APPENDIX E. GLOSSARY.

Aduatuci, a German tribe formed out of the fragments of the Cimbrians and Teutonians.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of. A treaty which ended the war of the Austrian Succession, in October, 1748.

Alsace, a province of the German empire, a part of which was conquered by France in the Thirty Years’ War, and the whole ceded to France in 1791. The whole was ceded back to Germany in 1871, as a result of the Franco-Prussian war.

Alemanni, a German race of Suevic origin, which occupied the region from the Main to the Danube, in the first part of the third century A. D., afterwards extending to the Rhine, including Alsace, and part of Eastern Switzerland.

Ampsivari, a German tribe described by Tacitus, which continued until the fifth century A. D., when it became merged in the Franks.

Anne, Queen, succeeded to the throne of England in 1702, upon the death of William III.

Aryan, a Sanscrit word, applied to all nations who speak a language mainly derived from the Sanscrit, or ancient Hindoo, as the Greek, Latin, Gothic, English, German and all kindred tongues.

Arendt, Baron von, a patriot and German soldier, of the Revolution.

Attila, a famous king of the Huns, whose conquests in Europe were a terrific marvel, leaving ruin and desolation in his trail, in consequence of which he was called the “Scourge of God.” He died in 453 A. D.

Austrian Succession, War of. The emperor Charles VI. had no male heirs, and he sought to get all the powers concerned to accede to the Pragmatic Sanction, by which the Austrian possessions were to go to his eldest daughter Maria Theresa. The elector of Bavaria, Charles Albert, never gave consent to the pragmatic sanction, and when Charles the VI. died, he claimed the Austrian throne, as being next in line of succession. A desire seized the European powers to break up the Austrian state, and divide its dominions among them. Great Britain was the only European nation which came to the aid of Austria. After eight years of war, Maria Theresa was confirmed as empress of Austria.

B.

Batavi, a German tribe, which took sides with the Romans, and enlisted in its armies, against the rest of the Germans. They became ultimately merged in the Salic Franks.

Barbarians, foreigners; people whose names have “Bar” prefixed to them, signifying son of.

Bingen, a city of Germany, in Hesse, situated at the junction of the Nahe with the Rhine.

Boehm, Philip, an early German Reformed preacher in Pennsylvania.

Boufflers, a marshal of France under Louis XIV., born January, 1644; died August 20, 1711.

Brainard, David, a missionary among the Indians, born at Haddonfield, Conn., April 20, 1718; died at Northampton, Mass., Oct. 9, 1749.

Brandywine, Battle of. A battle fought on the creek of that name in Pennsylvania, during the Revolutionary war, at which the Americans under Washington were defeated by the British under General Howe.

Burgundians, a German tribe, which settled in Gaul, and founded the kingdom of Burgundy in the fifth century.

C.

Calvert, Cecilius (Lord Baltimore). The first proprietor of Maryland; born about the year 1605; died at London Nov. 30, 1675.

Chauci, a German tribe, first mentioned by Strabo, living about the shores of the North Sea, on both sides of the Weser. They disappeared in the fifth century, becoming merged with the Saxons.

Chatti, a powerful German tribe, some of whom left their abode in the region of the Main, and became absorbed by the Salic Franks. Those who remained, were the progenitors of the Hessians.

Cherusci, a German tribe, dwelling in the time of Caesar, west of the Elbe, about the middle Weser. Their name disappeared in the fifth century, when they became a constituent part of the Saxons.

Cimbrians, an ancient German tribe, inhabiting Northern Germany at an early day. With the Teutons as allies they invaded the Roman provinces in 113 B. C. They were afterwards “virtually exterminated,” by a Roman army under Marius.

Clovis, born about 465; died at Paris Sept. 8, 511. He was the founder of the Merovingian line of Frankish kings.

Conde, Prince de, born at Paris 1621; died at Fontainebleau, France, Dec. 11, 1686. He was a celebrated French general during the reign of Louis XIV., and took an active part in the devastation of the Palatinate.

Condrusii, a German tribe, occupying a part of Belgium, when they became first known. Their name disappeared from history at an early day.

D.

Dunkers, a sect of German American Baptists, called by themselves Brethren, founded in Westphalia, in 1708, by Alexander Mack.

Duras, de, a French general under Louis XIV.

E.

Eburones, a German tribe occupying a part of Belgium at the time the Romans first made their acquaintance.

Erlkönig, the subject of Goethe’s well-known poem. In German legend, a “goblin or personified natural power who haunts the Black Forest. He is particularly addicted to destroying children.”

F.

Finns, the natives of Finland, a colony of whom made settlement on the Delaware river within the present limits of Pennsylvania, as early as the year 1637.

Flemish, a Low German language of which the Dutch is a type.

Frederick, The Great, born at Berlin Jan. 24, 1712; died at Sans Souci near Potsdam Aug. 17, 1786. King of Prussia, and one of the greatest generals and statesmen of his time.

Franche-Comte, an ancient government of Eastern France. It was at one time a part of the old kingdom of Burgundy, but was annexed to France more than two hundred years ago.

Franks, the name assumed, in the third century A. D. by a confederation of German tribes, a branch of which founded the Merovingian monarchy, under Clovis (481-511).

Frankenthal, a town in the Palatinate, destroyed by the soldiers of Louis XIV.

Franklin, Benjamin, an American statesman, diplomat, philosopher, and author. Born at Boston, Mass., Jan. 17, 1706; died at Philadelphia April 17, 1790.

Frisii, a German tribe, on the North Sea, and the progenitors of the present race of Friesians in Friesland.

G.

German: Origin, of name unknown; is said to be neither of Latin, nor of German origin; claimed to be most probably Celtic.

“German Slave Trade,” a name contemptuously applied to the custom of selling German emigrants for the cost of their passage.

Germantown, a former borough of Pennsylvania, now a part of the municipality of Philadelphia. Founded by German Quakers in 1683.

Goths, a powerful Teutonic tribe, forming two historical divisions of the Visigoths, and Ostrogoths; branches of them settled early, in the present Servia, and Bulgaria; while others founded monarchies in France, Italy, and Spain. They became merged later into other races.

Graffenried, a Swiss colonist, in North Carolina, who helped to found Newbern.

H.

Hatto, Bishop, archbishop of Mainz; died about 970. According to a German legend, he was eaten alive by mice as a punishment for having burned to the ground a barn full of people during the time of a famine.

“Heemweh,” a characteristic poem by the late Rev. Heinrich Harbaugh in the Pennsylvania German dialect.

Heidelberg, a city in Baden, Germany, situated on the Neckar 12 miles from its junction with the Rhine at Mannheim. It was for many years the seat of the Palatine electors, and contains the famous castle built by them. Its ruins are said to be the most imposing in Europe.

Hendrickson, Cornelius, a navigator in the service of the Dutch East India Company, who explored the Delaware river, as far as the present site of Philadelphia in 1614.

Hermunduri, a German tribe, a branch of the Suevi. It is believed that they became the Thuringians.

Hessians, are the natives or inhabitants of Hesse in Germany. In this volume, the name is employed to designate the hireling soldiers which the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, and certain other German princes sold to the British government, to fight against American independence.

Hohenstaufen. The name of a German princely family, which has furnished the sovereigns to the first German empire, 1138-1254; also for a long period the Palatine electors, were supplied by the same family. The dynasty became extinct in 1268, when Conradin, the last of the line, was executed.

I.

Indo-European, applied to the languages of India and Europe, which are derived from the prehistoric Aryan language; also applies to the people or nations who speak those languages.

Inspirationists, a religious sect, some of whom found their way to Pennsylvania at an early day.

K

Key, John, the first white child born at Philadelphia, after Penn had laid out his city.

“King of the Palatines,” Graffenried one of the founders of Newbern, N. C., saved his life, after he was condemned to be burned at the stake, by pretending that he was “king of the Palatines.”

L.

Lawson, Samuel, a companion of Graffenried, whom the Tuscarora Indians burned at the stake.

Lexington, a city 11 miles from Boston, Mass. It is the scene of the first bloodshed of the American Revolution, April 19, 1775.

Longobardi, an early German tribe, known later as the Lombards, who founded the kingdom of Lombardy, which was overthrown by Charlemagne in 774.

Lorraine, a region on the border between France and Germany, formerly an independent duchy, conquered by France in the 17th century. The German part of it was ceded to Germany in 1871, in consequence of the treaty between France and Germany after the Franco-German war.

Lothaire, king of Lorraine, died 869.

Louis XIV., surnamed by the French, “Le Grand”—(the Great). He was born Sept. 5, 1638; died at Versailles Sept. 1715. The devastation of the Palatinate, by his soldiers, under his direction and approval, will always cause his memory to be execrated, throughout the civilized world.

Louvois, Francois, Marquis de, born at Paris Jan. 9, 1639; died July 16, 1691. A noted French statesman, minister of war under Louis XIV. and one of the chief instruments in the devastation of the Rhine provinces, 1666-1691.

Luneville, Treaty of. A treaty which the First Napoleon dominated, and in which most of the powers of continental Europe participated. It was concluded Feb. 9, 1801. By its terms France received all the territory on the west bank of the Rhine; Tuscany was ceded to Parma; and the Cisalpine, Ligurian, Helvetic, and Batavian republics were recognized. The end of the “Holy Roman Empire,” soon followed this treaty.

M.

Maintenon, Francoise d’Aubige, was born in prison at Niort, France, Nov. 27, 1635; died at St. Cyr near Versailles April 15, 1719. Her parents were in prison for political offenses when she was born. She became the second wife of Louis XIV. and is said to have exercised great influence over him with regard to his religious bigotry and his persecutions in the Palatinate.

Mannheim, a city of Baden, situated at the junction of the Neckar with the Rhine. It was founded in 1606; was destroyed during the Thirty Years’ War; rebuilt, and became the capital of the Palatinate in 1720.

Mainz, a city on the Rhine, and capital of Rhine-Hesse.

Marcomanni, a German tribe, branch of the Suevi. Drusus in his campaign found them on the middle and upper Rhine stoutly resisting his advance. They disappeared from history as a separate tribe in the fourth century.

Marsi, a German tribe, mentioned by Strabo, which dwelt in the region about Saxony, at the commencement of our era, which disappeared as a distinct tribe after the campaign of Germanicus.

Melac, a French officer under whose immediate direction Heidelberg was sacked and burned.

Mennonites, a religious sect founded in Europe in the 16th century. To escape persecution many of them emigrated to Pennsylvania.

Michel, Louis, a Swiss colonist in North Carolina who assisted in the founding of Newbern.

Muhlenberg, Heinrich Melchoir; born at Einbeck Prussia, Sept. 6, 1711; died at Trappe, Pa., Oct. 7, 1787. A German clergyman, and chief founder of the Lutheran Church in the United States.

Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel, son of the former, born at Trappe, Pa., Oct. 1, 1746; died near Philadelphia Oct. 1, 1807. He was a Lutheran clergyman, Major-General in the Revolutionary army; member of Congress, and United States Senator from Pennsylvania.

Mystics, a name common to several religious sects some of whose members came to Pennsylvania with the early German emigration.

O.

Oppenheim, a town in the province of Rhine-Hesse, 11 miles southwest of Mainz. It was one of the towns destroyed by the French soldiers.

Orleans, Duchess of, sister-in-law of Louis XIV. for whom the latter tried to usurp the Palatine electorate after the death of the elector Philip Wilhelm, which resulted in the war which devastated the Palatinate, and drove thousands of the inhabitants from their homes.

P.

Palatinate, a former German state, which ceased to exist as an independent state in 1801.

Pfalz, the German term for the Palatinate.

Pfälzer, an inhabitant of the Palatinate; and German term for Palatine.

Philippsburg, a town of Baden which suffered much from the wars of Louis XIV.

Purrysburg, a town in South Carolina, founded by German emigrants from the Palatinate early in the 18th century.

Penn, William, founder of Pennsylvania, who gave the province its first code of laws; born in London Oct. 14, 1664; died in England, July 30, 1718. He was a son of Admiral Sir William Penn. He was carefully educated, studied at Oxford; was converted to Quakerism, after which he was expelled from the university. He was repeatedly imprisoned, for preaching the Quaker doctrines, but continued in his faith to the end. After his father’s death, he inherited a claim against the British government of 16,000 pounds, on account of which Charles II. gave him the grant of Pennsylvania.

Q.

Quaker, one of a religious sect founded by George Fox, in England about the year 1650. The sect suffered much persecution in England which resulted in very many of them emigrating to Pennsylvania.

R.

Redemptioner, as applied to emigrants who were sold for their passage upon their arrival at American ports, one who redeemed his freedom by a term of service.

Reformation, specifically the religious movement commenced by Martin Luther, in the early part of the 16th century, which resulted in the formation of the various Protestant sects.

Rhenish Bavaria, the present Rhine Palatinate, with Speyer as the capital.

Roman Empire, founded about 500 years before the Christian era, and embracing at one time nearly the whole civilized world. It began to decline about the fifth century of our era, and later was compelled to give up nearly all its conquests of many centuries.

Ryswick, Treaty of. At the treaty signed at Ryswick, a village in Holland, Sept. 21, 1697, between France on the one side, and England, the Netherlands, Germany, and Spain on the other, by which Louis XIV., among other things, recognized William III. as king of England, thereby abandoning the cause of the Stuarts. As William III. had espoused the cause of the Palatines, against whom Louis had carried on a frightful war of devastation for many years, and as Germany was a party to the treaty, one of its conditions was that Louis was to withdraw his armies from the Palatinate.

S.

Sauer, Christopher, the pioneer printer of German newspapers in the United States. He began the publication of a German newspaper at Germantown, Pa., in 1739, which continued to be printed many years, exerting a great influence among the German settlers in Pennsylvania.

Salzburgers, refugees from the archbishopric of Salzburg in Austria, who emigrated on account of religious persecution. Many of them found their way to Georgia, and South Carolina.

Saxe-Gotha, an early German settlement in South Carolina, named from the principality in Germany, whence the first settlers came.

Saxon dialect, a dialect which came from a Low German dialect, and developed into the present literary or High German.

Schwenkfeld, Hans Kasper: Born in Silesia 1490; died in New Ulm, Germany, 1561. A German Protestant Mystic, persecuted by the Lutherans; founder of a sect of Schwenkfelders, or Schwenkfeldians, who emigrated to Pennsylvania in the 17th century.

Semnones, a German tribe, and a principal branch of the Suevi. Their name disappeared from history, at the end of the second century.

Separatists, a sect of religionists, who refuse to conform to, or be governed by any church or its forms.

Sicambrians, a powerful German tribe, in ancient times, which afterward became merged in the confederation of the Franks.

Spanish Succession, War of, a war arising out of the disputes about the succession in Spain on the death of Charles the II., which lasted from 1701 until 1714. It was fought between Louis I., emperor of Germany on the one side, and Louis XIV. of France, and his allies on the other. The emperor of Germany, and the king of France, each claimed the right to name the successor.

Speyer, the capital of the Rhenish Palatinate, situated at the junction of the Speier with the Rhine. It was totally destroyed by the French in 1689.

Suevi, is the collective name of a German people, known to Cesar, who describes them as the largest, and most warlike of the German tribes. In the fifth century the Suevi appeared as neighbors and allies of the Alemanni, with whom they acted as one people. They settled in the region of the headwaters of the Danube, where their name is still preserved in Swabia.

T.

Tesse, a French General operating in the Palatinate, afterward a Marshal of France; born 1651; died 1704.

Teutonians, a German tribe who with the Cimbrians, defeated several Roman armies, near the end of the second century B. C., but were defeated, and nearly destroyed, by Marius, at what is now Aix, France, in 102 B. C. They afterwards settled near the Lower Elbe.

Thirty Years’ War. A religious, and political war, which involved Germany, and other countries in Europe, and continued from 1618, until 1648. The struggle was begun between the Roman Catholics and Protestants, for the ascendency both religious and political. The immediate cause of the war was the result of the persecutions of Protestants by Ferdinand, when he became king of Bohemia. Protestant churches were closed in some places, and pulled down at others. Disturbances and persecutions of Protestants soon spread into Germany, and elsewhere. Protestant and Catholics alike armed, for the coming conflict, which continued for thirty years; coming to an end with the treaty of Westphalia, Oct. 24, 1648.

Tilly, a famous German general in the Thirty Years’ War, serving in the Imperial army. He was born in Belgium in February, 1559; died from a mortal wound received in a contest with Gustavus Adolphus, April 30, 1632.

Tory, one who during the Revolution, adhered to the British crown.

Trenton, Battle of. A victory gained by the Americans under Washington, over the British and Hessian mercenaries, Dec. 26, 1776.

Turenne, a celebrated French marshal; born at Sedan, France, Sept. 11, 1611; he devastated the Rhine provinces in 1674, and was killed by a cannon ball, while on a reconnoissance, near Sasbach, Baden.

Treves, a city in Rhenish Prussia, on the Moselle, noted for its Roman antiquities.

U.

Ubii, a German tribe, first mentioned by Caesar, who found them situated on the right bank of the Rhine, north of the Taunus region; their principal place was where the Cologne of to-day stands. They became ultimately merged in the Franks.

Utrecht, Treaty of. By this treaty the war of the Spanish succession came to an end, in 1713, between France on the one side, and Great Britain, the Netherlands, Savoy, and Portugal on the other. By it, Philip V. of France was confirmed as king of Spain, and France recognized the Protestant succession in England; Prussia was recognized as a kingdom, and Great Britain received Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, etc., in North America.

V.

Vandals, a German tribe, which made its first appearance in middle and southern Germany, in the first half of the fifth century. They ravaged Gaul, Spain, and North Africa, etc., and in 445, they ravaged Rome, doing much damage to treasures, art, and literature. They founded a kingdom in Africa with Carthage as its capital.

Verdun, Treaty of. A treaty made at Verdun, France, in 843, between the French emperor Lothaire, and his brother Ludwig the German. By this treaty, Lothaire was confirmed as emperor, and received Italy, and in general the region west of the Rhine and Alps, and east of the Rhine, etc.; Charles the Bald obtained the region west of Lothaire’s dominions, and Ludwig the region between the Rhine and the Elbe, which formed the nucleus of the first German empire.

W.

Weber, an imposter, who was executed at Charleston, S. C., for murder in the early days of the settlement of that state.

Westphalia, Treaty of. This treaty was concluded in 1648, and ended the Thirty Years’ War. Among the conditions of that treaty, the electoral house of the Palatinate received the Rhine Palatinate; and religious freedom was guaranteed, thereby saving Protestantism to Europe and to the world.

William III., King of England, 1689-1702.

Wolf, George, a son of a German emigrant from the Palatinate, and Governor of Pennsylvania 1829-1835, and founder of the Common School System of that state.