APPENDIX.

TABLE I. CHRONOLOGY OF TOBACCO.

A.D.

1496 Romanus Paine published the first account of tobacco, under the name cohoba.

1519 Tobacco discovered by the Spaniards near Tabasco.

1535 Negroes cultivated it on the plantations of their masters.

” It was used at this time in Canada.

1559 Tobacco introduced into Europe by Hernandez de Toledo.

1565 Conrad Gesner became acquainted with tobacco.

” Sir John Hawkins brought tobacco from Florida.

1570 Tobacco smoked in Holland out of tubes of palm-leaves.

1574 Tobacco cultivated in Tuscany.

1575 First figure of plant in André Thevot’s Cosmographie.

1585 Clay pipes noticed by the English in Virginia.

” First clay pipes made in Europe.

1590 Schah Abbas, of Persia, prohibited the use of tobacco in his empire.

1601 Tobacco introduced into Java. Smoking commenced in Egypt about this time.

1604 James I. laid heavy imposts on tobacco.

1610 Tobacco-smoking known at Constantinople.

1615 Tobacco first grown about Amersfort, in Holland.

1616 The colonists cultivated tobacco in Virginia.

1619 James I. wrote his “Counterblast.”

” Sale of tobacco prohibited in England till the custom should be paid, and the royal seal affixed.

1620 Ninety young women sent from England to America, and sold to the planters for tobacco at 120 lbs. each.

1622 Annual import of tobacco into England from America, 142,085 lbs.

1624 The Pope excommunicated all who should take snuff in church. King James restricted the culture of tobacco to Virginia and the Somer Isles.

1631 Tobacco-smoking introduced into Misnia.

1634 A tribunal formed at Moscow to punish smoking.

1639 The Assembly of Virginia ordered that all tobacco planted in that and the succeeding two years should be destroyed.

1653 Smoking commenced at Appenzell (canton) in Switzerland.

1661 The police regulations of Berne made, and divided according to the ten commandments, in which tobacco was prohibited.

1669 Adultery and fornication punished in Virginia by a fine of 500 to 1000 lbs. of tobacco.

1670 Smoking tobacco punished in the canton of Glarus by fines.

1676 Customs on tobacco from Virginia collected in England, £120,000.

” Two Jews attempt the cultivation of tobacco in Brandenburg.

1689 Dr. J. F. Vicarius invented tubes containing pieces of sponge for smoking tobacco.

1691 Pope Innocent XII. excommunicated all who used tobacco in St. Peter’s Church at Rome.

1697 Large quantities of tobacco produced in the palatinate of Hesse.

1709 Exports of tobacco from America, 28,858,666 lbs.

1719 Senate of Strasburg prohibited the culture of tobacco.

1724 Pope Benedict XIV. revoked Pope Innocent’s Bull of excommunication.

1732 Tobacco made a legal tender in Maryland, at one penny per lb.

1747 Annual exports of tobacco to England from the American colonies, 40,000,000 lbs.

1753 The King of Portugal farmed out the tobacco trade for about £500,000.

” The revenue of the King of Spain from tobacco, £1,250,000.

1759 Duties on tobacco in Denmark amounted to £8,000.

1770 Empress of Austria derived an income of £160,000 from tobacco.

1773 Duties on tobacco in the two Sicilies, £80,000.

1775 Annual export of tobacco from the United States 1,000,000 lbs.

1780 King of France derived an income of £1,500,000 from tobacco.

1782 Annual export of tobacco during the seven years revolutionary war, 12,378,504 lbs.

1787 Tobacco imported into Ireland, 1,877,579 lbs.

1789 Exports of tobacco from the United States, 90,000,000 lbs.

” Tobacco first put under the excise in England.

1820 Quantity of tobacco grown in France, 32,887,500 lbs.

1828 Tobacco revenue in the State of Maryland, £5,400.

1830 Revenue from tobacco and snuff in Great Britain was 2¼ millions of pounds.

1834 Value of tobacco used in the United States estimated at £3,000,000.

1838 Annual consumption of tobacco in the United States estimated at 100,000,000 lbs.

1840 It was ascertained that 1,500,000 persons were engaged in the cultivation and manufacture of tobacco in the United States.

TABLE II. CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO.

COUNTRIES. Average consump. of male population per head, over 18 years of age. lbs. Nett Revenue from Tobacco. £

Austria 6·75 1,212,530

Zollverein 9·75 296,560

Steurverein, including Hanover and Oldenburg 12·50 12,420

France 5·50 3,058,356

Russia 2·50 284,280

Portugal 3·50 304,140

Spain 4·75 1,268,082

Sardinia 2·75 246,192

Tuscany 2·50 84,860

Papal States 2·00 297,252

Two Sicilies ... 168,422

Britain 4·10 5,272,471

Holland 8·25 6,210

Belgium 9·00 28,014

Denmark 8·00 10,488

Sweden 4·37 14,766

Norway 6·40 23,322

United States 7·60 ...

TABLE III. DUTIES ON IMPORTATION OF TOBACCO.

per cent. ad valorem.

United States 30·

Belgium 13·9

Great Britain 933·3

Hanover 9·6

Holstein 10·

Holland 3·5

Russia 161·

Switzerland 3·

Zollverein 45·

TABLE IV.

Nett Profits of the French Regie on Tobacco, after paying all expenses of purchase, transportation, manufacture, and sale. Showing the increased consumption, in decennial periods, from 1811 to 1851.

Years.Francs.

1811 26,000,000

1821 42,219,604

1831 45,920,930

1841 71,989,095

1851 92,233,729

Total gross revenue in 1857 185,000,000

TABLE V.

Consumption of Tobacco in Britain, with rate of Duty and Revenue therefrom.

TABLE VI.

Consumption of Tobacco in the Austrian Empire.

Years.Quantity consumed. per lb.

1850 34,457,513

1851 54,217,578

1852 61,805,697

1853 57,926,925

1854 62,020,333

1856 85,161,030

TABLE VII.

Statement exhibiting the quantities of Tobacco exported from the United States into the countries named, during 1855.

Countries.Quantities. lbs.

Bremen 38,058,000

Great Britain 24,203,000

France 40,866,000

Holland 17,124,000

Spain 7,524,000

Belgium 4,010,000

Sardinia 3,314,000

Austria 2,945,000

Sweden and Norway 1,713,000

Portugal 336,000

TABLE VIII.

Disposition of Tobacco the growth of the United States in 1840 and in 1850, with the Home Consumption at each period.

Years.Growth.lbs.Exports.lbs.Consumption.lbs.Rate pr.Head. oz.

1840 219,163,319 184,965,797 34,543,557 32½

1850 199,532,494 122,408,780 81,933,571 56

TABLE IX.

Statement showing the Exports of Tobacco from America (United States) in decennial periods, from 1820 to 1850, and in 1855.

Years.Quantity exported. hogsheads

1820 66,000

1830 83,810

1840 119,484

1850 145,729

1855 150,213

TABLE X. ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO BY POSSELT & REINMANN.

Nicotina 0·06

Concrete vegetable oil 0·01

Bitter extractive 2·87

Gum, with malate of lime 1·74

Chlorophylle 0·267

Albumen and gluten 1·308

Malic acid 0·51

Lignin and a trace of starch 4·969

Salts (sulphate, nitrate, and malate of potash, chloride of potassium, phosphate and malate of lime, and malate of ammonia) 0·734

Silica 0·088

Water 88·280

Fresh leaves of tobacco 100·836

TABLE XI.

Return showing the quantity of Chests of Opium exported by the East India Company between 1846 and 1858.

Years.No. of Chests.40

1846-47 22,468

1847-48 22,879

1848-49 33,073

1849-50 35,919

1850-51 32,033

1851-52 31,259

1852-53 35,521

1853-54 42,403

1854-55 49,979

1855-56 49,399

1856-57 66,305

1857-58 68,004

TABLE XII.

Amount of Income derived by the East India Company from the Opium Monopoly.

Years. Amount.

1840-41 £874,277

1841-42 1,018,765

1842-43 1,577,581

1843-44 2,024,826

1844-45 2,181,288

1845-46 2,803,350

1846-47 2,886,201

1847-48 1,698,252

1848-49 2,845,762

1849-50 3,309,637

1850-51 3,043,135

1851-52 3,139,247

1852-53 3,717,932

1853-54 3,359,019

1854-55 3,333,601

1855-56 3,961,975

1856-57 3,860,390

1857-58 5,918,375

TABLE XIII. OPIUM STATISTICS OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Years.Imports. lbs.Consumption. lbs.

1826 79,829 28,329

1827 113,140 17,322

1830 209,076 22,668

1833 106,846 35,407

1836 130,794 38,943

1839 196,247 41,632

1842 72,373 47,432

1845 259,644 38,229

1848 200,019 61,055

1849 105,724 44,177

1850 126,318 42,324

1851 118,024 50,682

1852 205,780 62,521

1853 159,312 67,038

1854 97,427 61,432

1855 50,143 34,473

1856 51,479 38,609

1857 136,423 56,174

1858 82,085 77,639

TABLE XIV. ANALYSIS OF OPIUM, BY MULDER.

Morphia 10·842 4·106

Narcotina 6·808 8·150

Codeia 0·678 0·834

Narceine 6·662 7·506

Meconine 0·804 0·846

Meconic acid 5·124 3·968

Fat 2·166 1·350

Caoutchouc 6·012 5·026

Resin 3·582 2·028

Gummy extractive 25·200 31·470

Gum 1·042 2·896

Mucus 19·086 17·098

Water 9·846 12·226

Loss 2·148 2·496

Total 100·000 100·000

TABLE XV. PRISONERS SENTENCED BY THE POLICE TO THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION AT SINGAPORE.

Class. all Chinamen Quantity of Opium consumed daily. Number of years habituated. Trade. Monthly Wages. Value of Opium smoked monthly. Appearances.

Grains. s. d. £ s. d.

1 60 10 Cooly 16 0 1 4 0 Heavy, listless, but not sleepy.

2 Does not smoke. ... ... Looks well and fat.

3 Does not smoke. ... ... Looks well, but not stout.

4 Does not smoke. ... ... Looks well.

5 180 10 Planter ... 3 12 0 Looks well; given up smoking; drinks Tinco in arrack.

6 90 12 ... ... 1 10 0 Sickly, with cough.

7 60 20 Cooly 16 0 1 4 0 Sickly, thin, and miserable looking.

8 180 7 Planter 12 0 3 12 0 Sick and herpetic.

9 90 6 ... 20 0 1 10 0 Sickly looking, and complains.

10 60 20 Cooly 16 0 1 4 0 Thin, sickly; complains of pain in the stomach.

11 48 4 Cooly 16 0 0 16 4 Yellow, sickly; pain in the abdomen.

12 300 to 350 16 Planter ... £6 to £7 Thin, sickly; complains of cough.

13 30 10 Cooly 16 0 0 12 0 Complains of pain in abdomen.

14 90 6 ... 16 0 1 10 0 Thin, but not sickly.

15 60 16 Cooly 16 0 1 4 0 Thin, cough, and sickly.

16 Does not smoke. ... ...

17 24 9 Cooly 16 0 0 10 0 Complains of pain in abdomen; does not look sickly.

18 60 to 180 30 ... 20 0 24s. to £3 12 0 Sickly looking; does not complain.

19 36 5 ... 24s. to 30s. 0 12 0 Diarrhœa, and complains.

20 30 5 ... 16 0 0 8 0 Complains, but does not look sickly.

21 60 12 ... 16 0 1 4 0 Complains, but does not look sickly.

22 48 5 Cooly 12 0 1 0 0 Looks sickly, and complains.

23 Does not smoke. ... ... Looks sickly.

24 Does not smoke. ... ... Looks well.

25 Does not smoke. ... ... Looks well.

26 60 15 ... 16 0 1 4 0 Complains much, being without chandu.

27 Does not smoke. ... ... Looks well.

28 36 6 ... 12 0 0 15 0 Pale, sickly looking; complains much.

29 48 5 Shopkeeper ... 1 0 0 Thin and sickly.

Besides which, there were 15 men in the hospital, of whom all smoked but one.

TABLE XVI. OPIUM CONSUMED BY FIFTEEN PERSONS FROM THE PAUPER HOSPITAL, SINGAPORE.

Quantity of Opium consumed daily. Years habituated. Monthly Wages. Excess of expenditure over income.

Grains. s. d. s. d.

1 36 7 11 6 5 8 excess

2 36 3 8 0 6 6”

3 24 5 8 0 1 8 ”

4 36 8 12 0 2 6 ”

5 42 20 16 0 0 10 ”

6 30 10 10 0 2 1 ”

7 24 7 8 0 1 8 ”

8 30 10 12 0 Income and expenditure equal

9 24 5 8 0 1 8 excess

10 30 10 8 0 4 0 ”

11 30 8 12 0 Income and expenditure equal

12 36 10 12 0 2 6 excess

13 30 15 12 0 Income and expenditure equal

14 30 25 12 0 Income and expenditure equal

15 42 22 12 0 4 10 excess

TABLE XVII. REPORTS OF OPIUM-SMOKING IN CHINA.

In the Chung-wan (centre bazaar) there are about 5,800 inhabitants.

The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 2,600.

The number that smoke opium are upwards of 300.

In the Hah-wan (Canton bazaar) there are upwards of 1,200 inhabitants.

The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 600.

The number that smoke opium are upwards of 100.

The number that died for cause of smoking opium very few.

(Signed) Chung-wan & Hah-wan Teapoa’s Report.

Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day (December 29th, 1855).

The number of male residents at Sheong-wan are estimated as following:——

This year have ascertained the number of male residents are 13,000.

There are 3,000 opium-smokers; 300 smoke 8 mace a-day; 700 smoke 5 mace each day; 1,000 smoke 3 mace each day; the rest smoke 1 mace, more or less.

The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 4,000.

The number that got sick for cause of opium-smoking went home, and did not die here.

(Signed) Teapoa of Sheong-wan Tong Chew’s Report.

Dated December 29th, 1855.

By order, have ascertained the number of inhabitants of Tai-ping-Shan.

There are upwards of 5,300 men.

The number that smoke opium because they like it are upwards of 1,200.

The number that smoke opium are upwards of 600.

The number that died for cause of opium-smoking very few.

(Signed) Tai-ping-Shan Teapoa’s Report.

Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day (December 29th, 1855).

By order, have ascertained that in Wan-tsai there are upwards of 1,600 inhabitants.

Those that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 500 men.

Those that smoke opium are upwards of 200 men.

Those that died for cause of smoking opium, none.

(Signed) Wan-tsai Teapoa’s Report.

Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day (December 29th, 1855).

By order, have ascertained that in Wang-nai-choon there are upwards of 200 men.

The number that smoke opium are upwards of 10 men.

The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are few only.

The number that died for cause of smoking opium, very few.

(Signed) Wang-nai-choon Teapoa’s Report.

Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day (December 29th, 1855).

By order, have ascertained the number of inhabitants of Ting-loong-chow (east point).

There are upwards of 2,500 inhabitants.

The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 300.

The number that smoke opium are upwards of 100.

(Signed) Ting-loong-chow Teapoa’s Report.

Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day (December 29th, 1855).

TABLE XVIII.

Professor Johnston’s estimate of the number of persons indulging in the Seven principal Narcotics of the world.

Tobacco 800,000,000

Opium 400,000,000

Hemp 200,000,000 to 300,000,000

Betel 100,000,000

Coca 10,000,000

Thorn-Apple (no estimate) Less than Coca.

Amanita (no estimate) Less than Coca.

TABLE XIX. SYNOPSIS OF NARCOTICS, WITH THEIR SUBSTITUTES.

I.——Tobacco.

Vulgar Name.Botanical Name.Where used or cultivated.How used.

Virginian tobacco Nicotiana tabacum U. States Smoked & chewed

Orinoko” ”macrophylla ... ”

European” ”rustica Europe ”

Javanese” ”” var Java Smoked.

Billah” ”” var Asiatica Malwa ”

Guzerat” ”” var Guzerat ”

Chinese” ”” var Chinensis China ”

Thibetian” ”” var Thibet ”

Persian” ”Persica Persia ”

Latakia” ”” var Syria ”

Djiddar” ”crispa ” ”

Indian” ”quadrivalvis N. America ”

Indian” ”multivalvis ” ”

Indian” ”nana Rocky Mts. ”

Cuban” ”repanda Cuba ”

Columbian” ”loxensis America ”

Brazilian” ”glauca Brazil ”

Peruvian” ”andicola Andes ”

Coltsfoot leaves Tussilago farfar Europe Smok’d for tobacco

Yarrow” Achillœa millefolium ” ”

Rhubarb” Rheum emodi, &c. Himalayas ”

Bogbean” Menyanthes trifoliata Britain ”

Sage” Salvia officinalis Europe ”

Mountain tobacco Arnica montana Switzerland ”

Black holly Ilex vomitoria N. America ”

Stag’s horn sumach Rhus typhina Mississippi ”

Copal sumach Rhus copallina ” ”

Water lily leaves Nelumbium speciosum China Mix’d with tobacco

Pucha-pat Marrubium odoratissimum India Mix’d with tobacco

Tombeki Lobelia sp. E. Asia Smoked as tobacco

Indian tobacco Lobelia inflata N. America ”

Maize husks Zea Mays U. States Patented for cigars

Birch bark Betula excelsa N. Brunswck Mix’d with tobacco

Willow leaves Salix sp. N. America Smoked as tobacco

Bearberry leaves Arctostasphylus uva-ursi Chenook Ind. Mix’d with tobacco

Pimento berries Eugenia pimento W. Indies Smoked

Cascarilla bark Croton eleuteria ” Mix’d with tobacco

Polygonum leaves Polygonum hispida S. America Smoked

Camphor leaves Tarchonanthus camphoratus Cape ”

Wild dagga Leonotis leonurus ” ”

... Leonotis ovata ” ”

Culen Psoralea glandulosa Mauritius ”

Purphiok Tupistra sp. Sikkim Mix’d with tobacco

Camomile flowers Anthemis nobilis Britain ”

Beet leaves Beta vulgaris France {Recommended as substitute

Akel ... Algeria Mix’d with tobacco

Trouna ... ” ”

Kauw goed Mesembryanthemum tortuosum Cape Chewed

Angelica root Archangelica officinalis Lapland ”

Monkey bread leaves Adansonia digitata W. Africa Snuffed.

Rhododendron leaves Rhododendron campanulatum India Snuffed.

Brown dust of} Kalmia sp. }N. America ”

petioles of} Rhododendron sp. }

Asarabacca Asarum Europœum Europe ”

Grimstone’s eye snuff Various plants Britain ”

Various indigenous plants Erzegebirge ”

Woodruff Asperula odorata Britain Mixed with snuff.

Amadou ashes Polyporus igniarius Kamtschatka Snuffed.

II.——Opium.

Smyrna opium Papaver somniferum. Levant Smoked, &c.

Constantinople do. ” Turkey ”

Egyptian do. ” Egypt ”

Trebizond do. ” Persia ”

Bengal do. ” India ”

Garden Patna do. ” ” ”

Malwa do. ” ” ”

Cutch do. ” ” ”

Kandeish do. ” ” ”

English do. ” England ”

French do. ” France ”

German do. ” Germany ”

Lactucarium Lactuca sativa Britain Subs. for opium.

” ”virosa ” ”

” ”scariola ” ”

” ”altissima ” ”

” ”sylvestris ” ”

” ”elongata ” ”

” ”taraxacifolia Guiana ”

Dutchman’s laudanum Murucuja ocellata Jamaica ”

Ditto ”orbiculata Barbadoes ”

Syrian rue seeds Peganum harmala Turkey To produce intoxication.

Seeds of Sterculia alata Silhet Subs. for opium.

Seeds of Scopolia mutica Arabia To produce intoxication.

Juice of Chondrilla juncea Lemnos Subs. for opium.

III.——Hemp.

Gunjah and Bang Cannabis indica India, Africa Smoked, &c.

Churrus (resin) ” Nepaul, &c. ”

Powdered dacca and aloes ” S. W. Africa. Snuffed.

IV.——Betel.

Betel nuts Areca catechu Malay Penin. Chewed.

” Areca laxa Andaman Is. ”

” Areca Nagonsis E. Bengal ”

” Areca Dicksoni Malabar ”

Kassu (extract) Areca catechu India ”

Cowry (extract) Areca catechu Mysore ”

Kutt or catechu Acacia catechu India ”

Gambir Uncaria gambir Singapore &c. Chewed.

” Uncaria sp. ” ”

Betel pepper leaves Chavica betle Malay Penin. Chewed with betel leaves

” Chavica siraboa ” ”

Blk. pepper leaves Piper nigrum Singapore ”

Ava pepper Macropiper methysticum S. Seas ”

Roots of Derris pinnata ” Subs. for betel

Roots of Cocos nucifera Ceylon ”

Guayabo bark Psidium guayaba Phillippines ”

Antipolo bark ” ” ”

V.——Coca.

Coca leaves Erythroxylon coca Peru Masticatory

VI.——Thorn-Apple.

Florispondio seeds Datura sanguinea N. Granada. Drank in infusion.

” ”stramonium Europe Smoked.

”seeds ”arborea Peru ”

” ”fatuosa Egypt ”

” ”ferox China ”

” ”tatula Asia {By the Delphic oracle.

” ”metel W. Asia As an opiate.

Belladonna leaves Atropa belladonna Europe Smoked.

Henbane leaves Hyoscyamus niger India Mixed with haschish.

Leaves of Rhododendron chrysanthum Siberia Chewed.

Flowers of Rhododendron arboreum India ”

Foxglove leaves Digitalis purpurea ” Mixed with haschisch.

VII.——Amanita.

Fly agaric Amanita muscaria Siberia Swallowed.

M’CORQUODALE & CO., PRINTERS, LONDON—WORKS, NEWTON.