INDEX

Abu Simbel, 206 Acrology, 86, 104, 153, 210, 223 Ægean civilisation, 159, 187-194 Akerblad, 129 Akkadian civilisation, 105 " cuneiform, 100, 170 " religion, 105 Alaskan life, pictograph of, 65-66 Algerian rock-paintings, 33 Almanack symbols, 102 Alphabet, Abyssinian, 213 " Arabic, 209 " Aramean, 207-8 " Armenian, 211 " birth of the, 124 " Chalcidian, 199, 215-6 " Coptic, 216 " Corean, 87 " Dravidian, 207 " English, 37, 220-222 " Ethiopic, 213 " Georgian, 211 " Greek, 136, 213 " Hebrew, 136, 151, 208, 213 " Hellenic, 207, 213 " Indian, 213 " Indo-Bactrian, 211-2 Alphabet, Ionian, 215 " Irish, 218 " Latin, 38, 199, 216-7 " Mongolian, 208 " Ogam, 225 " Pehlevi, 93, 211 " Phœnician, 188, 194, 196, 207, 213 " Pictograph and, 26 " Runic, 220, 223 " Russian, 215 " Sabæan, 212 " Samaritan, 152 " stages of development of, 38-39 " Syriac, 208 " variations in English, 220 Amenophis III., 110 America, development of man in, 74 Arabic numerals, 209, 212 Art, prehistoric, 24-5 Asoka, 211 Assyrian numerals, 210 Australian aborigines, 27 " grave-posts of, 52 " rock-paintings of, 29 Ave Maria, 80 Aztecs, 75 Baal Lebanon, vessels from, 145-6 Babylonian characters, 99, 186 Babylonians, 105, 157, 208 Bark, picture-writing on, 58, 59, 67-68 Behistun rock-inscription, 94-95, 101, 128, 181 Belts, wampum, 45-51 Benefit of clergy, 22 "Bible," etymology of, 10 Bible as charm, 19 Bite, written charm against centipede, 19 Black letter, 219 Body, parts of, used for measurements, 101 "Book," etymology of, 10 "Book of Breathings," 119 "Book of the Dead," 117, 125, 200 Borchardt, Dr., 116 Brahma, 16-17 Budge, Dr. Wallis, 119, 123, 127, 130, 133 Burckhardt, 180 Bushman rain-charm, 34 Bushmen rock-paintings, 30-32 Cadger's Map, 57 Cadmus, 17 Cædmon, 224 Cave-man, art of, 24-25 Census-roll, Indian, 71 Champollion, 129-30 Charms, written, 16-17, 19-20, 119 Chinese characters, 83 " determinatives, 85 " picture-writing, 83-84, 103 Clay tablets, 89 Cleopatra, 130-1 Clermont-Ganneau, M., 146 Clog almanack, 45 "Code," etymology of, 10 Cords, knotted, 39, 43, 82 Corean alphabet, 87 Creation tablet, 110 Cretan hieroglyphs, 167, 184, 195 " linear characters, 171, 173, 175, 184 Crete, Mycenæ and, 182 " origin of Ægean civilisation in, 192-94 " relics of script in, 51 " Syria, Egypt, and, 159 Cuneiform writing, 89-112 " " discovery of, 93-97 " " meaning of, 89 " " mode of, 98 Cursive characters, 217 Cypriote's syllabary, 178 Cyprus, civilisation in, 179 Darius, 93, 95, 127 Della Valle, 90 Delphi, 162 Deluge tablet, 111 Demotic writing, 115, 127, 216 De Rougé 139, 142-45, 226 De Sacy, 93 Determinatives, 85, 100, 103, 122, 170 "Digits," etymology of, 101 Dikta, Mount, slab from, 171 Diodôros, 196 "Diploma," etymology of, 11 Disease, barbaric theory of, 60 Edwards, Chilperic, 112 Egypt and Babylonia, 112 Egyptian art, 115 " demotic, 115, 127, 216 " hieratic, 115, 125-127, 139, 155, 194 " hieroglyphs, 41, 114-124 " numerals, 210 " writing, stages of, 115 Enchorial writing, 127 Eshmunazar, sarcophagus of, 140, 153 Eteocretans, 184 Europe, continuity of man in, 24, 189 Eusebius, 137 Evans, Arthur, 25, 51, 154, 159, 177, 189, 193, 195 Fingers as pictographs, 101 Flinders Petrie, Professor, 116, 177, 185-6, 202 Frazer, J. G., 193 Gardner, Prof. P., 158 Goulás, 162 Græcia Major, 199 Graffito, 161 Grave-posts, Indian, 53-55 Greek alphabet, 199 " papyri, 198-206 " settlements, 198 " signary, 185 Grotefend, Dr., 93, 101 Gurob, 177, 202 Haddon, Professor, 19 Halévy, 104 Haynes, 108 Herculaneum papyri, 201 Herodas, mimes of, 202-204 Herodotus, 39, 92, 97, 134, 137-8, 190, 199 Hieratic writing, 115, 125-27, 139, 155, 194 Hieroglyphic wheels, 45 Hieroglyphs, Cadger's, 57 " Egyptian, 114-124 " Hittite, 150, 168, 173, 181, 195 " Mexican, 73 Hilprecht, Dr., 108 Hittites, 179-81, 185 Hoffman, Dr., 45, 52, 54, 64 Hogarth, D. G., 159 Horus, 158 Hunting expedition, pictograph of, 62, 64 Hutchinson, Mark, 32 Hyksos, 119, 154 Iberian signary, 185 Ideographic stage of alphabet, 38, 72-79 Ideographs, 101, 115, 120-21, 167 " ; comparative, 124 Indian and stolen loaves, 16 " census roll, 71 " chief, pictograph of life of, 67 " grave-posts, 53-4 " petition for fishing rights, 69 Innuit record of departure, 72 Inscriptions, cuneiform, 90 Ionia, 194 Iroquois, 50 Isis, 130, 158 Itzcoatl, 79 Japanese writing, 86 Jesus, "Sayings" of, 205 Kahun, 177 Karian signary, 185 Keane, Professor, 99, 191 Kenyon, Mr., 200 Klein, Dr., 147 Knôsos, 162, 191 Knotted cords as records, 39, 82 Latin alphabet, 38, 199, 216-17 Layard, Sir A., 98 Legends in Genesis, origin of, 112 "Letters," etymology of, 10 "Libel," etymology of, 10 "Library," etymology of, 10 Linear signs, Cretan, 171, 175 Lion weights from Nineveh, 146, 149 Love-letter, pictorial, 58 Love-song, pictorial, 58 Magic through writing, 16 Mahaffy, Professor, 91, 97 Malacca, East, 19 Mallery, Colonel, 64, 73 Man in America, 74 Maneh, 150 Mariner, William, 14-15 Marshman, Dr., 82 Masons' marks, 163 Maspero, 103 Mathews, R. H., 29 Max Müller, Prof., 9, 182 Mayas, script of the, 75-79 Medicine-man, song of, 59 " bad, 61 Mediterranean signary, 185, 189, 195 Memory-aids, 37 Memphis, 138, 188, 202 Menes (?), tomb of, 116 Mexican hieroglyphs, 73 Military expedition, pictograph of, 67, 70 Milk-stones, 160 Minuscule, 37, 219 Mnemonic stage, 38-51 Moabite Stone, 144-5, 147 Moses, legend of, 106 Mycenæan civilisation, 186-188, 193 " relics, 51, 176, 183 " relics in Sardinia, 189 Nâgari, 17, 87, 207 Nebo, 16 Nebuchadnezzar, 97 Nestorians, 208 New Zealand totem-marks, 52 Niebuhr, Carsten, 92 Nineveh, 98-99, 146 Nippur, discovery of oldest-known writing at, 108 Nuffar (see Nippur) Number of words from letters, 9 Numerals, 209, 212 Odin, 17 Ogam characters, 225 Ogmios, 17 Ormuzd, 96 Osiris, 117 Oxyrhynchus, 205 Palæography, Greek, 199-206 "Paper," etymology of, 10 Papyrus, 10, 125-6, 200 " Papyrus of Ani," 119 " Prisse, 126, 140, 145, 153, 200 "Parchment," etymology of, 11 Paternoster, 80 Pausanias, 190, 193 Payne, 76-77 Pelasgians, 190 Pen, antiquity of metal, 11 Persepolis, 90 Peruvians, 40, 75 Philæ, obelisk at, 130 Phœnician alphabet, 152, 188, 194, 196, 206, 213 " characters, 135, 137, 148, 151, 154, 177, 185 Phœnicians, 179, 188, 194-5 Phonetic stage of alphabet, 38, 79-81 Phonogram, 39 Pictograph parent of alphabet, 26 Pictographs of man, 36 Pictorial stage of alphabet, 38, 51-72 Picture-writing as charm, 19 Picture-writing, illustrations of, 35, 58-59, 61-64, 66-68, 70-72, 83 Pinturos, Maya, 77 Planetary signs, 101 Pliny, 135 Poole, R., 153 Præsos, 160, 184 Precepts of Ptah-Hetep, 127 Prehistoric art, 24 Pre-Phœnician civilisation, 186 Prousia, 183 Ptolemy III., 133 Ptolemy V., 131, 133 Ptolemy XV., 123 Quipu, 39-40 Rain-charms, 33-35 Rameses III., 180 Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 94, 97 Rebus, 79, 123 Reinach, M., 189 Renan, M., 146 Rhys, Professor, 226 Rock-paintings of Australian natives, 27-29 Rock-paintings of Bushmen, 30-31 Rock-paintings of North Africa (Algeria), 33 Roman alphabet, 37, 217 " capitals, 37, 217 " type, 37 Rosary, 39 Rosetta Stone, 94, 128-133, 181 Rosetta Stone, inscription on, 132 Runic alphabet, 215, 220, 223-25 Runic letters, 104 Russian alphabet, 215 " letters, 104 St. Patrick, 219 Sardanapalus V., 16 Sardinia, 189 Sargon I., 106-7, 180 Sassanid inscriptions, 93 Schliemann, Dr., 158, 182 Schoolcraft, 53 Seal-stones, engraved, 51, 160, 167 Semang rain-charm, 35 Semitic characters, 140 Signary, Greek and Mediterranean, 185, 195 Siloam, Pool of, 146, 151 Skin disease, charm against, 20 Spencer and Gillen, 29 Stele of Canopus, 133 " Shera, 116 " the Vultures, 106 "Style," etymology of, 11 Syllabaria, 103 Syllabaries, 39, 103, 173, 178 Symbols, 38, 73, 102, 120, 164-66 Sympathetic magic, 21, 61 "Tablet," etymology of, 11 Tallies or tally-sticks, 44 Tasmanians, 27 Tattooing, 51 Taylor, Canon Isaac, 38, 78, 99, 102, 123, 125, 135, 139, 142, 145, 149, 154, 199, 206, 219, 223, 225 Tell-el-Amarna tablets, 109, 110 Tell-el-Hesy, 177, 179 Thoth, 16, 126, 132 Tiryns, 191, 194 Tonga Islands, 14 Totem-marks, 52 Trade marks, 51 " signs, 102 Trench, Archbishop, 10 Ts'ang Chien, 16 Tsountas, Dr., 171, 173, 185 Tylor, Dr., 41, 45, 55, 80-81, 86 Tyre, 137 Ulphilas, Bishop, 225 Uncial letters, 37, 219 Virgin's Pool, 146, 151 "Volume," etymology of, 11 Von Tschudi, 41 Vowel signs, 92, 124, 213 Wachsmuth, 191 Wampum belts, 45-51 War-song, pictograph of, 68 Wheels, hieroglyphic, 45 Whitney, Professor, 85, 114 Writing as magic charm, 16 " belief in divine origin of, 16 " value of invention of, 13 Yahweh, 17, 149 Young, Dr. Thomas, 129 Yucatan script, 73 Zodiacal signs, 102 Zoëga, 129

GEORGE NEWNES, LIMITED, LONDON

THE CRETAN EXPLORATION FUND.

Patron: H.R.H. PRINCE GEORGE OF GREECE,

High Commissioner of the Powers in Crete.

Directors: ARTHUR J. EVANS, M.A., F.S.A.,

Ashmole's Keeper, and Hon. Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford.

DAVID G. HOGARTH, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S.,

Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and Director of the British School at Athens.

Hon. Treasurer: GEORGE A. MACMILLAN, Esq.,

Hon. Secretary of the Society for Promoting Hellenic Studies.

Hon. Secretary:

JOHN L. MYRES, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S.,

Student of Christ Church, Oxford.

The following Appeal has been issued by the Directors:—

The new conditions in which Crete is placed, and the final emancipation of the island from Turkish rule, have, at last, rendered it possible to organise a serious effort to recover the evidences of her early civilisation.

How important are the results which a thorough-going investigation in this field holds out to archæological science may be gathered from what has already been brought to light in far less favourable circumstances. The path of Cretan exploration was opened out by the English travellers Pashley and Spratt. Their exploratory labours have been followed, in more recent years, by the striking discoveries of Halbherr and Fabricius. The great inscription containing the early laws of Gortyna stands alone as a monument of Greek civic legislation. The bronzes of the Idaean cave have afforded a unique revelation of the beginnings of classical Greek art. Further researches, to which English investigation has once more contributed, have brought into relief the important part played by the still earlier civilisation of Mycenae, the wide diffusion of its remains, and even the existence in the island of an indigenous system of sign-writing anterior to the use of the Phœnician alphabet. Additional indications, indeed, have come to light which carry back the chronology of the earlier relics of Cretan culture far beyond the date of Schliemann's great discoveries on the mainland of Greece, and attest an intercourse with Egypt going back to the third and, it may be, even the fourth millennium before our era. We have here in Crete the first stepping-stone of European civilisation.

The better to solve the many interesting problems thus opened up it has been decided to form a "Cretan Exploration Fund," under the direction of the above named and in co-operation with the British School at Athens, in order to carry out a series of comprehensive excavations.

In order fully to realise this scheme it will be necessary to raise a sum of at least £5000. The object has a real claim on British enterprise. From a national point of view, this task of scientific exploration in Crete is a fitting sequel to the joint work of political emancipation in which we have taken part. It may be mentioned in this connection that the French School at Athens is already organising plans of excavation on other Cretan sites, and that a mission with a similar object is being despatched by the Italian Government.

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