INDEX

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [W] [X] [Y]

Africa, children's hand-work, illustrating home life of the natives, including the elephants and the lions, 168

Agassiz, Louis, and his stone hut, 43; adventure in the crevasse, 51; on the height of ancient glaciers, 123

Air, origin of, 16; how corals get their breath, 225

Alaska, the flowers and the snow line, 44

Albany, Atlantic tides at, 221

Alleghany Mountains, birth of, 10

Alps, mountain pastures, 41; how rain drops helped carve the Alps, 67; why the Alps don't run north and south, 136; glacial "autographs" on their walls, 255

Amazon River, its stately flow, 74

Ants, how they help teach men how volcanoes are built, 123

Apollo, how he lighted the world, 2

Appalachian Mountains, birth of, 10

Arabian desert, physiognomy and complexion, 165

Arabian Sea, why its waves salute the Himalayas, 140

Arabs, life in the desert, 183; and the Simoom, 184

Atlas Mountains, morning beauty of, 163

Atoms, defined, relation to molecules, 110

Aurora, the dawn goddess and her chariot, 2

Avalanches, impulsiveness of; snap-shot at one in motion, 63

Bad Lands, why so called, 114

Bar Harbor, Nature's remarkable masonry in Castle Rock, 228

Bald Mountains, how they got their crowns shaved off, 26, 28, 123

Beavers, as lake makers, 192

Bedding planes, defined, 217

Bees, and Alpine flowers, 45; why they hide from the cloud shadows, 56; shape of honey cells and basaltic columns, 243

Beetles, varieties in desert places, 180; use of poison gas, 182

Big Round Top Mountain, how it lost its peak, 248

Birds, life in the desert, 178

Bombs (volcanic), what they are and how they are made, 129

Boulders, Agassiz' monument, 54; travels of Plymouth Rock, 64; boulders on a New England hill, 145; why the Indians worshipped a boulder, 146; the strange stranger on Mount Abu, 147; as mountain climbers, 147, 152; why there are no big caves in boulder regions, 148; how boulders help tell the secret of the Ice Age, 149; how torrents help shape, 151; how glaciers carry, 151; how boulders ride on the water, 153; how Jack Frost builds boulder walls, 154; how the sun helps shape boulders, 155; Geikie on the story told by a conglomerate boulder, 155; Ruskin on boulders in art, 157; why boulders sometimes jump up from the ground, 158; how rain drops split boulders, 171; how boulders shiver their skins off, 170; boulders in the rock mills of the sea, 216; how perched boulders are perched, 149; the perched boulder in Bronx Park, in New York City, and its autograph, 250

Bridal Veil Falls, how it got its name and why it hurries to "catch the train," 74

Butterflies, how they help in Alpine flower gardening, 46; why they hide from the cloud shadows, 56

Cactus, the desert water bottle, 174

Cactus wren, how she bars her front door against her bad neighbors, 177

Cæsar, Julius, his literary style compared to that of Mr. Glacier, 254; how he and Mr. Glacier went into winter quarters, 256

Canada, her sea terraces for the gannets, 223

Canada thistles, and the Siberian "wind witches," 178

Canyons, deepened by glaciers, 26, 37; how pebbles helped make the Grand Canyon, 82; how long a mile is—straight down! 87; how the Grand Canyon swallows you up, 88; how rivers wrote the history of the Grand Canyon and how they cut the leaves, 88

Caravan, the marching camels and their shadows, 185

Carbonic acid gas, and air making, 16; how it helped make coal with one hand and the Ice Age with the other, 20; how it helps the volcanoes feed the world, 128

Carpathian Mountains, why they do not border the sea, 138; their ups and downs under the sea, 230

Castle Head, a remarkable example of Nature's masonry, 228

Catskill Mountains, how they were made, 116

Cavemen, a caveman's art note on mammoths, 22; why they were the handsomest men of their day, 267; the joyous lesson they helped teach, 269

Caves, relation to natural bridges, 85; why large ones are never found in boulder regions, 148; their sightless inhabitants, 186

Centipede, his numerous feet and objectionable character 62; how the trap door spider slams the door in his face, 182

Centrifugal force, and the birth of worlds, 4; and the direction of mountain ranges, 137

Ceratosaurus, his dreadfulness and his name, 23; and Nature's dream of the coming of man, 23; one of our queer cousins, 264

Civilization, its constant advance, but with ups and downs, 269; the civilization that Mother made, 270

Coal, did it help bring on the Ice Age? 20; bad effect of coal making on plant and animal life—volcanoes to the rescue! 226; coal seams and the records of ancient life, 245

Colorado River, how it dug the Grand Canyon, 88

Conglomerate rock, why it is called "pudding stone," 96; conglomerate boulders as historians, 155; how made in the sea mills, 227

Continents, how they rose out of the sea, 8; how the fact that they are still rising helps the rivers get back to sea, 75; the continents and Nature's accident insurance, 262

Copernicus, and the discovery that there are worlds of worlds, 4

Coral islands and reefs, how the sea helps the corals build them, 225

Coyotes, as ventriloquists, 179; their night songs, 179; how they get a living, 180

Crater Lake, the blue lake in the volcano's mouth, 194, 195

Crevasse, origin of the word, 51; what a crevasse looks like, 51, 53; Agassiz' adventure in, 51; voices of, 54; their water-mills, 55; picture of a crevasse swallowing an avalanche, 63

Crystallization and the fairy land of change, 93; how the pebble caught cold and what came of it, 94; crystals in sugar and granite, 94; the great melting pot and the remaking of the rocks, 96; how old rocks hatch new ones by sitting on one another, 96; how mountain making helps, 97; how Mother Nature uses salt and soda in cooking rocks over and how she keeps these materials handy, 99; an illustration of how men of science study things out for the fun of it, 104; the crystal fairies and their curious ways, 106; how crystals help tell about dikes, 243

Dead Sea, its deadness and how it died, 207; and the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, 209; what "Lot's Wife" looks like to-day, 210; ancient history on the Dead Sea's walls, 249

Deltas, why delta river mouths always multiply by two, 167

Descent of Man, how man has risen as he descended, 269

Desert, origin of Lybian (myth), 2; enigmas of, 161; the desert and the Sphinx, 162; physiography and coloring, 163; "Baths of the Damned," 165; river "skeletons," 166; indications of former heavier rainfall, 166; Roman aqueducts, 166; "sand roses," 168; how the desert makes its sands, 168; its trade-mark on its sand grains, 172; why deserts are so cold at night, 170; how a simoom looks from the outside, 173; how it begins business, 184; the plant people of the desert, 174-175; how the Rose of Jericho goes to sea, 176; the cactus wren and how she bars her front door against her bad neighbors, 177; the "wind witches" of the steppes, 178; animal life in the desert, 178; the coyote as a ventriloquist, his night song, 179; bird life, 180; why the desert humming-birds have rusty coats, 180; how the trap-door spider slams the door in the centipede's face, 182; a beetle that uses poison gas, 182; wonderful flight of the vulture, 183; a day with the Arabs in the Sahara desert, 183; the cat, the dog, the Arab, and the struggle for life, 187, 188

Diamonds, form of their crystals, 107

Dikes, what one in New York City tells about marble making, 97; the iron walls near Spanish Peak, 235, 241; dikes in the rocks at Marblehead, 242; how dikes get their driving power, 244

Dinosaurs, their dreadfulness, their habits and their family name, 23

Diplodocus, his name, his gentle nature, his defensive tail and how it helped him at his meals, 24

Domes (Mt.), 123

Drift theory, 120

Drowned valleys, 212

Drumlin, why an Irish boy would know what "drumlin" means, 122

Dunes, 163

Earth, story of the spoiled boy who set it afire, 2; how much truth science finds in the Phaeton myth, 3; theories as to the earth's origin and how they compare with the Bible story, 17; watching worlds in the making, 5, 6; the sun and his pebble worlds, 6; how you can watch the world turn round, 7; how the continents came up out of the sea, 8, 14; lands the seas have swallowed, 11; reasons for thinking the continents won't go under again, 12; how earth's slowing up helped make mountains, 137

Earthquakes, how growing mountains make them, 86; earthquakes that travel incog., 158; how earthquakes are recorded in the veins of marble, 239; earthquakes and the earth's "faults," 243

Echoes, Arab superstitions about, 187

Electrons, how they act as messenger boys of the universe, 110

Emerson, on the industries of England, 214

England, her heavy losses of land to the sea, 214; how her drowned rivers helped make her great, 224

Eskers, defined, 122

Esparto grass, 176

Europe, how most of her rivers get their start, 73; her ragged outline and the "transgressions" of the sea, 219; Europe's geological biography and her mountain chains, 230

Evolution, was Nature dreaming of man's legs and arms when she designed the dinosaurs? 23; "some call it Evolution and others call it God," 260; answer of Science to the question "whither," 261; why nothing "happens," in the great course of things—The Accident Insurance System of the Universe, 262; kinship of kittens and apple trees, 264; universal acceptance of the evolution theory, 264; the old "special creation" theory, 265; and the mysterious special creation theory that Science has substituted, 274; facts that support the evolution theory; the story of changing forms recorded in the rocks, 265; the "rabbit" that turned into a horse, 266; as to men being descended from monkeys, 267; how evolution proves the world is getting better, 268; how man has risen as he descended, 269; the world that Mother made, 270

Family, the, and civilization, 271

"Faults," geological, defined, 243

Finland, its butterflies, and the left-over butterflies of the Ice Ages, 48

Fiords, how they were made by the Old Men of the Mountain, 254

Florida, her sympathetic sister lakes, 200

Folds, how the story of the crumpling of mountains is told in the veins of marble, 237

Fossils, how they help tell the story of marble, 100

Frost, how it helped build the stone "Temple of the Winds," 33; how it builds boulder walls, 154

Fujiyama, Mt., why it resembles Mount Rainier, 124

Galileo, and the discovery that there are worlds of worlds, 4

Geikie, on the conglomerate boulder as an historian, 230

Geodes, Nature's pebble jewel boxes and how they are made, 101

Geography, when all our geography was at the bottom of the sea, 8; how they study geography in Boston on rainy days, 68

Geysers, and the geyser basins, 165

Giant's Causeway, its architecture, 243

Gila monster, 181

Glacial Period. (See Ice Ages.)

Glacial tables, how stones go walking in glacier land, 62

Glacier Mills, 55

Glaciers, how snow changes itself to ice, 26; glaciers in their "working clothes," 29; how to make glaciers and icebergs in the schoolroom, 32; how glaciers helped make the gray stone "Temple of the Winds," 33; how the glaciers of the Ice Ages made the Great Lakes, 34; songs of the glacier and how it sings, 42, 56; a day's visit with the Alpine glaciers, 49; the crevasses and the adventure of Agassiz, 51; how long it took Agassiz to determine the nature of glacial movements, 52; why the peasants think the glacier has a soul, 54; Mr. Glacier's caterpillar tractor, 62; how the glaciers start Europe's rivers in business, 73; how pebbles tell on what part of a glacier they travelled, 251

Golden Gate, entrance to San Francisco harbor, how it was made, 224

Gorges, 26, 82

Grand Canyon, 88

Granite, ancient lineage and social standing among earth's rocks, 17; the Granites and the Fairyland of Change, 94; how they crystallize their neighbors, 103; how they help make sand, 170

Gravitation, how it pulls the worlds into roundness, 5; and helps them to grow up, 8; how it helps sea waves to salute the mountains, 139; equally careful in handling big worlds and little seeds, 261; like all power it is invisible and intangible, 276

Great Basin, records of the two great lakes it used to hold, 249

Great Lakes, how they were made in the Ice Ages, 34; an Ice Age lake that was greatest of all, 193; tides in the Great Lakes and tides in a teacup, 201; how the glaciers of the Ice Age tipped the Great Lakes up, 253

Great Salt Lake, ancient weather records on its walls, 249

Greek civilization, one of the things that do not die, 270

Harbor engineering of the rivers and the sea, 221, 222

Hieroglyphics, picture language of the Egyptians and how it was read, 258

Himalaya Mountains, glacial table on, a lesson in picture-reading, 59; why some of the Himalayas are called "hills," 117

Horse, evolution of, 266

Hot Springs (cause of), 165

Hudson River, action of the tides, 221; the Palisades, 241

Hydrogen, and the making of earth's air, 16

Ice Ages, theories as to their origin, 20; the three union stations of the ice trains, 27; how the glaciers put the Missouri River together, 29; how they pushed the Mississippi about, 30; how they turned rivers around and made waterfalls for New England, 31; how they chiselled out stone bowls for the Great Lakes, 34; how they made other lakes, 194; the thousand-year clock at Niagara Falls and what it tells about the Ice Age, 35; how the glaciers set Niagara Falls up in business, 36; Muir's eloquent tribute to the marvellous "busy work" of the snowflakes, 37; how the Ice Age glaciers went off and left the butterflies and the flowers in the Alps, 47; how the butterflies missed the train, 48; how Agassiz discovered the Ice Age, 52; how the glaciers moved the hills about, 117; travels of the boulders and how the glaciers rounded them, 146, 155; why there are no big caves in glaciated regions, 148; relation of the Ice Ages to the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee, 206; Burroughs's theory as to future Ice Ages, 219; what rain-drop autographs tell of the Ice Age, 246; a perched boulder and its autograph in a New York City park, 250; records of the Ice Age glaciers compared with Cæsar's Commentaries—curious similarities, 252

Icebergs, how to make them in the schoolroom, 32; how the icebergs of the Ice Age gave the boulders a ride, 153

Ice wells, huge ice water tanks that the Ice Age glaciers left, 49

Indian Ocean, why its waves rise to salute the Himalayas, 140 Islands, oceanic, the tops of volcanoes, 133; islands on the Maine coast and how they were made, 212; how the sea helps the corals build their islands, 225

"Joints," places where rocks don't join, how made, 33; how they help make "perched rocks," 60; joints in the "Marble Rocks" at Jabalpur, 105; joints and the work of the sea's rock mills, 216; use of joints in Nature's stone architecture, 228

Jordan River, why it was born partly grown, 73: why the making of the Jordan Valley was the death of the Dead Sea, 206

Jungfrau, summer pastures on, 41; its beauty, 44

Jupiter, how as rain god he put out the world, 3; place of the planet in the Solar system, 6

Keewatin, one of the central stations of the Ice Age, 28

Kentucky, the sink holes in the cave regions, 200

Kepler and the discovery that there are worlds of worlds, 4

Kettle lakes, how the glaciers of the Ice Age made them, 196

Labrador, one of the central stations of the Ice Age, 28; how the butterflies of Labrador tell that their ancestors missed the train, 49

Lakes, the Ice Age lake and the "Temple of the Winds," 33; how the Ice Age glaciers made the Great Lakes, 34; how they helped Lake Erie in making Niagara Falls, 36; the sleep of lakes and how it brightens them up, 80; how Mirror Lake shows Mount Rainier how beautiful he is, 130; how, with Jack Frost's help, lakes build boulder walls, 134; the empty lake beds of the desert, 162; "trade-marks" on lake-shore sand, 173; how lakes are born, 192; moods of lakes, 198; why the ducks overlook some lakes, 198; where mountain lakes get their coloring, 199; sympathetic action of sister lakes, 200; how some lakes act as barometers, 201; tides in lakes, 201; why lake storms are particularly dangerous, 202; peculiarity of storms on the Sea of Galilee, 202; and of storms on mountain lakes, 203; how lakes grow old and pass away, 204; why lilies come to dying lakes, 204; the procession of the trees to the margins of dying lakes, 204; why they have a regular marching order, 204; the Dead Sea and how it died, 205; what science says of the legend of Sodom and Gomorrah, 209; "Lot's Wife" as she looks to-day, 210; records of ancient weather on the walls of Great Salt Lake, 249; how the Great Lakes were tipped up and how they tell about it, 253

Lake Agassiz, a great lake of yesterday which could swallow all the Great Lakes of to-day, 193

Lake Baikal, its great depth, 193

Lake Erie, how the glaciers helped it make Niagara Falls, 36

Lake Superior (size), 193

Laplace, his great theory of the origin of worlds, 4

Lapland, strange stories its butterflies tell, 48

Laurentian Highlands, how they rose out of the sea, 9

Lava, how it makes dikes and what a New York City dike has to say about the origin of marble, 97, 241; how lava plays "grandfather" in the Porphyry family, 102; lava and the flame effects on volcanic clouds, 126; lava plains, 126; how lava helps raise the fine fruit and wheat of Washington and Oregon, 128; how it increases the violence of delayed volcanic explosions, 130; the lava and the "fire from heaven" in the story of Lot, 209; the iron wall near Spanish Peaks, 235; remarkable architecture of the Giant's Causeway, 243; theory as to what makes the lava climb, 244

Libyan desert, Greek myth as to its origin, 2

Limestone, how it turns to marble, 97, 104; how the shelled creatures of the sea help make it, 101; the "Marble Rocks" at Jabalpur, 105; the place of limestone in the rock-making system of the sea, 227; limestone and the story marble tells of mountain making, 237, 239

Little Round Top (Mt.), the battles that rounded it, 248

Lizards, varieties in the Arizona desert, 181

London, how it owes its greatness to the transgressions of the sea, 224

Los Angeles River, how one of its tributaries plays hide-and-seek, 80

Lowell, Mass., how the Old Men of the Mountain helped build it, 34

McCloud River, why it is born half grown, 73

Maine, advance of the sea upon its coasts, 219

Mammoth, art note on, from the "Cavemen's Diary," 22; ancient members of the elephant family that wore underclothes, 24

Manchester, Mass., how the Old Men of the Mountain built its falls, 34

Marble, how a New York City dike helps tell how marble is made, 97; what the fossils have to say, 100; how it is quarried, 103; the mysteries in marble walls, 235; when marble flows, 238; the cloud effects in marble, 239; how marble tells of earthquakes and other exciting things, 239

Mars (planet), 6

Meanders, engineering work of wandering rivers, 81; meanders and the making of natural bridges, 83

Mediterranean Sea, its connection with the making of the Alps, 136

Mercury (planet), 6

Metamorphism (defined), 98

Miller, Hugh, how he found a fish inside of a stone and so found Hugh Miller, 159

Mississippi River, how the Old Men of the Mountain pushed it about, 30; how you can jump across it, 69; the mountains of soil it carries into the sea, 84

Mississippi River System (map), 67

Mississippi Valley, when it was at the bottom of a mediterranean sea, 10; why the sea went away, 138

Missouri River, how it was pieced together and pushed about in the Ice Age, 29

Mohawk River, why it grew taller as it grew older, 72

Molecules, their relations to atoms and electrons, 109

Moraines, how the glaciers take them on their backs, 56

Moulins, the "mills" of the glaciers and how they are made, 55

Mountains, earliest arrivals in the mountain world, 9; origin of bald mountains, 26; Muir on the marvellous mountain sculpture of the snowflakes, 37; how mountain peaks are kept sharp, 43; rain-drops as mountain sculptors, 67; mountains and the origin of river valleys, 69; and the birth of partly grown rivers, 72; mountain streams and their waterfalls, 77; storm chorus of the mountain torrents, 78; how mountain lakes and baby rivers go to sleep together and the liveliness of the rivers afterward, 80; how mountains help make the water gates, 86; why growing mountains make earthquakes, 86; why almost all granite is found in mountain regions, 97; the different kinds of mountains, 115; why mountains border the sea, 134; why they run north and south, 137; why sea waves rise to greet the mountains, 139; Ruskin on mountain drawing, 140; resemblance of mountains to sea waves, 140; how mountains helped solve the mystery of the stones of the field, 151; sunrise in the Atlas Mountains, 163; why desert mountains look so gaunt and hungry, 164; why the desert winds are constantly blowing them away, 171; mountain shapes and the law of the picturesque in Nature's art work, 229; how the mountain chains are the making of Europe, 230; their ups and downs, 230; why the markings in marble tell the story of mountain building, 237; and of mountain shaking, 239; ancient weather records on mountain walls, 248

Mountain lakes, the blue lake in the volcano's mouth, 195; why mountain lake storms are particularly dangerous, 202; and why they are apt to come at night, 202

Mountain meadows, how rapidly their flowers follow the snow, 44

Mount Fujiyama, its striking resemblance to a mountain 3,000 miles away, 124

Mount Hermon, its spring that gives birth to the Jordan, 73

Mount McKinley, remarkable snap-shot of one of its avalanches, 63

Mount Pelée, its discharge of huge rocks and whirling bombs, 129; the mysterious shaft that rose and fell, 132

Mount Ritter, its resemblance to the sacred mountain of Japan, 124

Mount Shasta, how it gives birth to a river that has no babyhood, 73; how the mountain itself was born at the crossroads and why this is apt to happen in the case of volcanic mountains, 127

Mount Vesuvius, why, like other active volcanoes, it seems to smoke but doesn't, 126, 127

Mount Washington, its interesting colony of descendants of butterfly pilgrims of the Ice Age who missed the train, 48

Muir, John, on the wonderful team work of the snowflakes, in the Ice Age, 37; on the liveliness of mountain streams after a little nap in mountain lakes, 80; on the winter sleep of the mountain lakes and their glad awakening in the spring, 198

Natural bridges, various ways in which they are made by the very streams they bridge, 83, 85

Nebular Hypothesis, one of the theories as to how the world was made, 4; how it differs from the latest theory, 6; the Bible story compared with both theories, 17

Neptune (planet), 6

New England, how the Old Men of the Mountain plowed its farms away, 31; and then made up for it by putting in New England's waterfalls, 32

Newton, his connection with the theory of the origin of worlds, 4

New York City, what one of its big rocks tells about marble making, 97; what its harbor owes to the engineering of the sea, 221, 222; the perched boulder in Bronx Park and its autograph, 250

Niagara Falls, its thousand-year clock and what it tells about the Ice Age, 35; how the Old Men of the Mountain set the falls up in business, 36

Nitrogen, how it helped to make fresh air for the new-born world, 16

Norway, interpretation of the handwriting on the walls of its fiords, 254

Ogden Canyon, curious example of a rock fold, 238

Ohio River, how the Old Men of the Mountain helped it by turning some rivers around, 31

Omar Khayyam, answer of Science to the universal riddle that puzzled him, 261

Origin of Species. (See Evolution.)

Oxygen, its use in making the world's air, 16; how the sea feeds oxygen to the corals, 225

Pack Rat, his remarkable fortress in the desert, 187

Paleontologists, the wizards of queer anatomies and the strange forms they conjure up from the fragments of old bones, 266

Palestine. (See Dead Sea.)

Palisades, how they were made in the "Middle Ages," 241

Pebbles, how they tell of old sea beaches on inland mountain and hill, 14; their enormous age, 18; dramatic stories the pebble scratches tell, 26; how the Old Men of the Mountain used pebbles in turning New England rivers around, 31; how pebbles helped deepen the basins of the Great Lakes, 34; how they still help run the thousand-year clock at Niagara Falls, 35; how they help the glaciers talk, 56; why the pebbles of Glacier Land can't walk as the big stones do, 62; how the river pebbles act as bankers for the farmers and the sea, 80; how the pebbles helped dig the Grand Canyon, 82; how they tell about doings in the Fairyland of Change, 97; how a pebble may, in its time, play many parts, 99; how they help unravel the secrets of the hills, 119; how they help dying rivers multiply by two, 167; how they report the fact that the storms on the Sea of Galilee are particularly severe, 203; their fixed place in the rock-making system of the sea, 227; how they tell of rough experiences in river travel, 250; and of high winds at sea, desert sandstorms, rides on glaciers, and in what compartments they travel, 251

Peninsulas, how the drowning of rivers helps to make them, 212

Pennsylvania, autographs left by ancient reptiles in the sandstone under the coal seams, 245

Perched boulder, in Bronx Park and its autograph on its rock-bed, 250

Quartz, how it helps to make the pebble jewel-boxes—the geodes, 101

Quartzite, (defined), 98

Rain, what fossil rain-drops tell of ancient weather, 224

Rat, desert, 186

Reclus, on the motion of glaciers, 62; on the mountain whirlpools of stones, 141; on the severity of lake storms, 202

Reefs, coral, how the sea helps the little people build them, 225

Reptiles, with bird feet, 246

Rivers, how the Mississippi River and others were pushed about in the Ice Age, 26; how the Old Men of the Mountain helped the Ohio by turning some rivers around, 31; how they helped make New England a great manufacturing section by turning some other rivers around, 32; how they helped build the "Temple of the Winds," 33; the little boy's definition of a river system, 66; how the sea and the rivers take turn about in emptying into each other, 66; their wonderful work in the mountains, 67; the Mississippi River system, 67; how they study the work of rivers on rainy days in Boston, 68; how you can jump across the Mississippi, 69; what springs do for rivers, 69; how the springs act as regulators of river flow, 72; how rivers grow at the top, 72; why some rivers are born partly grown, 72; how most of Europe's rivers get their start, 73; why many little rivers have to jump to catch the train, 74; why all rivers flow toward the sea, 75; beautiful way in which Ruskin tells of the response of rivers to the call of the sea, 76; the human nature in rivers, 76; baby ways of baby rivers, 76; why waterfalls are found only in young streams and more often as you near the source, 76; how rivers play in the rain, 78; storm chorus of the mountain torrents, 78; where to look for hiding rivers, 78; how rivers sleep in mountain lakes and how lively they are when they wake up, 80; why rivers grow more thrifty as they grow older; how, with the help of the pebbles, they act as bankers for the farmers and the sea, 80; the machinery of rivers includes circular saws and dirt-spreaders, 82; how a river dug the Grand Canyon, 82, 88; the automatic stop in the river machinery, 83; enormous amount of soil carried by the Mississippi into the sea, 84; how rivers cut mountains in two, 85; how rivers help in mining granite, 97; how they help make hills, 117; how they combine with the boulders to help out the artists, 157; the land in which there are river beds without rivers and rivers without mouths, 162; the skeletons of dead rivers and what they tell of the past history of the desert, 166; why dying rivers multiply by two, 167; harbor engineering of the rivers and the sea, 221; how rivers made the Golden Gate of San Francisco and so made San Francisco, 223; the rivers and the rock mills of the sea, 227; the river's trade-mark on its pebbles, 250

Rocky Mountains, how they were born, 10; their relation to the Mediterranean Sea that is no more, 135; why they are now so far from the sea, 138; how the mountain waves of stone resemble the waves of the sea, 140; folded strata that illustrate Ruskin's line about the strange quivering recorded in mountain rocks, 142

Romans, some of the big things we owe to them, 270

Rose of Jericho, what it is like and how it puts to sea, 176

Round Tops (Mt.), how they are formed, 123

Ruskin, on the response of rivers to the call of the sea, 76; on the sleep of lakes, 80; on mountain drawing, 140; on the strange "quivering of substance" of mountains, 141; on the art lessons to be learned from stones, 158; on the correct drawing of boulders, 160

Sahara Desert. (See Desert.)

St. Lawrence River, how the Old Men of the Mountain took some of its rivers away, 30; how the Old Men used it in making the Great Lakes, 34

Salt, how Mother Nature uses it in warming over rocks, 99; how Father Neptune uses it in his rock mills, 217

Sand, how it helped build the stone "Temple of the Winds," 33; how Mother Nature dissolves it out of sandstone in her rock cookery, 99; how the crystal fairies give sand grains a new lease of life, 108; how the sand helped shape the old Indian of Mt. Abu, 147; color of desert sand, 165; how the desert makes its sand, 168; "sand roses," 168

Sandstone, its place in the rock-milling system of the sea, 227

San Francisco Bay, how it was made, the two rivers that opened its Golden Gate, 222

Saturn (planet), 5, 6

Sea, when the seas were all in the sky, 16; how its stratification of rock helped build the "Temple of the Winds," 33; the Alps, like sea waves turned to stone, 50; how the sea flows into the rivers, the endless circuit of the waters, 66; why the rivers always get back to sea, 75; how the pebbles help feed the sea fish and furnish material for the sea's rock mills, 81; the Grand Canyon and the ancient sea, 88; how the sea helps Mother Nature do the work in her rock cookery, 99; why volcanoes and mountains border the sea, 133, 134; why sea waves rise to greet the mountains, 139; how sea sand grains differ from those of the desert, 173; the rock mills of the sea, method in the madness of the on-shore waves, 212; why the sea's chief business at first seems to be that of eating us up, 213; the sea in literature and art, 213; England's heavy losses to the sea, 214; how helpless the Old Man of the Sea is without his tools, 215; how he uses the stone-throwing engines and the battering-ram of the Romans, 216; what he knows about wedges and pneumatic tools, 216; the hidden enemies in the rocks of the sea, 216; planing-mills of the winter seas, 217; how stones are carried out to sea, 218; how the sea has shaped Europe, 219; the sea as a builder, why Father Neptune is like Old King Cole, 220; harbor engineering of the rivers and the sea, 221, 222; how the sea helped teach shore engineering to man, 223; how it has helped make London, New York, and other great cities, 223, 224; how Father Neptune feeds the coral people, 225; the art work of the sea, 227, 228; Nature's building blocks and the sea, 228; the ups and downs of Europe's mountains under the sea, 230; how sea tides help in recording rain-drop marks in stone, 244

Sea caves, what they told about how the continents came up out of the sea, 14

Sea of Galilee, why its storms come so suddenly and usually at night, 202, 203; how the pebbles on its shores tell that these storms are severe, 203; why it parted company with the Dead Sea, 206

Sea-shells, how some of them tell how marble is made, 100

Seismograph, the device for getting the autograph of earthquakes, 240

Shakespere, how he emphasizes the rough side of Father Neptune's nature, 213; on the man and the swallowing waves, 219; his reference to the greatness of Mr. Cæsar, 252

Shaler, Dr., on the stone autographs of rain-drops, how they throw light on the climate of ancient days, 246 Shasta River, why it is born partly grown, 73

Sierra Nevada Mountains, Muir on how the snowflakes helped carve them, 37

Silica, its use by Mother Nature in making sandstone, grass, wheat, and corn, 99

Slate, and the Fairyland of Change, 98; its place in the rock mills of the sea, 227; ancient autographs found in slate, 245

Sodom and Gomorrah, the Bible story of their destruction and what Science has to say about it, 208

Soil, how it was made in the beginning of things, 11; how the Old Men of the Mountain carried New England's best farms away, 31; how river pebbles act as bankers for the farmers, 80; how the sea helps make good farming land, 222; Nature's art work and the making of soil, 229

Solar system, how it was discovered that there are worlds of worlds, 4; Laplace's theory as to the origin of the Solar system, 4; the planetessimal theory, 6

Soldanella, the flower of the Alps that blooms its way up through the ice, 45

Special Creation theory, 265

Spiders, the tarantula and the tarantula killer, 181; the spiders of the Arizona desert, 182; how the trap-door spider slams the door in the centipede's face, 182

Spontaneous variation, the scientific modification of the old "Special Creation" theory, 274

Springs, not only start rivers in life but go on feeding them, 69; how rain-drops stored in big stone safes keep the springs going, 69; springs that work like a town pump, 70; hot springs and the geysers, 165

Stratification, defined; how it helped make the "Temple of the Winds," 33; how it helps in marble quarrying, 103; as shown in the "Marble Rocks" at Jabalpur, 105; how it helps in the making over of rock in the sea's mills, 217

Stratus clouds, their counterparts in marble and what these marble cloud pictures mean, 239

Striæ, scratches made in rocks by glaciers, and how they helped to disclose the great secret that there was an Ice Age, 121; the big boulder's autograph in Bronx Park, New York City, 250

Tarantula, and the life struggle in the desert, 181

Terraces, what they tell about the tipping up of the Great Lakes once upon a time, 253

Tides, in lakes and in teacups, 201; and the harbor and shore engineering of the sea, 221, 225; how they help preserve the autographs of ancient rain-drops, ancient reptiles, and other things, 244

"Transgressions" of the sea, defined, 218; how they help to make great cities, 223; how they help in the art work of the sea, 227

"Umbrella Parties," an interesting form of geography study in Boston, 68

Uranus (planet), 6

Valleys, how crooked rivers broaden them, 82

Venus (planet), 6

Vesuvius, why it seems to smoke but doesn't, 126, 127

Volcanoes, what they tell about the inside of the earth, 3; why volcanoes were more numerous in early days, 16; difference between ordinary mountains and volcanic mountains, 114, 123; the volcanic mountains in the Sahara and the "Baths of the Damned," 165; the blue lake in the volcano's mouth, 194; volcanoes and "the fire from heaven" in the Bible story of Lot, 209; how volcanic explosions help to cause transgressions of the sea, 219; Mr. Vulcan's famous castle on the Hudson, 241

Vulture, his wonderful abilities as a flying machine, 182

Wasp, desert, how it disposes of the tarantula, 181

Waterfalls, how the Old Men of the Mountain put them in for New England, to make up for carrying her farms away, 31; how they set Niagara Falls up in business and started the thousand-year time clock, 35, 36; why the Bridal Veil Falls in the Yosemite has to jump to catch the train, 74; why waterfalls are found only in young streams and oftenest near the source, 76

Water Gaps, how the rivers cut them with the help of pebbles, 85

Weathering, examples of, 33, 60, 97, 147, 228, 229, 231, 241, 243, 248

Wind, how it helped carve the "Temple of the Winds," 33; how it helps make pillars for perched rocks, 60; how it helped carve the strange old Indian of Mt. Abu, 147; how it helps the desert in trade-marking its sand, 173; the wind witches of the Steppes, 178; why lake wind storms are particularly dangerous, 202; the winds and the night storms on the Sea of Galilee, 202; how winds help fill up the sea, 219; stone autographs of ancient breezes, 247; pebble faceted by wind-blown sand, 252; wind ripples, 248

Wren, desert, how she locks her front door against her bad neighbors, 177

Wyoming, the ancient bones found in its soil and the wonderful story they told about horses, 266

Xenophanes, the wise old Greek who first suggested that the mountains had risen out of the sea, 13

Yosemite Valley, why the rivers of the little valleys have to jump to catch the train, 74