Part 2 — INDEX

A Abascal, General, Viceroy of Peru, 73-78, 163, 168, 260 Abibe Mountains, 408 Acha, General, 276 Aconcagua River, the, 223; plain of, 168 Acosta, Juan, 56 Acosta, President of Colombia, 464, 465 Acre River, the, 280 "Adelantados," 26, 349, 414, 417 Agua Dulce, battle of, 484, 485 Alansi, valley of, 291 Alacantra, Francisco, 26, 46 Alfaro, President of Ecuador, 339, 341 Alfinger, Adelantado of Venezuela, 349 Almagro, partner of Pizarro, 23, 24, 27, 32, 36, 136, 239, 298; at war with Pizarro, 41-43, 239, 301; execution of, 43, 44, 136, 239 Almagro the younger, 49, 50 Alonso, President of Bolivia, 281 Alpaca, the, 3, 4 Alvarado, Spanish adventurer, 44, 88; Governor of Guatemala, 298 Amar, Viceroy of Bogotá, 430 Amat, Don Manuel, 154, 155 Amazon River, the, discovery of, 44, 114, 279, 293 Amazon, forested plains of, 4, 5, 40, 67, 303, 351, 424 Andagoya, Pascual de, 22 Andean plateau, the, 3, 235, 285, 288, 302, 312, 335, 342 Andean valleys, 10; gold in, 349, 354 Andes, the, 4, 135, 245, 317, 342, 347, 409 et passim Andes, army of the, 168, 173, 174, 185, 186 Andrade, Creole revolutionist, 396 Andueza, Creole revolutionist, 396 Angol, besieged, 145 Angostura (city), 374 Anserma, founded, 409 Antigua, founded, 404, 405 Antioquia, great mineral province of Colombia, 387, 407-409, 412, 416, 417, 419, 422, 433, 437, 451 Antioquia, state of, 407, 457, 461, 462, 467 Antofogasta, 119, 120, 122, 277 Apples, 66 Apuré River, the, 355, 374-376, 406, 437; army of, 372, 380 Aragua Valley, the, 350 Araucania, colonised, 216 Araucanians, the, independent spirit of, 138-147, 150, 151, 155; treaty of, with Spanish, 150, 151; missions established among, 201; at war with Chile, 206, 216 Arauco, besieged, 145 Araure, battle of, 368 Arce, President of Bolivia, 278 Arenales, General, 81, 89, 258 Arequipa (city), founded, 44, 80, 99, 103, 108, 110, 112 Arequipa (province), 39, 41, 77, 104, 259 Argentina, 11, 13, 18, 71, 142, 245; civilised tribes of, 58, 350; revolution in, 76, 160, 161, 317; civil wars in, 78, 186, 261, 267, 271, 323 Argentine, army, the, 80, 81, 98, 185, 186, 257, 258; navy, the, 78, 79, 173, 183, 184; pampas, 99 Argentine Republic, the, 140; expansion of, 155, 230, 231; boundary treaty of, with Chile, 209, 210 Arica (city), 108, 123, 125 Arica (province), arrangement between Peru and Chile concerning, 127, 278 Asses, 66 Atacama desert, the, 239 Atahuallpa, Inca empire divided between Huascar and, 14, 308; fratricidal war between Huascar and, 16-19, 238, 295, 296; sends ambassador to Spaniards, 21; treacherously captured by Pizarro, 30, 31, 48; offers ransom, 31, 246; murder of, 32, 238, 297 Atrato, River, the, 403-406; Valley, 405, 472 Audiencias, royal, established, 67, 71, 250, 251, 254, 267, 308, 417, 420, 426 Auqui Toma, 294 Ayachucho, plain of, 95; battle of, 96, 97, 256, 264, 266, 322 Ayohuma, battle of, 256, 258 Azuay, nudo of, 17, 291-293, 295, 298 Aztecs, the, 412 B Balboa, Nuñez de, discoverer of the Pacific, 22, 23, 404 Balcarce, General, 185 Ballivian, General, 273, 274 Balmaceda, Chilean Liberal leader, 214-216, 218-220, 222-225; death of, 226 Balta, Colonel, President of Peru, 113, 114, 116 Bambona, battle of, 444 Bananas, 66, 303, 352 Baquedano, General, 213, 219, 225 Barcelona (city), founded, 352; captured, 372 Barcelona (province), 362 Barinos (province), 362, 363, 366 Barley, 66, 303, 343 Barquisimeto, founded, 350, 351; destroyed by earthquake, 363; captured, 368 Barreiro, General, 377, 378, 441 Bastida, Rodrigo, 403, 404 Belgrano, General, 258 Bello, civil code prepared by, 200 Belzu, General, 274, 275 Benalcazar, Sebastian de, conquers Quito, 298, 299, 409, 410, 413, 414 Beni River, the, 246, 279, 280 Bermudez, Colonel, 130, 381 Biobio River, the, 138, 139, 141, 145-147, 150 Blanco, Guzman, Dictator of Venezuela, 391, 394-396, 398 Blanco, the, 119-121 Bogotá, (city) 308, 312, 316, 317, 378, 384, 420, 448; founded, 413; one of the centres of Spanish-American culture, 422; Archbishop of, banished, 425, 457, 461; revolutionary junta in, 431; seat of federal government, 435, 442, 470, 471; punishment of, 438, 439 Bogotá (province), 376, 416, 419, 434, 437; vice-royalty of, 71, 250, 313, 327, 356, 385, 416, 420, 426; jurisdiction of, 356, 420, 426, 429; audiencia of, 417; presidency of, 418; named New Granada, 419; declares itself an independent state, 433 Bolivar, Simon, the "Liberator" of South America, 79, 86, 368, 382, 384, 435; Dictator of Peru, 90, 98, 447; military exploits of, 92, 264, 317, 321, 366, 367; President of United States of Colombia, 99, 322, 378, 442, 443, 448, 450, 451; plan of, for South American Confederation, 99, 267, 320-322, 384, 442, 443, 450, 451; constitutions, 99, 101, 268, 270, 385, 386; undertakes conquest of Quito, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, 101, 318, 383, 384, 447; wins battle of Ayachucho, 264; welcomed in Bolivia, 267; political theories of, 268, 322, 448, 451; forced to retire from Peru, 270; drives Spanish from Venezuela and New Granada, 317, 370, 372, 374, 375, 378, 433-435, 439, 440, 444; interview of, with San Martin, 321; life of, devoted to South American independence, 366, 388, 451; army of, 376, 380, 381, 440, 441, 452; proclamation of, 376; overthrow of, 323, 326, 448, 450, 451; death of, 326, 387, 388, 452; character and education of, 364-366; native city of, 387; apotheosis of, 455 Bolivar, State of, 460, 463, 466 Bolivia (Upper Peru), 235-281; description of 235, 236; Inca conquest of, 13, 18, 236, 238; military roads in, 36, 239, 244, 251; Spanish conquest of, 36, 239, 248, 250; Inca cities in, 44, 59; capital of, 44; precious metals found in, 44, 238-242, 245-247; railroads in, 54, 277, 279, 280; audiencia established in, 67, 250 (see also Charcas); the battleground of war of independence, 76, 77, 86, 97, 255 et seq., 268; republic of, created, 99, 267, 268; Bolivar the Father of, 99, 266, 267; named, 99, 268; first president of, 99, 268-270; constitutions of, 99, 268, 270, 273, 278, 322; the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, 101-103, 105, 197, 270-273, 281; boundary treaty of, with Chile, 117, 281; at war with Chile, 118, 271, 272, 281; secret treaty of, with Peru, 118; nitrate territory of, 211, 278; early civilisation of, 236, 239, 249; rainfall in, 236; fertility of, 238; population of, 239, 244, 269; character of population of, 239, 260, 269, 272, 273, 357; Spanish cities in, 241, 242, 249; cattle-raising in, 242, 243, 248; Spanish colonial system in, 243, 245, 249; taxation in, 243, 269, 270, 276; missions established in, 245, 279; printing-press, in, 245; battles in, 257-260, 264-266, 272, 273, 281; sturdy spirit of patriots in, 258-262, etc.; commerce of, 267, 272, 281; period of civil war and anarchy in, 272 et seq.; slavery abolished in, 273; greatest silver producing country of the world, 277, 278; rubber production of, 278-280; without seaports, 278, 280, 281; treaty of, with Brazil, 280; international position of, 281 Bonaparte, Joseph, 311, 312, 360 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 77, 159, 311, 365, 435 Borrero, Antonio, President of Ecuador, 339 Bourbon dynasty, the, 70, 154, 250 Boves, organises troop of llaneros, 368, 369; death of, 370 Boyacá River, the, 378; battle of, 86, 256, 317, 378, 441 Boyacá, state of, 467 Brazil, treaty of, with Bolivia, 280; loyalty of, 337 Brown, Admiral William, 78 Buccaneers, 69, 70, 150 Buenaventura, 49 Buenos Aires, viceroyalty of, 67, 71, 155, 251, 257; smuggling in, 71, 152, 251; revolutionary junta in, 76, 160, 161, 438; pampas of, 78, 149; importance of, 156, 158 Bunes, General, 198, 199 C Cabildos, in Bogotá, 431; in Bolivia, 249; in Chile, 160, 161; in Ecuador, 313; in Venezuela, 360, 361, 385 Cacao, native to South America, 66, 238, 303 Cacao industry in Colombia, 428; in Ecuador, 303, 328, 332, 341; in Venezuela, 352, 390, 395 Caceres, President of Peru, 126-131 Cacha, the last Cara shiri, 292, 294 Caciques, 64, 243, 244, 248 Cadiz, 70, 361, 380, 443; monopoly, the, 152, 352 Cajamarca, 17, 20, 21, 29, 31 Calabozo, 368, 375 Caldas, Colombian scientist, 438 Calderon, Garcia, 126 Cali (city), 408, 409, 432 Cali (province), part of presidency of Quito, 420 Calivio, battle of, 433 Callao, engulfed by tidal wave, 71; Peruvian fleet at, 104; Spanish fleet at, 112, 184, 186 Callao Castle, 80, 84, 97, 321 Caluchima, 296 Camano, José, President of Ecuador, 339 Camargo, patriot leader, 258, 260 Campero, Narcisco, President of Bolivia, 278 Cañan (province), 288, 291, 296, 298 Cañaris, the, Indian tribe, 14, 16, 17, 296, 297 Candamo, Señor, President of Peru, 131 Cancha-Rayada, battle at, 176-178 Cañete (city), founded, 143, 144; besieged, 145, 146 Cañete, Marquis of, the "good viceroy," 57, 58. See Mendoza Canizaries, Doña Manuela, 313 Canseco, General, President of Peru, 113 Canterac, Spanish commander, 85, 89, 93, 96, 97 Canto, Colonel, 223, 224 Cape Codera, 351 Cape Gracias á Dios, 403, 404, 405 Cape Horn, 69, 152, 209, 235 Cape San Roman, 347 Captaincies-General, 67, 71, 148, 355, 356, 419, 426 Carabobo, battle of, 86, 317, 381, 443 Caracas (city), revolutionary junta in, 76, 361; founded, 350; sacked, 351, 354; made a captaincy-general, 356, 392, 426; destroyed by earthquake, 363; Bolivar's birthplace, 382, 386, 387; under jurisdiction of Bogotá, 426; revolution in, 447 Caracoles, silver mines of, 208 Cara Indians, the, confederacy of, 11, 12, 16, 288, 289; invade Ecuador, 11, 286, 287; conquered by Incas, 11-14, 288-296 Caranquis, the Indian tribe, 13, 293, 294 Caras, description of, 286-290, 293, 412; staple articles of food of, 290, 303; conquered by Spanish, 299 Carbojal, Spanish commander, 53, 56 Caribbean Sea, 70, 71, 348, 405, 406, 414, 470 Carib Indians, the, 268, 290, 413 Carrasco, Captain-General of Chile, 159-161 Carrera, José, creole leader, 162, 164, 166, 167, 173, 182 Carrera, Juan, 162, 173, 181, 182 Carrera, Luiz, 162, 173, 181, 182 Carrillo, 126 Cartagena (city), revolutionary junta in, 366, 431; Bolivar takes service with, 366, 433; besieged, 380, 381, 429, 435-437, 480; oldest fortress in America, 406-409, 428, 436, 442; surrender of, 443 Cartagena (province), 417, 419, 420, 431, 432 Cartago (city), 408, 409; Carujo, Venezuelan revolutionist, 389 Casanare (province), 424 Casanare River, the, 376, 377, 437; plains of, 406, 440 Cassava, 66 Castilla, Don Ramon, President of Peru, 106-110, 112, 274; character and ability of, 108; death of, 113 Castilla, Don Ruiz de, President of Quito, 312, 314 Castilla, Marshal, 118; Castro (city), 151 Castro, President of Venezuela, 396, 398, 399 Castro, Vala de, Governor of Peru, 46, 49, 50, 52, 300 Cattle, introduced into South America, 66, 151, 352 Cattle-raising in Bolivia, 243, 261; in Colombia, 421; in Venezuela, 354, 355, 390, 395 Cauca (province), northern division of Quito presidency, 324, 326; State of, 460, 466, 468 Cauca River, the, 49, 312, 408, 409, 411, 412, 422, 432, 433 Caudillos, the, Bolivian, 256, 269, 270 Caupolican, Arauncanian chief, 144 Ceballos, José, 361, 368, 369 Central America, Colombia's claim to, 429 Cerro de Pasco Mountains, 4, 9, 11, 17, 18, 32, 36, 81, 262, 264, 289 Chacabuco, battle of, 78, 168, 170, 172, 256, 261, 317 Chanca Indians, the, 9 Chancos, battle of, 467 Charcas (Sueré), Indian capital of Bolivia, 44, 59, 240; audiencia of, 71, 250, 251, 267; revolutionary junta in, 76; Spanish capital of Upper Peru, 242, 249, 301; jurisdiction of, 250, 251 Charles IV. of Spain, 311 Charles V., Emperor, authorises conquest of Peru, 25, 26, 41, 60; appoints governor for Venezuela, 349 Chaves, Francisco, 47 Chibcho Indians, the, 412-414; civilisation of, 412 Chile, Inca conquest of, 11, 12, 18, 135; Spanish conquest of, 36, 43, 44, 60, 136, 139-149; captain-general of, 67, 148, 154, 155, 158, 160, 161; war of independence in, 76, 78, 112, 156 et seq., 190, 261, 317; junta established in, 161; at war with Peru and Bolivia, 104, 105, 118, 119, 208, 211, 281; boundary treaty of, with Bolivia, 117, 118, 206; boundaries of, 117, 147, 150, 155; defeats allies, 121-125; captures Lima, 125, 126, 213; mineral products of, 117, 136, 138, 144, 148, 199, 208; nitrate industry of, 117, 118, 126, 206, 211; gains control of nitrate region, 212, 220-222; navy of, 118-121, 183-185, 204; characteristics of inhabitants of, 135, 136, 149, 150, 190; area of, 135; rainfall in, 135; population of, 135, 136, 152, 230; agricultural conditions in, 136, 148, 199; battles in, 141, 143-145, 164, 167, 176-178, 180-182, 187, 223-225, 272; Spanish cities of, 145, 151, 154, 155; at war with Araucanians, 147, 206; the colonial period in, 148-155; immigration into, 149, 156, 199, 203; growth of commerce in, 148, 152, 154, 158, 162, 199, 200, 203, 230; smuggling in, 152; taxation in, 152, 158; prosperity of, 154-156, 158, 203, 208, 216; universities in, 154, 198; the capital of, 154, 158; seismic disturbances in, 154; Cuyo separates from, 155; landed aristocracy of, 158, 159, 162, 189, 201; liberal reforms in, 162, 168, 200, 206-208, 214-217; slavery abolished in, 162; Spanish authority re-established in, 163, 166, 168, 316; independence of, proclaimed, 176; civil wars in, 189 et seq., 200-203, 215-226; constitutions of, 193, 196, 206; strong government established in, 196, 197, 271, 272; qualifications for suffrage in, 196, 206; becomes dominant power on Pacific coast, 198; political conditions in, 198-203, 207, 214, 215, 227-229; financial conditions of, 98, 200, 211-213; religious conditions in, 199, 201; adopts civil and criminal codes, 200, 207; at war with Spain, 203, 204, 337; debt of, 208; boundary treaty of, with Argentina, 209, 210; boundary disputes with Argentina, 209, 210, 230, 231; chief exports of, 211; paper money issued in, 212; under jurisdiction of Buenos Aires, 251 Chilean (city), 145, 151, 164 Chiloë Islands, the, explored, 143, 149, 188, 192, 197 Chimilas Mountains, 410 Chincha Islands, the, seized by Spain, 112, 203 Chinchon, Countess of, cure of, 70 Chinese coolies in Peru, 111 Chiquitos Indians, the, 245, 250 Chocolate, Europe indebted to Peru for, 66; Ecuador supplies large amount of, 332 Chorrillos (city), 125 Coal mines, 208 Cochabamba (city), 243, 249, 258 Cochrane, Lord Thomas, Admiral, 79-83, 186-188, 190 Cochrane, the, 119-121 Cocoa palm introduced into South America, 66 Coffee-raising, 341, 390, 395 Colombia (New Granada), plateau of, 13, 312, 406, 410, 414, 419; Spanish exploration of, 22, 347, 348, 403-406, 410-414; native tribes of, 23, 406, 409, 410, 412-414, 416; first permanent settlement in, 406, 416; Spanish conquest of, 407-418; revolutionary spirit in, 366, 430 et seq.; war of independence in, 86, 316, 317, 430-444; formation of United States of, 98, 99, 318, 322, 378, 382, 461; provinces in confederation of, 98, 99, 267, 318, 320-322, 337, 378, 443; Bolivar, President of confederation of, 99, 322, 378, 442, 443, 448, 450, 451; southern part under jurisdiction of Quito, 312; Constitution of Cucutá, 322, 386; confederation of, breaks up, 324, 388, 451, 452; at war with Peru, 324; civil wars in, 333, 337, 417, 450-458, 460, 470, 476, 481-485; boundaries of, 403; gold in, 404, 406-409, 412, 414, 416, 424; cities founded in, 404-406, 408, 409, 413-416, 424; climate of, 405, 406, 410, 422, 424, 425; rainfall in, 405; tropical forests of, 406; fertility of, 406, 410, 412, 414, 420, 421; Indian slavery in, 406, 416; negro slaves in, 422, 425; early civilisation of, 404, 409-412; population of, 409, 410, 413, 422, 424; territorial divisions of, 416; royal commissioners sent to, 417, 427; erected into a presidency, 418, 419; jurisdiction of presidency, 419, 420; colonial period of, 419-429; names of, 419, 458, 459, 461; education in, 420, 422, 454, 456, 461; roads built in, 420, 428; river transportation in, 420; creoles of, 421, 422, 427, 428, 430, 431, 476; agricultural products of, 421, 424, 428; Antioquia, great mineral province of, 422; commercial conditions in, 422, 425, 427, 428, 485; taxation in, 422, 424, 427, 428, 481; authors of, celebrated, 422; mineral products of, 424; Spanish colonial system in, 424, 427, 428, 431; decrease in population of, 425; smuggling in, 425; religious conditions in, 425, 437, 455-458, 461, 462, 469, 470; governors of, 425, 428, 437; diseases rife in, 426; "Rebellion of the Communes" in, 427; viceroys of, 428, 430, 431; exports of, 428, 464; claim of, to Central America, 429; Congress of, 432, 433, 437, 439; battles in, 433, 437, 439, 441, 443, 461, 462, 467, 482; independence of, recognised, 442, 446; financial conditions in, 446, 447, 455, 463-466, 468, 472, 485; public debt of, 446, 447, 468, 469, 478, 479; credit of, 447; liberty of the Press in, 450, 457; numerous constitutions of, 452, 455, 457, 460-462, 468, 469, 475, 478, 480; political conditions in, 454-462, 465, 469, 476, 480, 481; right of suffrage in, 454, 459-461, 469; steam navigation introduced into, 455; death penalty abolished, 456, 461; campaign of, against Ecuador, 462; power of judiciary in, 462, 469; receipts from Panama railway, 464; franchise of railway extended, 465; becomes a consolidated republic, 468, 469, 479; name changed to Republic of, 468, 480; length of presidential term in, 469, 481; paper currency in, 470, 478, 485; negotiates treaties with United States, 470; rejects treaties, 471, 485, 486; Panama declares her independence of, 471; threatens war against United States, 472; future of, 472; appeals to United States, 480; demands of, in regard to Panama Canal, 485, 486 Colombian army, the, 98, 267, 323, 326, 337 Colon (city), 405; burned, 480; captured, 485; adheres to Panama, 488 Colonia (city), 152 Columbus, Bartholomew, 404 Columbus, Christopher, 347, 348 Concepcion, founded, 139, 140, 142, 151; burned, 145; destroyed by tidal wave, 154; patriots capture, 164; southern capital of Chile, 191 Concordat signed by Ecuador, 337 "Conquistadores," the, 50, 56, 424 Copiapo, valley of, 137; mines of, 199 Copper, 8, 117, 211, 238, 239 Copper-pan amalgamation process, 241 Coquimbo, founded, 138; northern capital of Chile, 151, 190 Cordero, Luis, President of Ecuador, 340, 341 Cordilleras, the, 4, 11, 33, 259, 286, 290, 376, 408 Cordoba, General, 387, 451 Cordoba, Gonzalo de, 21 Coro (city), 348-350, 360, 361, 406, 413, 420 Corregidors, 60, 64, 69, 243, 248, 249; abolished, 72, 254 "Corregimentos," 64 Cortes, Hernando, conqueror of Mexico, 22, 26, 44, 407 Cortes, the Spanish, 166,436 Cotopaxi, eruption of, 298 Cotton, 3, 8, 111, 113, 238, 412 Council of the Indies, 304 Covadonga, the, 119 Coya (city), 145 Creoles, 65, 66, 243, 279, 308, 310, 421; growth of revolutionary ideas among, 72, 74, 77, 84, 159, 160, 257, 311, 312, 338, 359-362, 388, 430; characteristics of, 272, 273, 357, 396, 422; education among, 307, 309, 310, 336, 353, 384; new race of, 354 Crespo, President of Venezuela, 396 Croix, General Theodore de, 72 Cuaspud, battle of, 337, 462 Cuba, captain-general of, 429 Cubagua, island of, 348 Cucutá (city), 382; Colombian Congress meets at, 443, 448 Cucutá, constitution of, 322, 443 Cuenca (city), 100 Cuenca (province), 291, 298, 312, 314, 323, 324, 327; plateau of, 288, 307, 308 Cumaná, oldest city in South America, 348, 351, 383 Cumaná (province), 356, 362; transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, 426 Cundinamarca, State of, 465, 467, 469 Cuyo (province), 78, 149; separation of, from Chile, 155 Cuzco, plateau of, 3, 4, 9 Cuzco (city), Inca capital, 5, 12, 18, 19, 32, 33, 59, 63, 103, 108, 291, 295; military road from, 9, 18, 28; possessed by Spanish, 32-36, 39, 238, 258 D Darien, gold-mines of, 22; Gulf of, 403, 404 Daza, General, 278 De Lesseps, Ferdinand, 482 Drake, Sir Francis, 428 Ducasse captures Cartagena, 428 Duchisela, long reign of, 288 E Earthquake, of 1751, 154; of 1812, 363 Echenique, General, President of Peru, 109, 110 Ecuador, Cara conquest of, 11-13, 286-288; Inca conquest of, 12, 13, 17, 24, 288, 291-296; character of inhabitants of, 24, 27, 286, 287, 289, 307, 342, 343, 357, 409; gold and silver in, 27, 53, 307; military roads in, 12, 28, 307, 336; Spanish conquest of, 58, 67, 297 et seq.; Inca cities in, 59; war of independence in, 76, 86, 309 et seq., 437; incorporation of, with Colombia, 98, 267, 318, 320-322, 443; the founder of, 101, 327; description of, 285-287, 290, 291; climate of, 285, 290; fertility of, 286, 290, 341-343; taxation in, 301, 307, 328, 336; area of, 302, 303; population of, 302, 303, 342, 343; European grains and fruits introduced into, 303, 308; cacao industry of, 303, 328, 332, 341; Catholic Church in, 305, 306, 309, 337; education in, 307, 309; the capital of, 307; decrease in population of, 307, 308, 328; negro slavery in, 307; presidency of Quito erected, 308, 321, 323, 324, 326, 327; under jurisdiction of New Granada, 308; audiencia established in, 308; junta appointed in, 313, 314; open cabildo summoned, 313; battles in, 293, 298, 316, 318, 324; independence of, declared, 324, 452; named, 324; treaty of, with Colombia, 327; civil war in, 328, 329, 337-341, 451; civil and constitutional government in, 329; reforms in government of, 330, 331, 336; financial conditions of, 31, 336; second South American republic recognised by Spain, 331; prosperity of, 332; numerous constitutions of, 333-335, 339; railways of, 342; manual industries of, 342; future of, 342, 343; under jurisdiction of Bogotá, 426; Colombian campaign against, 462 Eldorado, 241, 349 Elephantiasis, 426 Elias, Campo, patriot leader, 368, 369 Emeralds, 27, 412, 417, 424 Encalada, Blanco, 80 Encomiendas, system of agricultural, 38, 46, 53, 65, 240, 242; abolished, 50, 51, 243, 417 England, granted privilege of exporting negroes to South America, 70; war between Spain and, 158; fleet of, destroys Venezuelan navy, 398; recognises independence of Colombia, 446 Errazuriz, President of Chile, 207, 228 Esmeralda, the, capture of, 82, 119; sale of, to Japan, 340 España, creole leader, 359, 360 Estremadura (province), 21, 26 F Falcon, General, 391-394 Federmann, explorer, 414 Ferdinand VII. of Spain, deposition and imprisonment of, 159, 311, 312, 360, 365, 370, 380; restoration of, 435 Fernandez, conspiracy of, 276 Flores, Antonio, President of Ecuador, 340 Flores, General, the founder of Ecuador, 101, 323, 324, 326-329, 333, 451 France, war between Spain and, 152, 256, 311, 312; recognises republic of Panama, 488 Franciscans, the, 68 Freire, General, 104, 191-194, 197 French scientists in Quito, 309 Fruits introduced into South America, 66, 151, 303, 308 G Gallo heads insurrection, 202 Gamarra, General, Dictator of Peru, 101-105, 270 Garrapata, battle of, 467 Gasca, Pedro de la, 54, 56, 57, 301 Gatajo, battle of, 341 Gauchos, 171, 261, 438 Gavilan, battle of, 172 Goajira, peninsula of, 348, 403, 404 Goats, 66 Gold, Spain's desire for, 26, 35, 53, 65, 66, 69, 241, 352; in Bolivia, 240, 246, 247; in Chile, 136, 138, 144; in Colombia, 404, 406-409, 412, 414, 416, 424; in Ecuador, 27, 53, 299, 307; in Peru, 25, 27, 32, 36; in Venezuela, 352 Goyeneche, General, 257, 361 Grains introduced into South America, 66, 151 Grapes, 66; cultivation of, forbidden, 159 Grau, Miguel, Admiral, 119-121 Great Britain, action of foreign office in regard to Bolivia, 275; threatened rupture between United States and, 398; abandons Isthmian colony, 429. See also England. Gröningen, victory of, 62 Guaicaipuro, Indian chief, 350 Gual, creole leader, 359, 360 Gual, Pedro, 391 Guamanga, founded, 44, 49, 50, 60, 106, 126; battle at, 49, 50 Guano deposits, 109, 113, 114, 116, 127, 128, 206, 210 Guarany, Indians, the, 249; language, 306 Guatamala, 39, 298 Guayaquil (city), founded, 299; best port on Pacific coast of South America, 86, 101, 105, 299, 323, 324, 326, 335; population and wealth of, 328, 332, 341 Guayaquil (province), 312, 314, 317, 327, 444; cultivation of cacao and sugar-cane in, 308 Guayaquil, Gulf of, 12, 20, 25, 27, 285, 341 Guiana (province), under jurisdiction of Bogotá, 356; transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, 361, 426 Guiana, British, 398 Guipuzcoa Company, the, 354-356, 358 Gutierrez brothers, the, 114, 116 Gutierrez, President of Colombia, 465 H Hague international tribunal, the, 399 Hayti, Bolivar flees to, 372; gold placers of, 404, 406 Heath, explorer, 278 Heredia founds Cartagena, 406, 408 Herran, General, President of New Granada, 454, 455, 458 Herrera, General, 103, 485 Hides, exportation of, 354, 428 Honda (city), 420 Honduras, 403 Horses, 20, 27, 39, 66, 243, 261 Huacho, San Martin lands at, 81 Huaina Capac, Inca emperor, campaign of, 12; conquest of Quito by, 12-14, 18, 292-294, 308; death of, 14, 295 Hualcopo, Cara shiri, 290-292, 295 Huanacabamba (province), 288 Huanca, Auqui, 17 Huanchaca, mines of, 278 Huaqui, battle of, 170, 256, 257 Huascar, Inca empire divided between Atahuallpa and, 14; fratricidal war between Atahuallpa and, 16-19, 238, 295, 296; execution of, 31 Huascar, the, 119-121, 212 Humachiri, battle of, 259 "Husares de la Muerte," cavalry corps, 182 I Ibague (city), 416 Ibarra, 287, 293 Iglesias, President of Chile, 126, 127 Immigrants, into Peru, 111, 149; into Chile, 156, 203; into Ecuador, 307 Imperial (city), founded, 140; besieged, 142, 145, 146 Inca Indians, the, home of, 3, 4; civilisation of, 3, 24, 25, 236, 290, 412; migration of, 4 Incas, language of, 4, 10, 13; religion of, 5, 13; social and industrial organisation of, 5, 6, 10, 59, 249, 289, 295; capital of, 5, 12, 18, 19, 32-35, etc.; emperors of, 5, 6, 8-10, 12, 14, 16, 28-32, 34-38, 40, 61, 62; death of last emperor of, 63; conquests of, 6, 8-19, 236, 288 et seq.; irrigation system of, 6, 10, 25, 59; empire of, 8, 9, 11, 13, 22, 292-294; military roads built by, 9, 10, 12, 28, 29, 38, 59, 239, 244, 251, 307; armies of, 11, 18, 19, etc., 237; Spanish conquest of, 20-40, 297; population of, 25, 65, 244, 303; reduced to slavery, 38, etc., 242-244, 348; cities built by, 20, 38, 44, 59, 60, 240 Independencia, the, 119, 212 Indians of South America, the, early civilisation of, 3, 4, 236, 286, 289, 410, 412; various tribes of, 3, 5, 8-14, 23, 59, 135, 238, 245, 286-289, 292, 293, 350, 405, 410, 413; language of, 4, 9, 10, 11, 136, 238, 306; characteristics of, 24, 25, 77, 136, 249, 252, 253, 289, 303, 307, 421, 422; conquered by Spanish, 24, 25, 27-40; oppression and slavery of, 38, 58, 59, 63-65, 68, 69, 242-244, 253, 254, 348, 406, 416, 422, 425-428; rebellions of, 38-40, 72, 77, 251, 253, 254, 258, 259; Spanish legislation in behalf of, 57, 243, 254, 417; impressment of, 64, 69, 242, 253, 416, 425; missions established among, 151, 244, 250, 306, 352 Indigo, 303 Inquisition established, in Peru, 69; in Colombia, 437 Ipecacuanha, Europe indebted to Peru for, 66 Iquique, Peruvian port, 119, 122 Iquitos (city), 114 Irish mercenaries in Bolivar's army, 376, 380 Irrigation in South America, 6, 10, 25, 59, 135 J Jauja (city), 54, 60, 84, 89, 92-94 Jauja, valley of the, 9, 18, 33, 35, 36, 39, 44, 49 Jemappes, battle of, 359 Jesuits, in Bolivia, 245, 279; in Colombia, 455, 461; in Ecuador, 309, 334, 337; in Peru, 68, 71, 309 Jiron, Governor of New Granada, 425 Jubones, plateau of, 288, 291 Juncal, battle of, 372 Junin, battle of, 93, 321 Jurisprudence, Spanish system of, in South America, 66, 200, 304 K Koerner, Colonel, 223, 225 L La Donjuana, battle of, 467 La Fuente, Dictator of Peru, 102, 106 La Guaira, 350, 356, 359, 369 La Mar, General, President of Peru, 100, 101, 324 La Palma, battle of, 110 La Paz, founded, 60, 241, 249; spirit of independence in, 76, 77, 257, 260, 361 La Puerta, decisive battles of, 369, 375 Lara, General, deported, 99 Las Casas, famous book of, 50, 59 La Serna, General, Viceroy of Peru, 84, 91; army of, 93-95, 261, 264 Las Heras, patriot commander, 171, 172, 177, 181 Lastra, General, 194 Las Trincheiras, 368 Latacunga, valley of, 287, 292, 293 La Torre, General, 374, 380, 381 Lautaro, Araucanian chief, 141, 142 Leiva founded, 420 Leon, creole leader, 355 Leprosy, 426 Lima (city), founded by Pizarro, 36, 46, 60; Incas attempt to take, 39, 42; Pizarro in, 46, 52; political, social, and commercial centre of South America, 67, 71; viceroyalty of Peru established at, 50, 60, 67, 70, 71, 142, 148, 304, 426; jurisdiction of, 67, 250, 251, 304, 308; earthquakes in, 71; revolutionary spirit in, 73, 75, 76, 81-84, 317; evacuated by the Spaniards, 84, 89; Bolivar at, 99, 321, 323; insurrections in, 114, 116, 131; Chilian army captures, 125, 126, 213; public library of, destroyed, 126 Linares, Doctor, 275, 276 Linnæus names chinchona, 70 Lircay, victory at, 194 Llamas, 3, 4, 150, 238 Llaneros, the, origin of, 354, 424; cavalry troops of, organised, 368; valour of, 369, 371-374, 376-378, 381, 382, 385, 389, 431, 434, 438, 439, 450 Llanos, 354, 368, 372, 375, 377, 406, 413, 437, 440 Loja (city), built by Spaniards, 60 Loja (province), 101, 288, 291, 298, 307, 338 Loncomilla, battle of, 200 Lopez, General, President of Colombia, 452, 455, 457 Lopez, tyrant of Paraguay, 248, 465 Los Andes, 396 Louis XIV. and war of Spanish Succession, 152 Loyola, founder of Jesuit order, 245 Lugo, adelantado, 414, 417 Luque, partner of Pizarro, 23 M MacGregor captures Barcelona, 372 Madeira Falls, the, 280 Madeira River, the, 244, 246, 278-281 Madrid, Pizarro goes to, 25; legislation at, in behalf of Indians, 50, 417; commissions from, 58; revenue sent to, 69; government, 70, 147, 309, 418; French king on throne of, 152 Madrid, Dictator of Colombia, 437 Magdalena River, the, 366, 380, 406, 408-410, 412-414 et passim; named, 403; Valley, 312, 381 Magdalena, State of, 463, 466, 468, 480 Magellan, Straits of, 69, 140, 209 Maipo, battle of, 79, 179-182 Maize, 3, 4, 8, 39, 238, 248, 290, 303, 352; Europe indebted to Peru for, 66 Mallarino, President of New Granada, 458 Manabi, 292, 293 Manaos, 280 Manco Capac, first Inca sovereign, 5, 6 Manco Capac, brother of Huascar, 34, 38-41 Manso, Governor, 154 Maracaibo Bay, 406, 409, 441 Maracaibo (city), sack of, 354; refused to bend delegates to Caracas, 361 Maracaibo, Gulf of, 347, 348, 351, 403, 406 Maracaibo, Lake, 351, 383 Maracaibo (province), under jurisdiction of Bogotá, 356, 426; transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, 356, 426; revolt in, 380; separated from Caracas, 392 Marco, General, 170 Margarita, Island of, 348, 367, 426 Margarita (province), 362 Mariño, Dictator of Venezuela, 367, 369, 370, 378, 389 Marquez, President of New Granada, 454 Marroquin, President of Colombia, 469, 470, 484 Martin, Alonso, 405 Maturin captured, 367 Maule River, the, 11, 135, 136, 138, 142, 145, 164, 166 Medina Celi joins patriots, 264, 265 Melgarejo, Dictator of Bolivia, 276, 277 Mello, Geronimo, explores Magdalena River, 414 Melo, General, 458 Mendoza, Andre Hurtado de, Marquis of Cañete, "the good viceroy," 57, 58, 60, 142; death of, 61 Mendoza, Garcia de, campaign of, 142, 143; founds Cañete, 143 Mendoza (province), 140, 149 Menendez, President of Peru, 107 Mercury, 69 Merida (city), founded, 350; destroyed by earthquake, 363 Merida (province), 362, 363, 366 Meta River, the, 377 Meuqueta, zipa of, 412 Mexico, 22, 39, 290 Miranda, Francisco, patriot leader, 359, 360, 362, 363 Mississippi River, the, 27 "Mitta," 64, 65 Mocha, 293, 316 Mochica language, the, 11 Mojos Indians, the, 245, 250, 279 Molina, Governor of Ecuador, 315 Mollendo railroad, the, 54, 277 Monagas, President of Venezuela, 388, 390 Monteagudo, Dr., 182 Montes, General, 316 Monteverde, General, 363, 364, 367, 368, 370 Montilla, General, 381 Montt, Jorge, President of Chile, 220, 227 Montt, Manuel, President of Chile, 199-201; proclaims martial law, 201 Montt, Pedro, 228 Montufar, Carlos, 314 Montufar, Juan, 313 Moquegua, 124 Morales, General, 277, 370, 372, 383 Moreno, Garcia, President of Ecuador, long administration of, 335-339, 462; character of, 336 Morgan, sacked Maracaibo, 354 Morillo, Marshal, in Venezuela, 370-372, 436-439; report of, 375; resigns, 380 Mosquera, Tomas, President of Columbia, 452, 454, 455, 458, 460-464 Mosquito Coast, the, 419 Munecas, priest, 259 Murillo, President of Colombia, 459, 462, 466 N Napo River, the, 300 Napoleon. See Bonaparte Nariño, Dictator of Colombia, 431, 432, 434 Narvarte, Doctor, 390 Naxichi, battle at, 16 Negroes, 70, 273, 351, 352, 357, 394, 416, 422, 425 Neiva (city), 416 Neiva, President of New Granada, 420 New Granada, captain-general of, subject to viceroy of Peru, 67; viceroyalty of, created, 71, 308, 312, 426; jurisdiction of, 420; revolutionary junta installed in, 76; war of independence in, 86, 98, 101, 261, 312, 317, 318, 320, 322, 326, 370, 435, 442; provinces in Colombian confederation, 376, 443; opposition to Bolivar's government in, 385, 387; recognises independence of Venezuela and Ecuador, 388, 452; name of, extended to presidency of Bogotá, 419; influence of first president of, 452, 454; army of, 452, 458; constitution of 1832, 452, 455, 457; name of, changed, 458, 459, 461. See also Colombia. "New Laws," the, 51, 54, 57, 59 Nicaragua, 27, 403; Canal, 485 Nicuesa, Diego de, 404, 405 Nieto, Dictator of Peru, 102 Nitrates, 113, 114, 117, 277; extent of region, 117, 206; taxed, 118, 211 Noboa, Diego, 334 Nombre de Dios founded, 405 "Nudos," 4, 8, 287, 291, 292 Nuñez, Rafael, President of Colombia, 468; political ideas of, 478-480; death of, 481 O Oats, 66 Obando, General, President of New Granada, 452, 454, 457, 458 Ocana (city), captured, 366, 433; national assembly held at, 385, 448; founded, 420; battle near, 437 Ocumare, 359, 372 O'Higgins, Ambrose, career of, 156, 158 O'Higgins, Bernardo, gallantry of, 164; saves Santiago, 166; defeated, 167; dictator, 171, 173, 181, 182, 190; resignation of, 191 Ojeda, Alonso de, explorations of, 22, 403; names Venezuela, 347, 348 Olañeta, renegade Argentine, 91; death of, 97, 263-265 Olives, 66, 159, 352 Opon River, the, 410 Oranges, 66 Oratorio, battle of, 460 Orbegoso, Dictator of Peru, 102-105 Ordoñez, General, 171 O'Reilly, General, 81 Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon, 44, 300; refounds Guayaquil, 299 Orinoco, River, the, 78, 348, 355, 356, 374, 377, 442; plains, 354, 367, 424, 441; valley, 442 Orton River, the, 279 Oruro, silver mines of, 242, 249, 266, 277 Osorio, General, re-establishes Spanish authority in Chile, 167, 168; defeated by San Martin, 174, 176-181 Osorno, founded, 143; besieged, 145, 146 Ospina, President of New Granada, 459-461 Otavalo, capture of, 293, 294 P Pacamdré Indians, the, 293 Pachacutec, See Yupanqui. Pacheco, President of Bolivia, 278 Pacific Ocean, the, discovery of, 22, 404, 405 Padilla, patriot leader, 258, 260 Paez, José Antonio, patriot leader, 79, 371, 372, 375, 377, 380, 381, 385, 387; Dictator and President of Venezuela, 389-391, 447, 450 Paillamachu, Araucanian chief, 144-146 Paita (city), 28 Paita (province), 285, 288, 289 Pampas, 78, 99, 149 Pampas River, the, 94 Pamplona, revolutionary junta in, 431 Pamplona (province), 349, 366, 411, 416, 419, 437 Panama (city), founded, 22, 23-25, 298, 341, 412; Pizarro sends to, for aid, 39; pan-American Congress at, 323 Panama Canal, the, 470-472, 482, 485-489 Panama, Gulf of, 27 Panama hats, manufacture of, 342 Panama, Isthmus of (province), 22, 23, 27, 69, 352, 404, 405, 417, 419, 420, 429, 432, 470 Panama (province), audiencia of, 420, 426; joins Colombian confederation, 443; rebels against Colombia, 454 Panama railway, the, 455, 480, 484, 488; receipts from, 464, 470 Panama, State of, 461, 463,466, 469, 470; Colombian misrule in, 471, 478, 480, 481, 487; declares independence, 471, 488; republic of, recognised, 471, 488; neutrality and free transit guaranteed to, by treaty of 1846, 480, 487, 488; insurrections in, 484; provisional government in, 488; canal treaty with United States, 488, 489 Pando, José Manuel, President of Bolivia, 280 Paraguay, 67, 71, 248, 357 Paraguay River, the, 280 Paraná River, the, 249 Pardo, Don Manuel, first civilian President of Peru, 114, 116; aristocratic party founded by, 131 Parra, President of Colombia, 466 Pasco, 92 Pasto (city) founded, 409, 413 Pasto (province), 49, 312, 314, 316, 324; part of presidency of Quito, 326, 327, 420; high tableland of, 409, 414, 424, 454; loyal to Spain, 432-434, 442, 444; rebellion in, 451 Paul, Rojas, 396 Paya Pass, the, 377 Peaches, 66 Pearl fisheries, 348 "Pelucones," 192 Peons, impressment of, 394-396 Perez, President of Chile, 202, 206 Perez, Santiago, President of Colombia, 466 Peru, early inhabitants of, 3, 4, 357; antiquity of civilisation in, 3; fertility of, 4, 8, 41, 44, 80; climate of, 4, 285; Inca empire established in, 5-20, 296; system of irrigation in, 5, 6, 10; copper mines of, 8, 117; military roads in, 9, 10, 12, 28, 33, 36, 38, 59; battles in, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 39, 43, 50, 56, 78, 88, 92, 93, 96, 97, 101, 105, 107, 110, 124, 125, 213, 272, 324; Inca cities of, 20, 59, 60; Spanish conquest of, 20-40, 58, 67, 297; mineral wealth of, 24, 25, 27, 32, 36, 53, 65, 66, 69, 109, 113, 114, 116, 127, 128; extent of, 28, 41, 44, 58, 67, 71; Spanish cities in, 36, 44, 59, 60; Indian rebellions in, 38, 72, 77; governors of, 44, 49, 50, 52; viceroyalty of, see Lima; viceroys of, 50-52, 58, 60-63, 70, 72, 74, 78-80, 82, 84, 261, 301, 304, 308; slavery prohibited in, 50, 57, 111; industrial development of, 53, 108, 111, 113, 114, 127-129, 132; revenue to Spain from, 53, 60, 64-66, 69, 77; civil wars in, 57, 99-103, 106-108, 110, 113, 127; Spanish colonial system established in, 61-66; taxation in, 64, 66, 69, 109; population of, 65; university in, 67; Spanish language in, 68; religious conditions in, 68, 69, 132; discovery of virtues of quinine, 70; earthquakes in, 71; Jesuits expelled from, 71; creoles of, 72, 74, 76, 77, 84, 110, 123, 130; revolutionary spirit in, 72-76, 81, 82; navy of, 78, 101, 104, 109, 118, 197, 325; war of independence in, 80-97, 185, 186, 261, 316; Spaniards evacuate capital of, 84; proclaimed a republic, 85; financial conditions in, 89, 110, 114, 115, 130, 132; congress of, 98, 99; Bolivar, Dictator of, 98, 322, 447; Bolivarian constitution imposed on, 99, 322; revolts from Bolivar's government, 99-101, 270, 323, 324, 448; state of anarchy in, 101-103; further constitutions of, 102, 111; at war with Chile, 104, 119-125, 190, 197, 198; capital of, captured by Chileans, 125, 126, 212, 213; at war with Bolivia, 104, 273; treaty of peace with Bolivia, 105; commerce in, 108; railways in, 109, 113, 122, 128; debt of, 109, 114, 128; insurrections in, 110, 113, 114, 116, 123, 130-132; immigration into, encouraged, 111; treaty of alliance with Chile, against Spain, 112; naval battles of, 112, 119-121, 212; at war with Spain, 112, 203, 204, 337; revenue from nitrates, 113, 114; first civilian president of, 114; guano deposits of, 116, 127, 128; currency of, 116; treaty of alliance with Bolivia, 118, 119; nitrate region owned by, 117, 119, 121, 122, 212; loses nitrate province, 123, 125; losses of, in Chilean war, 125, 127; mediation of United States between Chile and, 125; treaty of peace with Chile, 127; reorganisation of, 128; British creditors of, 128; rubber industry in, 129; political conditions in, 130-132; hopeful signs of the times for, 131; cause of revolutions in, 132; Upper, formed into republic of Bolivia, 240, 266-268; re-establishes independent existence, 272; at war with Colombia, 324, 451; surrenders southern provinces, 324 Peru-Bolivian Confederation, the, 101-103, 105, 197, 197, 270-273, 281 Peruvian bonds, 114, 116 Peruvian Corporation, the, 128, 129 Pezet, President of Peru, 111, 112 Pezuela, General, 82, 260 Philip II. of Spain, 53, 54, 61 Piar, negro chief, 372, 374 Pichincha, battle of, 86, 444 Pierola, General, 116, 123, 126, 130; President of Peru, 131 Pigeons, 66 Pigs, 66 Pinto, Anibal, President of Chile, 209, 213 Pinto, General, President of Chile, 193 "Pipiolas," 192 Pisagua captured, 122 Pisco, 80, 81 Piura (city) founded, 60, 297 Piura (province), 288 Piura, valley of, 291 Pizarro, Francisco, the conqueror of Peru, early life of, 21, 22; with Ojeda and Balboa, 22, 404, 405; partners of, 23; failure of first exploring expedition, 23; second expedition of, 23-25; authorised by Charles V. to conquer Peru, 25, 26; third expedition of, 26, 27; reinforced by de Soto, 27; lands in northern Peru, 27, 28, 297; meets Inca emperor, 29; treachery of, 28-34, 238; establishes Spanish government, 35, 44; founds cities, 36, 44; territory awarded to, 36, 41; crushes Indian rebellion, 38-40; Almagro quarrels with, 41-43; treachery of, towards Almagro, 42, 43, 48, 136, 239; extends Spanish conquest throughout Inca empire, 44, 136, 240, 407, 408; conspiracy against, 46; murder of, 47-50, 300; character of, 48 Pizarro, Gonzalo, valour of, 26, 56; at siege of Cuzco, 38; capture of, 42; Governor of Quito, 44, 299-301; Governor of Peru, 50-53, 240, 301; defeat and death of, 56, 240, 301 Pizarro, Hernando, joins expedition to conquer Peru, 26, 38; capture and release of, 42, 43; capture and death of Almagro by, 43, 136; develops mining industry of Bolivia, 44; establishes feudal lordships, 239, 240 Pizarro, Juan, 26, 38 Plantain introduced into Ecuador, 303, 308 Plate provinces, the, 71 Plate River, the, 67, 245, 251; Valley, 155, 236 Platinum, 424 Plaza, Leonidas, President of Ecuador, 341 Poll-taxes, 64, 243, 427 Popayán (city) founded, 409 Popayán (province), 49, 53, 301, 312, 314, 408, 409, 417, 424, 432, 433, 444, 454; part of presidency of Quito, 324-327, 420; lost to Ecuador, 327 Portales, Chilean statesman, 194, 196, 197; death of, 197, 198 Porto Bello captured, 429 Portuguese, the, 67, 261, 316 Potatoes, native to South America, 3, 4, 8, 238, 248, 287, 290, 303, 332, 343, 352; introduced into Europe, 66 Potosí, silver mines of, 44, 53, 65, 99, 240, 241, 258; yield of silver from, 278 Poultry introduced into South America, 66, 151 Prado, General, President of Peru, 112, 116, 123 Presidencies, 71, 418, 420, 426 Preston, Amyas, 351 Prieto, General, President of Chile, 194, 196-198 Printing-press, the, 245 Promancians, the, 138 Puerreyedon, Argentine dictator, 183 Puerto Cabello, 347, 359, 360, 366, 372; British attacks on, 356; captured by patriots, 382, 383, 385 Pumacagua, Indian leader, 77 Puna, bleak plateau of, 36, 236, 239, 268 Puna, island of, 27, 292 Puno, 97 Purus River, the, 280 Puzuela, General, Viceroy of Peru, 78 Q Quartz mining in Bolivia, 246 Quesada, Jimenez de, conquest of, 410, 412-414; founds Bogotá, 413; exiled, 417; names New Granada, 419 Quiapo, Spanish victory at, 144 Quichua language, official medium of Inca empire, 9, 10, 238, 295, 306; reduced to a written language, 306 Quicksilver, discovery of, in Peru, 241 Quillin, treaty of, 150 Quillota, 224 Quindio mountain range, 409, 411 Quinine, Europe indebted to Peru for, 66; discovery of virtue of, 70; origin of name, 70 Quinoa grain, the, native to South America, 3, 4, 238, 290, 303 Quintana, Dictator of Chile, 173, 174 Quinua, village of, 95 Quito (city), the Cara capital, 12, 307, 341; Incas possess, 13, 14, 59, 238; Spanish occupation of, 44, 49, 53, 406, 413, 416; revolutionary spirit in, 76, 313, 314, 334, 335, 339, 383, 430, 432; city of convents, 306; population of, 307, 308; French scientific monuments in, 309 Quito (province), Cara kingdom of, 11, 286-288; the shiri of, 12, 14, 290; Inca conquest of, 12, 18, 293, 294; Spanish conquest of, 28, 36, 38, 299; erected into a presidency, 71, 308, 309, 323, 324, 326, 327, 418, 426; under jurisdiction of New Granada (Bogotá), 308, 420; audiencia of, 308; declared independent, 324; provinces attached to presidency of, 420 Quizquiz, Indian general, 17; defeats Huascar, 19, 20, 35, 238, 296; defeated by Pizarro, 33, 34, 297 R Rada, Juan de la, 46, 49 Railroads in Bolivia, 279, 280; in Chile, 203; in Peru, 54, 113, 277 Ramirez, Spanish general, 77, 78 Rancagua, battle of, 167-170 Reyes, General, President of Colombia, 471, 472 Reyes, Lake of, 92 Rice, 66, 303 Riesco, German, President of Chile, 228 Rimac, valley of the, 36 Riobamba, 12, 288, 292, 293, 298 Rio Negro, battle at, 457 Riva Aguëro, President of Peru, 76, 88, 89 Rivas, patriot commander, 370 Riveralta, 279, 280 Robledo, Jorge, 408 Robles, Colonel, 221 Robles, President of Ecuador, 334, 335 Roca, Ramon, President of Ecuador, 333 Rocafuerte, Vicente, President of Ecuador, 328-330; wise administration of, 330-332 Romana, President of Peru, 131 Rosas, Doctor, Governor of Chile, 154; title of, 154; founds university, 154; establishes radical junta, 162, 163 Rubber, forests, exploitation of, 129; Bolivia furnishes large per cent. of, 280 S Saenz, Manoela, 450 Sagamoso, valley of, 377 St. Vincent, battle of, 311 Salabarrieta, Policarpo ("La Pola"), fate of, 439 Salaverry, Dictator of Peru, 102, 103 Salgar, President of Colombia, 465 Salt, 353, 424 Salta, gauchos of, 259 Samano, General, 316, 433, 437, 439-441 Sanclemente, President of Colombia, 469, 482 San Felipe, university of, founded, 154 San Felix, battle of, 374 San Fernando, fortress of, 374, 375 San Francisco hill, battle at, 122 San Francisco, mining camp at, 350 San Juan, valley of, 149 San Luiz, valley of, 149 San Martin, General, equips "Army of the Andes," wins battle of Chacabuco, and liberates Chile, 78, 168-171, 184, 261, 317; creates a fleet, 79, 172-174, 183, 184; raises armies for conquest of Peru, 80-82, 84, 171-174, 176, 178, 185, 186, 262; proclaims independence of Peru, 85; President of Peru, 85; resigns presidency, 88, 263, 321; famous interview of, with Bolivar, 86, 321; declines governorship of Chile, 171; defeat of, 176-173; wins battle of Maipo, 179-181; one of the greatest of South American patriots, 318 San Miguel founded by Spanish, 36, 297 San Roman, General, President of, Peru, 111 Santa Cruz (city), 249, 258, 279 Santa Cruz, General, commands Peruvian army, 88; defeat of, 89, 90, 262, 263; Dictator of Bolivia, 101, 102; President of Peru-Bolivian Confederation, 103, 104, 197, 270, 271; overthrow of, 105, 198, 272 Santa Maria, President of Chile, 213 Santa Marta (city), 326, 406, 414, 436 Santa Marta Mountains, 403 Santander, 442-444, 446-448; first legal President of Colombia (New Granada), 450, 452; title of, 454 Santander (city), "Rebellion of the Communes" in, 427 Santander, State of, 460, 461, 467 Santiago (city), 11, 126, 135, 142, 145, 186, 223-225; revolutionary junta installed in, 76, 160, 161; founded, 137; discovery of gold near, 138; population of, 151; universities established in, 154, 198; social centre of Chile, 158 Sarsaparilla, 303 Sayri Tupac, Inca emperor, 61, 62 Sebastian founded, 404 Segoria, battle of, 460 Seville junta, the, 314, 360, 362 Sheep introduced into South America, 66, 242, 243, 248 Shiris, the, of Quito, 12, 14, 16, 287-296 Silver, in Bolivia, 44, 239-242, 245, 246; in Chile, 199, 208; in Colombia, 424; in Ecuador, 307; in Peru, 24, 25, 53, 65, 66, 69, 117 Sinu River, the, 408 Slavery, Indian, 38, 69, 71, 242-244, 348, 406; negro, 273, 394, 416, 422, 425 Smallpox, ravages of, 142, 426 Smuggling, 70, 71, 152, 251, 353, 354, 394, 425 Socorro (city), revolutionary junta in, 431, 432 Socorro, plateau province of, 312, 376, 413, 416, 437 Solar, Vice-President of Peru, 130 Sorata (city), the rival of Potosí, 246; destroyed, 247 de Soto, Hernando, 27 Soublette, General, 390 South America, animals native to, 3, 4, 238; tribes of, 4, 5, 9, 13, 66, 238, 248, etc.; productions of, 3, 5, 8, 66, 70, 238, 303; Spanish law in, 61, 66, 200, 253, 304; animals introduced into, 66, 242, 243; benefits to, from Spanish occupation, 66, 151, 303; commerce except with Spain forbidden to, 66, 69-71, 152, 251, 355, 356; Lima the political, commercial, and social centre of, 67; negroes imported into, 70, 416; spread of revolutionary ideas in, 73, 74, etc.; character of revolution in, 84; plan for constitutional monarchy in, 84; success of wars of independence in, 97, 188, 265, 318, 322, 383; Argentine preponderance among republics of, 155; description of Andean plateau of, 235, 285; theatre of the war of independence in, 255; revolution in, saved from extinction, 258; plan for one great confederacy in, 269, 322; countries of, 322; harbours of, 341; oldest city of, 348; first independent republic in, 362; oldest fortress in, 407, 428, 436; manner of founding Spanish cities in, 424 South Sea, the, 405 Spain, conquest of South America by, see Peru, Chile, etc.; royal commissioners sent from, 46, 49, 54, 417, 427; colonial system of, 62 et seq., 70, 243, 307, 351-356, 424, 427, 428; colonial government of, 57, 59, 249, 301, 303, 353; commercial monopoly of, 66, 69-71, 152, 250, 251, 352-356, 424; war of succession in, 70, 152, 159, 250, 256, 311, 312, 354, 360, 370; at war with France, 77, 159, 256, 311, 312; revolution in, 82, 359, 370, 430, 443; at war with Peru and Chile, 111, 112, 203, 204, 337; reforms in system of colonial government of, 154, 253, 254, 301, 349, 417; at war with England, 158 Spanish, adventurers 21, 22, 26, 27, 53, 58, 67, 242, 300, 301, 348, 404, 407, 413, 414; armies in South America, 29, 39, 50, 52, 80, 81, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 150, 155, 168, 170, 174, 181, 239, 253, 258-261, 263, 264, 298, 301, 315-318, 350, 366, 367, 371, 375, 376, 380, 413, 436, 437, 440, 443; constitution, the, 370; constitutional law, 304 Spanish crown, revenue of, from Peru, 32, 53, 60, 64-66, 69, 77; from South America, 417, 425 Spanish fleet, 79, 80, 142, 174; seizes Chincha Islands, 112, 203; at Callao, 112, 186; at Valparaiso, 204; defeated, 360, 383; at Cartagena, 436 Sucré (Charcas), 44 Sucré, General, Bolivar's great lieutenant, destroys Spanish army, 86; takes Colombian army to Peru, 89, 264, 321; wins battle of Ayachucho, 93-97, 266, 321, 322; numbers and quality of army of, 95, 318; first President of Bolivia, 99, 268, 322; administration of, 269; overthrow of, 270, 323; wins battle of Pichincho, 318, 444; murder of, 326, 452 Sugar-cane, introduced into South America, 66, 303; cultivation of, 111, 113, 308, 352, 355, 390, 428 Sugar Loaf, the battle of, 105 Suipacha, battle of, 256, 257 Sun-god, worship of the, 5, 13, 298 T Tacna (city), revolutionary expedition to, 82; result of campaign, 123, 213 Tacna (province), 122, 123; yielded to Chile, 127 Talca (city), captured, 166; independence of Chile proclaimed at, 176 Talcahuano (city), 163, 164, 171, 174 Tambo, battle of, 316, 437 Tarapacá, province of Peru, 106; nitrate deposits of, 212 Tarija (city), 249 Tarqui, decisive battle of, 324, 325 Taxation, 64, 66, 69, 118, 152, 158, 211, 243, 269, 270, 276, 301, 307, 328, 336, 353, 424 Teques Indians, the, 350 Tiocajas nudo, 291; battles of, 291, 293, 294, 298 Titicaca, Lake, 8, 39, 54, 71, 78, 256, 258; placer gold around, 240, 246; Jesuit mission at, 245; basin, 4, 11, 236, 239; plateau, 8, 41, 99, 240; copper and silver mines of, 8, 240 Titu Yupanqui, 62, 63 Toa, Cara Princess, 288 Tobacco, Europe indebted to Peru for, 66; in Chile, 159; in Colombia, 424, 427; in Venezuela, 352, 353, 355 Tocaima (city), 416 Tocuyo founded, 349, 350 Toledo, Don Francisco de, founder of Spanish colonial system, 62-67; arrives at Lima, 62; puts to death last Inca emperor, 63; Libro de Tasas of, 63 Tolima, plateau of, 411, 419 Tolima, State of, 467 Tolu founded, 408 "Toquis," 139, 144, 150 Torata (city), 124 Torico, General, 106 Toro, Captain-General, 160, 161 Torres, Camilo, Dictator, 437 Trafalgar, battle of, 311 Treaties, 117, 118, 150, 151, 206, 209, 210, 280, 281, 327, 470, 471, 480, 485-489 Trinidad, Island of, captured by British, 356, 359 Trujillo, birthplace of Pizarro, 21 Trujillo (city) founded by Pizarro, 36, 60, 350 Trujillo, province of Venezuela, 362, 363, 366 Trujillo, President of Colombia, 468 Tucuman (province), subject to viceroyalty of Lima, 67; attached to viceroyalty of Buenos Aires, 78; thinly populated, 78; cattle-raising in, 243; subject to audiencia of Charcas, 250; battle of, 258 Tumbez (city), 25, 53, 301; Spaniards land at, 20, 28 Tumibamba, Huascar captured at, 20 Tumusla, 265 Tundama, plateau of, 413 Tunjá (city), founded, 414; captured by Bolivar, 378 Tunjá (province), 312, 376, 377, 413, 416 Tupac Amaru, last Inca emperor, 62; death of, 63 Tupac Amaru, lineal descendant of Inca emperors, 72, 251; heads Indian rebellion, 72, 251, 252; cruel death of, 72, 253 Tupac Yupanqui, Inca emperor, conquests of, 10, 11, 14, 18, 135, 289-292, 295; death of, 12, 292 U Uira Cocha, Inca emperor, 8, 9 Ulloa, ——, 308 "Ulmens," 139, 150 Umachiri, battle of, 78 Union, the, 120, 123 United States, the, threatened rupture between Great Britain and, 398; recognises independence of Colombia, 446; undertakes Panama Canal, 470, 471, 482, 485; negotiations of, with Colombia, 470, 471, 488; appealed to by Colombia, 471, 480; neutrality and free transit guaranteed to Panama by, 480, 487, 488; Colombia rejects treaty with, 486, 487; recognises republic of Panama, 488; treaty of, with Panama ratified, 488, 489 United States of Colombia, the, 98, 99, 322, 378. See Colombia. Universities, 67, 154, 198 Urbina, General, 334, 338 Urco, Inca emperor, 9 Urdaneta, General, 452 Uruguay in possession of Portuguese, 261, 316 V Valdez, General, 88, 96, 262 Valdivia (city), besieged, 141, 142, 145; taken by Dutch, 150; size of, 151; strength of, 171, 187; possessed by Spanish, 171, 185; captured by patriots, 187 Valdivia, Pedro de, conqueror of Chile, 43, 44, 137-139, 240; cities founded by, 137, 139; capture and death of, 141 Valencia, founded, 350; loyal to Spain, 363, 364, 439; patriots in, 367, 369, 372 Valmy, battle of, 359 Valparaiso (city), 104, 119, 120, 262, 285, 317, 341; size of, 151; bombarded, 204; battle at, 223-225 Valparaiso Bay, 220 Valverde, Friar, 30 Varas, Chilean Minister, 200, 201 Vargas, Doctor, President of Venezuela, 389 Veintemilla, General, President of Ecuador, 339 Vela, Blasco Nuñez de, Viceroy of Peru, 50-53 Velez (city) founded, 410, 414 Venezuela, sighted by Columbus 347; named, 348; cities founded in, 348-350, 352; colonisation of, 348; governors of, 349, 426; fertility of, 349, 350, 352, 395; granted to Welser family, 349; settlement of, 349-351; savage tribes of, 350; subject to viceroyalty of Lima, 67; under jurisdiction of Bogotá and Caracas, 71, 356, 419, 426; revolutionary spirit in, 76, 358-361, etc.; revolts against Bolivar, 79, 101, 323, 378; war of independence in, 86, 261, 316, 317, 362, 364, 366-370, 378-383, 388, 434, 437, 451, 452; in Colombian confederation, 98, 322, 376, 378, 384, 443; Bolivarian constitution of, 99, 385; separates from confederation, 99, 324, 385, 387, 388, 451; cattle-raising in, 345, 355, 395; topography of, 351, 352; negro labour in, 351, 352, 357; agricultural products of, 352, 358, 390, 395; exports from, 352, 390; commercial conditions of, 352-358, 390-392, 395, 396, 398, 399; gold placers of, 352; taxation in, 353, 389, 391, 392, 395; education in, 353; trading posts in, 354; made a captaincy-general, 355, 419; captains-general of, 356, 360, 361; boundaries of, fixed, 356; population of, 357, 390; characteristics of population of, 357, 358; Bonaparte claims allegiance of, 360; first independent republic of South America, 362; constitution of 1811, 362; financial conditions in, 362, 394-396, 398; earthquake in, 363; important battles of war of independence in, 369, 374, 375, 378, 381-383; impoverished by wars, 384, 394; constitution of 1831, 389, 391, 394; civil wars in, 387-392, 396-398; political conditions in, 389-392; roads built in, 390; bank established in, 390; slavery abolished, 391; liberty of the press permitted, 392; religious conditions in, 392, 395; smuggling in, 394; stable currency of, 395; railroads built in, 395, 396; debt of, 396; boundary dispute with British Guiana, 398; foreign relations of, 398; navy of, destroyed, 398; progress of, 399; provinces under jurisdiction of, 426 Vernon, Admiral, 428 Viceroyalties, of Bogotá, 71, 250, 356, 420, 426; of Buenos Aires, 71, 251; of Lima, 50, 67, 250, 375; of Quito, 86, 418, 420 Vicuña, Claudio, President of Chile, 193, 194, 219, 226 Vicuñas, 238 Vidal, Dictator of Peru, 102, 106 Vilcabamba, 40, 61, 63 Vilcañota nudo, the, 4, 8 Villapugio, battle of, 170, 258 Villarica, gold-mines of, 144-146 Viluma, battle of, 256, 260 Vista Florida, Dictator of Peru, 102 Vivanco, Peruvian general, 106 W Welser family, the, Venezuela granted to, 349 Wheat introduced into South America, 66, 151, 211, 303, 332, 343, 352, 421, 428 Wheelwright, William, establishes first Pacific steamship line, 198 Windward Islands, the, 347 Wool, 8 Y Yahuarcocha Lake, 294 Yahuar Huaccac, Inca emperor, 8 Yngavi, decisive battle of, 105, 107, 273 Yucay, valley of, 61 Yungay, battle of, 105, 198, 272 Yupanqui, Inca emperor, 9 Z Zaldua, President of Colombia, 479 Zaruma, plateau of, 288, 291 Zenufana (Antioquia), 407

The Story of the Nations.

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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

1. Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest paragraph break.

2. The punctuation in the idex was made consistent.

3. The following misprints have been corrected:

"COLUMBIA" corrected to "COLOMBIA" (page x) "slaughterd" corrected to "slaughtered" (page 43) "agressive" corrected to "aggressive" (page 286) "recalcitant" corrected to "recalcitrant" (page 296) "stategist" corrected to "strategist" (page 375) "familes" corrected to "families" (page 422) "succeded" corrected to "succeeded" (page 460) "surborned" corrected to "suborned" (page 464) "Gautemala" corrected to "Guatemala" (page 491) "Bogatá" corrected to "Bogotá" (page 508)

4. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, hyphenation, and ligature usage have been retained.