Conrad, Mr., on age of American cretaceous rocks, 307 Consolidation of strata, 61 Continents and oceans, permanence of, 117 Contorted strata, in drift, 178 Conularia ornata, Devonian, 453 Conulus priscus, Coal, 415 Conus deperditus, Bracklesham, 262 Conybeare and Phillips on ninety-fathom dike, 90 Conybeare, Mr., on reptiles of the Lias, 360 Copper lode near Redruth, 607 Coprolite bed of Chloritic Series, 299 —— beds of Red and Coralline crags, 197, 198 Coprolites of fish from the chalk, 298 Coral Rag, fossils of the, 339 Coralline of White Crag, 197 Corals of the Devonian, 451 —— of the Mountain Limestone, 433 ——, Neozoic type of, 431 ——, Palæozoic type of, 431 Corbicella (Cyrena) fluminalis, 54 Corbula pisum, Hempstead beds, 245 Corinth, corrosion of rocks by gases near, 586 Cornbrash or Forest Marble, 341 Cornwall, granite veins in, 561, 582 ——, lodes in, 615 ——, mass of granite in, 552 ——, vertical sections of veins in mine, 607 Cosequina volcano, burying of organic remains by, 523 Crag, term defined, 192 —— of Antwerp, 204 ——, fauna of, its relation to that of present seas, 201 ——, Norwich, 193 ——, Coralline or White, 197 ——, Red, 194 ——, tables of marine testacea in, 202 —— deposits, climate of, 200 Crania attached to a sea-urchin, 49 —— Parisiensis, White Chalk, 294 Crassatella sulcata, Barton, 259 Craters and cones described, 495 ——, Theory of Elevation, 496 Craven fault, 90 Creeps in coal-mines, 78 Cretaceous rocks of United States, 307 —— Period, error as to continuity of, 288 ——, flora of the Upper, 302 —— volcanic rocks, 544 —— plutonic rocks, 570 —— Period, distinct mineral character of rocks in, 292 —— rocks, classification of, 282 —— strata, connection between Upper and Lower, 301 Crinoidea of Mountain Limestone, 433 Croatia, Lower Miocene beds of, 242 Croll, Mr., on amount of subaërial denudation, 114 Cromer forest-bed, 191 Crop out, term explained, 83 Crossopterygidæ, or fringe-finned fish, 443 Crowfoot, Mr., on shells of Aldeby beds, 192 Crust of the earth defined, 26 Crustaceans of Old Red Sandstone, 446 Cryptodon angulatum, London Clay, 266 Crystalline Limestone, 579 —— rocks defined, 32 —— schists, much alkali in the, 587 —— theory of cleavage, 591 Cup and Star corals, 431 Curved strata, 73-76 Cutch, salt-layers in the Runn of, 375 Cuvier, M., on fauna of the Paris basin, 271 ——, on Mammalia of Paris gypsum, 231 ——, on Tertiary series, 141 Cyathocrinus caryocrinoides, 433 —— planus, 433 Cyathophyllum cæspitosum, 451 Cyclopean isles, beds of tuff and clay in, 529 ——, contorted strata in, 530 Cyclopteris Hibernica, Old Red, 441 Cyclostigma (Lepidodendron), Old Red, 441 Cyclostoma elegans, Loess, 56 Cylindrites acutus, Great Oolite, 345 Cypress swamps of the Mississippi, 402 Cyprides in the Weald Clay, 315 Cypridina serrato-striata, 451 Cypris in fresh-water deposits, 57 —— gibbosa, C. tuberculata, C. leguminella, 324 —— striato-punctata, C. fasciculata, C. granulata, 325 —— Purbeckensis, Cypris punctata, 331 —— spinigera, Weald Clay, 315 Cyrena (Corbicella) fluminalis, 54 —— cuneiformis, Woolwich Clays, 268 —— obovata, 54 —— semistriata, Hempstead beds, 245 Cystideæ of Silurian rocks, 466 Cythere inflata, coal-measures, 405

DADOXYLON, fragment of coniferous wood, 428 Dana, on volcanic minerals, 500 Danish kitchen-middens, 146 Dapedius monilifer, Lias, 358 Darbishire on shells of Moel Tryfaen, 180 Dartmoor, post-carboniferous granite of, 572 —— intrusive granite at, 572 Darwin, Mr., on foliation and lamination, 595 ——, on mammalia of South America, 160 ——, on marine saurian, 362 ——, on rise of part of South America, 72 ——, on sinking of coral reefs, 72 ——, on plutonic rocks of the Andes, 569 ——, on relationship of extinct to living types, 160 Dates of discovery of fossil vertebrata, 464 Daubeny, Dr., on decomposition of trachytic rocks, 586 Daubrée, on formation of zeolites, 521 ——, on alkaline waters of Plombières, 584 Davidson, Mr., on Spiriferina, 355 Davis, Mr. E., on fossils of Lingula Flags, 484 Dawkins, Mr. Boyd, on Hyæna spelæa, 158 ——, on mammalia of Cromer Forest-bed, 191 ——, on Triassic mammifer, 369 Dawson, Dr., on Devonian flora and insects, 456, 457 ——, on Eozoon Canadense, 491 ——, on Nova Scotia coal-measures, 409 ——, on Nova Scotia coal-plants, 410, 412 ——, on Pupa vetusta, 415 ——, on reptiles and shells in Nova Scotia coal, 413 ——, on structure of calamite, 425 ——, on structure of sigillaria, 426 Deane, Dr., on footprints in Trias, 382 Debey, Dr., on flora and fauna of Aix, 302-04 Dechen, M. von, on organic remains of the brown coal, 540 ——, on Cornish granite veins, 560 De la Beche, Sir H., on granite of Dartmoor, 582 ——, on Carrara marble, 599 ——, on mineral veins, 616 ——, on Redruth copper-mine, 610 ——, on saurians of the Lias, 362 ——, on trap-rocks of New Red, 545 ——, on Welsh coal-measures, 397 Delesse, on action of water in metamorphism, 585 Deltas, strata accumulated in, 28 Dendrerpeton in Coal, 413 Denudation defined, 96 ——, subaërial, 97 ——, littoral, 102 ——, submarine, 105 ——, average annual amount of subaërial, 113 —— of carboniferous strata, 396 —— counteracting upheaval, 106-15, 108-15 —— a means of exposing crystalline rocks, 563 ——, trap-dikes cut off by, 518 —— and volcanic force antagonistic powers, 115 Deposition, rate of, shown by fossils, 47 Derbyshire, veins in Mountain Limestone, 608 Derivative shells of the Red Crag, 195-203 Desnoyers, M., on age of Faluns, 142 ——, on Eocene fossil footprints, 272 Desor, M., on Celtic coins in lake-dwellings, 149 Devonian Period, Upper, 450 Middle, 450 Lower, 453 —— fossils of the Eifel, 534 —— of Russia, 454 —— of United States and Canada, 455 —— insects of Canada, 457 —— strata, classification of, 439-50 Devonshire, cleavage of slate rocks in, 593 Diabase, 505 Diagonal, or cross-stratification, 42 Diagram of fossiliferous rocks, 137 —— of plutonic and sedimentary formations, 567 Diallage, 500, 502 Diastopora diluviana, Bath Oolite, 343 Diatomaceæ forming tripoli, 51 Diceras Lonsdalii, Neocomian, 310 Didelphys Azaræ, Recent, 347 Didymograpsus geminus, 476 —— Murchisonii, 473 Dike cutting through shale, Anglesea, 515 —— cutting through chalk, Antrim, 515, 516 Dikelocephalus Minnesotensis, 490 Dikes defined, 30 —— of Monte Somma, 526 —— in Palagonia, ground-plan of, 532 ——, volcanic or trap, 513-7 Diluvium, origin of term, 167 Dinornis Palapteryx, of New Zealand, 160 Dinotherium giganteum, 212 Diorite, 505 Dip and strike, terms explained, 80 Diplograpsus folium, Llandeilo Flags, 474 —— pristis, Llandeilo beds, 473 Dirt-bed of the Purbeck, 331 Dogger-bank described, 105 Dolerite, a variety of basalt, 504 Dolomite defined, 38 Dolomitic conglomerate of Bristol, 373 Downs, escarpments of North and South, 104 Downton Sandstone, 459 Dowson, Mr., on shells of Aldeby beds, 192 Drew, Mr., on Hastings Sands, 316 Drift of Ireland, 190 —— of Norfolk cliffs, 190 —— of Scandinavia, 174 —— of Bridlington, 189 —— carried by icebergs, 172 —— shells in Canada, 183 ——, contorted strata in, 178 ——, marine shells in Scotch, 175 Dudley Limestone, 465 Dufrenoy, M., on granite of Pyrenees, 582 Dumont, Professor, on Belgian Lower Eocene, 282 Duncan, Dr., on Neozoic corals passing down to Devonian, 432 Dundry Hill, near Bristol, section of, 130 Dunker, Dr., on wealden of Germany, 319 Dura Den, yellow sandstone of, 440

EARTH’S crust defined, 26 Echinoderms of Suffolk Crag, 200 Echinosphæronites balticus, 472 Egerton, Sir P., on fish of Headon series, 256 ——, on fish of the Permian, 389 ——, on fish of Penarth beds, 366 Ehrenberg, Professor, on term Bryozoum, 197 ——, on Silurian foraminifera, 478 ——, on infusoria, 51 Eifel Limestone, 453 ——, Lake-craters of, 534 —— Miocene, volcanic rocks of, 539 —— Pliocene, volcanoes of the, 534 ——, trass of the, 535 Elephas antiquus, molar of, 163 —— meridionalis, molar of, 163 —— primigenius, molar of, 162 Elevation craters, theory of, 496 Elvans, term explained, 572 —— of Ireland and Cornwall, 615 Elytron of Buprestis? Stonesfield, 346 Emmons, Professor, on jaws of Triassic quadruped, 383 ——, on Dromatherium, 383 Encrinites of Bradford, 342 Encrinus liliiformis, Muschelkalk, 379 Endogens, term explained, 303 Engihoul cave, human and animal remains in, 157 England and Wales, glaciation of, 180 Enstatite, 501 Eocene areas of Europe, map of, 250 —— foraminifera, 274 —— formations of France, 270-6 —— of England, 252 —— period, volcanic rocks of, 543 ——, plutonic rocks of the, 568 ——, metamorphic rocks of the, 598 —— of France, footprints in, 272 —— and Miocene, line between the, 230, 250 ——, term defined, 143 —— of the United States, 278 Eozoon Canadense, oldest known fossil, 492 Epidote, 500 Eppelsheim, Dinotherium of, 225 Equisetaceæ of the Coal, 424 Equisetites columnaris, Keuper, 376 Equus caballus, tooth of, 164 Erratic blocks, nature of, 167 —— of Greenland, 171 —— near Chichester, 181 —— in the Red Crag, 201 Erratics, Alpine, 169 Escarpments explained, 104 Eschara disticha, White Chalk, 296 Escharina oceani, White Chalk, 296 Estheria minuta, Trias, 370 —— ovata, Richmond, Virginia, 383 Ethridge, Mr., on Atlantic mud, 288 ——, on Devonian series, in Devon, 450 ——, on Devonian fauna, 451, 454 ——, on mollusca of Bracklesham, 260 ——, on St. Cassian fossils, 377 Etna, built up since Newer Pliocene, 204 ——, Pliocene lavas of, 529 Ettingshausen on Sheppey Eocene fruit, 265 Eunomia radiata, Bath Oolite, 342 Eunotia bidens, Atlantic mud, 288 Euomphalus pentangulatus, 435 Eurite, 557, 578 Euritic porphyry of Norway, 562 Evans, Mr., on Archæopteryx, 337 Exogens, 297 Exogyra virgula, Kimmeridge Clay, 336 Extracrinus (Pentacrinus) Briareus, Lias, 357

FALCONER, Dr., on Miocene fauna of Siwalik Hills, 226 ——, on Brixham Cave flint knives, 157 ——, on Purbeck mammalia, 326 Faluns of Loire, recent shells in, 214 —— of Touraine, 211 Farnham, phosphate of lime near, 299 Fascicularia aurantium, Coralline crag, 199 Faults in coal-measures of Coalbrook Dale, 88 —— described, 87-92 —— often the result of repeated movements, 90 Fauna of the crag, its relation to that of our present seas, 201 —— of the Mountain Limestone, 430 —— of the Paris basin, 271 Favosites cervicornis, Devonian, 451 —— Gothlandica, Silurian, 465 Favre, M. E., on glaciers and moraines of the Caucasus, 187 Faxoe, chalk of, 285 Feldspar-porphyry, 557 Feldspar, varieties of, 499, 500 Feldstone, 557 Felis tigris, tooth of, 166 Fenestella retiformis, Magnesian Limestone, 388 Ferns of the coal, 421 Fife, trap-dike in, 543 Fish, fossil of the Carboniferous, 436 ——, Eocene of Monte Bolca, 544 ——, oldest known fossil, 463 ——, number of living, 445 ——, fresh-water and marine, 58 —— of the Upper Ludlow, 459 —— of the Old Red Sandstone, 443-5 —— of the Permian marl slate, 389 —— of the brown coal, 540 —— of the Lias, 358 Fisherton, Greenland lemming in drift of, 161 Fissures, filled with metallic matter, 606 Fitton, Dr., on the Neocomian strata, 314 Fleming, Dr., on Parka decipiens, 448 ——, on trap-dike in Fife, 546 Flints in the Chalk, 290 Flisk dike of Fife, 546 Flora of the Carboniferous, 420 ——, Devonian, compared to Carboniferous, 457 —— of the Subapennines, 208 ——, Lower Miocene of Switzerland, 235 ——, Miocene of the Arctic Regions, 239 ——, Older Pliocene of Italy, 208 —— of the Permian, 392 —— of the Upper Cretaceous, 302 ——, Upper Miocene of Switzerland, 215-22 —— of the Wealden, 320 Fluvio-marine or Norwich Crag, 193 Flysch of the Alps, 278 ——, plutonic rocks invading, 568 Folding and denudation of Nova Scotia Carboniferous rocks, 417 Folds of parallel strata, arrangement and direction of, 93 Foliation of crystalline rocks, 595 ——, irregularities in, 596 Folkestone and Hythe beds, 308 Fontainebleau, Gres de, 230 Footprints in Potsdam sandstone, 490 —— of reptiles in Coal-measures, 408 ——, fossil in New red, 381 —— in Paris gypsum, 272 Foraminifera, Eocene, 275 —— of Mountain Limestone, 437 —— of the Chalk, 287 Forbes, Mr. David, on glass cavities in quartz, 555 ——, on planes of foliation, 595 ——, on specific gravity of quartz, 500 ——, on volcanic minerals, 498 Forbes, Professor E., on fossils of Bembridge beds, 252 ——, on Hempstead beds, 244 ——, on shells of the crag, 200 ——, on sphæronites, 472 ——, on subdivisions of the Purbeck, 333 ——, on testacea of the Faluns, 212 ——, on thickness of Upper Neocomian, 309 Forest-bed at Cromer, 191 —— marble or cornbrash, 341 ——, submerged, 103, 104 ——, fossil in Coal, 400 ——, fossil of Isle of Portland, 332 Forfarshire, Cephalaspis beds of, 446 ——, contorted strata in, 178 Formation, term defined, 27 Fossil, term defined, 29 —— trees erect in coal, 410 —— Fish of Old Red Sandstone, 442 Fossiliferous groups, table of succession of, 131 Fossils, arrangement of, in strata, 47 ——, destruction of, in older formations, 139 ——, fresh-water and marine, 52 —— obliterated by metamorphic action, 603 ——, recent, and Post-pliocene, 154-65 —— of the drift, 176, 180, 192 —— of the Crags, 193-203 ——, Upper Miocene, 214-29 ——, Lower Miocene of Switzerland, 236 —— of the Hempstead Beds, 244 ——, Eocene, 253 —— of the Barton Clay, 259 —— of the White Chalk, 293 —— of the Neocomian, 309 —— of the Oolite, 324 —— of the Stonesfield Slate, 347 —— of the Lias, 354 —— of the Trias, 370 —— of the Magnesian Limestone, 387 —— of the Coal, 405 —— plants of the Coal, 421 —— of the Mountain Limestone, 430 ——, Devonian, 449 ——, Silurian, 460 ——, Cambrian, 484 —— Laurentian, 492 Fournet, M. on metalliferous gneiss, 586 ——, on veins in granite, 610 Fox, Rev. D., on Isle of Wight Eocene fossils, 254 Fox, Mr. R., on lodes in Cornwall, 614 Fractures of strata, and faults, 87 Fragments, included, a test of age of plutonic rocks, 565 ——, included, a test of age of strata, 129 —— a test of age in volcanic rocks, 524 France, Eocene formations of, 270-6 ——, Lower Miocene of, 231 ——, Upper Miocene of, 211 Freshfield, Mr., on absence of lakes in the Caucasus, 187 Fresh-water strata, how distinguished from marine, 53-9 —— formation of Auvergne, 233 Fucoid sandstones of Sweden, 489 Fulgur canaliculatus, Maryland, 228 Fuller’s earth, fossils of the, 348 Fundy, Bay of, fossil trees exposed in cliffs at, 412 Fusilina cylindrica, 438 Fusion of quartz, 500 Fusus contrarius (Trophon antiquum), 196 —— quadricostatus, Maryland, 228

GABBRO, 505 Gaillonella ferruginea, and G. distans, 52 Galapagos Islands, living marine saurian in, 362 Galeocerdo latidens, Bracklesham, 262 Galerites albogalerus, White Chalk, 294 Galestes in Middle Purbeck, 328 Ganoids, the type of Old Red Sandstone fish, 443 —— of the Wealden, 316 —— of the Trias, 383 Gaps in the sequence of fossil remains, 138 Garnet, 500 Gases, corrosion of rocks by, 586 Gaudin on Lower Miocene of Switzerland, 236 —— on Pliocene flora of Italy, 209 —— on Proteaceæ in Bournemouth Eocene, 263 Gault, thickness and fossils of, 300 Geikie, Mr. A., on Ayrshire Permian trap-rocks, 545 ——, on subaërial denudation, 115 ——, on ice erosion of lake-basins, 187 ——, on Isle of Mull volcanic rocks, 539 ——, on Pentland Old Red volcanic rocks, 548 ——, on Silurian metamorphic rocks, 602 ——, on syenite of Skye, 568 Geinitz, M., on Permian flora, 393 Gemunder Maar, volcanic rocks of, 534 Geneva, Lower Miocene of, 236 Geology defined, 25 Gergovia, tuffs and associated lacustrine strata of, 542 Germany, Lower Miocene of, 242 ——, Triassic fauna of, 375 Gers, Upper Miocene of, 215 Gervillia anceps, Neocomian, 310 —— socialis, Muschelkalk, 379 Giant’s Causeway basalt, age of, 248 ——, laterite of the, 509 ——, columnar basalt of, 510 Girgenti, Newer Pliocene of, 207 Glacial drift, distribution and nature of, 166 —— epoch in the Post-pliocene, 166 —— formations of Pliocene age, 189-92 Glaciation of Russia and Scandinavia, 174 —— of Scotland, 175 —— of Wales and England, 180 —— of North America, 182 Glaciers, transporting and abrading power of, 168 Glasgow, marine strata near, 146 Glauconie grossiere, 275 Glen Tilt, junction of granite and schist at, 559 Globiform pitchstone, 512 Globigerina bulloides, 288 Globular structure of volcanic rocks, 510 Glyptostrobus, Europæus, Œningen, 223 Gneiss, granite veins traversing, 560 —— defined and figured, 577 ——, fundamental, of Scotland, 493 Gold mines of Australia and Chili, 616 —— veins of Russia, 616 —— of California, of age of alluvium, 617 Goldenberg, Professor, on Saarbrück coal insects, 406 Goldfuss, Professor, on reptiles in coal, 406 Goniatites crenistria, 436 —— Listeri, coal-measures, 405 Göppert, on American forms in Swiss Miocene flora, 223 —— on petrification, 68 —— on plants of coal-measures, 398 Gorgonia infundibuliformis, Permian, 388 Graham’s Island, forming ashy conglomerate, 549 Grampians, Old Red conglomerates of, 73 ——, trap-rocks of the, 547 ——, former glaciers in the, 175 Grand Canary, Upper Miocene, shelly tuffs of, 558 Granite, composition of, 552 ——, graphic and columnar, 553, 554 ——, how far connected with trap-rocks, 558 ——, hydrothermal action in formation of, 555 —— metamorphosing fossiliferous strata, 581 ——, porphyritic, 556 ——, oldest, 574 ——, protrusion of solid, 574 ——, passage of, into trap, 558 ——, schorly, 557 —— veins, 559 —— veins in talcose gneiss, 560 Granton, angiosperm found in coal at, 429 Graptolites of Llandeilo flags, 474 Graptolites Murchisonii. Llandeilo flags, 473 Graptolithus priodon, Silurian, 467 Gray’s, Essex, pachyderms found at, 161 Great (or Bath) Oolite, 342 Greece, Upper Miocene formations of, 226 Greenland, continental ice of, 170 ——, gradual sinking of, 72 Greenstone, 505 Gres de Beauchamp, Paris basin, 273 Gres de Fontainebleau, age of the, 230 Griffiths, Sir R., on yellow sandstone of Ireland, 441 Grit defined, 36 Groups, older, rise highest above the sea, 139 —— why the newest to be studied first, 140 Gryllacris lithanthraca, coal, 405 Gryphæa coated with serpulæ, 48 —— columba, Chloritic Sand, 300 —— convexa, Chalk, 295 —— incurva (G. arcuata), 54, 354 —— virgula, Kimmeridge clay, 336 Gryphite Limestone, 354 Guadaloupe, glass cavities in quartz of, 555 Gulf-Stream, probable abrading power of, 105 Gümbel, M., on Rhætic beds, 366 Gunn, Mrs., on pot-stones in the chalk, 291 Gutbier, Colonel, on Permian flora, 393 Gymnogens, term explained, 303 Gypseous marls of Auvergne, 233 Gypsum and gypseous marl defined, 38, 39 Gyrolepis tenuistriatus, Rhætic beds, 367

HAIME, Mr., on palæozoic corals, 431 Hakea silicina and Hakea saligna, Œningen, 222 Hall, Captain Basil, on Cyclopean Isles, 530 Hall, Sir James, on curved strata, 75 Hall, Mr. J., on Appalachian palæozoic rocks, 110 Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds, 376 Halysites catenularis, Silurian, 465 Hamilton, Sir W., on eruption of Vesuvius, 1779, 526 Hamites spiniger, Gault, 301 Hancock, Mr., on Protosaurus in Permian, 390 Harkness, Professor, on Silurian metamorphic rocks, 602 Harlech grits, fossils of the, 486 Harris, Major, on the Salt Lakes, 374 Harpactor maculipes, Œningen, 224 Harpe, M. de la, on Bournemouth Eocene flora, 263 Hartung, Mr., cited, 496 Hartz mountains, mineral veins of, 608 ——, Bunter Sandstein of, 380 Hastings Sands, subdivisions of the, 316 Hautes Alpes, granite of the, 571 Hauy on isomorphism, 502 Headon series, fossils of the, 255 Heat, powerful in consolidating rocks, 65 ——, rocks upraised and folded by, 92 Hébert, M., on age of Sables de Bracheux, 330 ——, comparison of Sables Moyens and Barton shells, 258 ——, on pisolitic limestone, 285 Hebrides, dikes in the, 514 Heer, Professor, on American genera in Swiss Miocene, 239 ——, on age of Madeira leaf-bed, 532 ——, on Arctic Miocene flora, 239 ——, on Bear Island flora, 441 ——, on Bovey Tracey Miocene flora, 247 ——, on fossil plants of Switzerland, 215, 219, 221, 224, 236 ——, on Lower Miocene plants of Mull, 248 ——, on Monte Bolca Eocene plants, 263, 543 ——, on Proteas of Lower Miocene, 237 ——, on plants of Hempstead beds, 246 ——, on plants of coal-field, Virginia, 383 ——, on Swiss Miocene insects, 223 ——, on supposed Proteaceæ of Œningen beds, 221 ——, on Superga fossil plants, 244 Heidelberg, varieties of granite near, 560 Heliolites porosa, Devonian, 451 Helix hispida (plebeia), 155 —— labyrinthica, Headon, 255 —— occlusa, Bembridge, 253 —— Turonensis, faluns, 56 Hemicidaris Purbeckensis, Purbeck, 324 Hemipneustes radiatus, Chalk, 284 Hemitelites Brownii, Inferior Oolite, 350 Hempstead beds, subdivisions of the, 244 Henry, on absorption of carbonic acid gas in water, 585 Henslow, Professor, on dike in Anglesea, 515 ——, on Red Crag coprolite bed, 197 Herschel, Sir J., on slaty cleavage, 590 Hertfordshire pudding-stone, 62 Heterocercal tail of fish, 389 Hicks, Dr., on fossils of Arenig beds, 476 ——, on fossils of Harlech grits, 486 ——, on Menevian beds, 485 Himalaya, shells 18,000 feet high in, 29 ——, Upper Miocene of, 226 Hippopodium ponderosum, Lias, 355 Hippopotamus, tooth of, 164 Hippurite Limestone, 304 Hippurites organisans, Chalk, 306 Histioderma hibernica, 486 Hitchcock, Professor, on Trias footprints, 381 Holoptychius nobilissimus, scale of, and restoration, 442 Homalonotus Delphinocephalus, 467 —— armatus, Devonian, 454 Homfray, Mr., on fossils of Tremadoc beds, 483 Homocercal tail of fish, 389 Hooghly River, analysis of water, 69 Hooker, Dr., on coniferæ, 429, 430 ——, on structure of sigillaria, 426 ——, on sporangia of Silurian plant, 460 Horizontality of strata, 40 Horizontal strata, upheaval of, 71 Hornblende, 499, 502 Hornblende-schist, 578 Hörnes, Dr., on fossil mollusca of Vienna basin, 225 Horstead, pot-stones at, 291 Hour-glass illustrating the destruction and renovation of land, 119 Howse, Mr., on Protosaurus in Permian, 390 Hubbard, Professor, on granite of White Mountains, 565 Hudson River Group, fossils of the, 479 Hughes, Mr. T. McKenny, cited, 450 ——, on slaty cleavage, 589 ——, on protrusion of solid granite, 575 Hull, Mr. E., on breccias in Permian, 391 ——, on carboniferous of Lancashire, 395 ——, on carboniferous rocks of north of England, 111 ——, on faults in Lancashire coal-field, 91 ——, on anticlinals and synclinals, Lancashire, 85 ——, on thickness of the Upper Trias, 369 ——, on thickness of Permian, 386 ——, on three lines of flexure since the coal in Lancashire, 94 Human remains of Recent Period, 157 —— in cavern deposits, 156 Humboldt, on mineral character of rocks, 602 Humphrey and Abbot on Mississippi denudation, 114 Hungary, trachyte of, 558 Hunt, Sterry, on action of water in metamorphism, 585 Huronian series, thickness of the, 490 Huxley, Professor, on Atlantic chalk-mud, 287 ——, on affinity between reptiles and birds, 338 ——, on batrachians of the coal, 407 ——, on fish of Old Red Sandstone, 443-5 ——, on Pteraspis, 463 Hyæna den of Kirkdale cave, 157 Hyæna spelæa, tooth of, 165 Hybodus plicatilis, Rhætic beds, 367 —— reticulatus, Lias, 359 Hydrothermal action producing metamorphism, 584 —— in formation of granite, 555 —— forming granite veins, 573 Hymenocaris vermicauda, 484 Hyperodapedon Gordoni, Trias, 370 Hypersthene, 499, 502 —— rock, 505 —— rocks of Skye, 491 Hypogene rocks, uniformity of mineral character in, 602 —— rocks, term defined, 26 Hypsiprymnus Gaimardi, molar of recent, 327 Hythe, Neocomian beds of, 308

ICE, erosion of lake-basins considered, 184, 188 ——, abrading power of, 168 ——, continental, of Greenland, 170 Icebergs, drift carried by, 172 —— stranded in Baffin’s Bay, 173 Ice-borne erratics at Chichester, 181 Iceland, glass cavities in quartz of, 555 ——, flow of lava in, 523 Ichthyosaurus communis, Lias, 361 Idocrase, 500 Ichthyodorulite of the Lias, 359 Iguanodon Mantelli, Weald Clay, 315 Ilfracombe Group of Devon, 449 Inclined strata, 73 India, Miocene formations of, 226 India, Upper Miocene of, 226 Inferior Oolite, thickness and fossils of, 349 Infusoria in tripoli, 51 Inland sea-cliffs, 103 Inoceramus Lamarckii, White Chalk, 295 Insect in American coal, 416 —— beds of the Lias, 363 Insect wing of neuropterous, 363 Insects, Devonian, of Canada, 457 —— in European coal, 405 ——, Miocene, of Croatia, 243 ——, Upper Miocene, at Œningen, 223 Intrusion, a test of age of Plutonic rocks, 565 ——, a test of age of volcanic rocks, 521 Inundation mud of rivers, 153 Ireland, glacial drift of, 190 ——, yellow sandstone of, 441 Iron pyrites, 500 —— weapons of Swiss lake-dwellings, 148 Isastræa oblonga, Portland Sand, 335 Isle of Bourbon, lava current of the, 566 —— Wight, Hempstead beds, 244 —— Wight, Eocene beds, 255 —— Mull, Miocene leaf-bed of, 247 —— Mull, volcanic rocks, 248 Isomorphism, theory of, 502 Italy, Lower Miocene of, 244 ——, Older Pliocene volcanoes of, 523 ——, Pliocene of, 207 ——, Older Pliocene flora of, 208 ——, Upper Miocene strata of, 226

JAMIESON, Mr. T. F., on Scotch glacial drift, 175 Jaws of mammalia in Purbeck, 327 Jeffreys, Mr. Gwyn, on Atlantic mud, 288 Jointed structure of metamorphic rocks, 589 Jones, Dr. Rupert, on Eozoon Canadense, 491 Jorullo, lava stream of, 566 Judd, Mr., on Speeton clay, 311 Jukes, Mr., on Tarannon shales, 468 Jura, erratic blocks on the, 169 ——, structure of the, 82

KANGAROO, jaws of, 159 Käsegrotte, Bertrich Baden, Basaltic pillars of, 512 Kaup, Professor, on footprints of the Trias, 373 Keilhau, Professor, on granite veins, 562 ——, on planes of foliation, 595 ——, on Silurian granite of Norway, 573 ——, on protrusion of granite, 581 Keller, Dr. F., on lake-dwellings, 148 Kelloway Rock, percentage of Oxford clay fossils in, 341 Kentish Rag, 308 Keuper, of Germany, 375 —— or Upper Trias of England, 369 Kilkenny, fossil plants of, 441 Killas, altered by granite in Cornwall, 582 Kiltorkan, yellow sandstone of, with Anodonta, 441 Kimmeridge Clay, 335 King, Dr., on reptile footprints in coal, 407 King, Mr., on Permian fossils, 388 Kirkdale cave, hyæna’s den of, 157 Kitchen-middens of Denmark, 146 Kleyn Spawen beds, 242 Könen, Baron von, on Brockenhurst shells, 257 Koninck, M. de, on Mountain Limestone fish, 436 ——, on shells of Mayence basin, 242 Koninckia Leonhardi, Hallstadt, 377

LABRADOR rock, 505 —— series, 490 Labradorite, 499, 501 Labyrinthodon Jægeri, section of tooth, 371 ——, tooth of, 370 Labyrinthodonts of Coal, 407 Lake-craters of the Eifel, 534 Lake districts, southern limits of the, 184 Lake-dwellings, scarcity of human remains in, 149 —— of Switzerland, 148 Lakes, deposits in, 27 ——, connection of, with glacial action, 184-8 Lamarck on bivalve mollusca, 54 Lamination of clay slate, 594 Lamna elegans, Bracklesham, 262 Lancashire, vast thickness of rocks without corresponding altitude in, 111 Land, balance of dry, how preserved, 116, 118 —— has been raised, not the sea lowered, 70 ——, mean height of, above the sea, 115 ——, rise of, in Sweden, 72 ——, rise and fall of, affecting denudation, 101 Land-ice, action of, in Greenland, 171 Land’s End, columnar granite at, 553 ——, porphyritic granite at, 556 La Roche, recent deposits in estuary of, 40 Lartet, M., on mammalia of Faluns, 214 ——, on Gastornis Parisiensis, 276 ——, on reindeer period, 150 Lastræa stiriaca, Monod, 239 Lateral compression causing curved strata, 75 Laterite of Giant’s Causeway, 509 Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, 493 —— Group, Upper and Lower, 491 —— metamorphic rocks, 601 —— volcanic rocks, 549 Lava, 507 —— consolidating on slopes, 496 —— currents of Auvergne, 541 —— streams, effect of, 30 —— of La Coupe d’Ayzac, 511 —— of Jorullo, 566 Lead veins, age of, 616 Leaf-bed of Madeira in basalt and scoriæ, 532 ——, Isle of Mull Miocene, 248 Leda amygdaloides, London Clay, 266 —— Deshayesiana (Nucula Deshayesiana), 241 —— lanceolata (L. oblonga), Scotch drift, 176 —— truncata, Scotch drift, 177 Lee, Mr. J.E., on Pteraspis of Lower Ludlow, 463 Leidy, Dr., on fossil quadrupeds of Nebraska, 249 Leperditia inflata, coal-measures, 405 Lepidodendron, Griffithsii, 441 —— corrugatum, carboniferous., 417 —— Sternbergii, coal-measures, 423 Lepidolite, 499, 501 Lepidostrobus ornatus, Coal, 424 Lepidotus gigas, Lias, 358 —— Mantelli, Wealden, 317 Leptæna depressa, Wenlock, 466 —— Moorei, Lias, 355 Level of surface altered by change of subterranean heat, 119 Lewis, hornblendic gneiss of, 601 Lias, fishes of the, 358 ——, fossils of the, 354 —— and Oolite, origin of the, 364 ——, reptiles of the, 360 ——, insects of the, 363 ——, plants of the, 364 ——, plutonic rocks of the, 571 ——, subdivisions of the, 353 ——, volcanic rocks of the, 544 Liebig, on conversion of coal into anthracite, 403 ——, on origin of stalactite, 156 Liége, limestone caverns at, 156 Lightbody, Mr., on Lower Ludlow shales, 461 Lignite, conversion of into coal, 403 Lima giganteum, 354 —— Hoperi, Chalk, 300 —— spinosa, White Chalk, 294 Limagne d’Auvergne, Lower Miocene mammalia of the, 234 Limburg beds, 242 Lime, scarcity of, in metamorphic rocks, 604 —— in solution, source of, 69 Limestone, block of striated, 168 ——, brecciated, 387 —— of chemical and organic origin, 61 ——, compact, 501 ——, Hippurite, 304 ——, magnesian, 387 ——, metamorphic or crystalline, 579 ——, Mountain, and its fossils, 430-8 ——, striated, 168 Limnæa longiscata, 55 Lingula beds, volcanic tuffs of the, 549 Lingula Credneri, Permian, 388 Lingula Flags, fossils of the, 484 Lingula Dumortieri, Crag, 200 —— Lewisii, Ludlow, 462 Lingulella Davisii, 484 Lipari Isles, tufas in, 586 Liquidambar europæum, 209 Lithrostrotion basaltiforme, Carboniferous, 432 Lits coquilliers, 275 Littoral denudation defined, 102 Lituites giganteus, Ludlow, 463 Llanberis slates, 486 Llandeilo Flags, fossils of the, 473-5 Llandeilo formation, thickness of the, 475 ——, Lower, 475 Llandovery Group, classification of the, 468 —— Rocks, thickness of the Lower, 469 Loam defined, 38, 153 Lodes, shells and pebbles in, 608 —— See Mineral Veins. Loess of fluviatile loam described, 153 ——, fossil shells of the, 154 Logan, Sir W., on Eozoon Canadense, 490 ——, on Gaspe sandstones, 455 ——, on Huronian and Laurentian, 490 ——, on stigmaria in under-clays, 398 ——, on thickness of Nova Scotia coal, 409 ——, on thickness of Laurentian in Canada, 113 Loire, faluns of the, 211 London Clay, fossils of the, 264, 266 Longevity, relative, of mammalia and testacea, 162 Longmynd Group, fauna of the, 486 Lonsdale, Mr., on corals of America, 229 ——, on Devonian fossils, 449 ——, on Stonesfield slate, 345 ——, on United States Miocene corals, 229 Lonsdaleia floriformis, Carboniferous, 432 Lowe, Reverend R. T., on Mogador shells, 537 Lubbock, Sir J., on the two stone-periods, 147 Lucina serrata, Bracklesham, 262 Ludlow formation, Upper, 459; Lower, 461 ——, bone-bed of the Upper, 459 Lulworth Cove, dirt-bed of, 333 Lycett, Mr., on fossils of the Great Oolite, 344 Lycopodiaceæ of Coal, 422 Lycopodium densum, living species, 423 Lym-fiord, mingled fresh-water and marine strata of, 59 Lymnea caudata, Headon, 256 —— longiscata, Bembridge, 253 Lynton Group of Devon, 454

MACLAREN, Mr., on Pentland Hills, volcanic rocks, 548 Macclesfield, marine shells 1,200 feet high at, 181 MacClintock, Sir L., on Atlantic mud, 287 MacCulloch, Dr., on Aberdeenshire granite, 558 ——, on basaltic columns in Skye, 510 ——, on formation of hornblende-schist, 582 ——, on trap, 519 MacMullen, Mr. J., on Eozoon Canadense, 491 Macropus atlas, lower jaw of, 158 —— major (living), lower jaw of, 159 Madeira, beds of laterite in, 509 ——, dike in valley in, 513 ——, Pliocene leaf-bed and shells in lavas of, 532 ——, Miocene volcanic rocks of, 536 ——, wind, removing scoriæ in, 97 Maestricht beds and their fossils, 283 Maffiotte, Don Pedro, cited, 538 Magas pumila, White Chalk, 294 Magnesian Limestone defined, 38 —— and marl-slate, 387 Magnetite, 500 Maidstone, Upper Cretaceous fossils of, 297 Malacolite, 502 Malaise, Professor, on Engihoul cave, 157 Mammalia, anterior to Paris gypsum, table of, 329 ——, extinct, coeval with man, 152, 157 ——, fossil, of Middle Purbeck, 325 ——, fossil, in Pliocene in Val d’Arno, 208 ——, fossil, in the Crag, 193, 197 ——, fossil, of Vienna basin, 225 —— of the Limagne d’Auvergne, 234 —— of Siwalik Hills, 227 —— of the Stonesfield slate, 345 ——, teeth of Post-pliocene, 165 Mammalia and testacea, comparative longevity of, 162 Mammoth, rude carving of in Perigord cave, 150 —— in Scotch till, 175 —— See Elephas primigenius. Man, antiquity of, 152 Manfredi on amount of subaërial denudation, 114 Mantell, Dr., on iguanodon of Wealden, 313 ——, on Oxford Clay belemnites, 340 ——, on Wealden fossils, 316 Mantellia nidiformis, Purbeck, 331 Map of Chalk formation in France, 305 —— of Eocene tertiary basins, 250 —— of Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds, 376 Marble defined, 37 —— of Carrara, metamorphic, 599 Marcou, M., on age of Wealden beds, 319 Margaric acid, 591 Marine fauna of the Carboniferous, 432 —— beds underlying the London Clay, 269 —— and brackish-water strata in coal, 404 —— strata, how distinguished from fresh-water, 53-59 Marl from Lake Superior, 63 —— and marl-slate defined, 38 ——, red, green, and white, of Auvergne, 233 —— slate of Middle Permian, 387 Marsupials, extinct, of Australia, 159 Marsupites Milleri, White Chalk, 294 Massachusetts, plumbago of, 583 Mastodon arvernensis, molar of, Norwich crag, 193 —— giganteus, in United States after the drift, 183 Mayence basin tertiaries, 242 May-Hill Sandstone, 468 Mechanical and chemical deposits, 60 —— theory of cleavage, 592 Mediterranean, one zoological province, 127 Megalodon cucullatus, Devonian, 452 Melania inquinata (Cerithium melanoides), 55, 268 Melania turritissima, Bembridge, 253 Melanopsis buccinoidea, 55 Melaphyre, a variety of basalt, 504 Menevian beds and their fossils, 484 Mesozoic, term explained, 123 —— and Cainozoic periods, gap between the, 282 —— and Palæozoic rocks, limits of the, 385 Metals, relative age of different, 614 Metamorphic limestone, 579 —— strata, origin of, 579 —— theory, objections to, considered, 587 —— rocks defined, 32 Metamorphic rocks, 576 ——, cleavage of, 588 ——, scarcity of lime in, 604 ——, ages of, 597 ——, order of succession of, 602 ——, uniformity of mineral character in, 602 Metamorphism, hydrothermal action producing, 584 Metamorphosis of trilobites, 471, 487 Meteorites, minerals in, 501 Mexico, Gulf of, terrestrial remains washed into, 128 Meyer, Mr. Karl, on fossil shells of Madeira, 537 ——, M. H. von, on reptiles in coal, 407 ——, on Wealden of Germany, 319 Miascite, 558 Mica and its varieties, 499, 501 ——, how deposited, 40 —— schist or micaceous schist, 578 Micaceous sandstone, origin of, 36 Micraster cor-anguinum, 294 Microconchus carbonarius, coal-measures, 405 Microlestes antiquus, Upper Trias, 368 Migrations of quadrupeds, 161 Miliolite limestone, 274 Miller, Hugh, on Old Red Sandstone fish, 443 ——, on salt lakes, 375 Milne Edwards, Mr., on Palæozoic corals, 432 Minchinhampton, Great Oolite of, 344 Mineral composition a test of age of volcanic rocks, 523 —— a test of age of plutonic rocks, 565 —— a test of age of strata, 124 —— character of hypogene rocks, 602 —— springs of Auvergne, 604 Mineral veins, 605 —— formed in fissures, 606 ——, successive formation of, 609 ——, swelling and contraction of, 611 ——, relative age of, 614 ——, pebbles in, 608 Mineralisation of organic remains, 65 Minerals in meteorites, 501 ——, table of the most abundant in hypogene rocks, 499 Miocene of Bordeaux and south of France, 214 —— and Eocene, line between the, 230, 251 ——, Lower, of England, 244 ——, Lower, of Germany and Croatia, 242 ——, Lower, of Central France, 231 ——, Lower, of Italy, 244 ——, Lower, of Nebraska, United States, 248 ——, term defined, 143 ——, Upper, of the Bolderberg, 224 ——, Upper, of France, 211 ——, Upper, of Italy, 226 ——, Upper, of Greece, 226 ——, Upper, of India, 226 ——, Upper, of Vienna basin, 224 Mississippi, sediment of, used as a test of denudation by rivers, 114 —— valley, deposition and denudation in the, 102 Mitchell, Mr., on Aralia fruit in Alum Bay, Eocene, 263 Mitchell, Sir T., on Wellington caves, 158 Mitchell, Rev. Hugh, on Pteraspis, 446 Mitra Scabra, Barton clay, 259 Mitscherlich, on Isomorphism, 502 Modiola acuminata, Permian, 387 Moel Tryfaen, shells found at, 181 Mohs on isomorphism, 502 Molasse, Lower, of Switzerland, 235 ——, Middle, or Marine, of Switzerland, 223 ——, Upper, fresh-water, of Switzerland, 217 ——, term explained, 217 Mollusca. See Shells. ——, longevity of species of, 162 —— of Hallstadt beds, 377 ——, value of, in classification, 142 —— of the Carboniferous, 435 Monitor of Thuringia, 463 Monoclinic feldspars, 501 Monod, flora of the Lower Molasse at, 236 Mons, unconformable strata near, 95 Montblanc, talcose granite of, 568 —— Dor, Auvergne, extinct volcanoes of, 232 ——, age of volcano of, 541 Monte Bolca, fossil fish of, 543 —— Calvo, section of cross stratification, 44 —— Mario, age of volcanic deposits of, 533 —— Nuovo, formed 1538, 525 Montmartre, gypseous series of, 270 Monts Dome, Auvergne, extinct volcanoes, 495 Moore, Mr. C., on Rhætic beds, 366 ——, on Upper Trias quadrupeds, 369 Moraines described, 169 Morea, cretaceous volcanic rocks of, 544 Mortillet, M. de, on ice-erosion of lake-basins, 184 Morton, Dr., on age of American cretaceous rocks, 307 Mosasaurus Camperi, Chalk, 284 Mountain Limestone, fossils of the, 433-8 Mull, Isle of, leaf-bed, 247 Münster, Count, on fossils of Solenhofen, 337 Murchison, Sir R., on brackish-water strata in coal, 404 ——, on Devonian series, 439, 449, 454 ——, on Devonian ichthyolites, 453 ——, on Eocene igneous rocks, 278 ——, on Llandovery beds, 468 ——, on Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, 492 ——, on metamorphic rocks of North Highlands, 601 ——, on Monte Bolca fish-beds, 543 ——, on name Permian, 385 ——, on Old Red Sandstone, 449 ——, on Palæozoic strata, Queenaig, 112, 113 ——, on protrusion of solid granite, 574 ——, on Silurian, 458, 459, 461, 467, 470, 473, 475 ——, on Tertiary volcanic rocks of Italy, 533 ——, on thickness of chalk in Russia, 287 ——, on thickness of the Trias, 369 ——, on the Upper “Old Red”, 468 Murchisonia gracilis, 479 Murex vaginatus, 204 Muschelkalk, fossils of the, 378 Muscovite, or common mica, 499, 501 Musk-ox, fossil, in Thames valley, 161 Myliobates Edwardsi, Bracklesham, 261 Mytilus septifer, Permian, 387

NAPLES, Post-pliocene volcanic rocks of, 525 ——, escape of carbonic acid near, 604 Natica clausa, Scotch drift, 176 —— helicoides, Chillesford beds, 192 Natrolite, 500 Nautilus centralis, London Clay, 266 —— Danicus, Faxoe Chalk, 286 —— plicatus, Hythe beds, 309 —— truncatus, Lias, 356 —— ziczac (Aturia ziczac), 266 Nebraska, Miocene strata of, 248 Necker, M., on “underlying” igneous rocks, 562 ——, on dikes in Vesuvius, 526 Neocomian, Upper, 308 ——, Middle, 312 ——, Lower, 312 ——, use of the term, 282 Neolithic era, 147 Neozoic type of corals, 431 Nerinæa Goodhallii, Coral Rag, 339 Nerinæan limestone, 340 Nerita conoidea (N. Schmidelliana), 275 —— costulata, Great Oolite, 345 —— granulosa, 55 Neritina concava, Headon, 255 —— globulus, 55 Neufchâtel, coins and iron tools in lake of, 149 Newberry, Dr., on flora of American cretaceous rocks, 307 Newcastle coal-field, faults in, 90 Newfoundland bank described, 106 New Jersey, mastodon in, 183 New Madrid, “Sunk Country” in, 402 New Red sandstone of Connecticut Valley, 381 ——, trappean rocks of the, 545 New York, Devonian strata of, 456 ——, Cambrian strata of, 490 ——, Silurian strata of, 478 ——, Laurentian strata of, 491 Niagara Limestone, fossils of the, 479 Nidau, iron tools in lake of, 148 Nile, homogeneous mud of the, 154 Ninety-fathom dike in coal, 90 Nipadites ellipticus, Sheppey, 264 Nodules in strata, how formed, 63 Noeggerathia cuneifolia, Permian, 393 Nomenclature of rocks, 140 —— of volcanic minerals, 499 Norfolk cliffs, drift of, 190 North America. See America. Norway, Cambrian of, 489 ——, foliation of crystalline schists in, 595 ——, granite veins in gneiss of, 573 ——, granite altering fossiliferous strata in, 581 Norwich, or Fluvio-marine crag, 193 Nova Scotia coal-measures, 409 —— coal, reptiles and shells in, 414 ——, folding and denudation of beds in, 417 Nucula Cobboldiæ, Crag, 194 Nummulites lævigata, Bracklesham, 260 —— Puschi, Pyrenees, 278 —— variolaria, Bracklesham, 259 Nummulitic formations, 277

OBOLUS APOLLINIS, in Russian grit, 478 Obsidian, 505 Oceanic areas, permanence of, 117 Œningen, Upper Miocene beds of, 215 Oeynhausen, M. von, on Cornish granite veins, 560 Ogygia Buchii, 474 Oldhamia radiata: O. antiqua, 487 Old Red Sandstone, Upper, 440 ——, Middle, with fish, 443 ——, Lower, 446 ——, trap of the, 547 ——, classification of, 439 Olenus micrurus, 484 Oligocene, term for Lower Miocene, 230, 244 Oligoclase, 499, 500 Oliva Dufresnii, Bolderberg, Belgium, 224 Olivine, 499 Omphyma turbinatum, Silurian, 466 Onchus tenuistriatus, Silurian, 460 Oolite, classification and physical geography of the, 321 ——, defined, 37 ——, Inferior, fossils of the, 349, 350 —— and Lias, origin of the, 364 —— and Chalk, Palæontological break between, 338 Oolitic strata, palæontological relations of, 351 —— volcanic rocks, 545 Ophioderma tenuibrachiata, Lias, 357 Oppel on zones of Lias, 353 Orbigny, Alcide de, on foraminifera of Vienna basin, 225 ——, on orbitoidal limestone, 279 ——, on Pisolitic limestone, 285 ——, on Sénonian, 302 Oreodaphne Heerii, Italian Pliocene, 209 Organic remains, mineralisation of, 65 ——, tests of age of strata, 125 ——, tests of age of volcanic rocks, 522 ——, geological provinces of, 127 Oriskany Sandstone, 478 Orthis elegantula, Ludlow, 46 —— grandis, Caradoc beds, 470 —— tricenaria, Bala beds, 470 —— vespertilio, Bala beds, 470 Orthoceras duplex, 474 —— Ludense, Silurian, 463 —— laterale, 436 —— ventricosum, Silurian, 462 Orthoclase, 499, 500 Orthoclastic feldspars, 501 Osborne or St. Helen’s series, Eocene, 255 Osteolepis, Old Red Sandstone, 444 Ostraceon, spine of, Bracklesham, 261 Ostrea acuminata, Fuller’s earth, 349 —— carinata, Chalk marl, 300 —— columba, Chloritic sand, 300 —— gregarea, Coral Rag, 339 —— deltoidea, Kimmeridge clay, 336 —— distorta, Middle Purbeck, 324 —— expansa, Portland sand, 336 —— Marshii, Oolite, 351 —— vesicularis, Chalk, 295 Otodus obliquus, Bracklesham, 262 Outcrop of strata, 83 Overlapping strata, 95 Owen, Professor on Archæopteryx, 337 ——, on Eocene Zeuglodon, 279 ——, on footprints in Trias, 382 ——, on fauna of Sheppey, 265, 267 ——, on Gastornis Parisiensis, 276 ——, on Labyrinthodon, 370 ——, on mammalia of Stonesfield, 347 ——, on Purbeck mammalia, 326, 328 ——, on reptiles of coal, 407, 414 ——, on zoological provinces of extinct animals, 160 Ox, tooth of (recent), 165 Oxford Clay, thickness and fossils of, 340

PAGHAM, erratic block at, 182 Palæaster asperimus, 472 Palæchinus gigas, Mountain Limestone, 43 Palæocoma tenuibrachiata, Lias, 357 Palæoniscus, Permian fish, 389 —— comptus, P. elegans, P. glaphyrus, 390 Palæotherium magnum, 254 Palæophis typhoeus, Bracklesham, 261 Palæozoic or Paleozoic, term defined, 123 —— Plutonic rocks, 572 —— rocks, 458 —— type of corals, 431 Palagonia, dikes of lava in, 531 Paleolithic era, 147, 149 ——, alluvial deposits of, 150 Palm in Swiss Miocene, 237 Palma, volcanic crater of, 497 Paludina lenta, Hempstead beds, 55 —— orbicularis, Bembridge, 253 Paradoxides Bohemicus, 488 —— Davidis, Lower Cambrian, 485 Parallelism of folded strata for long distances, 93 Paris basin, Tertiary group first studied in, 141 ——, Tertiaries of the, 270 Parka decipiens, “Old Red,” 448 Parkfield Colliery, ground-plan of, 400 Patagonia, strata of, rich in soda, 587 Patella rugosa, Great Oolite, 345 Paterson, Dr., on angiosperm of the Coal, 429 Peach, Mr. C, cited, 601 ——, Pteraspis, found by, 443 Pearlstone, 505 Pebbles in mineral veins, 608 —— in chalk, 292 Pecopteris elliptica, Coal, 421 Pecten Beaveri, White Chalk, 294 —— cinctus, Neocomian, 312 —— islandicus, Scotch Drift, 176 —— jacobæus, in tertiary of Sicily, 206 —— quinque-costatus, 300 —— Valoniensis, Rhætic beds, 366 Pegmatite, 553 Penarth beds, 366 Pengelly, Mr., on Bovey Tracey lignite, 246 ——, on flint-knives of Brixham Cave, 157 Pentacrinus Briareus, Lias, 357 Pentamerus Knightii, Aymestry, 461 —— oblongus, and P. lirata, 469 Pentland Hills, volcanic rocks of the, 548 Perigord cave, carving of mammoth in, 150 Permanence of continents and oceans, 117 Permian Flora, 392 —— of Germany, 393 —— strata, thickness of, in north of England, 386 ——, Upper and Middle, 386, 387 ——, Lower, 390 Perna Mulleti, Neocomian, 310 Petherwyn, Devonian fossils of, 450 Petrifaction, process of, 67 Petrophiloides Richardsoni, Sheppey, 25 Pahcops caudatus, Silurian, 467 —— latifrons, Devonian, 450 Phascolotherium Bucklandi, 348 Phasianella Heddingtonensis, and cast, 66 Phillippi, on tertiary shells of Sicily, 205 Phillips, Professor, on fossils distorted by cleavage, 592 ——, on ninety fathom dike, 90 ——, on Wenlock limestone and shale, 465, 467 ——, on Yoredale series, 395 Phillips, Mr. J. Arthur, on origin of gold of California, 617 Phlebopteris contigua, Inferior Oolite, 350 Phlogopite, 499, 501 Pholadomya fidicula, Inferior Oolite, 350 Phonolite, 506 Phorus extensus, London Clay, 266 Phragmoceras ventricosum, Silurian, 463 Physa Bristovii, Middle Purbeck, 325 —— columnaris, 55 —— hypnorum, 55 Piedmont, absence of lakes in, 186 Pile dwellings of Switzerland, 148 Pilton, group of, Devon, 449 Pinnularia in Atlantic mud, 288 Pinus sylvestris in peat, 147 Pisolitic limestone of France, 285 Pitchstone, 505 Placodus gigas, Muschelkalk, 380 Placoids, rare in Old Red Sandstone, 443 Plagiaulax Becklesii, jaw and molar of, 327 Plagioclastic feldspars, 501 Plagiostoma giganteum, Lias, 354 —— Hoperi, Chalk, 300 Planorbis discus, Bembridge, 253 —— euomphalus, 55, 255 Plants of Bovey Tracey, Miocene, 247 ——, fossil fresh-water, 57 —— of the Coal, 420 —— of the Lias, 364 —— of the Swiss Upper Miocene, 219 Plas Newydd, rock altered by dike near, 515 Plastic Clay, Eocene, 267 Platanus aceroides, Miocene, 221 Platystoma Suessii, Hallstadt, 377 Playfair, on amount of subaërial denudation, 114 —— on faults, 87 Plectrodus mirabilis, Ludlow, 460 Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, Lias, 361 Pleurotoma attenuata, Bracklesham, 262 —— exorta, Eocene, 57 Pleurotomaria anglica, and cast, 66 —— carinata (flammigera), 434 —— granulata, Inferior Oolite, 351 —— ornata, Inferior Oolite, 351 Plieninger, Professor, on Triassic mammifer, 368 Pliocene glacial formations, 189-92 —— Period, 189 —— plutonic rocks, 565 —— strata of Sicily, 204 ——, term defined, 143 —— volcanic rocks, 529 Plombières, alkaline waters of, 585 Plumbago of Massachusetts, 583 Plutonic and sedimentary formations, diagram of, 567 ——, origin of the term, 551 —— rocks, Mesozoic, 570 ——, Recent and Pliocene, 565 ——, Miocene and Eocene, 568 ——, uncertain tests of age of, 564 —— defined, 31 Podocarya Bucklandi, Oolite, 348 Polypterus of the Nile, 444 Polyzoa and Bryozoa, terms explained, 197 Pomel, M., on fossil mammalia of the Limagne, 235 Ponza Islands, globiform pitchstone of, 512 Porites pyriformis, Devonian, 451 Porphyritic granite, 556 Porphyry, 506 Portland, Cycads in dirt-bed of, 331 —— oolite and sand, 334 “Portland screw,” a cast of a shell, 335 Porto Santo, marine shells in volcanic tuff of, 536 Post-pliocene period, climate of the, 161 —— mammalia, teeth of, 163 ——, term defined, 145 —— lakes of Switzerland, 185 —— volcanic rocks, 524 Potamides cinctus, 56 Pothocites Grantonii, coal-measures, 429 Potsdam Sandstone, 480, 489 Pot-stones in the Chalk, 290 Pottsville, coal seams of, 400 Powrie, Mr., on Cephalaspis beds, 446 ——, on Parka decipiens, 448 Pratt, Mr., on Eocene Isle of Wight mammalia, 254 Predazzo, altered rocks at, 571 Pressure, solidifying rocks, 65 Prestwich, Mr., on age of Sables inferieurs, 276 ——, on Chillesford beds, 192 ——, on Coalbrook Dale insects, 405 ——, on Eocene strata, 267, 269 ——, on faults in coal-measure of Coalbrook Dale, 88 ——, on shells of London clay, 264 ——, on thickness of Coralline Crag, 198 Prévost, M. Constant, on Paris basin, 270 Primary Limestone, 579 —— rocks, 458 ——, term defined, 123 “Primordial Zone” of Bohemia, 481, 482 Productus horridus, Permian, 388 —— semireticulatus (antiquatus), 434 Progressive development indicated by low grade of early mammals, 384 Proteaceæ of Aix-la-Chapelle flora, 304 —— of Lower Molasse, Switzerland, 237 —— of Œningen beds, 221 Protogine, 578 Protosaurus of Thuringia, 390, 464 Protrusion of solid granite, 574 Provinces of animals and plants, 126 Psammodus porosus, 437 Pseudocrinites bifasciatus, Silurian, 466 Psilophyton princeps, Devonian, 455 Pteraspis in Lower Ludlow shale, 463 Pterichthys, Old Red Sandstone, 445 Pterodactyl of Kentish chalk, 297 Pterodactylus anglicus, Old Red, 447 —— crassirostris, Solenhofen, 337 Ptychodus decurrens, White Chalk, 297 Pudding-stone or conglomerate, 36 ——, formation of, 62 Pumice, 508 Punfield beds, brackish and marine, 318 Pupa muscorum, 155 —— tridens, Loess, 56 —— vetusta, Coal, 415 Purbeck beds, Upper, Middle, and Lower, 323, 324, 336 ——, fossil mammalia of the Middle, 325 —— marble, 324 ——, subdivisions of the, 333 Purity of coal, cause of, 402 Purpura tetragona, Red Crag, 196 Purpuroidea nodulata, Great Oolite, 345 Puy de Côme, cone and lava-current of, 528 —— de Tartaret, lava-current and cone of, 527, 542 —— de Pariou, crater of the, 529 Puzzuoli, elevation of land at, 525 Pygopterus mandibularis, Permian, 390 Pyrenees, chalk altered by granite in the, 570 ——, curved strata in, 86 ——, lamination of clay-slate in, 596 Pyroxene group of minerals, 499, 502 Pyrula reticulata, Crag, 200

QUADER-SANDSTEIN, Cretaceous age of the, 293 Quadrumana of Gers, 215 Quadrupeds, extinct, in Paleolithic gravels, 152 Quartz, specific gravity of, 499, 500, 555 Quartzite or Quartz Rock, 579 Queenaig, unconformable Palæozoic strata at, 112 Quenstedt on zones of Lias, 353

RADABOJ Miocene, brown coal of, 242 Radiolites foliaceus, White Chalk, 306 —— Mortoni, White Chalk, 295 —— radiosa, White Chalk, 306 Radnorshire, stratified trap in, 549 Rain-prints with worm tracks in Coal, 416 ——, carboniferous, 416 Ramsay, Professor, on break between Upper and Lower Cretaceous, 301 ——, on breccias in Permian, 391 ——, on escarpments, 104 ——, on denudation, 98 ——, on ice-erosion of lake-basins, 184 ——, on Lingula Flags, 484 ——, on position of Tremadoc beds, 483 ——, on Silurian metamorphic rocks, 602 ——, on submergence in glacial period, 181 ——, on thickness of the Lower Trias, 372 ——, on thickness of Llandeilo beds, 475 ——, on thickness of the Bala beds, 473 ——, on volcanic tuffs of Snowdon, 549 ——, on zones of the Lias, 353 Rastrites peregrinus, Llandeilo Flags, 473 Rath, Von, on Tridymite, 500 Recent Period defined, 145 —— volcanic rocks, 524 Record, imperfection of, in the earth’s crust, 138 Red Crag, older Pliocene, 194 —— Sandstone, Origin of, 374 —— Sea and Mediterranean, distinct species in, 127 Redruth, Cornwall, section of veins in mine, 607 Reindeer Period in South of France, 149 Relistran mine, pebbles in tin of, 609 Reptiles of the Coal, 406, 413 Reptiles of the Lias, 360 Retepora flustracea, Permian, 388 Rhætic beds between Lias and Trias, 366 Rhine, fresh-water strata of the, 53 ——, loess of the, 154 Rhinoceros in drift of Abbeville, 153 —— leptorhinus (megarhinus), molar of, 164 —— tichorhinus, molar of, 164 Rhode Island, metamorphic rocks of, 583 Rhynchonella navicula, Ludlow, 460 —— octoplicata, White Chalk, 294 —— spinosa, Inferior Oolite, 350 —— Wilsoni, Aymestry, 462 Richmond, Virginia, Triassic coal-field of, 382 Rigi and Speer, Lower Miocene of the, 235 Rimula clathrata, Great Oolite, 345 Rink, Mr., on Greenland land-ice, 171 Ripple-marked sandstone, how formed, 46 Rise and fall of land, 146 Rissoa Chastelii, Hempstead beds, 245 Rivers, denuding powers of, 101, 114 Roches moutonnees described, 169 Rock, term defined, 26 Rocks altered by volcanic dikes, 514 —— altered by subterranean gases, 586 ——, analysis of minerals in, 499 ——, aqueous or stratified, 27 ——, classification of, 121 ——, great thickness of palæozoic, 110 ——, glacial scorings on, 169 ——, metamorphic, age of, 597 ——, plutonic age of, 564 ——, volcanic, age of, 520 ——, trappean, 497 ——, metamorphic, defined, 32 ——, four classes of contemporaneous, 33 ——, plutonic, defined, 31 ——, tests of age of, 123, 125, 520, 564, 597 ——, four contemporaneous classes of, 122 ——, underlying, not always the oldest, 122 ——, volcanic, defined, 29 Rock-salt of Trias, 371 ——, origin of, 374 Rogers, Mr. H. D., on blending of coal-seams, 400 ——, on Virginian fault, 92 Rose, Gustavus, on isomorphism, 502 ——, on Fifeshire dike, 546 ——, on quartz in granite, 555 Rosso antico, red porphyry of Egypt, 506 Rostellaria (Hippocrenes) ampla, London Clay, 266 Roth, M., on Miocene of Greece, 226 Runn of Cutch, salt of, 375 Rupelian beds of Dumont, 241, 242 Russia, glaciation of, 174 ——, Devonian of, 454 ——, Silurian strata of, 478

SAARBRUCK, reptiles in coal-field of, 406 Sabal major, Lower Miocene, 237 Sables de Bracheux, 276 —— moyens, Paris basin, 273 Sahlite, 502 St. Abb’s Head, curved strata of, 76 ——, unconformable stratification at, 94 St. Andrews, carboniferous trap-rocks of, 545 St. Cassian, fossil mollusca of, 377 —— and Hallstadt beds, 376 St. David’s, Menevian beds of, 485 St. Mary’s, shells of, 539 Salt, rock, origin of, 372 Salter, Mr., on fossils of Arenig group, 476 ——, on Menevian beds, 485 ——, on Tremadoc fossils, 483 Sandberger, Dr. F., on Mayence basin, 242 Sandstone, New Red, 369 ——, Old Red, 439 —— slab with cracks, 317 ——, slab of ripple-marked, 45 —— slab with footprints, 408 Sao hirsuta, 488 Saurians of the Lias, 361 ——, sudden destruction of, 362 Saurichthys apicalis, Rhætic Beds, 367 Saussure, on vertical conglomerates, 73 Saxicava rugosa, Scotch drift, 176 Saxony, beds of minerals in, 609 Scandinavia, glaciation of, 174 Scaphites æqualis, Chloritic marl, 299 Scapolite, 506 Scheerer on action of water in metamorphism, 585 Schist, mica, 578 ——, argillaceous, 579 ——, hornblende, 578 Schizodus Schlotheimi, Permian, 387 —— truncatus, Permian, 387 Schmerling, Dr., on Liége caverns, 157 Schorl-rock, and schorly granite, 557 Schwab, M., on Celtic coins in lake-dwellings, 149 Scoliostoma, St. Cassian, 377 Scoresby, on Arctic icebergs, 172 Scoriaceous lava, 507 Scoriæ, 508 Scotland, “Fundamental gneiss” of, 493 ——, Old Red Sandstone of, 440 ——, glaciation of, 175 Screws, fossil, internal casts of shells, 66 Scrope, Mr., on Isle of Ponza, globiform pitchstone, 512 ——, on minerals in lava, 524 ——, on water in lava, 555 Scudder, Mr., on Devonian insects of Canada, 457 Sea, apparent fall of, caused by rise of land, 70 ——, denuding power of the, 105 ——, deep soundings in, 287 ——, mean depth of the, 118 —— cliffs, inland, 103 Secondary and Tertiary, gap between the, 281 ——, term defined, 123 Section of Auvergne alluvium, 100 —— of carboniferous rocks, Lancashire, 85 —— of chalk and greensand, 287 —— of crags near Woodbridge, Suffolk, 198 —— of cross-stratification, 42-44 —— of curved strata of the Jura, 82 —— of dirt-bed in Isle of Portland, 332 —— of Forfarshire, showing curved strata, 74 —— of fossil tree, showing texture, 67 —— of folded and denuded carboniferous beds, Nova Scotia, 418 —— of the Oolitic strata, 322 —— of Recent and Post-pliocene alluvial deposits, 151 —— showing creeps in coal-mines, 79 —— of slaty cleavage, 589 —— showing valleys of denudation, 98 —— showing the Weald formation, 313 —— of strata thinning out, 41 —— of superimposed groups at Dundry Hill, 130 —— of unconformable strata near Mons, 95 Sections illustrating faults, 88, 90, 91 Sedgwick, Professor, on the Cambrian Group, 481, 482, 486 ——, on classification of Arenig group, 476 ——, on Devonian series, 439, 449 ——, on position of the May-Hill beds, 568 ——, on protrusion of solid granite, 574 ——, on slaty cleavage, 588, 591 ——, on garnet in altered rock, 515 ——, on concretionary structure, 63 Sediment, accumulation of, causing a shifting of the subterranean, 117 isothermals. Sedimentary beds of the Carboniferous, 396 Selsea Bill, erratics at, 182 Senarmont on action of water in metamorphism, 585 Sequoia Langsdorfii, 238 “Seraphim,” head of Pterygotus anglicus, 446 Serapis, marine littoral deposits of, 146 Serpentine, 578 Serpulæ attached to Gryphæa, 48 —— attached to Spatangus, 49 —— attached to Apiocrinus, 343 Shale defined, 36 —— of the Lower Ludlow, 461 Sharpe, Mr. D., on American Silurian fossils, 479 ——, on fossils distorted by cleavage, 592 Shell-mounds of Denmark, 146 Shells, Arctic, in Scotch drift, 177 ——, derivative, in the Crag, 195-203 ——, marine, found at great heights above the sea, 29 ——, proportion of living, in the Crags, 194, 195, 199 ——, value of, in classification, 142 ——, fossil, of Virginia, 228 —— of the London clay, 266 —— of the mountain limestone, 433 —— of the Barton clay, 258 —— of the Oolite, 335, 345, 350 ——, marine, of Moel Tryfaen, 180 Sheppey, fauna and flora of, 264 ——, Eocene fish of, 267 Sherringham, erratic block at, 191 Shetland, granite of, 558 ——, hornblende-schist of, 583 Sicily, fauna and flora of, older than the country itself, 207 ——, newer Pliocene strata of, 204 ——, subterranean igneous action in, 569 ——, undulating gypseous marls of, 86 ——, volcanic dikes of, 531 Sidlaw Hills, trap of, 548 Sigillaria in coal-measures, 380, 411, 425 Sigillaria lævigata, coal-measures, 426 Siliceous limestone defined, 37 Silurian, derivation of the name, 458 ——, granite of Norway, 573 ——, metamorphic, of North Highlands, 601 —— rocks, classification of, 458 —— strata of the continent of Europe, 477 —— strata of United States, 478 —— volcanic rocks, 548 Siphonotreta unguiculata, obolus grits, 478 Siwâlik Hills, fresh-water deposits of, 226 Skaptar Jokul, flow of lava from, 523 Skye, hypersthene rocks of, 491 ——, Isle of, Miocene syenite of the, 568 ——, trap dike in, 514 Slaty cleavage, 588 Slicken-sides, in opposite walls of veins, 608 ——, term defined, 87 Smilax sagittifera, Œningen, 222 Smith, Mr. W., on White Lias bed, 366 Snowdon, volcanic tuffs of, 549 Soissonnais sands, 275 Solenastræa cellulosa, Brockenhurst, 257 Solenhofen stone, fossils in the, 337 Solfatara, decomposition of rocks in the, 586 Somma, cone and dikes of, 526 Sopwith, Mr. T., models of outcrop of strata, 85 Sorby, Mr., on action of water in metamorphism, 585 ——, on glass cavities in quartz, 555 ——, on mechanical theory of cleavage, 592 ——, on ripple-marks in mica schist, 596 South Joggins, section of cliffs at, 410 Spalacotherium, Purbeck, 346 Spatangus radiatus, Chalk, 284 —— with serpula attached, 49 Species, gradual change of, 139 —— older than the land they inhabit, 207 ——, similarity of conditions causing reappearance of, 311 Specific gravity of basalt and trachyte, 504 Speer and Rigi, Lower Miocene of the, 235 Speeton Clay, 311 Sphærexochus mirus, Silurian, 467 Sphærulites agariciformis, White Chalk, 306 —— of volcanic minerals, 499 Sphenophyllum erosum, Coal, 425 Sphenopteris gracilis, Hastings sands, 318 Spheroidal concretions in limestone, 64 Spicula of sponge, Atlantic mud, 288 Spirifera disjuncta, Devonian, 450 —— alata, Permian, 388 —— mucronata, 454 —— trigonalis, and S. glabra, 434 Spiriferina Walcotti, Lias, 355 Spirolina stenostoma, Eocene, 275 Spirorbis carbonarius, coal-measures, 405 Spondylus spinosus, White Chalk, 294 Sponge in flint from White Chalk, 296 Sponges, vitreous, in the chalk, 291 Springs, mineral of Auvergne, 604 Staffa, age of columnar basalt of, 539 Stalactite, origin of, explained, 156 Starfish in Silurian strata, 472 Stations of species affecting distribution of fossils, 354 Stauria astræiformis, 431 Stereognathus of Stonesfield, 348 Sternberg, Count, on insects in coal, 495 Stigmaria attached to trunk of Sigillaria, 427 —— in coal-measures, 398, 411, 426 —— ficoides and surface showing tubercles, Coal, 427 Stilbite, 500 Stiper-Stones or Arenig Group, 475 Stockwerk, assemblage of veins, 605 Stonesfield slate, mammalia of the, 345 Strata, term defined, alternations of fresh-water, and shallow and deep, 27 sea. ——, alternations of marine and fresh-water, 108 ——, curved, inclined, and vertical, 73 ——, apparent horizontality of inclined, 81 ——, contorted in drift, 178 ——, contortion of, in Cyclopean Isles, 530 ——, general table of fossiliferous, 131 ——, horizontality of, 40 ——, origin of metamorphic, 83 ——, overlapping, 95 —— repeated by being doubled back, 87 ——, slow growth of, attested by fossils, 47-50 —— of organic origin, 51 ——, tests of age of, 123 ——, unconformability of, 94, 138 ——, vast thickness of, not forming high mountains, 109-13 Stratification, diagonal or cross, 42, 44 ——, different forms described, 39 —— of metamorphic rocks considered, 580 Stratified rocks, composition of, 35 Striæ, production of, 168 Strickland, Mr., on thickness of the Trias, 369 Stricklandinia lirata, 469 Strike, term explained, 80 Stringocephalus Burtini, 452 Stromboli, lava of, 566 Strophomena depressa, Wenlock, 466 —— grandis, 471 Studer, Mr., on gneiss of the Jungfrau, 599 subaërial denudation, average annual amount of, 113 Subapennine beds, proportion of recent species in, 143 —— strata, older Pliocene, 208 Submarine denudation, 105 Subsidence of land must preponderate over upheaval, 116 Succinea amphibia, 55 —— elongata, 155 Suess, M., on fossils of St. Cassian beds, 376, 377 ——, on Vienna basin, 225 Suffolk, Crag of, 195 “Sunk country,” New Madrid, 402 Superga, Lower Miocene of the, 244 Superior, Lake, marl in, 63 Superposition of deposits, a test of age, 124 —— a test of age of volcanic rocks, 521 Sutherlandshire, unconformable Palæozoic strata in, 112 Swanage, fossil mammalia found at, 326 Sweden, Cambrian of, 489 ——, slow rise of land in, 72 ——, small thickness of Silurian strata in, 477 Switzerland, lake-dwellings of, 148 ——, Lower Molasse of, 235 ——, Middle or Marine Molasse of, 223 ——, Upper Miocene of, at Œningen, 215 Sydney coal-field, rain-prints in, 416 Syenite, composition of, 552, 557 ——, how far connected with trap-rocks, 558 Syenitic granite, 557 Symonds, Rev. W. S., on Moel Tryfaen shells, 180 Synclinal and anticlinal curves, 74, 85

TABLE of Botanical Nomenclature, 303 —— of St. Cassian fossil mollusca, 377 —— of Cretaceous formations, 283 —— of Devonian series in Devon, 449 —— of divisions of Hastings Sand, 316 —— of English and French Eocene strata, 252 —— of ages of fossil vertebrata, 464 —— of Neocomian strata, 308 —— of mammalia older than Paris gypsum, 329 —— of marine testacea in the Crag, 202 —— of Oolitic strata, 321 —— of volcanic minerals, 499 —— of Silurian strata of United States, 478 —— of Silurian rocks, 458 —— of Triassic strata, 375 —— of Cambrian strata, 482 —— of Permian of north of England, 386 —— of Welsh coal-measures, 394 —— of thicknesses of Carboniferous limestone, 395 ——, general, of fossiliferous strata, 131 Table Mountain, granite veins in clay-slate of, 560 Tails of homocercal and heterocercal fish, 389 Talcose granite, 557 —— gneiss, 578 Tarannon shales, 468 Tartaret cone, and lava of, 527, 542 Tate, Mr., on St Cassian fossils, 377 Tealby series, Middle Neocomian, 312 Teeth of extinct mammalia, 163, 164 Tellina balthica (T. solidula), 190 —— calcarea (T. proxima), 177 —— obliqua, Crag, 194 Temnechinus excavatus, 200 Temnopleurus excavatus, 200 Tentaculites annulatus, Silurian, 489 Terebellum fusiforme, Barton, 259 —— sopita, Barton, 259 Terebratula affinis, Aymestry, 462 —— biplicata, White Chalk, 294 —— carnea, White Chalk, 294 —— digona, Bradford clay, 345 —— fimbria, Inferior Oolite, 350 —— hastata, Mountain Limestone, 434 —— sella, Neocomian, 310 —— Wilsoni, Aymestry, 462 Terebratulina striata, White Chalk, 294 Terebrirostra lyra, Chloritic Sand, 300 Teredo navalis, boring wood, 50 Tertiary formations, classification of, 137, 143 —— strata, subdivisions of, 143 ——, term defined, 123 Testacea. See Shells. Thallogens, 303 Thamnastræa, Coral Rag, 339 Thanet sands, 269 Theca operculata, Tremadoc beds, 483 Thecodontosaurus, tooth of, 374 Thecodus parvidens, Ludlow, 460 Thecosmilia annularis, Coral Rag, 339 Thirria, M., on Nerinæan limestone, 340 Thompson, Dr., on Nummulites of Thibet, 277 Thomson, Wyville, on Atlantic mud, 288 ——, on sponges in chalk mud, 292 Thuringia, monitor of, 390, 463 Thurmann, M., on Bernese Jura Oolite, 344 ——, on structure of the Jura, 83 Thylacotherium Prevostii, Stonesfield, 347 Tile-stones of the Upper Ludlow, 459 Tilgate forest, fossil Iguanodon in, 315 Till described, 166 ——, mammoth in Scotch, 175 —— of North America, 182 Tin veins, age of, in Cornwall, 615 Titanoferrite, 500 Torell, Dr., on ice-action in Greenland, 172 ——, on Swedish Cambrian fossils, 489 Touraine, faluns of, 211 Tourmaline, 500 Trachytic rocks, 505 —— tuff, 506 —— porphyry, 506 —— lava, age of, 523 Trap, term defined, 498 —— dike, intercepting strata, 518 —— dikes, 513-17 ——, intrusion of, between strata, 517 —— rocks, ages of, 524-50 —— rocks passing into granite, 559 —— tuff described, 508 Trappean rocks, nomenclature of, 497 —— rocks, their relation to active volcanoes, 517 Trass of Lower Eifel, 535 Travertin, how deposited, 60 ——, inférieur of Paris basin, 273 Tree ferns, living, 422 Trees erect in coal, Nova Scotia, 411 Tremadoc slates and their fossils, 482 Tremolite, 499, 502 Trenton limestone, fossils of the, 479 Trezza, volcanic rocks of, 529 Trias, beds of passage between Lias and, 366 —— of England, 369-74 —— of Germany, 375 ——, Saurians of the, 370 —— of the United States, 381 Triassic mammifer, North Carolina, 383 Triclinic feldspars, 501 Tridymite, crystallised silica, 500 Trigonellites latus, Kimmeridge clay, 336 Trigonia caudata, Neocomian, 310 —— gibbosa, Portland stone, 335 Trigonocarpum ovatum, and T. olivæforme, Coal, 429 Trigonotreta undulata, Permian, 388 Trilobites of Bala and Caradoc beds, 471 ——, metamorphosis of, 471, 488 —— of primordial zone, 487 Triloculina inflata, Eocene, 275 Trimmer, Mr., on contorted strata, 179 ——, on shells of Moel Tryfaen, 186 Trinucleus concentricus, T. Caractaci, 472 Trionyx, carapace of, Bembridge, 253 Tripoli composed of diatomaceæ, 51 Trochoceras giganteus, Ludlow, 463 Trophon antiquum (Fusus contrarius), 196 —— clathratum, Scotch drift, 176 Tuff defined, 30 ——, shelly, of the Grand Canary, 538 ——, trappean, of Llandeilo rocks, 473 ——, shelly, of Gergovia, 542 Tupaia Tana, recent, 347 Turner, Dr., on chemical decomposition, 68 Turrilites costatus, Chalk, 299 Turritella multisulcata, Bracklesham, 262 Tuscany, mineral springs of, 604 Tylor, Mr., on amount of subaërial denudation, 114 Tyndall, Dr., on slaty cleavage, 594 Tynedale fault, 90 Tynemouth cliff, brecciated limestone of, 387 Typhis pungens, Barton clay, 259

UNCITES Gryphus, Devonian, 452 Unconformability of strata, 94, 138 Underlying, term applied to plutonic rocks, 34 Unger on American forms in Swiss Miocene flora, 223, 239 —— on Miocene plants of Croatia, 243 Ungulite, or Obolus grit of Russia, 477 Unio littoralis, 54 —— Valdensis, Hastings Sands, 317 United States, Cambrian of the, 489 ——, Cretaceous rocks of, 307 ——, Devonian of, 455 ——, Eocene strata in the, 278 ——, footprints in Carboniferous of, 407 ——, Lower Miocene of, 248 ——, older Pliocene and Miocene formations of, 227 ——, Silurian strata of, 478 ——, Trias of the, 381 Upheaval of land more than counteracted by subsidence, 116 ——, power of denudation to counteract, 105, 115 Upper Greensand, or Chloritic series, 298 Upsala, erratics on modern marine drift near, 174 Ural Mountains, auriferous alluvium of, 616 Uralite, 499 Ursus spelæus, tooth of, 165 Urville, Captain de, on size of icebergs, 172

VAL D’ARNO, Newer Pliocene of, 207 Valleys, origin of, 102 Valorsine, granite veins in talcose gneiss in, 599 Valvata piscinalis, 55 Vanessa Pluto, Lower Miocene, Croatia, 243 Vegetation of the Coal, 420 —— of the Devonian of America, 455 ——. See Plants. Veins, chemical deposits in, 612 ——, granite rocks altered by, 559 ——, different kinds of minerals, 605 ——. See Mineral veins. Vein-stones, 610 Venericardia planicosta, 260 Venetz, M., on Alpine glaciers, 170 Ventriculites radiatus, Chalk, 292 Verneuil, M. de, on Russian Silurian, 462 ——, on Permian flora, 392 Vertebrata, progress of discovery of fossil, 464 Vertical strata, 73 Vesuvius, Recent and Post-pliocene volcanic rocks of, 525 ——, basaltic lavas of, 508 ——, tufaceous strata of, 522 ——, dikes of, 527 Vicarya Lujani, Punfield, 319 Vicentin, columnar basalt of the, 511 Vienna Basin, Upper Miocene beds of, 224 Vine in Upper Miocene beds at Œningen, 221 Virginia, eighty miles of fault in, 92 ——, coal-field of, 382 Virlet, M, on corrosion of rocks near Corinth, 586 ——, on Cretaceous traps of Greece, 544 ——, on fossils in veins, 608 ——, on volcanic rocks of the Morea, 544 Volcanic ash or tuff, 508 —— breccia, 509 —— dikes, 513-16 —— force and denudation opposing powers, 117 —— mountains, structure and origin of, 494 Volcanic rocks defined, 29 ——, mineral composition of, 498 ——, Recent and Post-pliocene, 524 ——, Pliocene, 529 ——, Miocene, 536-43 ——, Eocene, 543 ——, Cretaceous and Liassic, 544, 545 ——, New Red, Permian and Carboniferous, 545 ——, Old Red Sandstone, 547 ——, Silurian, Cambrian and Laurentian, 548, 549 —— of Auvergne, 540 ——, columnar and globular, structure of, 510 —— of Grand Canary, 528 —— of Silurian age, 477 ——, special forms of structure of, 506 ——, tests of age of, 520-4 Volcanoes, extinct, 30 —— of Auvergne, 495 Voltzia heterophylla, Bunter, 380 Voluta ambigua, Barton clay, 259 —— athleta, Barton, 259 —— Lamberti, coralline and Red Crag, 196 —— Lamberti, faluns, 214 —— nodosa, London clay, 266 —— Selseïensis, Bracklesham, 262 Von Buch, Leopold, on “elevation craters,” 496 ——, on Silurian plutonic rocks, 572

WACKE described, 508 Wagner, M., on Miocene of Greece, 226 Walchia piniformis, Permian, 392 Wales and England, glaciation of, 180 Wallich, Dr., on Atlantic mud, 287 Water, denuding power of running, 98, 115 ——, action of, in metamorphism, 584 Watt, Gregory, on fusion of rock, 584 Weald clay and its fossils, 317 Wealden area, thickness of the, 319 —— formation, 313 —— flora, 320 Webster, Mr. T., on Tertiary strata, 141 Wellington Valley caves, 158 Wenlock formation, fossils of the, 465-8 —— limestone, 465 —— shale, 467 Werner on mineral veins in Saxony, 609 —— on isomorphism, 502 Westwood, Mr., on Lias beetles, 363 Wexford, veins of copper at, 615 Whitaker, Mr., on subaërial origin of escarpments, 104 White or coralline crag, 197 —— sand of Alum Bay, 38 Whymper, Mr., on Arctic Miocene plants, 240 Williams, Mr., on Cornish lodes, 607 Williamson, Professor, on Conifers of the Coal, 428 ——, on structure of calamite, 425 Wind, denuding action of the, 97 Wood, Mr. Searles, on Bridlington shells, 190 ——, on Chillesford and Aldeby beds, 192 ——, on shells of the Crags, 194, 195, 199 ——, on shells of Crag and faluns compared, 213 ——, on fish of Headon series, 255 ——, table of marine testacea of the Crag, 202 ——, on thickness of coralline crag, 198 Woodward, Dr., on St. Cassian fossils, 377 Woodward, Mr. H., on Pterygotus, 447 Woolhope beds, 467 Woolwich and Reading series, 267 Wright, Dr., on Barton shells, 258 ——, on zones of the Lias, 353 Wunsch, Mr. E. A., on trees in volcanic ash, 546 Wyville Thomson. See Thomson.

XIPHODON gracile, Paris basin, 271 Xylobius Sigillariæ, Nova Scotia coal, 415

YOREDALE beds, thickness of the, 395 Yorkshire, Oolite of, 349 Young, Mr., on seeds washed out of mammoth tusks, 176

ZECHSTEIN of Germany, 392 Zeolites, secondary volcanic minerals, 500 Zeuglodon cetoides, Eocene, United States, 280 Zircon-syenite, 558 Zoantharia rugosa and Z. aporosa, 431 Zones of the Lias, 353 Zonites priscus, Coal, 415 Zoological provinces, great extent of, 127 Zoophytes, fossil, 48 ——. See Corals, Bryozoa, etc. Zurich, lake-dwellings in Lake of, 148