Part 1 — INDEX

A Absolutism, of King of Castile in America, 53; of Francia, 192; of Lopez, 199, 201; of John II., 293; of Pombal, 397; of Pedro I., 421, 424; revolt against, 411, 412 "Adelantados," 23, 34, 166 Affonso Celso, 492 Agassiz, Louis, 306 Agricultural methods, 338, 394, 406, 467 Alagoas, 309, 355, 405 Albuquerque, Jeronymo de, 343, 345, 354, 355 Alcacer-Kibir, battle of, 322, 342 Alvarengo Peixoto, poet, 399 Alvarengo, Silva, poet, 399 Alvear, General Carlos, leader in Buenos Aires, 96, 102; exiled, 103; in battle of Ituzaingo, 120, 261, 429; Montevideo surrenders to, 255 Amazon, the, estuary discovered, 301; extent navigable, 308; explored, 344, 371; settlements along, 374; Upper, 382, 392 Amazonas, state of, 405, 490 Anchieta, Padre, 329, 336 Anti-foreign sentiment among Creoles, in Argentina, 34, 86, 267; in Uruguay, 267; in Brazil, 396, 417, 423, 426, 432, 433, 439, 442, 455 Araguaya River, 310, 392 Arawak Indians, 300 Architecture, 341 Argentina, 37-161; settlement of, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 29, 32, 43; rainfall in, 40; agriculture and grazing in, 40, 43; climate in, 41; area of, 43; prosperity of, 45, 144, 148; exports of, 49, 148, 159; population of, 79, 131, 143, 147, 185; national colours of, 90, independence of, 90, 96, 100, 104; revolt of May 25, 1810, 90, 188, 252, 407; federalism in, 94, 115, 130, 132, 136, 138, 148, 255; proposals to make it a monarchy, 104; civil wars in, 115 et seq.; war with Brazil, 120, 129, 260, 427, 428, 462; constitution of, 134, 137, 138; industrial development in, 141, 160; war with Paraguay, 141, 142, 189, 200, 206-219, 276, 471; finances of, 149-153, 156, 157, 160; war with Chile threatened, 156; war with Uruguay, 255, 267 Arroyo Grande, battle of, 268 Artigas, José, 92, 105, 252-258, 407, 408 Assassinations, 277, 281, 379, 508 Asuncion, 22, 33; founded, 25, 165; way opened to, 143; in possession of Brazil, 475 Audiencia, of Charcas, 16, 53, 61, 176; of Buenos Aires, 84 Ayohuma, battle of, 97 Azores, 8, 292, 346, 387, 412 B Bahia (city), early settlement of Brazil, 320; military and naval post, 322; population, 324; industries, 324, 393; growth, 347; captured by the Dutch, 351; captured by the Portuguese, 352; place of refuge, 355; siege of, 357; held by Portuguese, 358, 418; guerrillas obtain arms in, 362; ecclesiastical capital, 399; reception of the Prince Regent, 404; deposes governor, 412, 436; garrison re-enforced, 419; expulsion of Portuguese garrison from, 420 Bahia (province), position, 310; Jesuits in, 328; population, 338; cattle-raisers of, 372; insurrections in, 375; gold-fields in, 391; attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator," 425; separatist movement in, 444 Balboa, Nuñez de, 12 Basques, 4, 5, 26, 30 Beckman's rebellion, 375 Belgrano, Manuel, Creole leader, 89, 93; expeditions to Paraguay, 91, 92, 188-190; expedition to Tucuman, 93, 94, 96; invasion of Bolivia, 97; commission to Spain, 104; in Uruguay, 253 Beresford, General, 83 Blancos, 126, 129, 266, 272 et seq. Blandenques, 248 Bohorquez. See Huallpa Inca. Bolivar, Simon, 101, 111, 112 Bolivia (Upper Peru), irrigation in, 14; silver in, 16, 22, 78, 233; division of, 75; gold in, 78; inhabitants of, 80; resists revolutionary movement, 91; Spanish power in, 100; Rondeau's effort to conquer, 104; route to, 315 Bom Jesus stockade, 354, 355 Bonaparte, Joseph, 87, 251 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 86, 89, 402 Bonifacio de Andrada, José, and independence of Brazil, 416, 421; made prime minister, 418; letters to Pedro, 419; and brothers, 423, 432, 439, 446, 449 Borda, Juan Idiarte, 280, 281 Botacudo (Aymoré) Indians, 300, 321 Boundary questions, between Spain and Portugal, 66-68, 72, 77, 172, 181, 233, 239, 244, 245, 342, 372, 376, 387; between Argentina and Chile, 156, 158; between Brazil and Paraguay, 203, 208; between Paraguay and Brazil and Argentina, 222; of Brazil, 407, 468 Brazil, 287-512; settlement of, 23, 316, 318, 319, 321, 323, 336, 342, 372-374, 387, 397; war with Argentina, 120, 129, 260, 427, 428, 462; war with Uruguay, 120, 209, 256, 260, 470; war with Paraguay, 141, 142, 206-219, 276, 471; area of, 305, 309, 310, 313, 314; climate, 305, 308-313; rainfall in, 306, 309-313; population, 310, 314, 336, 347, 374, 397, 405, 480, 511; Spanish possession of, 342; efforts to establish republic in, 381, 399, 409, 476, 479, 482, 488, 492, 495; independence of, 416, 417, 419, 426, 427; Constituent Assembly of, 419, 422, 423; constitution of, 422-424, 439, 444, 500; Congress of, 427, 430, 432, 440, 443, 447, 449, 451, 464, 466, 475, 486, 500, 507; regency in, 436 et seq.; hegemony of, 463, 468, 476; republic established in, 497, 503, 506 Brazil-wood, 302-304, 317, 321, 322 Brazilian Creoles, at war with Spanish Creoles, 66, 68, 105, 240, 242, 245, 248, 254, 256, 382, 388, 389, 408 Brazilian states, power of governors of, 507 Brazilians, character and habits, 294, 318, 319, 323, 339, 359, 368, 376, 396, 399, 406, 407, 459, 460, 464, 467, 479, 492, 512 Brown, William, Admiral, 103, 120, 255, 261, 428 Buenos Aires (city), founded, 24, 25, 30-32, 168; foreign commerce forbidden to, 50; smuggling, 60; prosperity, 72; commercial centre, 75, 78; captured by the British, 83; captured by the Argentine Creoles, 84; battle of, 85; hegemony of, 90, 103; blockades of, 120, 125, 132, 262, 269, 270; detached from province, 148 Buenos Aires (province), division of Argentina, 34; independent, 61; Indians exiled to, 63; intendencia, 75, 79 C Cabeza de Vaca, 26 Cabildos, in Buenos Aires, 32, 90; organisation and functions, 53-56; nationality of members, 57; influence of, 78, 119; in Montevideo, 252 Cabot, Sebastian, 22, 165, 233, 317 Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 295 Cacao, 78 Cagancha, battle of, 268 Calabar (guerrilla chief), 355, 356 Calchaquie Indians, 63 Callao, 49 Camarrão (guerrilla chief), 355, 362 Campos (city), 347 Campos Salles, Manoel Ferraz de, 488, 508-510 Canary Islands, 7, 8, 242, 292, 329 Cape Horn, 48 Cape Verde Islands, 8, 292 Captaincies, 53, 319 Cardenas, Bishop of Paraguay, 182 Carib Indians, 300 Caseros, battle of, 129, 271, 463 Castilhos, Julio de, 502 Catamarca, 15, 63, 154 Cattle industry, in Argentina, 17, 29, 40, 71, 131, 148; in Uruguay, 238, 268, 273; in Brazil, 310, 371-373, 390, 393, 406 Caudillos, 116, 119, 138, 144, 255 Caxias, Marshal, 143, 218, 452, 453, 475 Cayenne, 407 Ceará, location, 309; settlement in, 345; Dutch control of, 357; devastated, 363; separated from Brazil, 371; surplus of cattle in, 373; decline of cattle business in, 393; adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator," 425; anarchy in, 438 Cerrito, battle of, 254 Chacabuco, battle of, 108 Chaco, the, 37, 58, 213, 237; plains of, 166, 186; matter of arbitration, 222 Charles IV. of Spain, 86 Charrua Indians, 71, 235, 244, 247, 265 Chile, 15, 42, 78, 100, 110 Cholera in Brazilian army, 216 Cisplatine Province, 258, 408 City life, taste for, 56 Claudio (poet), 399 Cochrane, Thomas, Admiral, 111, 420, 425 Coelho, Duarte, 319, 328 Coffee, productiveness, 306, 313; districts of cultivation of, 310, 312, 313, 406; increased production of, 448, 458, 466, 479, 489, 509; plantation companies, 501; trade affected by rise of currency, 511 Colombia, 434 Colonia de Sacramento, founded, 68, 240, 376; held by Portuguese, 70, 72, 234, 240; taken by Spaniards, 77, 246, 388, 389; port, 230; attacked, 245 Colonial governors, corruption of, 56, 64, 65, 393 Colonial trade, restrictions on, imposed, 48, 49, 63; evil effects of, 49, 52; how enforced, 50, 65, 71; removed, 78, 88, 404; among colonies, 82; of Brazil with Portugal, 287, 336, 342, 373, 393 Colorados, 126, 129, 266, 272 et seq. Columbus, Christopher, 8 Commercial routes to Pacific, 21, 47, 48 Concepcion (Argentina), 116 "Confederation of the Equator," 425 Constant, Benjamin, General, 492, 495-497 Contraband trade, in Argentina, 51, 52, 63-66, 69, 75; at Colonia, 240, 377; and Thomas de Souza, 329; in Brazil, 347, 373, 394 Copper, 78 Copper-pan amalgamation process, 16 Cordoba (city), founded, 30; rainfall in, 40; on trade route, 50, 51; prosperity of, 62, 63 Cordoba (province), Spaniards pass through, 14; settled, 15; intendencia, 75; Indian stock in, 80; revolution in, 91, 154; military state, 121; governor expelled, 123 Corrientes (city), founded, 33; defence of, 58; desire for independence, 116 Corrientes (province), flourishing, 34; ravaged by war, 130, 135; troubles in, 154; missions in, 186; Belgrano in, 188; invasion of, 210; relations with Artigas, 255; alliance with Rivera, 267 Cortes, Hernando, 12, 20 Cortes (Portuguese Parliament), 291, 412, 415, 416, 418 Cotegipe, Baron of, 490, 491 Cotton, cultivation of, 14, 41, 309, 310, 371, 448; manufacture, 170, 371, 406; trade, 405 Council of the Indies, 53 Cromwell, Oliver, 366 Cruelties in war, 91, 93, 276, 384 Cuestas, Juan L., 281 Curitiba, 172 Curupayty, battle of, 142, 215, 475 Cuyabá, 391 Cuyo, province of Argentina, 15, 64; industries in, 17; political dependency, 17, 33; detached from Chile, 74; products of, 78; inhabitants of, 102; ruler of, 121, 123 Cuzco, 41 D December 27, 1868, battle of, 219 Democracy, 56, 81, 83, 432, 437 Diamond mining, 392, 397 Dias, Henrique, 355, 362 Diaz, Bartholomew, 293 Discoveries, 8, 12, 19, 296 Drake, Sir Francis, 47 Drugs, 49 Duarte Coelho. See Coelho, Duarte. Duguay-Trouin, Admiral, 384 Durão, Santa Rita. See Santa Rita Durão. E Education, popular, 73; lack of, among Brazilians, 396; encouraged in Brazil, 398; schools, 404, 406, 448; desire for, 409 Elections, in Argentina, 140, 143, 146, 154; in Uruguay, 280; in Brazil, 464, 475, 478, 485-487, 489, 495, 507 Emancipation of slaves, in Paraguay, 199; in Brazil, 456, 461, 476, 479, 481, 482, 490, 491 Emboaba rebellion, 379 Encomiendas, 165 Entre Rios, province of Argentina, 34; Indians in, 62, 71, 74, 186; gauchos in, 92, 236, 244, 254, 255; governor of, 128; revolutionary movement in, 188; independent, 270; ruler of, 471, 472 Espirito Santo, 310, 333, 338, 347 F Federalist party, 119, 121, 123, 126, 263 Feijó, Padre, Regent of Brazil, 432, 433, 437, 440, 443 Ferdinand VII. of Spain, 87, 90, 93, 96, 411 Fernandes Vieira, 361 et seq. Florés, Venancio, leader of revolutionists in Uruguay, 208, 468; ruler of Uruguay, 212, 273; government of his own, 274; in war against Paraguay, 276; death, 277 Fonseca, Deodoro da, 493-497, 500, 501 Foreign debts, of Argentina, increased, 144, 160, how met, 149, 152, 157, 160, 161; of Uruguay, doubled, 277, 280; of Brazil, increased, 464, 474, 509, how met, 480, 489, 510 France, intervenes in Uruguayan civil war, 269; poaches, 304, 317; French traders in Brazil, 322, 329, 343; settlement at Rio, 333; measures to expel, from Rio, 335; attempts to colonise Maranhâo, 345; takes Rio, 383; ministers of, with Pedro I., 434 Francia, José Gaspar, 190-197, 256, 258 Franciscans, 58, 169, 182 Free Masonry, 409, 415, 484 French Revolution, 82 G Gama, Basilio da, poet, 399 Gama, Vasco da, 295 Garay, Juan de, founder of Buenos Aires, 30-33, 58, 237 Garcia, Aleixo, 316 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 270, 442 Gauchos, origin of, 81; element in Argentine army, 94, 116; defend Bolivian frontier, 101, 104; in Entre Rios, 236, 244; Uruguayan, 248, 279, 442; in Rio Grande do Sul, 502 Glycerio, Francisco, 495 Goes, Zacarias de, 466 Gold, in Africa, 8; in Hayti, 10, 12; Spain's desire for, 49; value of, 50; in Peru, 78; in Brazil, 310, 378-380, 391-393, 397, 405 Gonzaga, poet, 399 Goyaz, 310, 313, 348, 372 Great Britain, fleet of, before Montevideo, 83-86; gunboats of, hold Paraguayan flagship, 204; captured Buenos Aires, 248; besiege Montevideo, 250, 251; blockade Buenos Aires, 269; filibustering of, along Brazilian coast, 343; importations of, into Brazil, 405, 459; ministers of, 434; relations with Brazil, 456 Guarany (Tupi), Indians, 42, 297 Guararapes, battle of, 364 Guayabos, battle of, 255 Guayaquil, 112 Guayrá cataract, 171, 178, 179 Guayrá province, 173, 177, 180 H Hayes, Rutherford B., 222 Hayti, 10, 12 Henry the Navigator, 292 Hernandarias Saavedra, 58, 174, 237 Heyn, Piet, Admiral, 352 Hides, 49, 60, 78, 148, 241 Holland, 309, 343, 350 et seq. Horses, 32, 33, 43, 131, 238 Huallpa Inca (Bohorquez), 63 Huaqui, battle of, 92, 253 Huguenots, 334, 345 Humaitá, 207, 212-218, 475 I Iguassu River, 67, 180 Ilheos, 320, 344 Immigration, into Argentina, 45, 130, 136, 141, 144, 159; into Paraguay, 222; into Uruguay, 268, 276, 278; into Brazil, 339, 346, 404, 408, 463, 490, 501, 512 Incas, 13, 14, 41, 42 Indian corn, 41, 306, 310 Indian language, 18, 166, 300, 331 Indian wars, with Guaranies, 29; with inferior tribes, 43; with Andean, 58, 59; in Argentine, 62, 124, 145; in Uruguay, 62, 232, 234, 237; with Calchaquies, 63; Paulistas' raids, 67, 72, 170, 173, 348; with Charruas, 71, 244; in the plains of the Chaco, 166; with Aymorés, 321, 335; with Tamoyos, 331; in Brazil, 333, 343, 373 Indians, flourishing communities, 18; Irala's dealing with, 27; Andean and inferior tribes 42; Jesuits and, 73, 74, 173, 331; civilised, 168, 405; evangelisation of, 170, 173, 327; social status of, 184; employment, 185; Cabral and, 297; relations with the French, 333, 335; Brazilian, 298-300 Indigo, 405 Intendencias, 75 Intermixture with Indians, in coast provinces, 18; in Argentina, 45, 80; in Paraguay, 166, 192; in Jesuit Republic, 187; in Brazil, 318, 346, 398 Irrigation, 14, 42 Isabel, Princess of Brazil, 456, 457, 484, 490, 494 Itamarica, 317, 319, 355, 363 Ituzaingo, battle of, 120, 261, 429 J Januaria, Princess of Brazil, 445, 446 January 19, 1811, battle of, 189 Jesuits, their work in Paraguay, 34, 170-176; republic, 60, 73, 74, 177; and Bohorquez, 64; and Paulistas, 66-68, 72, 347, 348; their work in Uruguay, 71, 238, 245; their work in Brazil, 169, 326 et seq.; missions in northern Brazil, 374; missions on Amazon, 374, 382, 392; Pombal and, 397 Jews, 353, 358 John VI. of Portugal and Brazil, his troops defeat Artigas, 105; withdraws troops from Uruguay, 254; relations with Napoleon, 402; flight to Rio, 403, 404; Brazil's foreign relations under, 407; called back to Portugal, 411; unsupported by Brazil, 412; in fear of the people, 413; news of his death, 428 Jujuy, 15, 94 Juncal, battle of, 120, 262 L Labour, enforced, 194, 201 Laguna, 386 Land grants, 56, 338, 390, 406 Las Piedras, battle of, 92, 253 Latorre, Lorenzo, 277 Lautaro society, 96 Lavalle, General, 268 Lavalleja, General, 256, 259, 261, 262 Lima, 16, 51 Liniers, General, 83, 85, 87, 91, 251 Local self-government, strong sentiment in favour of, 34; right of, 115; struggles for, 380; effected, 401, 402, 439, 454; impaired, 444 Lopez II., unnatural cruelties of, 221 Lopez, Carlos Antonio, President of Paraguay, 199-205 Lopez, Francisco Solano, 141, 204-221, 274, 470 Lynch, Madame, 206 M Madeira Islands, 8, 37, 292, 361, 412 Madeira River, 314, 391, 392 Magellan, Fernando, 20, 21, 232 Magellan, Strait of, 21, 47 Maldonado, 230, 242, 250 Mandioc, 41, 306, 310, 371 Maranhão, location of, 309; French attempt to colonise, 345; captured by the Brazilian Creoles, 346; occupied by Maurice, 357; revolt in, 362, 375; new state, 371; Jesuits in, 374; development hindered, 393; takes a new start, 397; Portuguese expelled from, 420; not represented in Constituent Assembly, 422; adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator," 425; civil war in, 438; revolution in, 446, 452 Maria Gloria of Portugal, 428 Mascate rebellion, 381 Matte (Paraguayan) tea, 78 Matto Grosso, seized by Lopez, 142, 210; at the mercy of Lopez, 208; location of, 314; beginning of the state, 391; expedition against, 471; safety of, assured, 476 Maurice of Nassau, 356 Mello, Admiral, 504, 505 Mem da Sa, 335, 337 Mendoza, Pedro de, 23, 165, 236 Mendoza (city), 15, 41, 64, 106 Miguel, pretender to Portuguese crown, 428, 439 Military operations among uncivilised Indians, 18, 26 Minas Geraes, location of, 310, description of, 311, 313; gold in, 379, 391, 392, 397; population of, 397; literature in, 399; attitude of, toward Pedro I., 433, 438; revolution in, 453 Missions, negotiations concerning, 72, 77, 186, 245, 246, 388, 390; attacked, 105; established in Paraguay, 180; conquered by Rio Grandenses, 248; loyal to Artigas, 255; invaded, 407 Mitre, Bartolomé, resistance of Rioja to, 64; historian, 98; established civil government in Buenos Aires, 126; on Argentine constitution, 137; in Paraguayan war, 141, 142, 153, 160, 471; party leader, 154 Mohammedanism, 325 Monopolies, of Cadiz merchants, 48, 50, 51, 82; Portuguese, 374, 393; abolished, 397, 404 Montevideo, harbours, 31, 241; taken by the Spanish, 70; population of, 78; sieges of, 92, 250, 253, 254, 269; captured by the patriots, 103, 255; captured by the Portuguese, 105, 408; named, 232; fortified, 242; captured by the British, 250; blockaded, 276; founded, 386; Portuguese garrison expelled from, 420 Montoya, Father, 178 Moors, 3-5, 288, 290 Moraes, Prudente, President, 488, 506, 507, 508 Mules, trade in, 63 Municipal government, characteristic of Spain, 3, 53; adaptation of, 44; Spanish form of, 54; in Portugal, 290, 291; of Bahia, 325; granted to Brazilian towns, 374; character of, 424 N Nabuco, Joaquim, 481 Napoleon Bonaparte. See Bonaparte, Napoleon. Natal, 344 Negroes, 102, 105, 311, 375, 405 New Granada, 100 Nobrega, Padre Manuel, 326, 328, 330 O Office-holding, 52, 409, 459 O'Higgins, Bernard, 109, 111 Ojeda, Alonso de, 301 Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon, 344 Oribe, Manuel, retreat of, 256; president of Uruguay, 265; leader of party, 265, 267, 461; defeated Argentine unitarians, 268; surrendered, 271 Oruro, 16 Ouro Preto, Viscount of, 494, 495, 497 Ouro Preto (city), 399 P Pacific, Spanish control of, 21 Pampas, explored, 32; character of, 38; description, 40, 41; expedition over, 58 Pampean sea, prehistoric, 229 Panama, Isthmus of, 12, 21, 48, 49 Paper currency, in Argentine, 149, 150, 157, 160; in Paraguay, 223; in Uruguay, 282; in Brazil, 458, 463, 464, 466, 473, 479, 480, 501, 507, 509, 510 Pará, Indians in, 346, 405; Portuguese possession of, 358; part of Maranhão, 371; Jesuits in, 374; development hindered, 393; takes a new start, 397; cotton trade in, 405; coffee in, 406; expedition from, to Cayenne, 407; Spanish constitution in, 412; Portuguese garrison expelled from, 420; and Constituent Assembly, 422; attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator," 425; action of troops in, 436, 441; production of rubber in, 490; prosperity of, 501 Paraguay (country), 165-224; settlement of, 25, 27; Jesuit missions in, 34; Indians in, 42, 80; separate province, 61; intendencia, 75; population, 75, 220; products of, 78; attitude toward revolutionary movement, 91; war against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, 141, 142, 206-219, 276, 471; independence of, 184, 189, 190, 222, 476; commercial isolation of, 192, 197; Brazilian protectorate of, 221; Paulistas in, 348 Paraguay River, the, explorations along, 22, 26; settlement on, 33; watershed of, 37; description of, 38; free navigation on, 200, 464, 471, 476 Paraguayan army, discipline in, 214 Parahyba do Norte, location, 309; population, 338; Spaniards take possession of, 343; reduced by the Dutch, 355; devastated, 363; adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator," 425 Parahyba do Sul, 312, 347, 373 Paraná, Marquis of, 463, 464, 465 Paraná (Brazilian state), 313, 377, 405 Paraná (city), 134 Paraná River, the, explorations of, 14, 22, 26, 30, 31, 165; settlements on, 27, 33, 34, 62, 134, 168; description of, 38; Jesuit missions on, 60, 171; Paulistas on, 67; open only to Argentine vessels, 200; free navigation on, 202, 270, 464; European navies enter, 269; valley of, 312, 313, 377 Patagonia, 40, 41, 43, 146 Paulista pioneers, 318, 348 Pavon, battle of, 64, 137 Paysandu, capture of, 210 Pedro I. of Brazil, 412-416, 421-435, 439 Pedro II. of Brazil, infancy, 433, 444, 446; assumes imperial functions, 447; emperor, 449-457; power of, 478; declining health, 488, 494; speech of, 490; deposition, 498, 499 Peixoto, Floriano, 497, 500, 502-505 Pepper, 406 Pernambuco (city), founded, 319; nucleus of settlement of Brazil, 320; Nobrega visits, 328; architecture of, 340; population of, 347; advantageous position of, 351; taken by the Dutch, 353, 354; taken by the Brazilian Creoles, 367; military revolts in, 438 Pernambuco (province), location of, 309; population of, 338, 347; rich planters of, 339; Jews in, 358; civil war in, 380; sugar industry in, 393; revolution in, 409; Spanish constitution in, 412; Portuguese garrison in, 418; garrison expelled from, 419; and Constituent Assembly, 422, 424; action of troops in, 436; conservative governor of, 455 Peru, Pizarro in, 12, 13, 23; irrigation in, 14; silver in, 16, 22, 78, 233; gold in, 78; Spanish power in, 100; war against, 111 Philip II. of Spain, 342 Piauhy, 309, 372, 393, 422 Pilocomayo River, 222 Pinheiro Machado, General, 503 Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, 301 Pitagoares Indians, 344 Pizarro, 13, 23, 316 Polygamy, 220 Pombal, Marquis of, 396 Pope's division of the world, 12, 19, 21, 319 Porto Seguro, 320, 338, 347 Portugal, separated from Leon, 4; and Granada united, 6; joined to Spanish crown, 47; general survey of the history of, 288-292; Philip II., of Spain on the throne of, 342; separated from Spain, 361; war with Spain, 382; revolt of 1820 in, 411 Portuguese Court, flight of, to Rio, 403 Portuguese discoveries and conquests, 7, 8, 292; in South America, 19, 67, 68, 77, 302 Potatoes, 41 Potosí, 16, 51 Press, freedom of, in Brazil, 410, 430, 448, 460, 482; restricted, 422, 424 Printing-press in Brazil, 404, 408, 409 Provincial organisation, 54, 61, 74, 77, 405 Q Quicksilver mines, 16 Quintino Bocayuva, 495, 497 R Race elements in population, 405 Railways, mileage in Argentina, 148; source of wealth, 161; building of, in Brazil, 463, 466, 490; building of, interrupted, 508 Ramalho, John, pioneer, 316, 318 Religious lay brotherhoods, 484 Religious sentiment, in Spain, 5; in Argentina, 81; in Portugal, 290; of Count John Maurice, 356, 358; in Brazil, 359, 361; of Fernandez Vieira, 369 Riachuelo, battle of, 210, 474 Rice, 78, 306, 405 Rio Branco, Baron of, 482, 485 Rio de Janeiro (city), commercial port, 51; population of, 347, 397; prosperity of, 373, 501; attacked and taken by the French, 383; its reception of the Prince Regent, 404 Rio de Janeiro (province), why so named, 302; description of, 312; nucleus of the settlement of Brazil, 320; French occupation of, 333 et seq.; captured by the Portuguese, 336; population of, 338; uprising in, 413 Rio Grande city, captured by the Spaniards, 388; by the Brazilian Creoles, 389 Rio Grande do Norte, location, 309; nucleus of, 344; reduced by the Dutch, 355; devastated, 363; Indians subdued in, 373; adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator," 425 Rio Grande do Sul (city), 387 Rio Grande do Sul (province), Jesuit missions in, 72, 180; held by the Portuguese, 77, 244; people of, 247; Brazilian province, 270; and Uruguay, 284; description of, 313, 314; Brazilian possession of, 377; settled, 397; Spanish Constitution in, 412; Argentine invasion of, 429; rebellions in, 441, 442, 454, 502, 504; Paraguayan invasion of, 473, 474 Rioja, 15, 63, 64 Rio Negro, 392 Rio Real, 338 Rivadavia, Bernardino, 104, 119, 120, 262 Rivera, Fructuoso, 255, 259, 261-269, 461 Roca, Julio, General, successes of, 145; candidate for president, 147, 157; his first administration, 150; party leader, 153; took command of army, 155; his second administration, 158, 160; his followers, 160 Rodrigues, Alves, President, 511 Rojas, Diego de, 14 Rondeau, José, General, 254, 263 Rosario, 40, 63, 136, 155 Rosas, Juan Manuel, laudation of, 114; federalist leader in Buenos Aires, 122 et seq., 266; growth of his power, 200; and Montevideo, 268; relations with Entre Rios, 270; and Oribe faction, 461 Rubber, 490, 501, 511 S Sabará, 378, 391 Saldanha Marinho, 482 Salta, province of Argentina, 15; intendencia, 75; social conditions in, 80; Buenos Airean army passes through, 91; warfare in, 94; rebellion in, 155 San Ildefonso, treaty of, 246, 389 San John d'El Rei, 400 San Juan, 15, 40, 64, 137 San Luiz, 64, 155 San Martin, José, General, 77, 96-114 Santa Catharina, 19, 26; captured by Spain, 77, 246; description of, 313; exploration of, 316; Brazilian possession of, 377; settlement of, 386, 397; captured by the Spaniards, 389; restored to Portugal, 390; invasion of, 446, 504, 506; seat of revolutionary government, 504 Santa Fé, Argentina (city), Spanish settlement of, 29; desire of, for independence, 116; founded, 168 Santa Fé, Argentina (province), governor of, sent Indians and supplies to Buenos Aires, 31; Indians in, 63, 130; a part of intendencia of Buenos Aires, 75; invasion of, 121; Brazilian army in, 129; Congress held in, 131; revolution in, 155; Creoles of, defeat Charruas, 242; loyal to Artigas, 255 Santa Luzia, battle of, 453 Santa Rita Durão (poet), 399 Santiago de Chile, 42, 51, 107 Santiago del Estero (Argentina), 14, 15, 63, 121, 154 Santo Amaro, 319 Santos, 51, 316, 318 São Francisco River, the, why so named, 302; valley of, 310, 311; Pernambucos on, 344; military raids near, 357; cattle-raisers established on, 372; gold around headwaters of, 378 São Paulo (city), menaced by Indians, 333; prosperity of, 501, the home of Rodrigues Alvez, 511 São Paulo (province), opposition to the extension of Spanish dominions, 66; Jesuits in, 169, 328, 330, 347, 374; description of, 313; conditions of, for settlement, 318; nucleus of settlement of Brazil, 320; inhabitants of, 322; spread of Indians in, 332; not a sugar-raising province, 338; profits by secret trade, 373; gold in, 378; depopulated, 393; an Englishman in, 407; revolution in, 453; representation of, in Chamber of Brazil, 488; coffee in, 489 São Vicente, 23, 318 Saraiva, Aparcicio, 280 Saraiva, Gomercindo, 503, 504 Saraiva, José Antonio, 486, 488 Sarandi, battle of, 120, 260, 427 Schouten, 48 Sea-power, of England, 82, 269, 366; of Spain, 93, 103, 111, 255; of France, 269; of Brazil, 426, 462; of Argentina, 428 Sergipe, 310, 343, 344, 357 Seville Junta, 88, 251 Sheep-raising, 131, 148, 278 Silver mining, in Bolivia and Peru, 16, 22, 78, 233; Spain's desire for, 49; value of, 50 Sipe-Sipe, battle of, 104 Slavery, Indian, in Argentine provinces, 17, 33; tendency of, 56; Hernandarias opposed to, 59; forbidden by Spanish Government, 60, 175; under Spaniards, 165; Paulistas and, 174, 322, 347; forbidden by Portuguese Government, 321; Jesuits fought against, 327; Mem da Sa and, 335; Pombal and, 398 Slavery, negro, 82, 324, 458; encouraged, 328, 335; increased, 398; proportion of slaves in population of Brazil, 405. See Emancipation of slaves. Solis, Juan Diaz de, 19, 230 Soracaba, 373, 453 Soriano, first settlement in Uruguay, 238, 241 Souza, Thomas de, 323, 329 Spain, war with Portugal, 382; revolt of 1820 in, 411 Spanish authority unquestioned, 52 Spanish Creoles at war with Brazilian Creoles, 66, 68, 105, 240, 242, 245, 248, 254, 256, 382, 388, 389, 409 Spanish discoveries and conquests, 7, 8, 12-15, 301 Spanish monarchy, structure of, 4, 7, 20 Spanish possession of Portugal and Brazil, 342 Spanish treasure fleet, capture of, by the Dutch, 353 Street-car tax riots, 485 Sucré (Charcas), 16, 33, 89, 182 Sugar, districts of cultivation of, 78, 309, 310, 312, 321, 343, 371; first cultivation of, 317, 321; industry prosperous, 321, 324, 336, 448: annual production of, 338; trade, 351; price, 361, 392, 397; industry decadent, 393; staple production, 405; comparative cultivation, 458; plantation companies, 501 Suipacha, battle of, 91 T Tabocas, battle of, 362 Tamoyo Indians, 331, 335 Tandil Mountains, 237 Tapajos River, 314 Taxation, 338, 393 Theresina Christina, Empress of Brazil, 457, 498 "Thirty-three," the, 259 Tierra del Fuego, 41 Tieté River, 347 Tiradentes, 400 Tobacco, 78, 310, 393, 405, 448 Tocantins River, 310, 392 Tucuman, battle of, 94 Tucuman (city), founded, 15; Congress at, 105; Paz's army in, 123, 124 Tucuman (province), Spanish rule in, 15, 17; political dependency, 17, 33, 61; thriving towns in, 62, 63; revolt in, 155; missionary work in, 182 U Unitarian party, 119, 121, 123, 126, 263 United States of America, and Lopez, 202, 203; arbitrator, 222; influence of, on Brazil, 399, 500; recognises Brazil's independence, 426; does not support Pedro, 434; prevents commercial blockade, 506 Urquiza, Justo José, General, defeats allied unitarians and colorados, 126; governor of Entre Rios, 128; forms alliance with Brazil and colorado faction in Uruguay, 129, 462, 472; favours federal constitution, 131-134; first president of Argentine Republic, 135; his term expires, 137; refuses to revolt against Buenos Aires, 142; revolt against, 144; his friendship with Lopez, 200; general-in-chief, 271; successes in Uruguay, 271, 462; Lopez angry with, 471 Uruguay, 34, 75, 227-284; Indians in, 62, 71, 74; first settlement, 68; Spanish territory, 77, 100; Portuguese troops in, 110; war with Brazil, 120, 209, 256, 260, 470; war with Paraguay, 141, 142, 206-219, 276, 471; area of, 229; settlement of, 238, 239, 242, 386; population of, 247, 265, 273, 278; war with Argentina, 255, 267; independence of, 255, 259, 260, 263, 430, 461, 463, 476; Brazilian occupation of, 258, 408; constitution of, 264; Brazilian intervention in, 270, 274, 407, 462; Paulistas in, 348; rebellion against Pedro, 427; Brazilian protectorate of, 468 Uruguay River, the, explored, 22; harbours, 31; course of, 38; Jesuit missions along, 60, 68; navigation of, 134, 464 Uruguayana, capture of, 212 Uspallata Pass, 106 V Vasco da Gama. See Gama, Vasco da. Vasconcellos, Bernardo, in Congress of Brazil, 430, 446; absent from Rio, 433; result of work, 440, 441, 443; death, 461 Veiga, Evaristo da, 430, 433 Venezuela, 100 Vespucci, Amerigo, 302, 306 Viceroyalties, divided into provinces, 53; Peru, 61, 74, 176; Buenos Aires, 74, 75, 80; Atlantic slope of Spanish South America, 246 Victoria, 311, 320, 378 Vidal, guerrilla chief, 362 Vieira, Antonio, 374 Vieira, Fernandes. See Fernandes Vieira. Vilapugio, battle of, 97 Villegagnon, French adventurer, 334 Visigoths, 3, 290 W Water Witch, incident, 203 Wheat, 148, 159, 278, 340 Whitelocke, General, 85 X Xingú River, 314 Y Yellow fever, 461 Z Zeballos, Pedro de, 77