Footnotes

1.

“Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 52. Erroneous statements concerning the time of the formation of the County of Illinois have been made by Winsor, “Westward Movement,” 122; Poole, in Winsor, “Narrative and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 729; Thwaites, “How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest,” 64; Boyd, in “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 623; Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 286; Pirtle, “Clark's Campaign in the Ill.,” 5; Moore, “The Northwest Under Three Flags,” 220; Wallace, “Hist, of Ill. and La. Under French Rule,” 402; Butler, “Hist. of Ky.,” 1836 ed., 64; and others. Roosevelt's indefinite statement that the county was formed “in the fall of 1778”—“Winning of the West,” II., 168—is technically correct. Kate Mason Rowland truthfully says—“George Mason,” I., 307, 308—that a committee was ordered to prepare a bill for the formation of the county, on November 19, 1778, and that such a bill was presented on November 30. Butterfield says—“George Rogers Clark's Conquest of the Ill.,” 681-6—that the Act was passed between the 10th of November and the 12th of December, 1778. It is true that the bill in its final amended form passed both houses on December 9, was signed by the Speaker of the Senate on December 17, and subsequently, if at all, by the Speaker of the House of Delegates. On the 12th of December, Governor Patrick Henry issued three important sets of instructions in accordance with the provisions of the Act creating the County of Illinois. As the signing of the bill by the Speakers was mandatory after its passage, it is easy to understand the issuance of these instructions previous to the signing. It is almost impossible to conceive that Governor Henry, who showed marked interest in the Western frontier, should first have begun to issue orders at least six weeks after the county was formed, as is implied by the date commonly given for its formation. For the legislative history of the act, see “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 65, 72, 79-80, 91, 96, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70-1.

2.

“Jour. H. of Del.” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 72; “Hening's Statutes,” IX., 553.

3.

“Public Lands,” II., 204, 206-9.

4.

The Illinois and Wabash Land companies, which had several members in common, united in 1780. After a long series of memorials to Congress, the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1823, decided that “a title to land, under grant to private individuals, made by Indian tribes or nations, northwest of the river Ohio, in 1773 and 1775, can not be recognized in the courts of the United States”—8 “Wheaton,” 543-605. In general see: “Pub. Lands,” I., 24, 27, 72, 74, 160, 189, 301; II., 108-20, 138, 253; “Sen. Jour.,” 1793-99, 317, 326; Ibid., “2d Cong.,” 165; “Va. Calendar State Papers,” I., 314; “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 676-7, 681; IV., 23; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1-55, Phil'a, 1796; “Memorial of the Ill. and Wabash Land Company,” 1-26, Phil'a, 1797; “Memorial of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1802, 1-20; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Company,” 1-74, Phil'a, 1803; “Memorial of the United Ill. and Wabash Land Companies,” 1-48, Baltimore, 1816. For a map of the claims, see “Map of the State of Ky. with the Adjoining Territories,” 1794, pub. by H. D. Symonds; also a copy of the same published by Smith, Reid and Wayland, in 1795; and “States of America,” by J. Russell, London, C. Dilly and G. G. & J. Robinson, 1799. The last map gives the claims of the Ill., Wabash, and N. J. companies, respectively, the others, the claims of the last two only. All references here given are to material to be found in the libraries of the Chicago Historical Society and of the State Hist. Soc. of Wis.

5.

Mother Mary of the Incarnation, of Quebec, in 1668. In “Glimpses of the Monastery.” “Scenes from the Hist. of the Ursulines of Quebec,” 1639-1839, “by a Member of the Community,” 90. Charlevoix, “Histoire de la Nouvelle-France,” III., 322, expressed a similar opinion in 1721, and Collot, “Journey in N. A.,” I., 232-3, shows that the Illinois French of 1796-7 were a case in point.

6.

Pittman, “European Settlements on the Miss.,” 55. See pp. 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, for the settlement in detail.

7.

Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” 36-8.

8.

“Mandements des Evêques de Quebec,” II., 1741-1806, 205-6.

9.

Thwaites, “Early Western Travels,” I., 141, reprint of Croghan's Jour.

10.

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 165; “Ind. Hist Soc. Pub.,” II., 513-4.

11.

“Public Lands,” I., 10.

12.

Two of the many maps illustrating this are in “Pub. Lands,” II., facing 183, 195. A number of maps in Hopkins', “The Home Lots of the Early Settlers of the Providence Plantations,” especially the one following page 17, show that the same form of holdings existed in Providence, R. I. For reasons for this form, see the note by Emma Helen Blair, in Thwaites', “Jesuit Relations,” IV., 268-9. Stiles, “Ancient Windsor,” I., 149, has a map showing such holdings in Windsor, Conn., 1633-1650.

13.

Monroe, “Writings,” I., 117; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 483-92; Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” map facing 41; Collot, “A Journey in N. A.,” I., 239-42, describes the roads in Illinois in 1796, and plate 28 of the accompanying atlas gives an excellent map, q. v. in pocket.

14.

“Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 99.

15.

Harmar to Sec. of War from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 30-1.

16.

Collot, “A Journey in N. A.,” I., 233.

17.

At the November session of 1738, Virginia had formed the County of Augusta, which technically included the Illinois country—“Hening's Statutes,” V., 78-80. For a map, see Waddell, “Annals of Augusta Co., Va.,” frontispiece.

18.

“Hening's Statutes,” IX., 117, 552-5; V., 489, 491.

19.

Henry, “Life of Patrick Henry,” III., 209-18.

20.

“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 312-14. Col. John Todd, jr., was born March 27, 1750, in Pennsylvania. He was well educated by his uncle in Virginia, in which state young Todd practised law for some years. In 1775, he was one of the representatives chosen at the call of the proprietors of Transylvania to form an ultra-constitutional government for that new settlement. In 1777, he was one of the first two burgesses from the county of Kentucky. He was killed at the Battle of the Blue Licks, August 19, 1782. For biographical sketches see John Mason Brown, “Oration at the Centennial of the Battle of the Blue Licks,” 27-31; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 285-8; Green, “Historic Families of Ky.,” 211; White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 56; “Filson Club Pub.” VI., 27-8; Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,” 174. Morehead's facts were from R. Wickliffe, Todd's son-in-law, but this fact loses its significance from the circumstance that Todd's only living child was of posthumous birth.

21.

Henry, “Life of Patrick Henry,” III., 216-18.

22.

Ibid., 237.

23.

“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 43, original MS. in French.

24.

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 295.

25.

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 294-6, 418; “Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 498. A Mr. Winston, probably Richard, was in Illinois in 1770, and was regarded as an authority on the prices of cattle, as is shown by the court records. In 1773, upon the occasion of the purchase of land from the Kaskaskia Indians, by the Illinois Land Company, Richard Winston was at Kaskaskia, and interpreted in French to the illiterate Indian interpreter of His Majesty what the company desired to say to the Indians—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 435; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1796, 14. Richard Winston was one of the original Indiana Company—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” VI., 18, 35.

26.

“Hening's Statutes,” X., 26, 32, 43, 161.

27.

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 301; “Pub. Lands,” I., 16.

28.

Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 302; Todd to Judges at Kaskaskia, July 31, 1779—Ibid., 304; McCarty to Todd, from Cahokia, July 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 72, original MS.; McCarty to Montgomery, from Cahokia, Sept. 19, 1779,—Ibid., XLIX., 71, original MS. Richard McCarty had been a resident of Cahokia under British rule and had warned the British against American encroachments. He was licensed to trade by the county government upon the recommendation of the court of the District of Cahokia, June 5, 1779—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 368, 383; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 296-7-8.

29.

Capt. John Williams to G. R. Clark, from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Sept. 25, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 73, original MS.

30.

Todd to Col. Will Fleming, senator from Botetourt, from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXIII, 103, original MS.

31.

Todd to Gov. of Va., from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 319.

32.

Capt. John Williams to Col. Wm. Preston, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Sept. 20, 1779—“Draper Coll., Preston Papers.” V., 9, original MS. Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1779—Ibid., “Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 78, original MS.

33.

Shelby to Clark, from Vincennes, Oct. 10, 1779—Ibid., XLIX., 79, original MS.; Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Nov. 15, 1779—Ibid., XLIX., 85, original MS.

34.

Montgomery to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Feb. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,” L., 9, original MS.; Clark to Todd, from Louisville, March, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 338-9; John McArthur from Ste. Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 22, 1883—“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,” VIII., 27. I have been unable to determine just when Col. Todd left Illinois, whether he resigned as county-lieutenant, and whether he again returned. Boyd in his article in the “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., says that he left in 1780, resigned in the same year, and apparently did not return. Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 287, says that he seems to have left in 1779, seems not to have resigned, and not to have returned. Wickliffe, in Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,” 174, implies that he did not resign, and says that he several times revisited the county. No one of these writers gives any authority for his statement and I have found none. It is certain that Todd was at the Falls of Ohio on December 23, 1779; that he then wrote to the governor of Virginia expressing his intention of resigning; that the governor, Jefferson, strongly opposed his resigning—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 359; that he left some peltry in the joint care of his subordinates, Montgomery and Winston, in November, 1779; that goods were said to be consigned to him as county-lieutenant of Illinois in November, 1780; that he wrote “I still receive complaints from the Illinois,” on April 15, 1781; that on April 29, 1781, Winston was referred to as “Deputy County-Lieutenant for the Illinois County;” and that Thimothé Demunbrunt signed as “Lt. Comd. par interim, &c.” in February and again in March, 1782—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16, 335, 343, 359; “Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 40-4.

35.

Edward Murray to ——, from Kaskaskia, Apr. 19, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLVI., 52, original MS. John Dodge had been an Indian trader between Detroit and Pittsburg. He was captured by the British, but escaped on Oct. 9, 1778, after thirty-three months detention. Washington recommended him to Congress as a man who would be useful because of his knowledge of the country—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 153-5.

36.

Unsigned and unaddressed, from “Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780”—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” I., 5, original MS.

37.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 13, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7.

38.

Clark to Todd from Louisville, Mar., 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 338-9; see also pp. 358, 360. Unsigned and unaddressed official letter, from Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 5, original MS.

39.

Dodge to Gov. of Va., from Ft. Jefferson, Aug. 1, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 368.

40.

Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Richmond, June 2, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 358; Address from the people of Cahokia to G. R. Clark, April 11, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 27, original MS. in French.

41.

Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Aug. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 54, original MS. in French.

42.

“Hening's Statutes,” X., 303, 388-9.

43.

Extract from McCarty's journal, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 66; McCarty to Col. Slaughter, Jan. 27, 1781—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 1, 2; incomplete in “Cal. of Va. State Papers.” I., 465; Montgomery to McCarty, between Aug. 27 and Aug. 30, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 66, 68; Ibid., L., 70, original MS.

44.

McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” L., 380.

45.

Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 380-2.

46.

Winston to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 71, original MS.; “Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” II., 136-40; Helm to Slaughter, from Fort Jefferson, Oct. 29, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 383; Williams to Clark, from Camp Jefferson, Oct. 28, 1780—Ibid., I., 383.

47.

Montgomery to Jefferson, from New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 424-5.

48.

“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” VIII., 78.

49.

Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Jan. 24, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 460.

50.

“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” II., 158.

51.

Rogers to Gov. Jefferson, from Harrodsburg, Apr. 29, 1781—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 40-4; incomplete in “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 76-7. Rogers refers to Winston as “Deputy County Lieutenant for the Illinois County.” Who was county-lieutenant?

52.

Slaughter to Gov. Jefferson, from Louisville, Jan. 14, 1781—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LI., 12, original MS.; Maj. Williams's orders, endorsed “pretended orders,” from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Feb. 12, 1781.

53.

Clark to Gov. of Va., from “Yough,” Mar. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 597.

54.

Montgomery to Gov. of Va., from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 313; Montgomery to the Board of Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, from New Holland, Feb. 22, 1783—Ibid., III., 441-4.

55.

Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Apr. 15, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 44-5.

56.

“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LX., 17, No. 2; Maj. de Peyster to Brig.-Gen. Powell, from Detroit, July 12, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 646.

57.

“Can. Archives,” Series B., Vol. 182, 489; “Rept. on Can. Archives,” 1888, 882.

58.

Montgomery to Gov. Nelson, from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 313; Same to same, same date—Ibid., II., 315.

59.

Capt. Bailey to Col. Slaughter, from “Port Vincennes,” Aug. 6, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 338.

60.

“Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1781, 13-39.

61.

Ibid., 72, 73, 74. Boyd states in “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 632, 635, that the county ceased to exist in 1781. This is erroneous. Mr. Boyd's article is the most scholarly treatment of the County of Illinois which has been published. Aside from the errors as to the time of the beginning and the ending of the county, and doubtful statements as to Todd's leaving Illinois and subsequently resigning, no errors of fact have been noted. A more complete, but unpublished, article on the subject is by Dr. Edith Lyle.

62.

Sinclair to Haldim, from Michilimackinac, Feb. 17, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 546; Same to same, May 29, 1780—Ibid., IX., 548-9; Same to De Peyster, Feb. 15, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 500-1; Same to Lt.-Col. Bolton, June 4, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 529; De Peyster to Lt.-Col. Bolton, from Detroit, June 8, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 531-2; McKee to De Peyster, June 4, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 530-1; Bird to De Peyster, from “a day's march from the Ohio,” June 3, 1780—Ibid., XIX., 527-9.

63.

Sinclair to Bolton, from Michilimackinac, July 4, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 529-30; Same to Haldimand, July 8, 1780—Ibid., IX., 558-9; Same to same, May 29, 1780—Ibid., IX., 548-9; Same to De Peyster, July 30, 1780—Ibid., IX., 586; “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVIII., No. 117, p. 6; Scharf to Lyman C. Draper, from Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1882—Ibid., p. 7; Capt. John Rogers' account—Ibid., p. 3; Capt. John Murphy's account—Ibid., VIII., 66-78; See also Ibid., XXVI., 18.

64.

“Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, p. 904; “Mag. of Am. Hist.,” III., 366.

65.

Bentley to Clark, from Vincennes, July 30, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 51. A copy, incomplete and not exact, is in Ibid., XXVI., 85.

66.

Extracts from Capt. McCarty's Journal, at Kaskaskia—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 85-6; McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 380; Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—Ibid., I., 381-2; Auguste St. Jemme, son of an inhabitant of Kaskaskia, to Lyman C. Draper—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1851,” I., 48-9—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 82.

67.

De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 581; Same to Haldimand, Nov. 16, 1780—Ibid., X., 448-9; Linctot to Slaughter, “O'Post,” Jan. 11, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 429; J. L. William to Lyman C. Draper, from Fort Wayne, Ind., Oct. 1, 1881—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 92; McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers” I., 465; Col. Brodhead to Washington, from Fort Pitt, Mar. 10, 1781, “Olden Time,” II., 391; Col. Levin Powell, from Harrodsburg, Jan. 21, 1781—“Pa. Archives,” VIII., 768; De Peyster to Haldimand, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780, Farmer, “Hist. of Detroit and Michigan,” 257; Letter from J. M. P. Legras, from Vincennes, Dec. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 77, original corrected draft; “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, 904-5; extract from “Scot's Magazine,” May, 1781, in “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 82. Whether La Balme had any countenance from either the French government or its representatives is an unsettled question. That France should regain her hold in America was desired by many Frenchmen, but on the other hand, the French government was pledged by its treaty of alliance to make no acquisitions of territory in America. The following references raise the question, but I know of none which settle it: Kingsford, “Canada,” VI., 342-3; Sparks, “Washington,” VI., 106 ff., 113; Stevens, “Facsimiles,” XVII., No. 1609; “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” II., 111-117, 125.

68.

Haldimand to De Peyster, from Quebec, Jan. 6, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 641.

69.

This amounts to but sixteen men. De Peyster says that the party was one of sixteen; McCarty says there were seventeen.

70.

McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 465; Sinclair to Mathews, from Michilimackinac, Feb. 23, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 629; De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Jan. 8, 1781—Ibid., XIX., 591-2; Same to Haldimand, same date—Ibid., X., 450-1; Same to McKee, from Detroit, Feb. 1, 1781—De Peyster, “Miscellanies,” p. xxvi.; Linctot to commanding officer at the Falls of Ohio, “Opost Vincennes,” Jan. 13, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 432; Draper on date of the expedition, “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 88; De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Mar. 17, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 600; Sinclair to Powell, from Michilimackinac Id., May 1, 1781—Ibid., XIX., 632; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 216.

71.

Jay to Livingston, from Madrid, Apr. 28, 1782—“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 64; or Wharton, “Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,” V., 363-4; or Sparks, Ibid., VIII., 76-8; McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 1-2; incomplete copy in “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 465; Linctot to commanding officer at Falls of Ohio, from Vincennes, Jan. 13, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 432; Franklin to Livingston, from Passy, Apr. 12, 1782—Sparks, “Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,” III., 339. See also Ibid., VIII., 150; Sparks, “Franklin's Works,” IX., 206, Boston, 1856.

72.

Linctot to ——, from St. Louis, July 31, 1781—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LI., 75, original MS. in French; Gratiot to Clark, from St. Louis, Aug. 1, 1781—Ibid., LI., 77, original MS. in French.

73.

This chapter was read, by request, before the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, on February 8, 1906.

74.

In Council, Jan. 29, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLVI., 69, original MS.

75.

Demunbrunt to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 5, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 70; LI., 25, original MS. Demunbrunt, whose name also appears as Demunbrun and De Munbrun, was prominent in early Illinois history. Records signed by him as Lieutenant Commandant par interim appear in “John Todd's Record-Book” under the dates June 14, 1779, Feb'y, 1782, and March 22, 1782. In 1783, 1784, and probably at other dates he made grants of land in the Illinois country. He served under Clark. From the time Winston was appointed to the command of the County of Illinois, until the coming of St. Clair, Demunbrunt was “commandant of the village of Kaskaskia and its dependencies.” He had important dealings with an embassy from the Cherokee Indians. He was allowed land under the Virginia grants. In his memorial to the General Assembly, he said: “Your memorialist, little acquainted with the mode of doing business in this State, never kept a regular account, depending altogether on the justice and generosity of the Legislature”—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” V., 15-18; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16; “Pub. Lands,” II., 146.

76.

Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 302; Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Dec. 31, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LII., 67, original MS.; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 289.

77.

Letter from Capt. Dodge, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 6, 1783—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LX., No. 3, p. 48.

78.

Dodge to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 3, 1783—Ibid., LII., 78.

79.

Officers to Clark, from Ft. Nelson, Falls of Ohio, March 30, 1783—Ibid., LII., 80.

80.

Montgomery to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 22, 1783—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” III., 441-4.

81.

Board of Commissioners to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, from Jefferson county, Feb. 17, 1783—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 350-1.

82.

Walker Daniel to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 3, 1783—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” III., 430-2.

83.

“Jour. of Cong.,” III., 383-5.

84.

“Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., May Sess., 1780, 25, 69, 70.

85.

Law, “The Colonial Hist. of Vincennes,” 1858, 117-8, gives a copy of the deed. For claims under such deeds see “Pub. Lands,” I., 294-8.

86.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 301.

87.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 342-4.

88.

Ibid., IV., 379-80; Thwaites, “The Boundaries of Wisconsin,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XI., 452, gives a map of Jefferson's proposed states.

89.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 473, 477.

90.

John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 214-5.

91.

Petition to Clark, from Vincennes, Mar. 16, 1786—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 23.

92.

Petition to Congress, from Vincennes, June 1, 1786—Ibid., LIII., 31.

93.

Clark to Richard H. Lee, pres. of Cong., from Louisville, received June 8, 1786—“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 208-9.

94.

Moses Henry to Clark, from Vincennes, June 12, 1786—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 32.

95.

Daniel Sullivan to Clark, from Vincennes, June 23, 1786—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 35; John Small to Clark, same place and day—Ibid., LIII., 36.

96.

John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786—Ibid., LIII., 56.

97.

Clark to people of Vincennes—Ibid., LIII., 52.

98.

Letter from a man at Falls of Ohio to a friend in N. England, Dec. 4, 1786—“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 321.

99.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 688-9.

100.

Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, May 14, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 20-1; Maj. Wyllys to Harmar, from Fort Finney, Rapids of Ohio, Feb. 6, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 281-2; Knox to Harmar, June 19, 1787—Ibid., I., 303. See also Ibid., I., 290; Sec'y of War to Harmar, Apr. 26, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 22.

101.

Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Vincennes, Aug. 7, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 27-9; Address of Am. settlers at Vincennes to Harmar, transmitted to the War Office, Aug. 7, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 337-9; Address of French at Vincennes to Harmar, July 28, 1787—Ibid., I., 331-3.

102.

Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 30-2.

103.

Harmar to the Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 34.

104.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 3, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 352.

105.

Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 35.

106.

“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 170-3.

107.

“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 301-29.

108.

St. Clair to the President, 1790—“St. Clair Papers” II., 175.

109.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Oct. 13, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 479; extract in “St. Clair Papers,” II., 105.

110.

Tardiveau to St. Clair, from Danville, June 30, 1789—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 117-19.

111.

Extract from above letter.—Ibid., II., 119-20, note.

112.

George Morgan was much engaged in large land purchases. In 1763, some Shawanese and other Indians carried off the property of certain whites to the value of £85,916 10s., 8d. The offenders being tributary to the Six Nations, the latter granted to King George III., for the exclusive use of the sufferers, on November 3, 1768, at Fort Stanwix, the tract of some two million five hundred thousand acres, later known as the claim of the Indiana Company. The land lay southeast of the Ohio, and was claimed in part by both Virginia and Pennsylvania. For map see “States of America,” by J. Russell, London, E. Dilly and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1799; Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” etc., French ed., Paris, 1781; Winsor, “Westward Movement,” 17. Morgan, who was a large shareholder in the company, was for years its agent. The claim was finally denied. Morgan was also the founder of New Madrid, in what is now Missouri, but he was unfortunate in assuming powers denied by the Spanish government. His experience in Illinois was likewise a failure—“Cal. of Va. State Papers” I., 273, 297, 320; VI., 1-36 (a history of the Indiana purchase), 261, 679, 301; “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 359, 373; IV., 23; “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, p. 939; “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 78; Gayerré, “Hist. of La.,” index under Morgan refers to passages giving several quotations from sources; Kate Mason Rowland, “George Mason,” I., 230, 324-8, 289, 308, 333, 341-4; II., 21, 26, 239, 244, 262, 341-5, 406, 440-1. George Mason was manager for the commonwealth when, in 1791, the final effort was made by the Indiana Company to overthrow the Virginia settlement of its claim. Some original sources of importance are given in this work—“Plain Facts: being an Examination into the Rights of the Indian Nations of America, to their respective Countries, and a Vindication of the Grant, from the Six United Nations of Indians, to the Proprietors of Indiana, against the decision of Virginia, together with authentic documents, proving that the territory, westward of the Alleghany Mountain, never belonged to Virginia, etc., Philadelphia...: M.DCC.LXXXI.” The work gives a resumé of the proceedings of the company to 1779, 164 pp. “View of the Title to Indiana, a tract of country on the River Ohio,” 24 pp., printed about 1775.

113.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 341-2, 823-5.

114.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 823-5. The location of the ridge of rocks is clearly shown in Hutchins' “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” 1778, on a map opposite p. 41. French edition of 1781, facing p. 16; Winsor, “Nar. and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 700; Collot, “Atlas of America,” 1826.

115.

Throughout the period covered by this work, the term squatter denoted one who illegally settled on public land, without a title. Later laws permitted settling before securing a title, but in the early period, no squatting was legal.

116.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 857-9.

117.

“John Todd's Record-Book,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 308-14.

118.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, April 13, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7. At the time fees as above were being charged, prices current in Vincennes were: Corn, per bu. $ 2.00 Flour, per cwt. 7.00 Pork, per lb. .30 Beef, per lb. .15 Bordeaux wine, per bottle 2.00 Spirits, per gal. 12.00 Whisky, per gal. $ 8.00 Butter, per lb. 1.00 Eggs, per doz. 1.00 Loaf sugar, per lb. 1.00 Brown sugar, per lb. .60 Coffee, per lb. 1.45 A dunghill fowl $ 1.00 Potatoes, per bu. 2.00 Onions, per bu. 5.00 Cabbage, per head .15 Turnips, per bu. 1.00 See Ibid., 388-9. Beef was probably buffalo beef, as that was then the common meat for garrisons and settlers in the West.

119.

“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 389-92.

120.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, May 21, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 396. “Mr. Henry, of this place, who is very much connected with the Indians, particularly his wife,” implies that Henry's wife was an Indian—Ibid., 3-4.

121.

Same to same, Aug. 31, 1788—Ibid., I., 450.

122.

Same to same, July 29, 1789—Ibid., II., 70-1.

123.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 11, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 130-2.

124.

Same to same, June 24, 1790—Ibid., II., 254.

125.

Same to ——, Jan. 1, 1788—Ibid., I., 371.

126.

Morgan's proclamation, Oct. 3, 1788—Ibid., “Clark MSS.,” LIII., 78, incomplete.

127.

From Vincennes, Aug. 26, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 455-61.

128.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Mar. 28, 1789—Ibid., II., 17-18.

129.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 11, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 27-28.

130.

Harmar to St. Clair, from Fort Harmar, May 8, 1789—Ibid., II., 51. Harmar to Knox, same date and of similar tenor—Ibid., II., 53.

131.

Hamtramck to Wyllys, from Vincennes, May 27, 1789—Ibid., II., 39.

132.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Fort Knox, Vincennes, Jan. 19, 1789—Ibid., II., 1.

133.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Aug. 14, 1798—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 90-1.

134.

Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 2, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 124-7.

135.

Offer dated Oct. 3, 1789. Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, Nov. 2, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 127-8.

136.

Hamtramck's reply of Oct. 14, 1789, to petition of Sept. 14, preceding, inclosed as above—Ibid., II., 128-30; “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 128-130.

137.

Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 132-6.

138.

Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 136-41.

139.

Ibid., II., 182; “St. Clair Papers,” II., 164.

140.

Tardiveau to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Aug. 1, 1790—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 302.

141.

“St. Clair Papers,” II., 165.

142.

Harmar to Hamtramck, Sept. 3, 1790—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 332.

143.

“Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 823.

144.

Pittman, “European Settlements on the Miss.,” 55.

145.

Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.” 36-8.

146.

“St. Clair Papers,” II. 122-3.

147.

“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 301-29.

148.

“St. Clair Papers,” I., 150.

149.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 20.

150.

“Statutes at Large,” I., 221-2.

151.

Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 14, 1791—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 410.

152.

“Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents,” 49-60.

153.

Carondolet to Duke of Alcudia, from New Orleans, Sept. 27, 1793—“Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents.” 24, second pagination of typewritten matter.

154.

Carondolet to ——,—Ibid., 33, first pagination of matter in long hand.

155.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 69.

156.

“St. Clair Papers,” II., 398-9.

157.

John Edgar, for years the wealthiest citizen of Illinois, was born in Ireland, came to Kaskaskia in 1784, and soon became a large landholder by purchasing French donation-rights. Wm. Morrison, a native of Bucks county, Pa., came from Philadelphia to Kaskaskia in 1790 and became a leading merchant and shipper. Wm. St. Clair, a son of James St. Clair, once captain in the Irish Brigade in the service of France, was the first clerk of the court of St. Clair county. John Dumoulin (or De Moulin) was a Swiss. In 1790, he was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in the Cahokia district of St. Clair county.

158.

St. Clair county had been formed in 1790 and Randolph county in 1795. In 1796, they were the only counties lying wholly within the present State of Illinois. A strip of the eastern part of Illinois lay in Knox county. The line between St. Clair and Randolph was an east-and-west line, a little south of New Design, Randolph lying to the south—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 165, 166, 345.

159.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 68-9; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 447-52, 452-55.

160.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 68; Poore, “Desc. Catalogue of Govt. Publications,” 43; “Laws of U. S. Relating to Pub. Lands,” 420-5.

161.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 455-61; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 735.

162.

“Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 537-538; Poore, “Desc. Catalogue of Govt. Publications,” 43; “Statutes at Large,” II., 73-8.

163.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 58-9; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 507, 699, 701.

164.

According to the Act of May 10, 1800, public land was to be sold in tracts, not smaller than one-half sections, and for a minimum price of two dollars per acre. One-twentieth of the purchase-money should be paid at the time of sale, the remainder of one-fourth of the price within forty days, one-fourth in two years, one-fourth in three years, and one-fourth in four years. On the last three payments, interest should be paid at six per cent from the date of sale, and on the same three payments a discount of eight per cent per year should be granted for prepayment. Land unpaid for reverted to the United States—“Statutes at Large,” II., 73-8.

165.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70; “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293-4, 466-8.

166.

A western tributary of the lower part of the Kaskaskia.

167.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 591.

168.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 469; Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” 821, 832, 964, 973; McMaster, “Acquisition of the ... Rights of Man in Am.,” 111-22; “Proceedings and Debates of the Va. State Conv. of 1829-30,” passim; Mowry, “The Dorr War,” passim.

169.

“Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 37, 39, 43, 54, 57, 58, 67, 102, 104, 107, 108, 113; “Pub. Lands,” I., 20; “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VII., 300; “ ‘Father Clark;’ or, The Pioneer Preacher,” 181 et seq.

170.

“Indian Aff.,” I., 562; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 656-7, Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; see map of Indian cessions, 1795-1809.

171.

“An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 656-7; Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; “Indian Aff.,” I., 688; see map of Indian cessions.

172.

“Indian Aff.,” I., 687; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 664-5, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

173.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 277-83, 343-5, 446-8, 517, 590-1.

174.

“Indian Aff.,” I., 693-4; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 666-7, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

175.

“Indian Aff.,” I., 704-5; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 672-3, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

176.

“Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 339; see map in the “Hist. of Randolph, Monroe, and Perry Counties, Ill.,” frontispiece.

177.

St. Clair to Judge Turner, from Marietta, May 2, 1795—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 348-9.

178.

Edwards, “Great West,” 271, 274-5; figures from the official census.

179.

See map of Illinois country.

180.

“St. Clair Papers,” I., 193; II., 345.

181.

“Laws of N.-W. Ter.,” 1800, I., 47-51.

182.

Ibid., 1800, I., 58-61.

183.

Ibid., 1800, I., 178.

184.

Ibid., 1800, I., 61-71.

185.

Ibid., 1800, I., 119-21.

186.

Ibid., 1800, I., 197.

187.

“Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 226-7; “Laws of Ill. Ter., 1815-16;” Ibid., 1816-17, 4; Ibid., 17-19.

188.

“Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 157-61; McMaster, “Acquisition of the Pol., Social and Industrial Rights of Man in Am.,” 64-66; 16th Cong., 2d Sess., “Rept. of Com. No. 63.”

189.

“Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 184-5.

190.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 58-9; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 1007; Ibid., 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 275.

191.

“Misc.,” I., 206-7.

192.

“St. Clair Papers,” II., 533-4.

193.

“Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 489, 1659-60.

194.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 486-7.

195.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 483-92; original among the House files at Washington.

196.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 476-83.

197.

“Laws of Ind. Ter.,” 1807, pp. 12-13.

198.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 498-506.

199.

“Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Session, 469.

200.

Ibid., 466-8; “Misc.,” I., 450; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 494-7.

201.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 505-10.

202.

“H. J.,” 8th and 9th Cong., 611.

203.

“Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 1976, 2067.

204.

Ibid., 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 971-3, 1093; “Stat. at Large,” II., 514-16.

205.

“Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 1093-4.

206.

“St. Clair Papers,” II., 318.

207.

Cutler, “Life of Manasseh Cutler,” II., 382.

208.

“ ‘Father Clark,’ or the Pioneer Preacher,” 202; Moses, “Illinois,” I., 228.

209.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 256.

210.

“Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 469. The land bought in Kentucky was probably near Eddyville, which the purchaser founded.

211.

Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 275-7, 687; Speed, “The Wilderness Road,” passim.

212.

Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” I., 129-32.

213.

“Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew Lyon of Kentucky.

214.

Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” I., 132.

215.

For vivid accounts of journeys between the East and Ohio, giving an excellent idea of the difficulties of transit, in the period 1795-1809, see Cutler, “Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler,” 17-22, 38-41, 90-103; also, many passages in Cutler, “Life, Journals and Corr. of Rev. Manasseh Cutler.” A similar journey made in 1790 is described in “St. Clair Papers,” II., 164.

216.

Collot, “Journey in N. A.,” I., 192-3, 239.

217.

“ ‘Father Clark,’ or The Pioneer Preacher,” 193.

218.

Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” II., 38.

219.

Cuming, “Sketches of a Tour,” 245; Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” I., 199; Moses, “Illinois,” I., 265.

220.

“Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew Lyon of Kentucky.

221.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 69; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 448.

222.

Ethelbert Stewart, “A Few Notes for an Industrial Hist. of Ill.,” in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” 120.

223.

“Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 73, 74. Original accounts of Wm. Biggs, high sheriff of the county of St. Clair in the N.-W. Ter.

224.

Hamilton, “Writings of James Monroe,” I., 117.

225.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 607.

226.

“Pub. Lands,” II., 123.

227.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 677; “Pub. Lands,” II., 254-5, 257-8, 210-41.

228.

“Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 109-10).

229.

“Pub. Lands,” II., 157-81, 210-41.

230.

“Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 118-20); “Statutes at Large,” II., 175; “Annals of Cong.” (ed. 1853), 12th Cong., III., 883, 1011, 1015.

231.

“State Papers,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., III., No. 61, p. 6; Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 436, 438, 445; “Statutes at Large,” III., 318.

232.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 797.

233.

Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 156.

234.

Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 430; “Acts of 1811” (Ky.), 213-15; “Acts of 1816” (Ky.), 107; “Acts of 1817” (Ky.), 326.

235.

“Pub. Lands,” III., 2.

236.

Ibid., II., 873-4.

237.

“Statutes at Large,” III., 125.

238.

“State Papers,” II., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., folio. Other volumes of the same number and session are quarto.

239.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 591; III., 113; “Pub. Lands,” II., 873-4.

240.

Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 395-7, 456.

241.

Ibid., I., 430.

242.

O'Callaghan, “Doc. Hist. of N. Y.,” III., 1069-83, quarto; 649-57, folio.

243.

Agnew, “Settlement and Land Titles of N.-W. Pa.,” 118-19. See also “Jour. of H. of R.” (Pa.), 1792-1794, first page of second appendix to record of 1st Sess. of 3d House; ibid., first page of second appendix to record of 1st Sess. of 4th House; Sergeant, “View of the Land Laws of Pa., with Notices of Its Early Hist. and Legislation,” passim.

244.

Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 516.

245.

Ibid., II., 420-2; “Acts of 1811” (Ky.), 213-15; “Acts of 1817” (Ky.), 554; “Acts of 1819” (Ky.), 832.

246.

“Acts of 1816” (Ky.), 107; “Acts of 1817” (Ky.), 326.

247.

Phelan, “Hist. of Tenn.,” 303. Quoted from Jones, “The Chickasaw Country Lately Ceded to the U. S.” (1819).

248.

“Statutes at Large,” III., 307; “Pub. Lands,” II., 741; III., 1-5, 384-5.

249.

Brown, “Western Gazetteer, or Emigrants' Directory” (1817), 33.

250.

White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 458-9, 461.

251.

A land-office was established at Edwardsville by an act of Apr. 29, 1816.

252.

“State Papers,” No. 52, 15th Cong., 2d Sess., IV. Hundredths of acres and cents are omitted from the tables. The figures for Shawneetown cover the periods from Jan. 1 to Sept. 30; those for the other offices, from Jan. 1 to Aug. 31.

253.

“Pub. Lands,” III., 405.

254.

“Indian Aff.,” I., 761-2; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 678; Nos. 73, 74. Plate CXXIV. See map of Indian cessions.

255.

Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 81-4.

256.

Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 301.

257.

Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 82.

258.

Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 329.

259.

Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 335.

260.

Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 86-7.

261.

Ibid., 102.

262.

“Indian Aff.,” II., 99.

263.

“Indian Aff.,” II., 95-6; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 680-3, No. 77, Plate CXXV., and No. 78, Plate CXXIV. See map of Indian cessions.

264.

“Indian Aff.,” II., 167; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 692-3; No. 96a, Plate CXXIV. See also No. 48 on the same plate, and No. 77, Plate CXXV. See map of Indian cessions.

265.

“Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 3, 6, 7).

266.

“Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 10-19). Of the thirty-eight laws selected by the Governor and judges in the Northwest Territory, three were from the codes of southern states; of the fifteen so selected in Indiana Territory, thirteen were from southern codes—“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pamphlets,” No. I., 16; contained in Vol. 2 of “Publications.” Illinois was thus most southern of the three.

267.

“Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 23, 26-7).

268.

“Statutes at Large,” II., 741-2.

269.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70.

270.

Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards.” 296, 306.

271.

“Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 62, 86). (For each of the following officials, their Nativity and County are listed.) Legislative Council. Pierre Menard, Canada, Randolph. Wm. Biggs, Md. St. Clair. Sam'l Judy, Swiss or Md., Madison. Thos. Ferguson, Johnson. Benjamin Talbott, Gallatin. House of Reps. Dr. George Fisher, Va., Randolph. Rev. Joshua Oglesby, St. Clair. Jacob Short, St. Clair. Rev. Wm. Jones, N. C., Madison. Philip Trammell, Gallatin. Alex. Wilson, Va., Gallatin. John Grammar, Johnson. Territorial Judges. Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland. Alexander Stuart, Virginia. William Sprigg, Maryland. Territorial Secretaries. Nathaniel Pope, Kentucky. Joseph Philips, Tennessee. Delegates in Congress and Term. Shadrach Bond, Md, Dec. 3, 1812-14. Benj. Stephenson, Ky, Nov. 14, 1814-16. Nathan'l Pope, Ky, Dec. 2, 1816-18. Governor. Ninian Edwards, Md., 1809-1818. Officers other than members are added to the above in order to emphasize the southern origin of Illinois territorial officials. New England was not yet a factor in Illinois politics.

272.

“Territorial Records of Illinois” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III., 62-170).

273.

“Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,” pp. 72-82; Ibid., 1815-16, p. 44.

274.

“Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,” pp. 57-64.

275.

“Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 1677, 1738; “H. J.,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 151, 174; Benton, “Abridgment of Debates in Cong.,” VI., 173; “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XI., 494-501.

276.

“Statutes at Large,” III., 428; “Laws of Ill. Ter.,” 1817-18. pp. 42-5; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 153; “Niles' Register,” XIV., 359 (July 18, 1818); Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 99.

277.

Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 442, 445. Of the members of the Constitutional Convention of Illinois whose nativity has been learned, ten were natives of the South, two were natives of Illinois born of southern parents, two were Irishmen from the South, and five were natives of the North. New England was represented by one man, John Messinger, a son-in-law of Matthew Lyon.

278.

“Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 305-11; “Statutes at Large,” III., 536.

279.

“Niles' Register,” XIII., 1817, 224.

280.

Kingdom, “America and the British Colonies,” 1816, 17.

281.

Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 25, 29.

282.

Wright, “Letters from the West, or, A Caution to Emigrants,” 1818, 1.

283.

Harding, “Tour through the Western Country,” 1818-19, 5.

284.

“Am. Mag. and Review,” III., 1818, 152; I., 1817, 473.

285.

Goodrich, “Recollections of a Life Time,” II., 78 ff.; Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 25; “Va. Patriot,” Sept. 7, 21, 1816; Varney, “A Brief Hist. of Me.,” 239; Abbott, “Hist. of Me.,” 424; Williamson, “Hist. of Me.,” II., 664-6; Sanborn, “Hist. of N. H.,” 265; Whiton, “Hist. of N. H.,” 188; Barstow, “Hist. of N. H.,” 392; Thompson, “Hist. of the State of Vt.,” 1833, 222; same, 1853, Pt. I., 20; Hoskins, “Hist. of the State of Vt.,” 232; Wilbur, “Early Hist. of Vt.,” III., 162-3; Heaton, “Story of Vt.,” 136; Beckley, “Hist. of Vt.,” 171-2; “Gov. and Council-Vt.,” VI., 429-31.

286.

“Va. Patriot,” Sept. 11, 1816.

287.

White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 425, 453, 461.

288.

Bassett, “Anti-Slavery Leaders of N. C.” (J. H. U. Studies, XVI., 267-71).

289.

De Bow, “Industrial Resources of the U. S.,” I., 122-3. Millions of pounds of cotton raised in the U. S.: 1808, 75. 1809, 82. 1810, 85. 1811, 80. 1812, 75. 1813, 75. 1814, 70. 1815, 100. 1816, 124. 1817, 130. 1818, 125. 1819, 167. 1820, 160. 1821, 180. 1822, 210. In Ga. 1811, 20, 1821, 45. In Tenn. 1811, 3., 1821, 20.

290.

“Statutes at Large,” S. C., VII., 451-66; “Laws of Tenn., revision of 1831,” I., 314-30; “Acts of 1818,” Ky., 623, 787; “Acts of 1815,” Ky., Feb. 8, 1815.

291.

J. L. Watkins, in “U. S. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Statistics, Misc. Ser., Bulletin No. 9,” p. 8.

292.

“National Intelligencer,” Washington, D. C., Apr. 18, 1812.

293.

“Rambler in N. A.,” I., 104-11; “Am. Register,” II., 1817, 202-3.

294.

“Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 81.

295.

“Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 156.

296.

Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, from England, founded in 1817, in Edwards County, Illinois, what was the most famous of the English settlements in Illinois. Birkbeck was an educated man and his writings are among the important sources for the early history of Illinois. He was at one time Secretary of State of Illinois. George Flower became the historian of the settlement.

297.

Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 56.

298.

Flower, “Hist. of the Eng. Settlement in Edwards Co., Ill.,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 95-99.

299.

“Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 71, 74.

300.

Ibid., 74-81. The disparity in dates in the latter part of the quotation suggests that “23d of October” should probably read “3d of October.”

301.

Fearon, “Sketches of America,” 258; William Tell Harris, “Remarks Made During a Tour through the U. S. of America in the Years 1817, 1818, 1819.”

302.

Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 128.

303.

Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 1817, 260. In Fearon's work 2s. 3d. is equal to 50 cents, p. 5.

304.

Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 2.

305.

Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika,” 1818-19, I., 34.

306.

Warden, “Acct. of the U. S. of N. A.,” 1819, III., 62.

307.

“State Papers,” 13th Cong., 3d Sess.

308.

“State Papers,” 14th Cong., 2d Sess., II., folio. Another volume with the same number is a quarto.

309.

Ibid., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

310.

Ross, “Early Pioneers and Pioneer Events,” 65.

311.

Kingston, “Early Western Days,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VII., 313.

312.

Shaw, “Personal Narrative,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 225.

313.

Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 1817, 258; Brown, “Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant's Directory,” 1817, 20.

314.

Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 137.

315.

Burnham in “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. VIII., 181.

316.

Harding, “Tour through the Western Country,” 8. This passage is practically plagiarized in Ogden, “Letters from the West,” and in Thwaites, “Early Western Travels,” XIX., 56.

317.

Palmer, “U. S. and Canada,” 1818, 417; “Statutes at Large,” II., 584; “Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard,” 38.

318.

“State Papers,” 13th Cong., 3d Sess.

319.

Ibid., 13th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

320.

“Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 178; Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 128.

321.

James and Loveless, “Newspapers in Ill. Prior to 1860,” “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. I., 41, 42, 64, 73, 74; Palmer, “U. S. and Canada,” 1818, 416.

322.

Burnham, “An Early Ill. Newspaper,” “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. VIII., 182.

323.

Col. Daniel M. Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 326-7, cf. “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 76, 87.

324.

“Indian Aff.,” II., 196-7; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 696-9, Plate CXXV.; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 147. See map of Indian cessions.

325.

“State Papers,” No. 64, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., IV.

326.

Ibid., No. 118, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., VI.

327.

Ibid., No. 96, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; “Ex. Doc.,” No. 140, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV.

328.

“Senate Doc.,” No. 47, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

329.

Ibid., No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

330.

“Senate Doc.,” No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; see also ibid., No. 27.

331.

“State Papers,” No. 24, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., II.; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 722-5, Plate CXXV.

332.

Ibid., Pt. 2, 736-7, 738-9, 750-1, Plates CXXIV. and CXXV.

333.

Tenney, “Early Times in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 96.

334.

McLaughlin, “Lewis Cass,” 125; Young, “Life of Gen. Lewis Cass,” 93.

335.

“State Papers,” Senate, No. 87, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

336.

Ibid., No. 57, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., V.

337.

“Statutes at Large,” III., 566-7.

338.

Donaldson, “Public Domain,” 200 ff.

339.

“State Papers,” No. 35, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

340.

“Pub. Lands,” III., 533. It is interesting to note that for the five years ending in 1822, the Pulteney estate of 380,000 acres of land in Steuben and Alleghany counties, New York, had sold an average of 10,000 acres per year, at an average price of $3.37 per acre—“Columbian Sentinel,” Boston, Oct. 2, 1822.

341.

“Illinois Intelligencer,” Oct. 30, 1821.

342.

“Pub. Lands,” IV.. 145; “ Repts. and S. Doc.,” No. 25, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

343.

“Pub. Lands,” IV., 871; “S. Doc.,” No. 17, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

344.

“H. J.,” Ill., 1826-27, p. 54.

345.

“Repts. of Com.,” No. 125, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

346.

“Senate Doc.,” No. 58, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. For the long and futile effort made in Congress to secure a law graduating the price of public lands, see Meigs, “Life of Thomas Hart Benton,” ch. xi., with the foot references thereto.

347.

Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 246, 254.

348.

“Statutes at Large,” IV., 420-1.

349.

“Pub. Lands,” VI., 240.

350.

“Statutes at Large,” III., 786; “Repts. of Com.,” No. 58, 17th Cong., 1st Sess., I.; “Pub. Lands,” III., 406, 412-3, 421, 462-3; VI., 23-5; “S. Doc.,” No. 10, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

351.

“Illinois Intelligencer,” Vandalia, Ill., Apr. 24, 1821.

352.

“Niles' Register,” XXV., 117.

353.

“Washington (D. C.) Republican,” Sept. 27, 1823.

354.

“Illinois Intelligencer,” Oct. 3, 1829.

355.

“Senate Jour.,” Ill., 1830-31, 8-51. The message was delivered on Dec. 7, 1830, and Edwards' successor was inaugurated the following day.

356.

“State Papers,” No. 17, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

357.

“Statutes at Large,” III., 659-60; “Niles' Register,” XXII., 59.

358.

“Pub. Lands,” IV., 437-8; “Repts. of Com.,” No. 147, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.; ibid., No. 53, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; “S. Doc.,” No. 49, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

359.

Ibid., No. 46, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.; “State Papers,” No. 81, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., V.

360.

“Pub. Lands,” VI., 27; “Statutes at Large,” IV., 234.

361.

“S. Doc.,” No. 11, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

362.

“Pub. Lands,” IV., 888, 921; V., 33, 35, 620; “Statutes at Large,” IV., 305.

363.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, 39-45; 1824-25, 72.

364.

Ibid., 1820-21, 153-4.

365.

The total receipts from sales of 1829 is erroneously given as $256,124.54 in the original.

366.

“Pub. Lands,” VI., 158-9.

367.

Ibid., VI., 219; “H. Ex. Doc.,” No. 19, 21st Cong., 2d Sess., I.

368.

“Rept. of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Va., on Forming a Settlement in the State of Ill.,” Oct. 4, 1830, 1-12.

369.

“Information for Emigrants,” London, 1848, 33, first pagination. The hogs were sold in 1829.

370.

Senators from Illinois: Ninian Edwards, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 4, 1824 Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1829 John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 20, 1824-Mar. 3, 1825 and Dec. 7, 1829-Oct. 14, 1830 Elias K. Kane, New York, Dec. 5, 1825-Dec. 11, 1835 David J. Baker, Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1830-Jan. 4, 1831 Representatives from Illinois: John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1819 Daniel P. Cook, Kentucky, Dec. 6, 1819-Mar. 3, 1827 Joseph Duncan, Kentucky, Dec. 3, 1827-Nov. 1834 Governors of Illinois: 1809-1818: Ninian Edwards, Maryland 1818-1822: Shadrach Bond, Maryland 1822-1826: Edward Coles, Virginia 1826-1830: Ninian Edwards, Maryland 1830-1834: John Reynolds, Pennsylvania The governors from 1834-1842 were from Kentucky, 1842-1861 from the North, 1861-1873 from Kentucky. During the period 1846-1853, Illinois had a Democratic governor (Augustus C. French), from New Hampshire, this being the only instance of an Illinois governor from New England.

371.

Sulte, “Histoire des Canadiens-Français,” VIII., 53.

372.

“Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 436, 704; “H. J.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 100, 136-7, 273, 308; “S. J.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 239, 240, 278-85, 322; 16th Cong., 1st Sess., 107, 201-2, 245; “Annals of Cong.,” 16th Cong., 1st Sess., I., 450-2, 482-5; II., 1331-3; “S. J.,” 21st Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 48, 51.

373.

“S. J.,” 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 401; “H. J.,” 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 428; “Cong. Debates,” 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. 786, 2471.

374.

“Cong. Debates,” 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV., 90.

375.

“Ohio Republican,” April 19, 1823.

376.

Eames, “Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,” 22. A letter from the son of Mr. Eames, now deceased, says that search has failed to recover the constitution of the Regulators of the Valley. Regulators were also useful in preventing speculators from entering the claims of squatters, even when the squatter was too poor to enter his own claim—Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 21. For another instance, see Blaney, “Excursion through the U. S.,” 233-6; also, Reynolds, “My Own Times,” 1879, 113.

377.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, pp. 45-6; 1822-23, p. 109; Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 21.

378.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, p. 86 ff.; 1824-25, p. 116.

379.

“Miners' Journal,” Galena, Dec. 22, 1829; “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, 57; “H. J.,” (Ill.), 1828-29, p. 57.

380.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, pp. 149-51.

381.

Ibid., 1824-25, pp. 121-8; “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, 149.

382.

“Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, p. 100; McMaster, “Rights of Man in Am.,” 97.

383.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, pp. 229-30.

384.

“H. J.,” Ill., 1828-29, p. 8.

385.

Tenney, “Early Times in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 97; “Niles' Register,” XXXVII., 53; “State Papers,” No. 35, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

386.

“Repts. of Com.,” No. 177, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 278-9.

387.

“State Papers,” No. 66, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

388.

“Statutes at Large,” IV., 334.

389.

“Galena Advertiser,” Sept. 14, 1829.

390.

Bonner, “Life and Adventures of Beckwourth,” 20, 21. Written from Beckwourth's dictation.

391.

Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 48.

392.

Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 276-9.

393.

Blaney, “Excursion through the U. S. and Canada,” 159.

394.

“Niles' Register,” XXVIII., 168; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 154; “Laws of Ill. Ter.,” 1817-18, pp. 57-64.

395.

Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 13.

396.

Reid, “Sketch of Enoch Long,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” Il., 61-2.

397.

“Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 156; Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 200-1; Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 310.

398.

“Reminiscences of Levi Coffin,” 89-99.

399.

Ibid., 76.

400.

Ibid., 94-5; Mrs. Delilah Mullin-Evans, in “Trans. of the McLean Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc.,” II., 17; Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten,” I., 37-8.

401.

Loomis, “Notes of a Journey to the Great West,” pages unnumbered; “Niles' Register,” XXII., 320.

402.

“Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” MS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.

403.

Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 120.

404.

Melish, “Information and Advice to Emigrants,” 1819, 108.

405.

Woods, “Residence in Ill.,” 140.

406.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, pp. 94-6.

407.

Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 54.

408.

Hamilton, “Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard,” 136.

409.

Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 81; Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 250.

410.

“State Papers,” No. 77, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., III.

411.

“S. Doc.,” No. 28, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

412.

Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 278-9.

413.

Reid, “Sketch of Enoch Long,” Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll., II., 67-8. See also Owen, in “Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,” Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, 42.

414.

Chetlain, “Recollections of Seventy Years,” 10.

415.

Hulme, in Cobbett. “Year's Residence in the U. S.,” 279, 302.

416.

Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 113; Birkbeck, “Jour. from Va. to Ill.,” 133-4.

417.

Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 260, repeated in Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 63. In the works of Fearon and Kingdom 4s. 6d. are equal to $1.00.

418.

Cobbett, “A Year's Residence in the U. S.,” 337.

419.

Birkbeck, “Extracts,” 4.

420.

Woods, “Residence in Illinois,” 33, 74, 111, 131, 133, 143-4.

421.

Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 315.

422.

Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 2.

423.

“Niles' Register,” XXV., 95.

424.

“Cincinnati Emporium,” Feb. 3, 1825.

425.

“Cincinnati Gazette,” Apr. 1, 1825.

426.

“Niles' Register,” XXXI., 58.

427.

Ibid., XXXI., 38.

428.

“Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer,” July 27, 1830.

429.

“Niles' Register,” XXXVIII., 97.

430.

Ibid., XLIV., 36.

431.

“Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer,” July 27, 1830.

432.

Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 217, 260. Reprinted in Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 55, 62.

433.

“Niles' Register,” XXIX., 165; “The Intelligencer” Petersburg, Va., Mar. 11, 1825; “Charleston (S. C.) Mercury,” May 25, 1825; “Nashville (Tenn.) Republican,” Apr. 16, 1825.

434.

“Niles' Register,” XXXI., 52.

435.

“Miners' Journal,” Galena, Oct. 4, 1829.

436.

Ibid., Nov. 3, 1829; Dec. 15, 1829; Aug. 14, 1830.

437.

“Twelfth Census of the U. S., Occupations,” p. xxx.

438.

Duden, “Nordamerika,” 61.

439.

Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten,” II., 134-5.

440.

The following describes a ditch and bank fence: “I very much admire Mr. Birkbeck's mode of fencing. He makes a ditch 4 ft. wide at top, sloping to 1 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. deep. With the earth that comes out of the ditch he makes a bank on one side, which is turfed towards the ditch. Then a long pole is put up from the bottom of the ditch to 2 ft. above the bank; this is crossed by a short pole from the other side, and then a rail is laid along between the forks. The banks were growing beautifully, and looked altogether very neat as well as formidable, though a live hedge (which he intends to have) instead of dead poles and rails, upon top, would make the fence far more effectual as well as handsomer.”—Hulme, in Cobbett, “Year's Residence in the U. S.,” 282.

441.

Ernst in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 156; “Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877 (in “Ill. Local Hist.,” III., in Wis. Hist. Soc. Lib.)

442.

Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 213.

443.

Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 244.

444.

Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 273.

445.

Ernst, in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 155.

446.

Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 254.

447.

Chapman, Lyde Grove, in “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” in MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.

448.

“Niles' Register,” XXIX., 37; “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 127.

449.

“Niles' Register,” XXII., 2, 67, 245, 386; “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 129; Loomis, “Journey to the Great West in 1825,” ch. iv., pages unnumbered.

450.

“Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” in MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.

451.

“Niles' Register,” XXX., 287; “Ill. Intelligencer,” May 18, 1826.

452.

“Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 129.

453.

Ibid., I., 128-9

454.

Fearon, “Sketches of America,” 1817, 261, reprinted in Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 63; Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.” 22, 32-3, 51-2, 69, 78, 85; Birkbeck, “Extracts,” 24-5, shows that a honey-locust hedge could be made (1819) for less than 12 cents per rod.

455.

Birkbeck, “Jour. from Va. to Ill.,” 36; Duden, “Nordamerika,” 319.

456.

Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 315.

457.

Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 35-6.

458.

Mackenzie, “View of the U. S.,” 1819, 298.

459.

“Niles' Register,” XXII., 112.

460.

Ibid., XXV., 272.

461.

Loomis, “Notes of a Journey to the Great West in 1825,” ch. iv, pages unnumbered.

462.

“H. J.” (Ill.), 1828-29, 63.

463.

“State Papers,” No. 55, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.; “Niles' Register,” XXVIII., 161.

464.

“Niles' Register,” XXII., 226.

465.

Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 328-9.

466.

Owen, “Ums Jahr 1819 und 1829,” in “Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,” Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, S. 42.

467.

Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VI., 280.

468.

“Pub. Lands,” IV, 800.

469.

“Narrative of Morgan L. Martin,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XL, 398.

470.

Chetlain, “Recollections of Seventy Years,” 6; Mrs. Adile Gratiot, in “Early Ill. Towns,” Lib. of Chicago Hist. Soc.

471.

Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 329.

472.

“Ex. Doc.,” No. 277, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. VII.

473.

“Shattuck Memorials,” 233-4.

474.

“Niles' Register,” XXXIV., 344.

475.

“Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877.

476.

Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 123.

477.

Peck, “ ‘Father Clark’; or, The Pioneer Preacher,” 240.

478.

Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 59.

479.

Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 229.

480.

“Trans. of the McLean Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc,” II., 19.

481.

“Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877.

482.

Peck, in Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 259.

483.

Ibid., 272-3.

484.

Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 386-7.

485.

Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 254.

486.

Babcock, “Memoir of John M. Peck,” 96-7.

487.

Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 128.

488.

Ibid., 116-7.

489.

Babcock, “Memoir of John M. Peck,” 94-5.

490.

Ibid., 183, et seq., 203, 209. In general, on the subject of religion in early Illinois, see: Peck, in Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 253-75, and the above mentioned works.

491.

Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 116-9, note 3, p. 118.

492.

“Public Laws” (Ill.). 1865, 105.

493.

The question of the binding effect of the Ordinance received much attention, especially from state courts, but early petitions show that the discussion was not early important. In general, see Haight, “Ordinance of 1787,” in “Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass'n Pub.,” II., 343-402; Cooley, “Michigan,” 137-9; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 67-71.

494.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 68-9; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 447-52, 452-5.

495.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 455-61; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 735.

496.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70; “A. S. P. Misc.,” I., 387; “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; ibid., 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 466-8.

497.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 476-83, 498-506.

498.

Ibid., II., 494-7; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 450; “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293, 466-8.

499.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 507-10; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 467, 477; “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 2d Sess., 375, 482.

500.

“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 515-21; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 484; “Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 23, et seq., 816.

501.

Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 11, note 3.

502.

Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 445-6.

503.

“Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1833, 457-62.

504.

“Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 5, 7, 24-5; Melish, “Geog. Desc. of the U. S.,” 1822, 359.

505.

“Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 3, 7.

506.

J. Q. Adams, “Memoirs,” V., 9.

507.

“Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Apr. 24, 1821.

508.

“Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 3.

509.

The vote for governor given by W. H. Brown, “Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No. 4, p. 15), differs from that by Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 58, and Bonham, “Fifty Years Recollections,” 22, while neither gives Coles a plurality of 46 votes, as Harris in “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 31, says the official returns show him to have received. For the purposes of this work the differences are so slight as to be negligible.

510.

“House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 25-7; “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 29-30.

511.

“Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 43-6; “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 68, 134, 147-8.

512.

“House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 44, 45.

513.

Davidson and Stuvé, “Hist. of Ill.,” 320.

514.

“House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 272.

515.

Ibid., 1822-23, P. 276; “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 252.

516.

Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” passim.

517.

“Edwardsville Spectator,” Jan. 27, 1824; Nov. 29, 1823.

518.

Eames, “Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,” 12.

519.

“House Journal” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 64. The corrected official vote (Aug. 2, 1824), by counties, is as follows: For. Against. Alexander, 75, 51 Bond, 63, 240 Clark, 31, 116 Crawford, 134, 262 Edgar, 3, 234 Edwards, 189, 391 Fayette, 125, 121 Franklin, 170, 113 Fulton, 5, 60 Gallatin, 597, 133 Greene, 164, 379 Hamilton, 173, 85 Jackson, 180, 93 Jefferson, 99, 43 Johnson, 74, 74 Lawrence, 158, 261 Madison, 351, 563 Marion, 45, 52 Montgomery, 74, 90 Monroe, 141, 196 Morgan, 42, 432 Pike, 19, 165 Pope, 273, 124 Randolph, 357, 284 Sangamon, 153, 722 St. Clair, 408, 506 Union, 213, 240 Washington, 112, 173 Wayne, 189, 111 White, 355, 326 Totals, 4972, 6640 The vote as here given is from Moses, “Illinois,” I., 324. It is also given in Harris, “Negro Servitude in Illinois,” 48. It differs to a slight degree from that given by William H. Brown in his “Historical Sketch of the Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” read at the annual meeting of the Chicago Hist. Soc., Dec. 5, 1864 (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No. 4), and in Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 191. Brown was one of the leaders in the struggle and his work is of especial value. It is probable that the vote appended to his address was prepared by some one else. The work of Moses is of later date and his figures correspond to the official report in respect to the majority against the convention, as the others do not.

520.

Brown, “Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” in “Fergus Hist. Series,” No. 4, pp. 16-17.

521.

“Niles' Register,” XXV., 39; “The Columbian Star” (Washington, D. C.), Feb. 21, 1824.

522.

“H. J.” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 13; on kidnapping see Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 53 ff.

523.

Ibid., 1824-25, pp. 26, 27, 151.

524.

Ibid., 1826-27, pp. 9-10.

525.

“Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1833, 180-1.

526.

“Laws of Ill.,” 1824-25, p. 50.

527.

“Revised Laws of Ill.” 1833, 463-65.

528.

“Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” p. 7.

529.

Ibid., 3; “H. J.” (Ill.), 1826, 11.

530.

“H. J.” (Ill.), 1826, 11.

531.

“Edwardsville (Ill.) Spectator,” Oct. 5, 1824.

532.

“Niles' Register,” XXIX., 208.

533.

Ibid., XXIX., 422.

534.

Shaler, “Kentucky,” 176-85.

535.

“Nashville (Tenn.) Republican,” Apr. 16, 1825.

536.

“Niles' Register,” XXX., 449.

537.

“Galena Advertiser,” July 20, Aug. 10, Sept. 21, 1829.

538.

“Niles' Register,” XXXVI., 222.

539.

“Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Oct. 31, 1829.

540.

“Niles' Register,” XXXVI., 271.

541.

“Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Nov. 27, 1830.

542.

“Niles' Register,” XXXVII., 195.

543.

“Galena Advertiser,” July 20, 1829; “Niles' Register,” XXXVII., 230.

544.

“Niles' Register,” XXVIII., 161.

545.

“State Papers,” No. 69, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.

546.

Thomas S. Hinde, writing over the signature of “Theophilus Arminius,” in “Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The identity of the writer is shown by a note on p. 33 of the same volume. Among the many writings concerning Peter Cartwright, the best are Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright”; Cartwright, “Fifty Years as a Presiding Elder,” and the obituary notice in “Minutes of the Annual Conferences of the M. E. Church,” 1873, 115-7. See also Moses, “Illinois,” I., 348, 379, 395, 506, 1166. For the character of John M. Peck, also a noted pioneer preacher and founder of Rock Spring Seminary in Illinois, see “Memoir of John Mason Peck, D. D.,” edited by Rufus Babcock.

547.

“Pub. Lands,” I., 69-70; II., 203-4; “Early Chicago and Illinois,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 145, 159, 167, 169-70, 178-9, 209; Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 110, 116-8, 180, 215; John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785, in “Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 214-5; Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786, “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 56; Petition from Kaskaskia, Sept. 14, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 124-7; Offer of John Edgar, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 3, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 127-8; Hamtramck's reply to the Kaskaskia petition of Sept. 14, 1789, from Vincennes, Oct. 14, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 128-30; Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789, ibid., II., 132-6; “DraperColl., Kenton MSS.,” Edgar Papers.

548.

Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 170-2; W. A. Burt Jones, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 230-70; Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 136-41.

549.

“Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The remarks of Hinde recall the difficulty which was experienced by the men who governed the Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787 when they attempted to use only such laws as had been adopted by some state. The attempt was early and finally abandoned. Hinde gives the following in a foot-note: “A gentleman, a Virginian, a physician of eminence who was educated in Paris, visited a western state many years ago [written in 1827], and lost all his money by gambling, (playing at cards). Meeting a friend on the mountains on his return, he was thus addressed: ‘Well, doctor, you have been to see the new country.’ ‘Yes,’ replied the doctor, biting his lips, ‘it is a new country, it is true; but there are some of the oldest people in it that I ever saw.’ ”—See above reference, p. 155. On Mt. Carmel and its founders, in general, see: “Articles of Association for the City of Mount Carmel”; Bangs, “Hist. of the M. E. Church,” IV., appendix, 3, 25; III., 230, 308-14; “Minutes of Conferences” Annual, M. E., I., 347, 474, 516; “American Pioneer,” I., 327; II., 363-8; “Laws of Ill., 1824-25,” 72-5; Simpson, “Cyclopedia of Methodism,” 97-S; “Methodist Magazine,” VIII., 17, 49, 86. Less reliable data is given in “Hist. of Edwards, Lawrence, and Wabash Counties, Ill.,” 85, 162, 189-90, 236, 238, 239. Mount Carmel is now (1908) the county seat of Wabash county. The “Hinde MSS.” in the “Draper Coll.” are large in volume, but have slight historic value, being chiefly musings of the author's later years.

550.

Bay, “Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Mo.,” 78-91; “Pub. Lands,” II., index under Easton, Rufus; Easton, “Descendants of Joseph Easton, Hartford, Conn.,” I, 37, 65; Moses, “Illinois,” I., 272; “Laws of Ill., 1820-21,” 39-45; ibid., 1822-23, 147.

551.

For information concerning Iles, see: “Reminiscences of Elijah Iles,” in “Hist. of Sangamon County, Ill.,” 580-3; Power, “Hist. of the Early Settlers of Sangamon Co., Ill.,” 397-400 (practically a short autobiography of Iles, written in 1876); Moses, “Illinois,” I., 344; II., 1174. Concerning Enos, see: Stiles, “Ancient Windsor,” (Conn.), II., 245, 246; “Executive Journal,” Senate, 1815-29, pp. 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; ibid., 1829-37, pp. 50, 391; “Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III., 205, 391. Concerning Cox, see: Moses, “Illinois,” II., 1168; “Executive Journal,” Senate, 1815-29, pp. 216-7, 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 128-30; “Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III., 76, 211, 336-7; Gue, “Hist. of Iowa,” I., 205, 211; Fairall, “Manual of Iowa Politics,” 107; “Hist. of Jackson County,” Iowa, 360-403. On Springfield, see: Peck, “Gazetteer of Illinois,” 1834, 337.

552.

Moses, “Illinois,” I., 287, 289-90; Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 291-4, 323-7.

553.

Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 16 et seq., 54-7. Washburne, the writer, came to Galena, Illinois, when it still had many frontier characteristics, and for seventeen years represented his district in Congress.

554.

Moses, “Illinois,” L., 242-3, 336, 340-1, 351; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 54-7; and for a general view of Edwards, see: N. W. Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” and “The Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III.