GENERAL INDEX.

The names of the Ships in the British Navy are printed in Italics. Those of the Mercantile Marine and foreign vessels are printed with inverted commas [“ ”].

“Aaron Manby,” iron steamer, ii. 102

Abbot of Arberbrothok: the bell on the Inchcape Rock, ii. 173

Accumulator, the, for deep-sea sounding, i. 29, 35

Acephala, iv. 128

Actinozoa, iv. 115

Adair, Captain, killed at Trafalgar, i. 11

Adams, John, a survivor of the mutiny of the Bounty, i. 248, 249

Adams, William: his attempt to discover the North-west Passage, iii. 142

Adrianson, Claes: his death at Nova Zembla, iii. 139, 140

“Advance,” Dr. Kane’s ship in his search for Franklin, iii. 214, 233; the ship abandoned, iii. 247

“Adventure,” the ship of Captain Kidd, the pirate, iii. 56, 57

“Adventure,” wrecked in the Tyne, ii. 210

Adventure and Resolution, Captain Cook’s voyage of discovery, iii. 277

Africa: diamond fields, i. 210

African Company: slave trade, ii. 33

African Naval Station, i. 202

Agalma rubra, iv. 118, 120

Agamemnon, i. 16; laying the first submarine Atlantic telegraph cable, iv. 101, 102

Agassiz, Prof.: on the sea-serpent, iv. 187, 189

“Aid,” steam tug, Ramsgate, ii. 215–224; iv. 246

Airy, Prof. Sir G. B.: the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 278–282

Alaska, i. 169; Sitka, its capital, 169, 170; intense cold in, iii. 111, 135; houses of the natives, 156, 157

“Albemarle,” Lieut. Cushing’s attack on the, ii. 151

“Albion,” lugger, hovelling, ii. 246; the lugger lost, 248

Alcatras Island, San Francisco, i. 157

Alceste, wreck of the, i. 82, 83

Aldrich, Lieut. P., voyage of the Alert, iii. 102, 107

Alert and Discovery: expedition to the Polar regions, highest latitude ever reached, iii. 99–114; departure of the ships from Portsmouth, 65, 84; the Alert described, 92; The Alert in winter quarters, 104

Aleutian Islands, i. 169, 170

Alexandra, turret ship, ii. 146, 147

Alfonso XI., Gibraltar besieged by, i. 91

Alfred the Great: his ships, i. 265

Allan, Dr. John: propulsion of ships, ii. 80

Almendral, or Almond Grove, Valparaiso, i. 174

“Amazon,” burning of the, ii. 257, 278–290

Amadas, Captain, discovery of Virginia, i. 319

America: its name derived from Amerigo Vespucci, iii. 301; probably peopled by natives of Asia, i. 139; its colonisation, ii. 62, 69; map of Central America, iii. 17

“America,” Pacific steam-ship, iv. 38

American Arctic expeditions. (See Grinnell, H.)

American railways, iv. 15–20

American sailors, i. 226

Amerigo Vespucci, title of America derived from him, iii. 301

“Amethyst,” action with the “Huascar,” i. 26

Amherst, Lord: wreck of the Alceste, i. 83

Ammonites, iv. 143

Amroth, submerged forest at, iv. 199

Amsterdam Island, iii. 257

Amusements: on board ships, iv. 33, 34; on American railways, 27

Anderson, captain of the “Great Eastern:” laying the submarine telegraph cable, iv. 108, 110

Anemones: sea-anemones, iv. 123, 125

Animal life in the Arctic regions, iii. 167, 171

“Ann” wrecked: loss of a life-boat, ii. 212, 216

Anson, Commodore, at Juan Fernandez, i. 33; portrait, ii. 45; his voyage round the world in the Centurion, 45–62; at Cape Horn, 49; scurvy, 50; mutiny and desertion, 52, 53; capture of the “Carmelo,” ii. 55, 56. Other prizes: capture of Paita, 55; Tinian, Ladrone Islands, 57; “Nostra Signora de Cadabonga,” galleon, taken, 59, 60, 61

Antarctic Ice, the Challenger in, i. 33; icebergs, 35

Antarctic Regions, the, iii. 276

Ants on board ship, i. 222

Apes at Gibraltar, i. 88, 97

Aquaria, their early and recent history, iv. 114

Arbroath, the Bell Rock Lighthouse, ii. 174

Arcachon, Bay of, its oyster-beds, iv. 137

“Archimedes,” screw-propeller, ii. 103

Arctic, derivation of the word, iii. 276

Arctic expeditions, iii. 84–275; the first Arctic voyages, iii. 115–123; other early expeditions, 123–129

“Arctic,” steam ship: collision with the “Vesta,” ii. 107; foundering of the “Arctic,” 108; iv. 283

Argonauta, paper nautilus, iv. 150

“Arizona,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3

Armada, Spanish, i. 283–291

Armour plates and guns, i. 86. (See Iron-clad ships.)

Armstrong, Sir W. G.: the Armstrong guns, i. 86

Arsenals established by Henry VIII., i. 282

Artillery, Marine, early history, i. 278; gunnery of war ships, i. 14

Ascension, Island of, i. 200, 202; abundance of turtle, 202

“Assari Tefvik” (Turkish) and “Vesta” (Russian) ships: action between them, i. 27

Assistance, the search for Franklin, iii. 207

Assyrian skin-floats and basket-boats, i. 258

“Astarte,” wreck of the, iv. 243

Asterias (starfish), iv. 125

Astrology, modern belief in, iv. 278

Astronomy and Astronomers: the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, Sir G. B. Airy, Astronomer-Royal, and his predecessors, iv. 278–282

Atlantic Ferry, the Great: history of Transatlantic navigation, iv. 1; steerage of a steam-ship now and forty years ago, 4, 10–12; different routes of circumnavigation, ib.; Dickens’s first trip, 3–12; dinner in a storm, 9; sub-marine telegraph cables: historical notices, 100

Atlantic Ocean: its depth and other characteristics, i. 29; chart, iv. 88

Audubon: passenger-pigeons on the Ohio, iii. 167

Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights, iii. 278

Austin, Captain: search for Franklin in the Resolute, iii. 207; “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216

Australia, discovery of gold in, i. 151; voyages of Dampier and Captain Cook, ib.: Botany Bay, ib.: Possession Island, 152; Port Jackson, ib.; Sydney Cove, ib.; growth of population, 153; transportation and free emigration, ib.; Sydney, 154; hot winds, 155; Port Philip, ib.; Melbourne, ib.; Sydney, iv. 52; Melbourne: view in Collins Street, 53; gold, 55

Australian Naval Station, i. 119, 131, 150

Austro-Hungarian Arctic expedition, iii. 270; the “Tegethoff:” two years on an ice-floe, 271

Avatcha Bay and Mountain, i. 131, 137

Avery, Captain, the pirate, iii. 59–62

Avocado, or alligator-pear, i. 186

Back, Captain: Arctic voyages, iii. 166, 189, 193, 194; his voyage in the Terror; nipped in the ice, 197; his address to his men on the Terror, 201

Back’s Great Fish River, iii. 217

Baffin, William: his Arctic voyages, iii. 149

Bahamas, wrecking at the, ii. 244

Baker, the diver, accompanying Captain Webb in his swim across the Channel, iv. 264

Ballantyne, R.M.: “The Floating Light on the Goodwin Sands,” iv. 245

Banks, Sir Joseph: expedition of the Bounty, i. 235

Baptism, ceremony of, iii. 4

Baranoff, Captain: action between the “Vesta” and “Assari Tefvik,” i. 27

Barbary, Pirates, ii. 42

Barents, William: his voyage of discovery, iii. 129–140; his death in Nova Zembla, iii. 139, 140

Barlow, Captain: discovery of Virginia, i. 319

Barnsfield, Edward: discovery of South Polar land, iii. 278

Barrow, Sir John: Arctic exploration, iii. 162, 166, 169

Barton, John, a Scotch pirate of the fifteenth century, i. 279

Barton, Sir Andrew, defeated, i. 257

Basco, Michael de, the pirate, iii. 19

Bastia, siege of, i. 7

Bastides, Rodrigo de: his expedition to America, iii. 303, 304

Bathing: Nautilus Safety Bathing Dress, iv. 262

Bathing: warm or tepid baths a medium for learning to swim (See Swimming.)

Bay of God’s Mercy, iii. 178

Bayeux Tapestry: ships of William the Conqueror, i. 268

Beachey Head, iv. 231; French vessel wrecked, 231, 233

Bears in the Polar region, iii. 98, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 141, 184, 212, 219, 260, 261, 263; flesh and liver of the bear as food, 138

Beaumaris, ii. 305

Beechey, Captain: his visit to Pitcairn’s Island, i. 249; Arctic Voyages, iii. 166, 167

Beechy Island, iii. 98; relics of Franklin’s last voyage, iii. 210

Beeching, James: his prize life-boat, ii. 213

Behring, Vitus: his monument in Petropaulovski, i. 132, 135; his Arctic discoveries and death, iii. 159–162

Belcher, Sir Edward, Polar Exploration, iii. 98

Belemnites, iv. 143

Bell, Henry: his passenger steamer, “Comet,” ii. 95; his first advertisement, ib. 98

Bell Rock Lighthouse, ii. 172, 176

Bells on board ship in indicating time, i. 50

Bellerophon: surrender of Napoleon, i. 212

Bellinghausen: discovery of the most southern land, iii. 279, 280

Bellona: action with the “Courageux,” i. 228

Bellot, Lieut., Monument to, iii. 97

Belvedere, Kent: home for disabled and worn-out merchant seamen, iv. 273

Bennett, Dr.: his “Songs for Sailors,” i. 8

“Bergetta” plundered by wreckers, ii. 243

Bering Sea, i. 135, 137, 169, 170; Captain Scammon’s soundings, 138

Bermuda, i. 187: view from Gibbs’ Hill, 188; convicts, ib.; the North Rock, 189, 191; potato and onion orchards, 190; the floating dock, 191; its voyage out, 191, 194

Berrio: Spanish expedition to El Dorado, ii. 9

Biblical allusions to the Sea, iv. 290

Bideford: Avery, the pirate, living at, iii. 61

Bideford Bar: wreck of the Woolpacket, ii. 224; hovellers, 251

“Birkenhead,” loss of the, i. 73–75; iv. 283

Bishop Rock Lighthouse, ii. 269

Black Beard (John Theach), the pirate, ii. 63

Black Prince, i. 18; ii. 143

Bladder-wrack, iv. 201

Blake, Admiral, ii. 30

Blenheim, i. 8

Bligh, Captain: Mutiny of the Bounty, i. 235; seized by the mutineers, 237; cast adrift, 240

Blind crustacean from the Atlantic voyage of the Challenger, i. 31, 32

Blindness: snow blindness, iii. 182, 239

Blood, Rev. William, survivor of the burning of the “Amazon”: his description of it, ii. 285

Blossom: Capt. Beechey’s visit to Pitcairn’s Island, i. 249

Boat, ancient, found at New Stoke, iv. 230

Boat improperly hung on board the “Amazon,” ii. 279

Boat voyages of Behrens in the Arctic Regions, iii. 138–142; of Captain Parry, 179; of Dr. Kane, 251

Bobadilla: his arrest and ill-treatment of Columbus, iii. 296, 297, 304

Boers of South Africa, i. 208

Bombay, i. 118

Bonita, a tropical fish, iv. 176

“Bonne Homme Richard”: Paul Jones’s ship, iii. 75

Boobies and Noddies taken by Bligh, mutiny of the Bounty, i. 243, 244

Books found among the relics of Franklin’s expedition, iii. 231

Booth, Mr. Sheriff: Sir John Ross’s Arctic expedition fitted out by him, iii. 186; survey of Boothia Felix, 187

Boston (U.S.): the obnoxious tax on tea, ii. 67, 68; Boston port bill; the port closed, 70, 71

Botallack Mine, Cornwall, iv. 207, 209

Botany of Ceylon, i. 119; Cornwall, iv. 213, 216; Juan Fernandez, i. 34; Malta, i. 99; St. Helena, i. 212; Singapore, i. 144; South Australia, i. 154; Trinidad, i. 182; West Indies, 182, 186, 188

Botany, Marine. (See Challenger, Cruise of the.)

Botany Bay discovered, i. 151; as a convict settlement, 152

Bounty: History of the mutiny, i. 235–249; discovery of survivors on Pitcairn Island, 247

Boyle, Frederick: Cape Town, i. 204, 208; diamond fields, 210; ostrich farming, 210

Boyton, Captain Paul: his floating dress, iv. 261

Brand, Mr., lost in the “Northfleet,” ii. 263, 264

Brande’s analysis of crimson snow, iii. 164

Brasiliano, Roche, the pirate, iii. 3, 14, 15, 16; his escape, 15

Brassey, Mrs.: Yokohama, iv. 40; a Japanese dinner, 42; the “Sunbeam” in a gale, 61; a wreck encountered, 62; a ship on fire: fifteen lives saved by the “Sunbeam,” iv. 63; coral fields of the South Pacific, 75

Bread-fruit in Otaheite: expedition of the Bounty, history of the mutiny, i. 235

Breakwater: The Cherbourg Breakwater and fortifications, its origin and history, ii. 188; progress of the works, 189; view, 192; Plymouth Breakwater, 190; Portland Breakwater, 192; Holyhead, 196; breakwater at Venice, view, 188

Brialmont on ships and forts, i. 14

Bridport, Lord: mutiny at Spithead, i. 250

Brierly, Oswald W., Cruise of the Galatea, i. 205

Brighton, iv. 229, 232

Brighton Aquarium, iv. 114

Brilliant: the boatswain’s mate at Trafalgar, i. 227; action with French ships, 228

Britannia, i. 5

“Britannia” training ship, i. 47

“Britannia”: Dickens’s first trip to America, iv. 5

British Columbia, i. 163; Cariboo Mines, ib.; cedar canoes, i. 167

Briton at Pitcairn Island: survivors of the mutiny of the Bounty, i. 248

Brooke, G. V., lost in the “London,” ii. 294

Brooklyn, New York, i. 195, 198; Brooklyn Bridge, 196, 198

Browning, Robert: his lines on passing through the Straits of Gibraltar, i. 87; his poem, “Hervé Riel,” iv. 301

Brunel, J. K.: portrait, ii. 129; designs for the “Great Eastern,” 130; the launch, ib.; view and description of the ship, 130, 133; Thames Tunnel: use of the diving-bell, iv. 85

Bubble Companies: the South Sea Bubble, ii. 43

Bucaniers, The, iii. 1–59; origin of the term, 2

Bucentaure, i. 10, 11

Buchan, Captain: Arctic voyage, iii. 166, 167

Buchanan, Captain, of the “Merrimac,” i. 20

“Buenos Ayrean,” steel steam-ship, iv. 3

Bulkley, Colonel, at Plover Bay, i. 138, 143

Bullata from the Atlantic, i. 32

Burgoyne, Captain, lost in the Captain, i. 55

Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell: his heroism in saving life, iv. 267

Byron, Lord: his references to the Sea, i. 2; iv. 296; his swim across the Hellespont, iv. 257; lines on the Straits of Gibraltar, 97; the bread-fruit; mutiny of the Bounty, 238

Byron, Hon. John: wreck of the Wager, ii. 51–55

“Bywell Castle”: collision with the “Princess Alice,” iv. 284

Cabot, John, attempts to discover the North-west Passage, iii. 119, 122

Cabot, Sebastian: his discoveries, i. 278; iii. 119, 121; rewarded by Edward VI., 121

“Cacafuego,” treasure ship, taken by Drake, i. 311

Cadiz, siege of, ii. 18; execution of De Soto, the pirate, iii. 83; view of the town, 81

Cairns in the Polar Regions, iii. 97

“Calais-Douvres,” iv. 6

Calcutta, i. 118; the Black Hole, ib.; cyclones, 119, 120

Calicut: arrival of Vasco da Gama, iii. 299; the city bombarded, ib.; view of Calicut in the sixteenth century, 300

California: discovery of gold, i. 158; Chinamen in, 161; earthquakes, ib.; named “New Albion” by Drake, 313; “roughing it,” camping out, cooking, 166; forest fires, ib.; cedar canoes, 167; Sacramento; Oakland, iv. 28; San Francisco, 29

Callao, i. 172; Drake at, 310

Calthorpe, Hon. S. J. G.: his “Letters” on the Crimean War, i. 15

Calvi, the Victory at, i. 7

Calypso’s Isle, i. 98

“Cambria,” its assistance in the burning of the “Kent,” i. 69–74

Cameron, John: “Our Possessions in Malayan India,” i. 144, 146, 147

Campbell, Lord George: cruise of the Challenger, i. 28, 33, 34, 35, 39

Canadian Voyageurs in Franklin’s expedition, iii. 190, 191, 194

Cannibalism, i. 80; iii. 121; iv. 47, 52

Canoes, river and sea: Vancouver Island and British Columbia, i. 167

Canton, i. 119, 121, 124

Canute’s ships, i. 266

Cape Alexander, Greenland, iii. 249

Cape Bounty discovered by Sir E. Parry, iii. 170

Cape Cod, Discovery of, ii. 11; view of, ii. 64

Cape Chelyuskin, iii. 274

Cape Constitution, iii. 239

Cape Desolation, iii. 88

Cape Farewell, iii. 93

Cape Flattery, Vancouver Island, i. 163

Cape of Good Hope: its discovery; Cape Town, Table Mountain, i. 203, 205; iii. 282; Port Elizabeth, i. 204; Simon’s Bay, 205; visit of the Duke of Edinburgh, 205–209; Farmer Peck’s Inn, 206; diamond fields: ostrich farming, 210; mutiny suppressed, 256; first named the Cape of Storms, iii. 282; Waves, iv. 89

Cape Horn, i. 175, 176; Sir F. Drake, 309; Anson, ii. 48, 49; the pirate Sharp, iii. 56; view, iii. 277

Cape Joseph Henry, sledging at, iii. 112

Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope, i. 203, 205

Cape York: icebergs, iii. 100; view of Melville Bay, iii. 228

Captain (Nelson’s ship), i. 8

Captain, Loss of the, i. 54–59; cause of the disaster, i. 58; ii. 143; iv. 283

Caraccioli, the priest-pirate, iii. 64, 65, 67

Caribbee Islands discovered by Columbus, iii. 294; attacked by Ojeda, 302

Cariboo Gold Mines, British Columbia, i. 163

Carlisle, A. D., B.A.: “Round the World in 1870,” iv. 29, 31

Carlsen, Captain: relics of Barents’s expedition discovered by him at Nova Zembla, iii. 142

“Caroline:” its assistance in the burning of the “Kent,” i. 72

Carrageen: or Irish moss, iv. 202

Carthage, Ships of, i. 259

Cat, The, as a punishment, i. 51, 52

Catacombs at Citta Vecchia, Malta, i. 101, 103

Catoptric lights for lighthouses, ii. 186

Cavalli (fish) of Juan Fernandez, i. 34

Cavendish, Thomas: his circumnavigation of the globe, ii. 11

Caverns of the sea-shore, iv. 195, 200

Cedar canoes of Vancouver Island, i. 167

Centaur at the Diamond Rock, Martinique, i. 161, 187

Centipedes, cockroaches, and spiders in ships, i. 221

Centurion: Anson’s voyage round the world, ii. 45–62

Cephalopoda, iv. 139, 142

Cerberus, monitor, at Sydney, iv. 54

Cerimbra Roads, Monson’s action at, ii. 21

Ceuta, Spanish fortress of, i. 97

Ceylon, i. 119, 144; pearl fishery, iv. 67

Challenger, Cruise of the, i. 28; deep sea soundings, ib.; work of the expedition, and how it was done, 29; Captain Sir George S. Nares, ib.; Prof. Wyville Thomson, ib.; sponges, zoophytes, star-fish, crustacea, cuttle-fish; island of Juan Fernandez, 33, 36; the ship in Antarctic ice, ib.; Kerguelen’s Land; Heard Island; sea elephants, 34; icebergs, 35; naturalist’s room in the ship, 37; dredging instruments, 38; Inaccessible Island: rescue of two voluntary Crusoes, 39

Chancelor, Richard: his journey to Moscow, iii. 122, 123

Chaplains on board ship, i. 222; trials of Joseph Primrose, 223

Chard, Joseph: his exertions in saving life from shipwrecks, iv. 248

Charles I. and ship-money, ii. 28; his navy, 29, 30

Chaucer’s description of the British sailor, i. 272

Cherbourg Breakwater, history and progress, ii. 188; view, 192

Chesil Bank, ii. 193, 195

Chicago, iv. 15; view in Madison Street, 17

Chichester training ship, i. 45, 47

Chili, i. 172

“Chimborazo” in a gale, iv. 13

China: Hong Kong, iv. 43; Shanghai, 44

China: John Chinaman in San Francisco, i. 161; iv. 31

“China” in a cyclone in the Pacific, iv. 39; destroyed by fire, ib.

China Naval Station, i. 119, 137

“China,” steam ship, iv. 31

Chinese junks at Singapore, i. 147, 148

Chinese obstructions to foreign travel, iv. 5

Chinese paintings, i. 126, 147

Chinese phrases: “Pigeon English,” i. 126; customs and costume, 127

Chinese waiters on board ship, iv. 38

Chinese Merchants’ Steam-ship Company, iv. 31

“Chinook jargon,” “Pigeon English,” i. 167

Christian IV. of Denmark: his encouragement of Arctic exploration, iii. 150; his ill-treatment of Munk, 151

Christian, Fletcher: the mutiny of the Bounty, i. 239–247; shot by an Otaheitan, 249

Christian, Thursday October, son of Fletcher Christian, discovered on Pitcairn Island, i. 247

Christmas in the Arctic regions, iii. 103, 222, 224, 263

“Cinco Chagas” (the Five Wounds) burnt by the Earl of Cumberland, i. 294

Cinque Ports, i. 267

“City of Berlin,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3

“City of Brussels,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3

“City of Richmond,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3

Cleodora, a univalve shell, iv. 145

“Clermont,” steam vessel, built by Fulton and Livingston, ii. 93

Clocks: The “Mother Clock” at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 282

Clyde and its ship-building yards, The, ii. 97

Coal: early trade in “sea-coal,” i. 271

Coal in the Arctic regions, iii. 107; in Vancouver Island, i. 168

Coast-guardsmen and their cottages, iv. 232, 234

Cobb, Captain: burning of the “Kent,” i. 69–74

Cobden, Richard: his support of M. de Lesseps and the Suez Canal, i. 107

Cochrane, Admiral: his description of Lieutenant Larmour and the naval service, i. 216

Cockles, iv. 204, 205

Cockroaches in ships, i. 221

Cocoa-nut oil manufactories at Sierra Leone, i. 203

Cocos, or Keeling Coral Island: Darwin’s description, iv. 75, 76

Cod: the Newfoundland and English fisheries, iv. 175, 176

Cod-liver oil a protection to swimmers, iv. 264

Cœlenterata: Hydrozoa and Actinozoa, iv. 115

Coffin-ships, i. 3; ii. 112

Cold in the Arctic regions, iii. 171, 225, 236, 237, 276. (See Temperature.)

Colden, C. D.: his “Life of Fulton,” ii. 94, 150

Coles, Captain Cowper Phipps: his invention of revolving turrets, i. 54; loss of the Captain, ib.

Collins, Wilkie: the pilchard fishery, iv. 173; Botallack Mine, 207, 209; Looe, 212; Cornish hospitality, 216; pedestrianism, 218

Collins line of steam-ships, ii. 106–108

Collinson, Captain: Search of Franklin in the Enterprise, iii. 211, 214

Collodon, Dr., on the diving-bell, iv. 83

Colorado: newspapers at George Town and Central City, iv. 27

Colour of the sea, i. 35, 87; iv. 96

Colpoys, Admiral: mutiny at Spithead, i. 251

Columbus, Bartholomew, brother of Christopher Columbus: iii. 285, 295; his visit to England, 285; imprisoned, 296

Columbus, Christopher: his landing at Trinidad, i. 177; history of his life and discoveries, by his son, iii. 283; his personal character and appearance, ib.; voyage to Iceland, ib.; first application to Ferdinand and Isabella, 285; portrait, ib.; first voyage, 286; land discovered, 288, 289; his caravels, 288; at Cuba and Hispaniola, gold and tobacco, 290, 291; is shipwrecked, 291; return to Spain, royal reception, 289, 293; second voyage, 294; disaffection and mutiny in Hispaniola, ib.; return and third voyage, 295; general mutiny, ib.; his arrest and subsequent ill-treatment, 296, 297; fourth voyage, ib.; his death, 297; burial and final interment at Havana, 298; his voyage to Greenland and Iceland, 118

Columbus, Diego, brother of Christopher Columbus: imprisoned by Bobadillo, iii. 296; made Governor of San Domingo, 308

Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher Columbus: his history of his father and his discoveries, iii. 283

Concerts on board ship, iv. 35

“Congress” burnt in action with the “Merrimac,” i. 20, 22, 23

Conrad, Chevalier: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps, i. 111

Conus, a univalve shell, iv. 141

Coode: construction of Portland Breakwater, ii. 194

Cook, Captain James: his discovery of Botany Bay, i. 151; his Arctic voyage, iii. 155, 158; voyage of the Resolution and Adventure, 277; discoveries, 278; his career, 318; his tragical death, ib.

Cook, captain of the “Cambria:” his assistance at the burning of the “Kent,” i. 74

Cook, Eliza, her verses on the Sea, iv. 299

“Comet,” Bell’s passenger steamer, ii. 95, 96

Comet, naval steam-tug, ii. 98

Compass on iron ships, ii. 102

Comrie, Dr. Peter, R.N.: on the discipline in training-ships, i. 46

Copenhagen, Nelson at, ii. 65, 75

Coracles, or basket-boats, i. 258

Coral-islands and coral-fishing, iv. 72, 73

Coral-reefs in the Red Sea, i. 117

Corals of Singapore, i. 150

Coralline, iv. 201

Cordouan, Tower of, lighthouse, ii. 157

Cordova, Spanish admiral: battle of St. Vincent, i. 7, 10

Cork Harbour, ii. 308

Cornelison: his voyage of discovery, iii. 129, 133, 142

Cornwall: view on the coast of, i. 297; sketches of the coast, iv. 207–225; population, 215; mines and fisheries, 215, 216; religion, 223

Corsairs, Gibraltar attacked by, i. 92

Cost of ironclad ships of war, i. 14, 231; ii. 146

Costa Rica: towns and villages pillaged by pirates, iii. 30

Coudin, midshipman of the “Medusa,” i. 78, 80

Coupang Bay, Lieutenant Bligh at; mutiny of the Bounty, i. 244

“Coupland” wrecked at Scarborough, iv. 254

“Courageux” taken by the Bellona, i. 229

Cowries, iv. 140, 141

Crabs, iv. 129, 151, 154

Crayfish, iv. 158

Cricket-match on board ship, iv. 33

Crimean War, its lessons, i. 15, 19

Crimson snow, iii. 164

Croatoan Island, Virginia, ii. 2

Croker Mountains, an imaginary discovery by Sir John Ross, iii. 166, 170

Cromwell’s Navy, i. 232

Cromwell’s Navigation Act, ii. 30

Crossing the Line: old ceremonies, i. 229

Crozier, Captain: Arctic exploration, iii. 179, 230

Crusaders: their ships, i. 267, 269

Crusoe, Robinson: Alexander Selkirk; Defoe and the island of Juan Fernandez, i. 33, 36

Crusoe’s Island (Tobago), i. 179; ii. 50

Crustaceans, iv. 150

Crystal Palace Aquarium, iv. 114

Cuba, i. 183; Havana, 184; the pirate Morgan, iii. 30, 31; discovered by Columbus, 290

Culloden, i. 8

Cumberland, Earl of, as a pirate, i. 291, 295, ii. 16; rich prizes, 292; action with the “Madre de Dios,” 293; Scourge of Malice, i. 295; voyage with Sir William Morison, ii. 17, 18

“Cumberland” sunk in action with the “Merrimac,” i. 20, 21, 22

Cunard steamers: the first, ii. 105, 106; “Scotia,” “Bothnia,” 109; success of the Cunard Company, 110

Cushing, Lieutenant: his attack on the “Albemarle,” ii. 149

Cust, Hon. Sir Edward, D.C.L.: his “Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” i. 11, 16

Cuttle-fish, Gigantic, i. 31; iv. 147

Dædalus: Captain McQuhæ’s account of the sea-serpent, iv. 186

Da Gama, Vasco: the Cape of Good Hope doubled by him, i. 203; discovery of Natal, i. 211

Dahlgren guns on the first “Monitor,” i. 23

Dampier: on the bread-fruit, i. 238; his re-discovery of Australia, i. 151

Dana’s “Seaman’s Manual,” i. 51; “Two Years Before the Mast,” i. 48, 158

Dancing on board ship, iv. 34

Danes, Dr. Kane’s meeting with, iii. 253

Danish ships, i. 263, 265

Danites at Utah and Salt Lake City, iv. 25

Darien, the Indians of: Lolonois, the pirate, killed by them, iii. 28

Darling, Grace: wreck of the “Forfarshire,” iv. 64

Darling, Maggie and Jessie: their rescue of sailors in the St. Lawrence River, iv. 64

Dartmouth, iv. 224

Dartmouth in Boston Harbour, ii. 65–69; tea thrown overboard, 69, 72

Darwin: on coral reefs, iv. 74, 76; on Infusoria, 113

D’Avila, Alvares: his defence of Gibraltar, i. 92

Dawkins, Captain, of the Vanguard: loss of the ship, i. 63, 65

De Veer, Gerrit: map of Nova Zembla, iii. 131

Davis, John, the pirate, iii. 16

Davis, John: his Arctic explorations, iii. 127, 128

Davy, Sir Humphry: fecundity of the salmon, iv. 164

Davy Jones’s Locker and its Treasures: pearls, corals, sponges, diving, iv. 66–90

“Dead-heads” on American railways, iv. 26

Deal: view on the coast; life-boats, ii. 229, 232

Deal, iv. 242; life-boat, ib.

Deal hovellers, ii. 247, 248

Decisive voyages in history: Diaz, Columbus, Vasco da Gama, companions and followers of Columbus; Captain Cook, iii. 281

Deep-sea soundings: cruise of the Challenger, i. 28, 30; the accumulator and other apparatus, 29, 30, 35

“Defensor de Pedro,” the ship of De Soto, the pirate, iii. 79

Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe:” the island of Juan Fernandez, i. 33

De Gusman: Gibraltar besieged by him, i. 91, 92

Delorme, Dupuy: “Napoleon” constructed by, i. 226

Deptford: old Deptford dockyard, i. 280; ii. 37; Peter the Great, 38; Saye’s Court, 39

De Quiros, Pedro Fernandez: discovery of the New Hebrides, i. 151; his discoveries in the southern hemisphere, iii. 277

De Ruyter, Admiral, on the Medway, ii. 31

Desertion: from the navy; mutiny of the Bounty, i. 235, 239; mutiny of the Nore, 254; the Wager, ii. 53

Desolation Island, iii. 279

De Soto Benito, the pirate: his cruelty, iii. 78–84; executed, 83

“Deutschland,” Wreck of the, ii. 114, 273

De Veer: narrative of Barents’s voyage of discovery, iii. 134, 138

Devil-fish, iv. 146

Devil’s Frying-pan, Cornwall, iv. 225

Devonshire coast scenery, iv. 199

Devonshire boys on training-ships, i. 46

Diamond fields of South Africa, i. 210

Diamond Rock, Martinique: the Centaur, i. 161, 187

Diaz, Bartholomew de: his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, i. 203; iii. 282, 284; sea passage from Portugal to India, iii. 281

Dibdin, Charles, and his two sons; their sea-songs, iv. 298

Dickens, Charles: his first trip to America, iv. 3–12

Dip of the magnetic needle, iii. 187

Discipline, Value of; the Vanguard, i. 65; “Kent,” East Indiaman, 64, 68, 69, 71, 74; wreck of the Alceste, i. 82, 83; loss of the “Birkenhead,” i. 74, 75; want of discipline in the wreck of the “Medusa,” i. 75–82

Disco, Alert and Discovery at, iii. 92, 93; “Pandora” at, iii. 95; entrance to music-hall, 96

Discovery, Henry Hudson’s ship, iii. 146

Discovery, Captain Cook’s ship, iii. 155, 318

Discovery: departure from Portsmouth with the Alert, iii. 84; narrative of the expedition, 99–114

Divers at work, iv. 85

Divers attacked by a sword-fish, iv. 84

Diving for pearls, iv. 69

Diving for wreckage: the diving-bell, iv. 79

Diving dress, iv. 86. (See Swimming.)

Dobb’s Galley: its expedition to the Arctic regions, iii. 154

Dogs in M‘Clintock’s Arctic expedition, iii. 219, 225

Dogs, Edible, iii. 220

Dogs, Wild, at Tortuga, iii. 7

Dog-fish, iv. 162, 164, 262

Dominica, i. 187

Dorothea in the ice, iii. 165, 166, 167

Doughtie, Master, executed by Drake for mutiny, i. 307

Douglas Pines of British Columbia used for canoes, i. 167

Dover, iv. 239, 240

Drake, Sir Francis: the Spanish Armada, i. 284, 286, 288; his first view of the Pacific, 289, 302; his ships, Judith, Pascha, Swan; his attack on Nombre de Dios, 302; at the Isthmus of Panama, 303; passes the Straits of Magellan, 305; his circumnavigation of the globe, ib.; natives of Seal Bay, 306; execution of a mutineer, 307; his ship, the Golden Hinde, 308; portrait, 309; treasure ship, “Cacafuego” taken by him, 311; arrival at Ternate, 312; at San Francisco, ib.; at Celebes, 313; death, funeral, and character, 314

Drake taken by Paul Jones, iii. 75

Draper, Rev. Mr., lost in the “London,” ii. 294

Dreadnought, i. 5

Dreadnought, hospital ship, ii. 120; iv. 285

Dredges at work on the Suez Canal, i. 112, 113

Dredging in the deep sea, i. 30, 31

Dredging instruments on board the Challenger, i. 38

Drinkwater’s “Siege of Gibraltar,” i. 16, 91, 97

Drowning. (See Swimming.)

Duel of English and French ships, i. 271

Duncan, Admiral, addressing his crew on the Venerable, mutiny of the Nore, i. 253

Dundas, Lord: Symington’s steam vessel, “Charlotte Dundas,” ii. 84

Dundonald, Earl of: his “Autobiography of a Seaman,” i. 216

Dunmore, Lord: life saved by him from shipwreck, iv. 243

D’Urville, Admiral: discovery of South Polar Land, iii. 279

D’Urville, Dumont: Trepang fishery at Raffles’ Bay, iv. 127

Dust falling at Shanghai, i. 125

Dutch East India Company, ii. 13

Dutch fisheries, ii. 23

Dutch naval war, ii. 30; Martin Tromp, ib.; Admiral Van Tromp, 31

Dutch shipping and English compared by Raleigh, ii. 10

Dutch voyages of discovery, iii. 129

Dyke Sand: the Goodwins, ii. 255

Dynamite, its explosive power, ii. 152

“Earl of Balcarras,” East Indiaman, ii. 15

Earthquakes: at Shanghai, i. 123; California, 162; West Indies, 186

Eastbourne, iv. 235

East India Company; its history, ii. 11

East India Station, i. 119

Echinoderms, iv. 126

Edinburgh, His Royal Highness the Duke of: the Galatea at the Cape, i. 205, 209

Edward III.: his fleet, i. 271, 272

Edwards, Captain Edward: expedition of the Pandora to find the mutineers of the Bounty, i. 244–246

Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 156; its history, 159; Winstanley’s lighthouse, ib.; Rudyerd’s, 161–163; Smeaton’s, 164–171; views of former and present lighthouses, 160, 161, 168; interior of the light chamber, 171; portrait of Smeaton, 170

“Effort” on the Goodwin Sands, ii. 247

Egerton, Sub-lieutenant, in Arctic exploration, iii. 105, 106

Egyptian galleys, i. 259

Eider ducks and their eggs, iii. 167, 251, 252

El Dorado, The search for, ii. 4

Electrical phenomenon at Cape Horn, i. 176

Electricity employed to remove the Royal George, i. 62

Ekenhead, Lieutenant: his swim with Byron across the Hellespont, iv. 257

Electric light for lighthouses, ii. 187

Elephant-hunting in South Africa, i. 208

Elizabeth, Queen: her navy, i. 232, 282; the Spanish Armada, 283–291; Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe, 314; her patronage of Gilbert and Raleigh; present to Gilbert, 316; encouragement of Frobisher, iii. 123, 124

Elliott, General: his defence of Gibraltar, i. 16–18

El Puerto del Santa Maria, Cuba: taken by the pirate Morgan, iii. 30

“Ely”: rescue of the “Woolpacket,” Bideford Bay, ii. 251, 252

Emigration of Chinese to California, i. 162

Emigration: to Australia, i. 154; Cape of Good Hope, 210; America, ii. 62, 69; Melbourne, iv. 54, 55

Engineers on board ship, i. 224–226; engine room of the Warrior, 225; rank and pay of engineers, ib.

English sailors, i. 226

Enisco, M. F. de: his generosity to Nicuesa, iii. 309; his expeditions, capture of gold, iii. 314

Enterprise: search for Franklin, iii. 211, 214

Erebus, Franklin’s ship in his last voyage, iii. 207

Erebus and Terror among the icebergs, iii. 193; discovery of relics, 227

Ericsson, Captain John: his battery in the first “Monitor,” i. 23; portrait, ii. 97; introduction of the screw-propeller, 102

Espinosa, Spanish admiral: his letter to the pirate Morgan, iii. 39

Esquemeling, Joseph, a bucanier: his account of them, iii. 3, 6

Esquimalt, Vancouver Island, i. 163, 165

Esquimaux, The, iii. 117; described by Frobisher, 123; portraits, 172; snow village, 173, 174; Franklin’s fight with Esquimaux, 195; kaiyacks and boat, 196; Dr. Kane at Etah, 238, 251; relics of Franklin, 225; plot against Dr. [pg 310]Hayes in Dr. Kane’s expedition, 241; a laudanum stew, 243; snow-houses, 244; portrait of Kalutunah, 245; sledges and team of dogs, 163, 225

Esquiros, Alphonse: on “English Seamen and Divers,” i. 42; on street arabs, 47; on Lloyd’s, ii. 125–128; on the diving-bell, iv. 81, 83

Etah, Esquimaux at, iii. 251

Eugénie, Empress of the French, at the inauguration of the Suez Canal, i. 115

Euplectella (Venus’s flower-basket,), i. 30, 32

Eurydice training-ship: lost off the Isle of Wight, iv. 227, 228

Falconer, James; his poem “The Shipwreck,” iv. 297; his Marine Dictionary, ib.

Falkland Islands, i. 176

Falmouth: its history, iv. 222; lighthouse, ib.; harbour, i. 72

Farmer Peck’s Inn, Simon’s Bay, i. 206

Fat: its influence on longevity, iv. 168

Faulkner, Captain R., in the Bellona takes the “Courageux,” i. 228

Fearney, William, Nelson’s bargeman at the battle of St. Vincent, i. 8

Fearon, Colonel: burning of the “Kent,” i. 69

Female pirates: Mary Read and Anne Bonney, iii. 67, 68

Ferdinand and Isabella: surrender of Gibraltar to, i. 92; their negotiations with and support of Columbus, ii. 286; reception of him after his first voyage, 289, 293; his second and third voyages, 295; his arrest and subsequent treatment, 296, 297; their conduct to Ojèda and Nicuesa, 307

Fernandez, Juan: his supposed Antarctic voyage, iii. 276

Ferry-boats at New York, i. 196, 197

Field, Cyrus W.: his promotion of submarine telegraphy, iv. 98–100

Figuier: on sea-monsters, i. 31; foraminifera, iv. 112; mussels, 130; oysters, 131; pteropoda, 142

Fiji Islands, iv. 47

Filey, iv. 252

Fins of fish as organs of locomotion, iv. 159

Fire: The Ship on Fire; burning of the “Amazon,” ii. 256, 278–290

Fires in Californian forests, i. 166

Fire-ships attacking the Spanish Armada, i. 288

Fish-life: voices of fish; Do fish sleep? iv. 178

Fish, Anatomy of, iv. 159

Fish-bladder, iv. 159

Fish: salmon in British Columbia, i. 164, 168, 170, 171; cod in Behring Sea, 170

Fish: Dutch fisheries, ii. 23

Fisheries of Cornwall, iv. 215, 216

Fish at Juan Fernandez, i. 34

Fiskernæs, South Greenland, iii. 164

Fitch’s improvements in steam vessels, ii. 85, 89

Fitzjames, Captain, of the Erebus, iii. 230

Flags of the World, Naval, ii. 1

Flamborough Head, iv. 251

Floating ice, iii. 125, 130

Floating light-ships, iv. 244

Flogging in the Navy, i. 51–53

Flying-fish, i. 80; iv. 162, 164

Fogs: loss of the Vanguard, i. 63–67

Fog in the Polar regions, iii. 111, 166, 182, 183, 259

Fog-horns, or Siren signals, iv. 280

Foraminifera, iv. 111

Forecastle pest-houses, ii. 121

Forest, Submerged, iv. 199

“Forfarshire,” Wreck of the, iv. 64

Fortifications of Cherbourg, ii. 189; of Portland, 195

Fort Enterprise, Franklin at, iii. 188, 190, 193

Forts and ships of war at Sebastopol, i. 14, 15

Fossil ivory, iii. 162

“Fougueux” taken at Trafalgar, i. 11

“Fox”: the search for Franklin, iii. 215

Franklin, Sir John: his tombstone, iii. 98; Arctic voyages, 166, 168, 178, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195; his last voyage, 204; portrait, 205; memoir, 206; the search for, 207–232; relics found by Dr. Rae, 215; other relics, 227, 229, 231

Franklin, Lady: her advocacy and support of Polar exploration, iii. 92, 93, 98; search for Sir John Franklin, 207, 215, 222

Franz Josef Land, discovered by Lieutenant Payer, iii. 272

Frederick William, Emperor of Germany: Arctic expedition of the “Germania” and “Hansa,” iii. 259

Free-board of the Captain, i. 54

Free Town, Sierra Leone, i. 202, 204

Freezing, The sleepy comfort of: Dr. Kane’s experience, iii. 237

French ironclads, i. 83

French sailors, i. 226

Frobisher, Sir Martin: the Spanish Armada, i. 284, 287; his voyages of discovery, iii. 123, 124, 126; portrait, 128

Frobisher’s Strait, iii. 146

Frost-bite, iii. 171

Fruit at Shanghai, i. 123; in South Australia, 154

Fulton, Robert: steam navigation, ii. 87–95; submarine boat, 88; “Clermont,” 93; portrait, 95; his torpedoes and torpedo boat, ii. 149, 153

Funeral at sea, ii. 153

Fur-sealing: Alaska and San Francisco, i. 170, 171

Fury: Arctic voyage, iii. 172, 176

Fusaro, Lake: its oysters, iv. 136

Galatea, Cruise of the, i. 205

“Gallia,” Atlantic steamer, iv. 3

“Gamo,” Spanish frigate, taken by Admiral Cochrane, i. 219

Gann, John: his diving apparatus, iv. 87

Garry Island: Franklin’s flag unfurled, iii. 194

Gasparin, Madame de; her reminiscences of a thunderstorm, iv. 193

Gasteropoda, iv. 139

Gems in Ceylon, i. 119

George II.’s navy, i. 232; laws against wrecking, ii. 237

George IV.; Lukin’s life-boat, ii. 210

Georgia, Gulf of, i. 166, 167

Géricault’s painting of the raft of the “Medusa,” i. 81, 82

German Arctic expeditions, iii. 258

“Germania,” Arctic exploring ship, iii. 258, 267

Gerritz, Dirk, discovery of Southern Polar land, iii. 277, 278

Gibraltar, Siege of: red-hot shot, i. 16, 17, 18; view from the mainland, 65; Browning’s lines on the Straits, 87; history of the rock, 88; sieges, ib.; view of the Neutral Ground, 89; Stephens’s “History of the Place and its Sieges,” 90; first taken by England, 93, 94; Moorish tower, 93; Spanish attempts to regain the place, 94, 95; Sayer’s “History of Gibraltar,” 95, 96; the great siege, ib.; the rock described, 96; monkeys, 97; Morgan’s attack on, iii. 33, 39

Gibraltar, a town in Venezuela, iii. 20; taken by pirates, 21, 22, 23, 25

Gilbert, W. S.: his operettas, iv. 303

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey: colonisation and trade with America, i. 315; Queen Elizabeth’s patronage and present, 315, 316; voyage to Newfoundland, 316; possession taken, 318; Gilbert’s fate, 317, 319; his advocacy of the discovery of the North-west Passage, iii. 123, 126

Gilmore, Rev. W.: “Storm Warriors; or, Lifeboat Work,” ii. 217; hovellers and wreckers, ii. 245, 247, 253

Girvan, Private, a diver: his submarine combat with Corporal Jones, iv. 88

Glaciers, iii. 155, 166

Globe-fish, iv. 162, 164

Globigerina, from the Atlantic, i. 32

Gloucester, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50, 56, 57

Goats in Malta, i. 99

Goat Island, San Francisco, i. 157

Goggles worn in Arctic exploration, iii. 110

Going aloft, i. 97

Gold: in Australia, discovered by Hargreaves, i. 151; iv. 55; in California, i. 158; miners’ vicissitudes, 164; Cariboo mines, British Columbia, i. 163, 164; search for El Dorado, ii. 4, 6; Frobisher’s voyage in search of, iii. 125, 126; voyages of Columbus, iii. 291, 293, 294, 295; of Ojeda, Nino, and De Bastides, 303, 306; taken from Indians by Nicuesa, 311; by Enisco, 314

Gold-washing, Ancient, at St. Domingo, iii. 293

Golden State and City. (See California, San Francisco.)

Golden Hinde: Drake’s circumnavigating ship, i. 308–314; Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s expedition, 318

Goodwin Sands and Life-boats, ii. 198, 215; wreck of the “Samaritano,” 217–223; “Violet,” 224; “Fusileer,” ib.; Portuguese brig, 225; other wrecks, 229, 230; loss of the “Effort,” 247; “Albion” lugger-hovelling: the lugger lost, 248, 249; the sands described, ib.; map, at low water, 252; rescue of “La Marguerite,” 253; the Sands mentioned by Shakespeare, iv. 294

Gosnold, Captain: first direct voyage to America, ii. 10

Gosse, P. H.: growth of echinoderms, iv. 126; hermit crabs, 154; attractions of the sea-shore, 191; on the sea coast, 194; enormous Medusæ, 195; sea anemones, 196, 198; rapid influx of the tide, 197; Devonshire coast scenery, 199; spinous cockle, 204

Granada: the Moors in Spain, i. 88, 90; at Gibraltar, 94

Great American Desert, iv. 22

“Great Britain,” ii. 102

“Great Eastern,” i. 13; its tonnage, 232; contrasted with the Great Harry, 232, 233; first and subsequent voyages, ii. 134–137; arrival at New York, 136; gale off Cape Clear, 128, 137; its history, ib.; Brunel and Scott Russell, 130; their portraits, 129; view and launch of the ship, 130–133; laying the Submarine Atlantic Telegraph Cable, iv. 3, 102–110

Great Fish River, iii. 217

Great Harry, i. 275, 282; contrasted with the “Great Eastern,” 233

Greathead’s Life-boats, ii. 209, 210, 211

“Great Michael,” James IV. of Scotland, i. 281

Great Mogul’s ship taken by Avery, the pirate, iii. 60, 61

“Great Queensland,” blown up, ii. 122

“Great Western” steam-ship, ii. 101, 106

Grecian ships, i. 261

Greene, Henry: his mutiny against Hudson, iii. 147; killed by natives of Labrador, 148

Greenland, iii. 95; its colonisation, 116, 117; James Hall at, 143; Henry Hudson at, 146; William Baffin at, 149; icebergs, ib.; change in the ice-fields, 162; Sir John Ross at, 163; portraits of Esquimaux, 172; a snow village, 173, 174; view of Whale Sound, 233; of Cape Alexander, 249

Greenwich: Peter the Great and Halley, ii. 40

Grinnell, H.: American expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 214; the “Advance” fitted out by him; Dr. Kane’s search for Franklin, 233; Dr. Hayes’s Arctic expedition in the “United States,” iii. 255

Griper: Arctic voyages, iii. 168, 169, 176

Grippe, or mistral, i. 107

Grog, Admiral Vernon (“Old Grog”): his grogram tunic, i. 51

Grog on ship-board, i. 44

“Grosser Kurfürst,” Loss of the, iv. 238

Grylls, Lieut. R.N., a survivor of the burning of the “Amazon,” ii. 282, 287, 288

Guadaloupe discovered by Columbus, iii. 294

Guano ships, ii. 122, 123

Guard ships, i. 44

Guiana, Raleigh’s expeditions to, ii. 8

Guillemard’s “Over Land and Sea”: Honolulu, Fiji, iv. 47

Gulf Stream, iv. 91

Gulf Stream light-vessel on the Goodwin Sands, iv. 245

Gulf of Georgia, i. 166, 167

Guns: gunnery of war-ships. (See Artillery)

Guy Fawkes burnt in the Arctic regions, iii. 219

“Gwenissa” wrecked near Tramore, ii. 258; Ronayne’s bravery in saving life, 257–261

Haddock: “Finnan haddies”; fishing in Scotland, iv. 175

Hakluyt’s lines on the British navy, i. 273; on the execution of Doughtie by Drake for mutiny, 307; defeat of the Spanish Armada, 289; slave-trade, 297; on early voyages of discovery, iii. 119

Haliburton, Judge: erection and history of the town of Halifax, i. 199

Halibut, or Holibut, iv. 175

Halifax, Nova Scotia, i. 198; the town, harbour, lighthouses, ib.; history, 199; “Blue Noses,” ib.

Hall, Captain Basil, R.N.: “Life in Chili,” i. 174; electrical phenomenon at Cape Horn, 176; sharks, iv. 160

Hall, Captain C. F., his Arctic expedition in the “Polaris,” iii. 268; his death and funeral, 268, 269

Hall, James: attempt to discover the North-west Passage, iii. 143, 149

Halley’s diving-bell, iv. 81

Hamilton, Bermuda, i. 187, 188

Hammerhead, iv. 162

Hannay, James, on wasteful expenditure in naval construction, i. 47

Hanno’s voyage to Africa, i. 259

“Hansa,” Arctic exploring ship, iii. 258, 260; sinking of the ship, 261, 262; the crew in a coal-house on an ice-raft, 257, 260, 263; breaking up of the floe, 265; eight months on the ice-raft, 266

Hardy, Captain, at the Battle of Trafalgar, i. 10

Hargreave, E. H.: his discovery of gold in Australia, i. 151, 153

Harpa, a univalve shell, iv. 145

Harris, Corporal: his diving exploits, iv. 87

Hartstene, Captain: his search for and meeting with Dr. Kane, iii. 254

Harvey, Captain, of the Téméraire, at Trafalgar, i. 10

Harvey, Captain: his torpedo, ii. 153, 155

Harwich, iv. 247, 248

Hastings, iv. 236; battle of Hastings, ib.

Havana, i. 184; slave labour, 185

Hawaian Islands. (See Sandwich Islands.)

Hawkins, Sir John: the Spanish Armada, i. 284; his ships; capture of slaves, 295–301; his high-handed trading, 297; coat of arms, 298; portrait, 300; action at St. Juan de Ulloa, 301

Hayes, Dr.: his sufferings in Dr. Kane’s expedition, iii. 240, 241; his Arctic expedition in the “United States,” iii. 255

Hayti discovered by Columbus, iii. 291; its early history, 205

Heard Island, i. 34

Hecla: Arctic voyages, iii. 169, 170

Heemskirk, Gibraltar attacked by, i. 92

Hegemann, Captain: Arctic expedition of the “Hansa,” iii. 257, 259, 267

Héhaux, Brittany, Lighthouse, ii. 178

Hemans, Mrs.: lines on shipwrecks, ii. 296; her “Casabianca,” iv. 299

Henri Grace de Dieu. (See Great Harry.)

Henry V., his fleet, i. 273

Henry VII.: Acts for regulating the Navy, i. 277

Henry VIII.’s navy, i. 232, 273, 282; royal navy first established, 275; encouragement of voyages of discovery, iii. 119, 120; iv. 288

Hepburn, a sailor in Richardson’s Arctic expedition; his heroism, iii. 189, 193

Herald sent in search of Franklin, iii. 207, 211

Hermit crab, iv. 154, 156

Hero of the Humber, John Ellerthorpe, iv. 267

“Héros,” i. 7

Herrings and the Herring Fishery, iv. 168–171; supposed cabalistic markings of the herring, 168; mode of curing, 169; fisheries of Yarmouth, Wick, and Holland, ib.; inexhaustible supplies, 170, 171, 250

Hickley, Captain, of the Iron Duke: loss of the Vanguard, i. 63

Hiero’s floating palace, i. 260

Hirst, Robert: his escape from the Captain, i. 55, 57

Hispaniola discovered by Columbus, iii. 291

History of the sea, i. 1

Hoboken, New York, i. 195

Hobson, Captain W. R.: “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216, 226; his discovery of a record of the expedition, 226, 229, 230

Hodder, Edwin, “Heroes of Britain in Peace and War,” iv. 267

Hogg, James, the Ettrick shepherd; growth, changes, and migration of the salmon, iv. 165, 166

Holothuria: trepang fisheries, iv. 127, 128

Holyhead Breakwater, ii. 197

Holystoning a ship’s deck, i. 49

Home for Disabled and Worn-out Merchant Seamen, Belvedere, Kent, iv. 273

Honduras discovered by Columbus, iii. 296

Hong Kong, i. 119. (See Victoria.)

Honolulu, View and account of, iv. 33, 45, 46

Hood, Admiral Lord, i. 4, 6

Hood, Captain: Arctic exploration, iii. 189, 193

Hood, Thomas: his poem, “The Demon Ship,” iv. 303

Horace: on the Sea, iv. 290, 291

Hore’s voyage of discovery encouraged by Henry VIII., iii. 120

Horses, Wild, at Tortuga, iii. 7

Hotham, Admiral, i. 7

Hovellers: at the Goodwin Sands, ii. 199; hovelling v. wrecking, 245; services of hovellers, ib.; hovellers associated with wreckers, 247; dangers of the hoveller’s life, 249; wreck of the “Woolpacket,” 251

Howard of Effingham, Lord: defeat of the Spanish Armada, i. 284

Howe, Admiral Lord: mutiny at Spithead, i. 250, 251

“Huascar” and “Shah”: action between them, i. 26

Hubner, Baron: the passage from San Francisco to Japan, iv. 35–37; Yokohama, 40

Hudson, Henry: his Polar voyages, iii. 144, 146; mutiny, cast adrift and lost, 147, 148; Hudson River, Bay and Strait, iii. 144, 146

Hudson River, i. 195; iii. 144; its discovery, 146

Hudson’s Bay Company and the Californian currency, i. 165, 167; iii. 151, 154; the search for Franklin, 207

Huer, or watcher, in pilchard fishing, iv. 173

Hull, E. W.: his device for saving life at the wreck of the “Killarney,” ii. 315

Hummocks in the Polar Seas, iii. 97, 137, 181

Hunt, Mr. Ward: on the loss of the Vanguard, i. 67

Hurricanes, iv. 95

Hydrozoa, iv. 115

Hyères, naval fight off, i. 7

Ice in the Polar Seas, iii. 99–114, 125, 133; formation of “young ice,” 172; old and young ice, 172, 182, 200, 260; “the edge of the pack,” 180; cutting ice docks, 208; ice mountains, 209; hummocks, 181; Back’s account of the growth of ice, 200

Ice and snow on American railways, iv. 21, 28

Ice. (See Antarctic ice.)

Icebergs, i. 35; iii. 149, 155, 162, 166, 170, 197, 201, 218, 264, 265, 277; an iceberg breaking up, iii. 129, 133; narrow escape of Dr. Kane in the “Advance,” iii. 234

Icelandic explorers of the Arctic regions, iii. 16

Ice Point and Ice Haven, Nova Zembla, iii. 139, 142

“Impératrice:” chest of gold recovered by divers, iv. 86

Inaccessible Island: rescue of two voluntary Crusoes, i. 39

Ince, Henry: the sea serpent, iv. 185

Inchcape Rock: bell signal, ii. 173; lighthouse, 173–176

Indiana, iv. 14

Inflexible, turret ship: its cost, i. 231; ii. 144

Infusoria: their propagation, iv. 113

Ingram: his escape from the Royal George, i. 61

Inman line of steam-ships, ii. 111

“Inverness,” plundered by wreckers, ii. 241, 244

Investigator: search for Franklin, iii. 211–213; the ship abandoned, 214

Ipswich, iv. 247

Irish moss or Carrageen, iv. 202

Iron and wooden ships, i. 9, 13, 84, 138–146

Ironclad war ships, i. 13, 14, 18, 19, 26, 27, 54; their cost, 59, 66, 83, 231; ii. 148; Iron Duke and Vanguard, i. 63–66; circular ironclads, ii. 148; rams, 155; turret ships. (See Monitors.)

Iron steamers introduced, ii. 99, 102

Iron Duke: loss of the Vanguard, i. 63–66

Irons’s “Settler’s Guide to the Cape of Good Hope,” i. 210

Isabella of Spain: Gibraltar surrendered to, i. 92. (See Ferdinand and Isabella.)

Island of Desolation, iii. 279

Islands of the Pacific: Map, i. 245

Isle of Wight, iv. 227

Ismaïlia, on the line of the Suez Canal, i. 110, 114

Isthmus of Panama, Drake at the, i. 303

Ivigtut: visit of the “Pandora,” iii. 95

Ivory, fossil, iii. 162

Jamaica: views in, i. 180, 181; Kingston town and harbour, 183; sugar plantations, 183; Blue Mountain Peak, ib.; treasure taken by the pirate Morgan sent there, iii. 50; the island discovered by Columbus, 94

James II.’s Navy, i. 232; ii. 22

James, Sir Henry: on the loss of the Vanguard, i. 67

James Town, St. Helena, i. 212

Japan: i. 127–131; customs and costumes, 130; election and revenue of the Tycoon, ib.; Fusiyama Mountain, 129, 131; a tea mart, 133; Yokohama, iv. 40; a Japanese dinner, 42

Java, i. 144

Jelly-fish, iv. 116, 147

Jennings, Captain Henry: a bucanier, iii. 3

Jersey City, New York, i. 195

Jervis, Sir John: battle of St. Vincent, i. 7, 9

Jessop, Josias: Smeaton’s assistant at the Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 165, 166

“Jesus:” Sir John Hawkins’ ship; the slave trade, i. 299

Jiddah, i. 117; view from the sea, ib.

John, King: his fleet, i. 271

John, King of Portugal: his patronage of Bartholomew Diaz, iii. 281

Johns, Rev. C. A.: “The Loss of the Amazon,” ii. 278, 288; smuggling on the Cornish coast, iv. 210; search for treasure trove, 222

Johnson, Dr.: on the perils of the sea, i. 42

Jones, Lance-corporal: his diving exploits, iv. 88

Jones, Paul, the privateer, iii. 71–78; portrait, 77

Juan Fernandez: Robinson Crusoe’s island, i. 33, 36; ii. 50

“Judith,” Sir John Hawkins’s ship, i. 299, 302

Junks, Chinese, i. 147–149

Kalosh Indians in Alaska, i. 169, 170

Kalutunah, an Esquimaux, iii. 242; portrait, 245

Kamchatka, Kamtschatka: i. 131, 135, 137; orthography of the word, iii. 160; Russian expedition to, 160, 162

Kanakas, as sailors, i. 43

Kane, Dr.: his expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 230–254; portrait, 236

Kangaroos, i. 151

“Keels” on the Tyne, i. 263

Kellett, Captain: search for Franklin in the Herald, iii. 207, 211; “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216

Kempenfelt, Admiral: lost in the Royal George, i. 60

“Kent,” East Indiaman, burning of the, i. 64–74

Kentish Knock Light-ship, ii. 273, 274

Kerguelen’s discoveries in the Southern hemisphere, iii. 277

Kerguelen’s Land, i. 34

Kidd, Captain Robert, the pirate, iii. 56–59; his trial and execution, 58, 59

“Killarney,” Wreck of the, ii. 304–317; rescue of survivors, 316

King, Governor: his description of Australia, i. 153

King crabs, iv. 152

Kingman, Captain: phosphorescence of the sea, iv. 97

Kingsley, Charles: on sailors; Amyas Leigh, i. 43; Trinidad, Jamaica, Havana, 180, 182, 185, 186; his “Three Fishers,” iv. 299

Kingston Harbour, Jamaica, i. 181, 183; the Palisades; Port Royal; town of Kingston, i. 183

Kitchiner, Dr., on oysters, iv. 133

Knight, John: attempt to discover the north-west passage, iii. 143; remnants of his expedition, 145, 153

Knights of St. John of Malta, i. 98, 99, 101, 103

Knights Templars, i. 101

Knock Sands, ii. 254

Knowles, Captain, lost in the “Northfleet”: his bravery, ii. 263–267

Knysna, Cape of Good Hope, i. 208, 209

Koldewey, Captain: Arctic expeditions; the “Germania” and “Hansa,” iii. 259

Kondylostoma patens, a microscopic infusorian, iv. 113

Kraken: sea-serpent, iv. 149. (See Sea-serpent.)

La Cosa, Juan de: his expeditions to America, iii. 303, 304, 307, 308, 309, 310; his character and death, 309, 310, 311

Lacquer-work in Japan, iv. 40

“Lady Franklin”: the search for Franklin, iii. 207

La Hogue, battle of, ii. 32

Lake Menzaleh, on the Suez Canal; catching pelicans, i. 112, 116

“La Marguerite,” on the Goodwin Sands, ii. 253

Lambert, James, a blind native of Calton, a suburb of Glasgow: his heroism in saving life from drowning, iv. 268

Land crabs, iv. 152, 153

Land’s End, iv. 207

Lapland, Dutch Expedition to, iii. 142

La Perouse: his monument in Petropaulovski, i. 132

Lardner, Dr.: steam navigation, ii. 106

Lascars, as sailors, i. 43

Las Casas: his account of Spaniards in America, iii. 312, 313

Laube, Dr.: Arctic voyage of the “Hansa,” iii. 259, 263

Laudanum stew given to treacherous Esquimaux, iii. 243

La Valette: his defence of Malta, i. 102

Lay’s torpedo, ii. 151, 153

Leake, Sir John: his defence of Gibraltar, i. 94

Leeuw, Hannequin, the pirate, i. 275

Leigh, Amyas, the hero of Kingsley’s “Westward Ho!” i. 43

Lentzé, Herr: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps, i. 111

Lesseps, F. M. de: the Suez Canal, i. 107

Letters of Marque, i. 270; iii. 2

Lewis, Richard: “The Life-boat and its Work,” ii. 210

Lewson, Admiral Sir Richard, ii. 19

Liessou, M.: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal, i. 110

Life saved from shipwrecks; statistics, ii. 320; iv. 262, 267

Lifeboat, The, ii. 209–235; its origin and history, 210; Lionel Lukin, ib.; Wouldhave and Greathead, ib.; George IV., ib.; Duke of Northumberland, 211; Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, ib.; National Life-boat Institution, ib.; Sir William Hillary, 212; saving life on the “St. George,” 213; “self-righting,” 214; “Aid,” steam-tug, Ramsgate, 215–234; “Ann,” loss of a lifeboat, 212, 216; “Samaritano” wrecked; saving of life, 217–223; loss of a Portuguese brig, 225–228; lifeboat and carriage, 217; group of lifeboat men, 229; “Providentia,” 230–236; at Penzance, iv. 219; at Padstow, 221; Deal, 242

Lighthouse, The, and its history, ii. 156; Pharos of Alexandria, 158; Roman Pharos, Dover, ib.; Tower of Cordouan, 157; the Eddystone, its history and construction, 156, 159–171; lighthouses of the British Channel, 171; the “Bell Rock” lighthouse on the Inchcape Rock, 173; lighthouse on the Skerryvore Rocks, 175–178; lighthouse of Héhaux, Brittany, 178–181; lighthouses on land; Maplin Sands light, 182; Port Fleetwood, ib.; iron lighthouses, ib.; the lanterns, 183, 187; tallow candles, ib.; coal fires, ib.; Argand burner, 184; reflectors, ib.; electric light at sea, 185; flashing, revolving, and coloured lights, 184, 186; lanterns obscured by moths, bees, and birds, 187; St. Anthony’s Point, Falmouth, iv. 222; Bishop Rock Lighthouse, ii. 269, 270; Lizard light, iv. 208; Wolf lighthouse, 210

Light vessel on the Goodwin Sands, iv. 244

Lightning, Scientific cruise of the, i. 30

Lima, i. 172; Sir F. Drake at, 310

Limpets, iv. 40

Lindsay, W. S., his “History of Merchant Shipping,” i. 3, 266; ii. 11, 14, 99, 117, 119; iv. 10

Lisbon, view in the 16th century, iii. 281

Liverpool: statistics of shipping, ii. 198; “Liverpool,” tugboat at the wreck of the “Deutschland,” ii. 273, 274

Livingston, Robert R.: his association with Fulton; early steam vessels, ii. 90–93; “Clermont,” 93

Living wonders of the ocean, iv. 160

Lizard Rock and Lizard Light, iv. 208, 223; shipwreck, 224

Lloyd’s: classification of ships, ii. 123; interior and exterior of Lloyd’s, 124, 125; history of Lloyd’s, 125, 126; Underwriter’s room, 128

Lobsters, iv. 151, 154, 157

Lobster fishing, iv. 156

Lobster, blind, from the Atlantic, i. 31, 32

“Locker,” the word; “Davy Jones’s Locker and its Treasures;” pearls, corals, sponges, diving, iv. 66–90

Loggan Stone, iv. 208

Lolonois, Francis, the Pirate, iii. 16–28

London: statistics of shipping, ii. 198; Great Storm of 1703, 207

“London,” swamped at sea, ii. 289–297

Longfellow’s “Wreck of the Hesperus,” iv. 299, 300

Longitude, first taken by observation of heavenly bodies, iii. 149

Longwood, St. Helena, residence of Napoleon, i. 213

Looe, Cornwall, iv. 212; Looe Island, 214

Lord, Major, on lobsters, iv. 151, 155

Lord Warden, i. 59

Lost at Sea: ships never heard of, iv. 283

Low, Captain Edward, a ferocious pirate, iii. 71

Lucas, Captain of the Redoubtable at Trafalgar, i. 10, 11

Lunar halo, iii. 221

Lyon, Capt.: Arctic exploration, iii. 175, 176; extreme danger of the Griper, his prayers for preservation, 177

Macao, i. 121

Macartney, Lord: suppression of mutiny at the Cape, i. 256

MacClean, Mr., C. E., his co-operation in the Suez Canal, i. 110

McClintock, Sir F. Leopold: the “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, iii. 216; relics of Franklin obtained from Esquimaux, 227; portrait, 224

MacGahan, J. A., of the New York Herald: his account of the cruise of the “Pandora,” iii. 92

MacGregor, Lt.-General Sir Duncan, K.C.B., burning of the “Kent,” i. 68, 69, 71

Mackay’s “Popular Delusions”: the South Sea Bubble, ii. 43

Mackerel and Mackerel Fishing, iv. 176

Maclure, Capt.: Search for Sir John Franklin in the Investigator, iii. 211; North-west passage found, 212; portrait, 213

Macquarie, Governor: on the population of Australia, i. 153

McQuhæ, Capt., his account of the sea-serpent, iv. 186

Madagascar, English pirates at, iii. 62

“Madre de Dios,” taken by the Earl of Cumberland, i. 293

Madrepores, iv. 122, 124

Magdalena Bay, Spitzbergen, iii. 166, 167

Magellan, Ferdinand de: discovery of Magellan’s Straits, iii. 316; of the Philippine Islands, 317; battle with Indians, Magellan killed, ib.

Magnetic Pole discovered by Sir James Ross, iii. 187

Mahoney, Gunner, his swim across the Hellespont, iv. 258

Major, R. H., F.S.A. Arctic exploration by the brothers Zeni, iii. 47

Malacca, Islands in the Straits, i. 129; view in the Straits, 145

Malay population of the Cape of Good Hope, i. 206

Malay prahus, i. 149

Malay sailors, i. 43

Malta, i. 96, 98; view, 96; Valetta, 98; climate, fruits, inhabitants, 99; buildings, history of the island, ib.; defended by the Knights of St. John, 100; catacombs at Citta Vecchia, 101, 103; Maltese cross, ib.; sieges, 102; taken by Napoleon, ib.; won by England, ib.; scene of St. Paul’s shipwreck, 103; garrison, 104

Mammoth: Bones of the, fossil ivory, iii. 162

Mangosteen, the apple of the East, i. 150

Mansvelt, the pirate, iii. 30

Manure ships, ii. 122

Maories of New Zealand, iv. 51, 52

Maplin Sands lighthouse, ii. 182

Maracaibo: Lolonois the pirate at, iii. 19; the town attacked, 21, 22, 24; taken by the pirate Morgan, 37; letter from the Spanish admiral, iii. 39; fire ship, 40; Morgan’s escape, 43, 44

Margate life-boats, ii. 254, 255

Marigold, Drake’s vessel, lost, i. 308

Marine artillery. (See Artillery)

Markham, Commander, A. H.: Alert and Discovery expedition, iii. 92, 102, 107, 108, 110

Marquesite, supposed to contain gold, iii. 125, 126

Marryat, Captain, on sailors, i. 42, 44; ceremonies on crossing the line, 230; old war ships, 215

Marshall: his discovery of gold in California, i. 158

Martin, Frederick: “History of Lloyd’s and Marine Insurance,” ii. 126

Martin, John Bohun, Captain, lost in the “London,” ii. 291–295

Martinique: the Diamond Rock; the Centaur, i. 161, 187

Masquerade on board the Terror, iii. 200

Matamana, Cuba; Lolonois the pirate at, iii. 25

Matavia Bay: mutiny of the Bounty, i. 244

Mauna Kea, a Japanese volcano, iv. 47, 49

Mauna Loa, a Japanese volcano, iv. 47

Maxwell, Sir Murray, captain of the Alceste; wreck of the ship, i. 82

May, gunner of the Captain; his escape, i. 57, 58

“Medical Life in the Navy,” by Dr. Stables, i. 220

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, commander of the Spanish Armada, i. 288

Mediterranean: Round the World in a Man-of-war, i. 87-214; “The Mediterranean,” by Rear-Admiral Smyth, ib.; ancient and modern names of the Mediterranean, ib., 88; history and description of Gibraltar, 88; saltness of the water, 97; gales and storms, 104

Medusæ, iv. 116, 195

“Medusa,” Wreck of the, i. 75; the raft, 76, 77, 78; starvation and illusions of the sufferers, 79; combats, cannibalism, and murder, 80, 81; Géricault’s painting of the raft, 81

Mehemet Ali and M. de Lesseps, i. 108

Melbourne, South Australia, i. 155; iv. 53, 54

Melville Bay, iii. 97; view of Cape York, iii. 228

Menai Straits, ii. 300

Mendoza, Don Fernando de: his ship, “Madre de Dios,” taken by the Earl of Cumberland, i. 293

Men of Peace: naval life in peace times: the cruise of the Challenger, i. 28

Men of the Sea: how boys become sailors; Amyas Leigh; training ships; old guard ships; routine and work on board; “watches” and “bells;” grog; the cat, i. 42–54

Men of War: The Victory, i. 4; Siege of Toulon, 6; Battle of St. Vincent, 7–9; Nelson’s bridge, 8; Trafalgar, 10–13; iron and wooden ships, 9, 13; Crimean War, 15; Bombardment of Sebastopol, 14, 15; red-hot shot and Gibraltar, 16, 18; Ironclads, 13, 14; the Warrior and “La Gloire,” 18; the “Merrimac,” its history, 19; the “Cumberland” sunk, 20, 21, 22; the “Congress” burned, ib.; the first “Monitor,” its engagement with the “Merrimac,” 23, 24, 25; the “Shah” and “Huascar” engagement, 26; the “Vesta” (Russian) and the “Assari Tefvik” (Turkish) ships, action between them, 27; instruction on board, 49; officer’s life on board, 214; ward-room, captain’s cabin, 215; between decks in the eighteenth century, 217; doctors, 220; officers and seamen of the eighteenth century, 221; chaplains, 222; engineers, 224; American, English, and French sailors, 226; ceremonies on “crossing the line,” 229; ward-room, meals and music, 231; mess and wine-caterers, ib.; present force of the Navy, ib.; cost of ironclads, 231; history of the Navy, 232; naval volunteers, 232; rapid firing, ib.; artillery volunteers, 233; drills, 234; Royal Naval Reserve, 234; pursers, their dishonesty, mutiny of the Nore, 250 (see Mutinies and); Round the World on a Man-of-War, 87

Menzaleh, Lake: on the Suez Canal, catching pelicans, i. 112, 116

Mermaids, iii. 146

“Merrimac:” its work of destruction in Hampton Roads, i. 20–22; engagement with the “Monitor,” 23–25; its history, 18; ii. 139

“Miantonoma:” monitor steamer, ii. 139, 140; its circumnavigation of the world, 142

Michelet: his references to the sea, i. 2; iv. 290; Infusoria, iv. 112; Medusa, 117; Echinoderms, 126; Cephalopoda, cuttle-fish, octopus, 143

Microscope: “the sixth sense of man,” iv. 112

Middleton, Sir Henry: East India trade, ii. 13

Midshipmen, i. 47

Miller, Patrick: propulsion of ships by steam, ii. 81–83

Milne, Admiral: his report on the loss of the Captain, i. 59

Milne-Edwards, Dr.: his diving apparatus, iv. 113

Milner, Rev. John: Duke of Edinburgh’s visit to the Cape, i. 205

Milton: his reference to the sea, i. 2; iv. 290

Mindry, Robert: his “Chips from the Log of an Old Salt,” i. 44

Mines of Cornwall, iv. 215

Minion, Sir John Hawkins’s ship, i. 299

“Minnesota,” i. 20, 24

Mirage in the Straits of Fuca, i. 163

Mississippi scheme, ii. 42

Misson, Captain: the pirate, iii. 64–67

Missouri river, iv. 16

Mistral, or Grippe, i. 107

Mocha, i. 117

Mocha fleet attacked by Captain Kidd, iii. 56

Mock suns (parahelia), iii. 132, 150, 152

Mock moons, iii. 221

Molluscs: phosphorescence of the sea produced by, iv. 97

Monitors: the first engagement with the “Merrimac,” i. 22–26; a “dummy” monitor, ii. 138; the first “Monitor,” 139

Monkeys: at Gibraltar, i. 88, 97; in Trinidad, 182; eaten at Singapore, 150

Monson, Sir William: his “Naval Tracts,” his daring deeds, ii. 15; his captivity, 17; at the Siege of Cadiz, ib.; destruction of the Spanish fleet, 18; action at Cerimbra Roads, 19, 21; on Dutch fisheries, 23; expedition against pirates, 24; adventure at Broad Haven, 25

Monsoon, i. 129; iv. 95

Montesino, M. de: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps, i. 111

Moon, the. (See Mock Moons.)

Moore, Captain: search for Franklin in the Plover, iii. 207, 211

Moore, Lieutenant: his swim across the Hellespont, iv. 258

Moore, Frank: his “Rebellion Record;” the “Merrimac;” and the “Monitor,” i. 19

Moors in Spain, i. 88, 90, 93, 94

Morgan, Captain Henry: the pirate, iii. 29–51; portrait, 41

Mormondom; town of Echo, Utah, Salt Lake City, iv. 23

“Morning Star” chased by De Soto the pirate, iii. 80

Morrison, R. J., R.N.: loss of the “Rothsay Castle,” ii. 298

Morton’s sledge journey; in Dr. Kane’s expedition, iii. 239; the open sea discovered, 239, 241; with Captain Hall in the “Polaris,” iii. 268

Mounts Erebus and Terror, iii. 280

Mount St. Elias, Alaska, i. 170

Mount’s Bay and Mount St. Michael, Cornwall, iv. 223

Müller, S.: his “Life of Vitus Behring,” iii. 160

Mundy, Colonel: on Sydney, Australia, i. 154

Munk, Jens: his Arctic voyage, iii. 150

Murchison, Sir Roderick J.: his advocacy of Polar exploration, iii. 92

Murex, a univalve shell, iv. 144

“Murillo,” the “Northfleet” wrecked by her, ii. 263–267

Murphy, J. M.: American railways, iv. 18; salmon of American rivers, 166

Murray, Mrs. William, shipwrecked; “Ten Terrible Days,” iv. 56

Musquitoes, i. 222

Mussels, iv. 129, 132

Mutiny: on the raft of the “Medusa,” i. 79; at Portsmouth, 225; of the Nore, 249; the “Lennie” mutineers, 235; of the Bounty, 235–249; the crew at Otaheite, 236; mutineers seizing Captain Bligh, 237; Bligh cast adrift, 240; on the Wager, ii. 52

Nagasaki, i. 129

Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, i. 168

Napoleon I. at St. Helena, i. 212

Napoleon III.: introduction of ironclad war ships, i. 18

“Napoleon,” steam screw, constructed by Dupuy Delorme, i. 226

Nares, Sir George S.: cruise of the Challenger, i. 29; cairns erected by him, iii. 97, 99; expedition of the Alert and Discovery, 99–114; portrait, iii. 85

Natal, i. 211

Naukum, a native of Plover Bay, i. 138

Nautilus, iv. 143, 149

Naval architecture, History of, i. 258

Naval cadets, Training of, i. 47

Naval flags of the world, ii. 1

Naval service: officer’s life on board, i. 214

Navigation Act passed by Cromwell, ii. 30

Navy office established by Henry VIII., i. 282

Negrelli, M. de: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal, i. 111

Negroes in the West Indies, i. 183, 185, 188

Nelson, Lord: his glorious career, i. 7, 9, 10; as a model commander; Trafalgar, 227; career and anecdotes of, ii. 71; his encounter with the bear, 73; Calvi and Bastia, loss of his eye, ib.; Battle of the Nile, burning of “L’Orient,” 74; coffin presented to him, ib.; rewards, 75, 77; Battle of Copenhagen, 65, 75; portrait, 76; his body taken to Gibraltar, i. 96

Nelson’s bridge at the battle of St. Vincent, i. 8

Nevada, Silver mines at, iv. 26

“New Albion,” California so named by Drake, i. 312

Newfoundland: possession taken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, i. 318; Captain Roberts the pirate at, iii. 63

Newhaven, iv. 231

“New Holland,” early name for West Australia, i. 151

New South Wales, so named by Captain Cook, i. 152

Newspapers in America, iv. 27; in Arctic ships, iii. 170

New York, i. 195–198; map of the harbour, 195; Brooklyn Bridge, 196; the Broadway, 197; ferry-boats, ib.; climate, 198; view of New York Bay, iv. 12

New York to Chicago by rail, iv. 14

New Zealand: Auckland, North, Middle, and Stewart’s Islands, iv. 48; gold-fields, 50; war with the Maories, 51

Niagara, iv. 14; the first submarine Atlantic telegraph cable, 101, 102

Nicaragua: Lolonois the pirate at, iii. 28

Nicuesa, Diego de: his expedition to America, iii. 307; his release from his creditors, 309; quarrel with Ojeda, 311; fight with Indians, ib.

Nino’s voyage to America, iii. 303

Noah’s ark, i. 258; iv. 56

Noddies and boobies taken by Bligh: mutiny of the Bounty, i. 243, 244

Noel, Commander R.N.: on torpedoes, ii. 152

Nombre de Dios, attacked by Drake, i. 302

Nordenskjöld, Professor: discovery of the north-east passage, iii. 159; his Swedish Arctic expeditions, 257; his six Arctic voyages, 274; accomplishment of the north-east passage, ib.; the “Vega,” ib.

Nore, mutiny of the, i. 249, 251–256

Norfolk: sketches of the sea coast, iv. 247–251

Norman ships, i. 266, 268

North American naval station, i. 108

North Cape, iii. 169

North-east passage: early voyages for discovering the, iii. 115–123, 129, 151; the passage made by Professor Nordenskjöld, 274; north-eastern voyages of the Dutch, 129

“Northfleet,” wreck of the, ii. 260, 263–267

North polar regions, map, iii. 89

North Pole: expeditions to approach it, iii. 87; projected passage over the Pole, 144, 151

North Star, search for Franklin, iii. 213

North-west passage, iii. 142, 143; reward offered by Government for its discovery, 154, 155; Sir John Ross’s expedition, 163, 205; discovered by Sir John Franklin, 206; found by Maclure, 212

Northumberland, Duke of: his interest in the Lifeboat, ii. 211; his prizes, 213

Northumberland, Napoleon I. on board the, i. 213

Norwegians, Arctic voyages of the Vikings, iii. 115, 116

Norwegian ships, ancient, i. 90

Norwegian ships, sanitary arrangements, ii. 120

“Novara” (Austrian frigate), deep-sea soundings, i. 28

Nova Zembla, Gerrit de Veer’s Map, iii. 131; Barents at, 133, 137; Henry Hudson at, 146

Oar-weed, iv. 200

Ocean, the, its Living Wonders, iv. 111–158. (See Atlantic and Pacific.)

Ocean, Lord Collingwood’s ship, in a storm, i. 105

Octopus, iv. 148

Officer’s life on board a man-of-war, i. 214

Officers of East Indiamen, their privileges, ii. 14

Ojeda, Alonzo de, a follower of Columbus: voyages to America, iii. 301, 304; imprisoned by Ocampo, 306; his escape, 305, 306; another voyage, 309; fight with Indians, 310, 311; quarrel with Nicuesa, ib.; wounded by Indians, 312; his strange adventures and death, 312, 313, 314

Old and young ice. (See Ice.)

Ommaney, Capt., search for Franklin in the Assistance, iii. 207

Onions in Bermuda, i. 190

Opium-eating and smoking, iv. 38

Orellana, Don Josef Pizarro attacked by him, ii. 48

“Orient,” steam-ship, iv. 3

Osborn, Admiral Sherard, on the loss of the Captain, i. 58; his advocacy of Polar Exploration, iii. 92; his biography of Franklin, 206; search for Franklin in the Pioneer, 207, 208, 210

Ostrich farming in South Africa, i. 210

Otaheite, the crew of the Bounty at, i. 236, 238

Ounimak Pass, Aleutian Islands, i. 171

Owen, Professor R., F.R.S., on the Sea-serpent, iv. 187, 188

Oxenham, John, his connection with Drake, i. 303; his embarkation on the Pacific Ocean, 304; executed at Lima, 305

Oysters, British, mentioned by Juvenal, i. 262; natural history and cultivation, iv. 130–138; dredging for oysters, 137. (See Pearl Oysters.)

Pacific Ocean, its depth and other characteristics, i. 28; Map of Islands, 245; discovered by Balboa, 303; Drake’s first view of it, 289, 302; seen by the pirate Morgan, iii. 47; storm in 1865, i. 139; “patent smoke-stack,” ib.

Pacific Ferry, The: San Francisco to Japan and China, iv. 31–40; to New Zealand and Australia, 45–55

Pacific Naval Station, i. 156

Pacific Railway, Life on the, iv. 19; scene in the Sierra Nevada mountains, 20; snow-shed, 29

“Pacific” steamer lost, ii. 108

Paddle-boats, History of, ii. 77, 78

Padstow, Wreck at, iv. 221

Paléocapa, M.: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal, i. 111

Palos: departure of Columbus on his first voyage, iii. 293

Panama, i. 171; taken and burnt by the pirate Morgan, iii. 47–49; Spanish ships taken by the pirate Sawkins, iii. 51–54; view of the town, 52

Panama, Isthmus of, Drake at the, i. 303

Pandora sent to find the mutineers of the Bounty, i. 244; the ship wrecked, 246

“Pandora,” Cruise of the, iii. 91–99

Papin: propulsion of ships, ii. 80

Paraguayan torpedo blowing up a Brazilian ironclad, ii. 154

Parahelia, or mock suns, iii. 132

Parker, Richard, ringleader of the mutiny of the Nore, i. 252–256; hanged, 256

Parker, Sir Peter: mutiny at Spithead, i. 250

Parma, Prince of, in the Spanish Armada, i. 284, 286, 290

Parr, Lieutenant, his arrival on board the Alert, iii. 113

Parry, Sir. W. E.: Arctic expedition, iii. 163, 168, 170; boat and sledge expedition, 178; career after his Arctic voyages, 184; his death, 185

Parsees, i. 118

Pasley, Colonel: raising of the Royal George, i. 62

Patagonia, Drake in, i. 308

Payer, Lieutenant Julius, Arctic expedition of the “Germania” and “Hansa,” iii. 259; his discovery of coal in the Arctic regions, 267; Austro-Hungarian Arctic expedition in the “Tegethoff,” 271; two years on an ice-floe, ib.; sledge expedition, 272; discovery of Franz Josef Land, ib.; fall of sledge into a crevasse, 273

Payerne’s “Submarine Hydrostats,” iv. 86

Peace, Men of: naval life in peace times; the cruise of the Challenger, i. 28

Pearls from America taken to Spain, iii. 303

Pearl, Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50

Pearl oysters: pearls, real and artificial, iv. 67, 68, 69; history and practice of the pearl fishery, 70

Pearson, Captain, his ship taken by Paul Jones, iii. 77

Peat-bogs, Falkland islands, i. 177

Pemmican: an Arctic dinner, iii. 210; mode of preparing, 216

Penguins and their eggs, i. 40, 41, 177; iii. 280

Penny, Captain W., search for Franklin in the “Lady Franklin,” iii. 207, 210

Pensioners, Greenwich, iv. 286

Penzance, iv. 219

Perez, Father, his support of the plans of Columbus, iii. 286

Perils of the Sailor’s Life, i. 54, 67

Perim Island, in the Red Sea, i. 117

Perrault, the Canadian voyageur, dividing his store with Richardson and his crew, iii. 192

Peru, i. 172

Peter the Great: at Amsterdam, ii. 33–38; portrait, 33; in England, 38–41; receiving a deputation, 36; Saye’s Court, 39; rise of St. Petersburg, 41

Petersen, Christian, with Captain Nares in the Alert; his illness and death, iii. 105; the “Fox” Arctic expedition, 216, 218, 220, 227, 236, 241, 252

Petropaulovski, i. 131, 132; Avatcha Bay, 131; scenery, 131, 134, 137; town attacked by the allied fleets, 132; double wedding, 135

Pett, Phineas: his improvements in war ships, i. 232; the Prince Royal, ii. 22; Royal Sovereign, 29

Phillip, Captain, his voyage to Botany Bay, i. 152

Phipps, Captain, his Arctic voyage, iii. 154

Phipps, William, a fortunate diver, iv. 80

Phœnician fleets, i. 259

Phœnician remains in Malta, i. 103

Pholades, rock-borers, iv. 203

Phosphorescence of the sea, iv. 96, 97

Physalia, iv. 119, 120, 121

Pierre le Grand, the pirate, iii. 7; Spanish admiral’s ship taken by him, 8, 9, 12

Pigeons: pigeon despatched by Sir John Ross, iii. 211

“Pigeon English” in China, i. 126; “Chinook jargon,” 167

Pilchards: the pilchard fishery, iv. 173, 216

Pillars of Hercules, i. 87

Pim, Lieut., of the Resolute, his meeting with Captain Maclure, iii. 213

Pindar, his reference to the sea, i. 2

Pinto, Fernando Mendez, shipwrecked in Japan, i. 129

Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, his voyage to America, iii. 303

Pioneer, the search for Franklin, iii. 207, 210

Pipe-fish, iv. 162, 164

Pipon, Capt., his discovery of the survivors of the Bounty, i. 247, 248

Piracy, ii. 235; pirates at Singapore, i. 146; Scotch pirates in the 15th century, 279; Barbary pirates, ii. 42; Drake as a pirate, i. 309; the Earl of Cumberland, 291–295; Captains Quelch and Bellamy, and others, ii. 63; “Black Beard” the pirate, ib.; “The Pirates and Bucaniers,” iii. 1–59; their early history, 2; Captain Jennings, 3; Esquemeling’s account of the bucaniers, ib.; pirate vessels, 17th century, 4; their mode of dividing spoils, 11, 45; “Pirates of the 18th century,” 59–71; female pirates, Mary Read and Anne Bonney, iii. 69; Shakespeare’s allusions to pirates, iv. 294, 295

Pitcairn Island: survivors and descendants of the mutiny of the Bounty, i. 247–249

Pitt, William, of Jamaica, his song on sailors, i. 42

Pittsburg, iv. 14

Pizarro, Francisco, voyage with Ojeda, iii. 309

Pizarro, Don Josef: disasters of his fleet, ii. 47

Plagues in the 14th and 15th centuries, i. 91

Plimsoll, Samuel: portrait, ii. 112; unseaworthy ships; his efforts, ii. 113

Plover: search for Sir John Franklin, Plover Bay, i. 138: iii. 156, 207, 211; village at Plover Bay, 156

Plymouth, iv. 224

Plymouth Adventurers, ii. 11

Plymouth Breakwater, ii. 192

Plymouth men lost in the Captain, i. 55

Pniel, South Africa, diamond fields, i. 210

Poe, Edgar Allan, his story of a descent into the Maelström, iv. 94

Poets on the Sea, the Sailor, and the Ship, iv. 290–304

Point-à-Pitre, Guadaloupe, i. 186

Polar bears. (See Bears.)

Polar region: extent of our knowledge, iii. 86; a fabulous account, 87–91; theory of a Polar Sea, 255, 257

“Polaris:” Capt. Hall’s Arctic expedition, iii. 268; the ship run ashore, 270

Polaris Bay, iii. 107

Polynesia, Map of the islands of the Pacific, i. 245

Ponce de Leon, conqueror of Porto Rico and discoverer of Florida, iii. 314; search for a miraculous fountain, 315; Tortugas discovered by him, ib.

Pontoppidan, Bishop: the sea-serpent, iv. 184

Porcupine, Scientific cruise of the, i. 30

Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good Hope, i. 204

Porter’s torpedo-boat, ii. 153, 154

Port Fleetwood lighthouse, ii. 182

Port Foulke, Dr. Hayes’ winter quarters, iii. 256

Port Jackson, Australia, i. 152, 154

Portland: fortifications, ii. 195; the Verne, 196

Portland Breakwater: convict labour, ii. 191, 193, 195

Port Philip, South Australia, i. 155

Port Royal, Jamaica, i. 183

Port Saïd, i. 110, 113

Portsmouth, Mutiny at, i. 225, 251

Port of Spain, Trinidad, i. 179

Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, i. 176, 178

Portuguese exploration: King John of Portugal and Bartholomew Diaz, iii. 281, 284; Columbus, 284; Vasco da Gama, 298

Portuguese man-of-war, iv. 119

Portuguez the pirate, iii. 13; his escape, 13, 14

Possession Island, Australia, i. 152; iii. 280

Prahus of the Malay Archipelago, i. 149

Prairie on fire, iv. 22

Prairie schooners, iv. 18, 22

Prawns, iv. 157

Praya diphyes, a Medusa, iv. 117

“President,” devoted to the Naval Artillery Volunteers, i. 234

Press-gangs, i. 43

Pricket, Abacuk: his account of the mutiny against and abandonment of Hudson, iii. 147

Primrose, Joseph, a minister on board the “Polly”: his trials, i. 223

Prince Royal, built for James II., ii. 22

“Princess Alice” lost in the Thames, iv. 282

“Princess Alice” on Goodwin Sands, ii. 251

Pringle, Admiral: mutiny at the Cape, i. 256

Printing presses in Arctic ships, iii. 103

Protozoa, iv. 111

Pteropoda, iv. 139, 142

Puerto Bello taken by the pirate Morgan, iii. 33

Pullen, Captain: search for Franklin in the Herald, iii. 211; in the North Star, 213

Pullman railway car, iv. 16

Purpura lapillus: a univalve shell, iv. 145

Quarles, Francis; lines on the sea, iv. 290

Quatrefages, M.: the lighthouse of Héhaux, Brittany, ii. 178; Hydrozoa, iv. 118

Queen Charlotte’s Island, i. 167

“Quieda Merchant,” Moorish ship, taken by Captain Kidd, iii. 57

Rae, W. F.: his account of California, i. 158; the Rocky Mountains, iv. 21

Rae, Dr.: relics of Franklin’s last voyage found by him, iii. 215

Raffles, Sir Stamford, at Singapore, i. 143

Rafts: timber-rafts at Singapore, i. 146; raft of the “Medusa,” i. 76–82; Géricault’s painting, 81; foundering of the “Arctic,” ii. 108

Rain in the Arctic regions, iii. 182

Raleigh, Sir Walter: the Spanish Armada, i. 285; colonisation and trade with America, 315; Queen Elizabeth’s patronage, 316; “Bark Raleigh,” ib.; colonisation of Virginia, ii. 2; search for El Dorado, 4; arrival at Trinidad, 4, 33; portrait, 5; mountains of Guiana; river Orinoco, 8; fabulous tales, ib.; his observations on trade and the state of the navy, 10

Ralph the Rover: the bell of the Inchcape Rock, ii. 173

Rams of ironclads: loss of the Vanguard and “Grosser Kurfürst,” ii. 155

Ramsay, David, patents for steam-ships, ii. 79

Ramsgate: iv. 241; wrecks on the Goodwin Sands, ii. 212–235; map of Ramsgate and the Goodwin Sands at low water, 252

Ramsgate Life-boat and the “Aid” steam-tug, ii. 215

“Ranger,” Paul Jones’s ship, iii. 72, 75

Rats on board ship, i. 222; on the sea-coast, iv. 197; on Looe Island, 214

Raw meat: its medicinal value in Arctic regions, iii. 244

Rawson, Lieut., in Arctic exploration, iii. 102, 105, 106, 107

Razor-fish, iv. 128, 129

Red-hot shot, first record of, i. 91; at Sebastopol, 16; at Gibraltar, 16, 18

Red Sea, i. 115; passage of the Israelites, ib.; its name; coral and animalculæ, 117; islands, ib.

Redoubtable, at Trafalgar, i. 10, 11, 12

Reed, Sir E. J.: cost of ironclad war-ships, i. 14; designer of the Iron Duke and Vanguard, 67; big guns and armour plates, 6; “Our Ironclad Ships,” ii. 144, 146

Reindeer in Spitzbergen, iii. 167; at Hammerfest, 179; venison, 246

Relics brought back by the Franklin search expedition, iii. 229

Renaud, M.: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal, i. 110

Rendel, J. R., C.E.: his co-operation in the Suez Canal, i. 110; Portland breakwater, ii. 194

Rennie, James: his advocacy of steam war-vessels, ii. 98

Rennie, John: the Bell Rock lighthouse, ii. 173, 176; Plymouth breakwater, 190; his use of the diving bell, iv. 81

Rensselaer Harbour: winter quarters of Dr. Kane in the “Advance,” iii. 235

Rescue: the search for Franklin, iii. 214

Resolute: the search for Franklin, iii. 207

Resolution: Arctic voyages, iii. 155

Resolution and Adventure: Captain Cook’s voyage of discovery, iii. 277

Restoration Island named by Lieutenant Bligh: mutiny of the Bounty, i. 244

Reticulosa, iv. 111

Reynaud, M.: Héhaux lighthouse, Brittany, ii. 178–181

Rhizopoda, iv. 111

Rhodosperms, iv. 200

Richard I., first maritime code, i. 268; laws against wrecking, ii. 237

Richardson, Sir John: portrait, iii. 185; his adventure with wolves, 189, 190; his attempt to swim the Coppermine River, iii. 191, 193

Riou, Capt., his death at Copenhagen, i. 152

Roanoake; its colonisation, ii. 2

“Roanoake,” i. 20

Robber crab, iv. 152

“Robert J. Stockton,” iron steam-ship, ii. 103, 104

Roberts, Captain Bartholomew, the pirate, iii. 63, 64

Roberts, Lady: her help in the wreck of the “Killarney,” ii. 314, 317

Robin Hood’s Bay, iv. 256

Robinson Crusoe: the island of Juan Fernandez, i. 33–36

“Rob Roy:” Napier’s steam-vessel, ii. 98

Rock-borers, iv. 203

Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Railway, iv. 21

Rodney’s naval victory, i. 186

Rôles d’Oleron: laws against wrecking, ii. 237

Roman ships and galleys, i. 261

Ronayne, John: his bravery in saving life, ii. 257–261

Rooke, Sir George: Gibraltar taken by him, i. 94

Rose, Richard: his life-buoy seat, iv. 262

Ross, Sir John: portrait, iii. 161; his Arctic voyages, 163; his voyage in the Victory, 186; search for Franklin in the Felix, 207

Ross, Sir James Clarke: Arctic voyage, iii. 163; Arctic exploration, 179, 181, 184; discovery of the magnetic pole, 187; “Fox” expedition in search of Franklin, 216, 225; discovery of the South Polar Land; Victoria Land, Possession Island, and Mount Erebus, 280

“Rothsay Castle,” wreck of the, ii. 288, 297–304

Round the World on a Man-of-war, i. 87–214

“Round the World in Eighty Days,” iv. 1

Royal George, loss of the, i. 59–62; its removal by Colonel Pasley, 62; diving operations, iv. 86

Royal Humane Society, iv. 263

Royal Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 278–282

Royal Sovereign, Charles I.’s ship, ii. 29

Royal Sovereign, i. 5

Rudyerd, John, second Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 161; destroyed by fire, 160, 163; death of a keeper, ib.

Russell, J. Scott, F.R.S., “The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood,” i. 85; ii. 101; portrait, 129; construction of the “Great Eastern,” 130

Russian America, Alaska, i. 169, 170

Russian Arctic Explorations, iii. 185

Russian attempts to discover the north-west passage, iii. 159; Russian Arctic voyages, 159–162

Russian ironclads, i. 83

Saba Island, West Indies, i. 185

Sabine; Arctic expedition, iii. 163, 170

Saïd Pacha and M. de Lesseps, i. 108

Sailors: Lascars, Malays, and Kanakas, i. 43; Devonshire boys on training ships, 46; rating of sailors (able, ordinary, and boys), 51; their hardships, 53; flogging, 51–53; perils of the sailor’s life, 54; their conduct on board the Terror, iii. 199. (See Discipline.)

St. Catherine’s Island, taken by the pirate Morgan, iii. 45

St. Domingo: drawing by Columbus of its discovery, iii. 292; early gold-washing at, 293; war, mutiny, and famine, 295; Diego Columbus made governor, 308

St. Elias, Mount, Alaska, i. 170

St. George’s Island, Bermuda, i. 187, 189

St. Helena, i. 212, 213

St. John’s, Newfoundland: possession taken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, i. 318

St. Juan de Ulloa, Sir John Hawkins’s action at, i. 299, 301

“St. Lawrence,” i. 20

St. Lucia, i. 187

St. Paul’s travels; his shipwreck at Malta, i. 103, 104

“St. Valentine,” treasure-ship, taken by Monson, ii. 21

St. Vincent, Battle of, i. 7, 8, 9

St. Vincent, Lord: suppression of the mutiny on the St. George, i. 256; portrait, 257

Salmon, the, its natural history, iv. 163–168; parr, smolt, grilse, ib.; abundance of its ova, 164; tinned salmon from America, 166

Salmon: fisheries of California, Vancouver’s Island, British Columbia, Alaska, i. 164, 168, 170, 171, 202; mode of curing, iv. 167; salmon leaps, ib.

Saltness of the sea, i. 87, 97; iv. 90

Salt Lake, Great; Salt Lake City, iv. 23; Cape Douglas garrison, 24, 25; street in the city, 25

Salvador, i. 8

“Salvador del Mundi,” i. 9

“Samaritano,” wrecked on the Goodwin Sands; Margate and Ramsgate lifeboats, ii. 217–223

Samphire, iv. 231, 233

Sandgate: loss of the “Grosser Kurfürst,” iv. 238

Sandwich: seal of the town, i. 274

Sandwich in the mutiny of the Nore, i. 252

Sandwich Islands: Honolulu; the king, iv. 45; the ex-queen Emma, 46; sugar cultivation, ib.; volcanoes, 47

Sandy Hook Light, New York, i. 196

San Francisco: the bay; its entrance, the “Golden Gate,” i. 157; the city, 158; its history, ib.; society, 161; view of the bay, 160; a timber wharf, 156; “John Chinaman” in San Francisco, 161; Chinese theatres, ib.; earthquakes, 162; iv. 29, 30; Drake at, i. 313

San Joseph, i. 8

San Juan Island, i. 166; British camp, i. 165

“San Nicolas,” i. 8

San Salvador, the first land in the New World discovered by Columbus, iii. 288

Santangel, his support of the plans of Columbus, iii. 286

Santiago, i. 172

“Santissima Trinidada,” i. 8, 10

Saracens, their ships, i. 269

Sardines: mode of fishing for, iv. 174

“Savannah,” the Atlantic first crossed by her, ii. 105

Saving life at sea. (See Hovellers, Life, and Lifeboats.)

Saw-fish, iv. 162

Sawkins, Captain, the pirate, iii. 51–55

Scaliger, J. C.: history of paddle-boats, ii. 78

Scallops, iv. 138, 140

Scammon, Captain, soundings in Behring Sea, i. 138

Scandinavian early explorers of the Arctic regions, iii. 116

Scarborough: iv. 253; shipwrecks, loss of the “Coupland,” 254

“Schiller,” loss of the, ii. 267

School on board the “Fox” in the Arctic regions, iii. 219

Scilly Islands, ii. 268–270

Scoresby: changes in the Greenland ice-fields, iii. 163, 178

Scotland, pearl fisheries of, iv. 71

Scott, Mr.: buried at sea in the “Fox” Arctic expedition, iii. 221

Screw-propeller, history of its invention, ii. 102

Screw steamer, plan and section of stern, ii. 101

Scurvy: on board in Anson’s fleet, ii. 50, 119; in the expedition of the Alert and Discovery, iii. 106, 107, 111, 114; in Munk’s Arctic voyage, 150; in Vitus Behring, Ischirikoff, and Parry’s voyages, 161, 162, 176; in Dr. Kane’s expedition, 239

Sea, the: its living wonders, iv. 111; its saltness, agitation, and waves, iv. 90; the Gulf Stream, 91; tides, 92; its colour and phosphorescence, 96, 97

Sea-anemones, iv. 123, 196–198

Sea coasts: “Sketches of our Coasts,” Cornwall, iv. 207–225; South coasts, 225–247; East coasts, Norfolk, Yorkshire, 247

Sea of Ancient Ice, voyage of the Alert, iii. 101

Sea-cucumber, iv. 126, 128

Sea-elephants, i. 34; iii. 279

Sea-shore: “By the Sea-shore,” iv. 190–207; calm and storm, 192

“Sea-goers” in guard-ships, i. 45

Sea-horse, iii. 155, 156; iv. 162

Sea-lion, iv. 188

Seamen. (See Sailors.)

Sea-monsters, fabulous, i. 31

Sea-polyps from the Atlantic: voyage of the Challenger, i. 31

Sea-serpent: various accounts of it, drawings, conjectures, and probabilities, iv. 184–190

Sea-sickness, i. 50

Sea-sickness and remedies, iv. 6, 7

Sea songs and poems, by Dibdin and others, i. 8, 42; iv. 298–304

Sea-trees, Falkland Islands, i. 178

Sea-urchins, sea-slugs, iv. 125

Sea-weeds, iv. 200

Seal of the town of Sandwich, i. 274

Seals: on inaccessible island, i. 40; their flesh as food, iii. 94, 217–219, 251

Sebastopol, siege and bombardment of, i. 14, 15

Selkirk, Alexander, on the island of Juan Fernandez, i. 33

Selkirk, Lady: plate taken from her by Paul Jones, iii. 73, 74; returned five years afterwards, 75

“Serapis” taken by Paul Jones, iii. 77

Seton, Major: loss of the “Birkenhead,” i. 71

Severn: Commodore Anson’s ship, ii. 46, 50

“Shah” and “Huascar:” action between them, i. 26

Shakespeare’s allusions to the sea, iv. 291–295; “The Tempest,” 292; “Merchant of Venice,” 294; “Measure for Measure,” Henry VI. part ii., “Richard III.,” “Pericles,” “Cymbeline,” “Antony and Cleopatra,” “Hamlet,” 295

Shakespeare’s Cliff, iv. 240

Shanghai, i. 122, 125

Sharks and Shark Fishing, iv. 160; common shark; tiger shark, 161; the shark worshipped in Africa, 162

Sharp, Captain, the pirate, iii. 55

Shells, Univalve, iv. 139

“Shenandoah:” her exploits in the American war, i. 139; American whale ships burnt, iii. 157

Sheshaldinski, Peak of, Aleutian Islands, i. 171

Ships and shipping interests, History of, i. 258–ii. 156

Ship-building, History of. (See Naval Architecture.)

Ship-money raised by Charles I., ii. 28

Shipwrecks and their lessons, ii. 297

Shipwrecks; Falconer’s poem, iv. 297

Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society, iv. 226, 249, 258, 272

Shrimps, iv. 158

Sieges of Gibraltar, i. 90

Sierra Leone, i. 202, 204; Drake at, 314

Sierra Nevada, iv. 20, 27, 28; snow-shed, 29

Siffante, south-west wind, i. 107

Signals of distress, ii. 266, 275; iv. 289; necessity for electric communication, ii. 277

Sigurd, King, the crusader, at Gibraltar, i. 90

Silver Mines in Nevada, iv. 26

Simon’s Town, Cape of Good Hope, i. 206

Singapore, i. 143; spices, foliage, fruit, climate, 145, 146; scenery and commerce, 147; new harbour, 146, 147; corals, 150; Kling gharry drivers, 150; tiger hunting, ib.; views, 152, 153

Singhapura, Strait pirates, i. 146

Sinope, Battle of, i. 15

Siren signals, iv. 289

“Sirius,” ii. 106

Sirocco, i. 107

Sitka, the capital of Alaska, i. 169, 170

Skeletons of Franklin’s crews found by McClintock, iii. 230

Skerryvore Lighthouse, ii. 175–178

Slave-trade: established, i. 295; slaves taken by Sir John Hawkins, ib.; the African Company, ii. 33; views of Columbus on slavery, iii. 295, 302; slaves from America taken to Spain by Columbus and others, 295, 302, 307

Sledges in Arctic exploration, iii. 99–114, 133; sledge journeys by McClintock, iii. 225; by Morton, in Dr. Kane’s Arctic expedition, 239; by Dr. Kane’s, 248; by Capt. Parry’s, 179; by Lieut. Payer’s, 272

Sleep in the Arctic regions, iii. 251

Sleepy comfort of freezing: Dr. Kane’s experience, iii. 237

Slip water bottles, for deep-sea sounding, i. 29, 38

Smeaton, John: biographical notice, ii. 164; third Eddystone lighthouse, 165; portrait, 170; diving bell, iv. 81

Smiles, Samuel: Smeaton and the Eddystone Lighthouse, ii. 164, 170; Plymouth Breakwater, 191

Smith, Sir Sidney, i. 6

Smith, William, Discovery of South Polar Land, iii. 278

Smith’s Sound, view in, iii. 149; discovered by Baffin, 150; explored by Dr. Kane, 233

“Smoke-stack, Patent,” on the “G. S. Wright,” i. 141

Smuggling, iv. 210, 234

Smyth, Rear-Admiral: “The Mediterranean,” i. 87

Snow and ice: on American railways, iv. 21, 28; at Plover Bay, i. 139; crimson snow, iii. 164. (And see Ice.)

Snow-blindness, iii. 179, 182, 239

Snow houses, iii. 244

Snow village in Greenland, iii. 173, 174

“Sofia,” Swedish Arctic expedition, iii. 257

Soldier crab, iv. 154

Soldiers at sea; burning of the “Kent,” i. 69, 70, 72; loss of the “Birkenhead,” 74, 75; wreck of the “Medusa,” 77, 78, 79, 80

Solen or razor-fish, iv. 128, 129

Songs, Naval, i. 42, 43

“Souffleur, The,” or the Blower. Mauritius, iv. 95

Southampton, iv. 225

South-east American Station, i. 175

South Sea Bubble, ii. 42–44

South Virginia Company: colonisation of America, ii. 11

Southey’s “Life of Nelson,” i. 8, 10; “British Admirals,” 274, 275, 278; defeat of the Armada, 290; Sir John Hawkins and the slave-trade, 298; Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe, 314; anecdotes of Drake, 315; exploits of Sir William Monson, ii. 19; sea anemones, iv. 197

Sovereign of the Seas, launched by Phineas Pett, i. 232

Spalding’s diving-bell, its failure, and his death, iv. 81

Spanish Armada defeated, i. 283–291

Spanish galleons taken during the Commonwealth, ii. 31; taken by Alison, 59–61; iii. 3

Spanish expedition to El Dorado, ii. 9

Speedy, commanded by Admiral Cochrane, i. 219; action with the Spanish frigate “Gamo,” ib.

Spiders in ships, i. 221

Spinola: action at Cerimbra Roads, ii. 19, 21

Spinous cockle, iv. 204

Spithead, mutiny at, i. 251

Spitzbergen: discovery of, iii. 142; Magdalena Bay, 166, 167; animal life in, 167, 257

Spolasco, Dr.: wreck of the “Killarney,” ii. 305

Spondylus, iv. 138, 140

Sponges: “Venus’s Flower-basket,” i. 30, 32; sponge fishing off the coast of Greece, iv. 65, 77

Sprat, iv. 173

Spray of the ocean, iv. 92

Spry, W. J. J., R.N.: cruise of the Challenger, i. 28

Squat lobsters, iv. 158

“Squirrel,” Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship, i. 318

Stables, Dr., R.N., on the punishment of the “cat,” i. 52, 53; “Medical Life in the Navy,” i. 220

Staines, Sir Thomas: his discovery of the survivors of the Bounty, i. 247, 248

Stamp Act in America, ii. 66

Star-fish from the Atlantic; voyage of the Challenger, i. 31; iv. 125, 128

Stations, Naval: American, i. 102; Pacific, 156; Australian, 119, 131, 150; China, 119, 137; East India, 119; Southeast American, 175; West Indian, 178; North American, 198; African, 202

Steam-power essential in deep-sea sounding, i. 29, 30

Steam as a motive-power for ships: early history, ii. 79–97

Steam-ships first used for Arctic exploration, iii. 186

Steam war-ships first introduced, i. 225

Steel ships, i. 84

Stephens, F. G.: “History of Gibraltar and its Sieges,” i. 90

Stephenson, Captain H. F.: winter quarters of the Discovery, iii. 100, 101; Alert and Discovery expedition, iii. 92

Stevenson, Allan: the Skerryvore lighthouse, ii. 175–178; revolving and other lights, 186

Stevenson, Robert, Rennie’s assistant at the Bell Rock Lighthouse, ii. 175

Stewart, Captain A.: search for Franklin, iii. 207

Stirling, J. D. Morriss, on the sea-serpent, iv. 187, 189

Storms: the great gale of 1703; Defoe’s account, ii. 199–209; other accounts, 201, 202, 203; “The Storm,” “After the Storm,” and other illustrations, iv. 292, 293, 296, 297, 300, 301

Straits of Gibraltar: scenery, i. 97

Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount: his verses on the lifeboat, ii. 211

Strombus, a univalve shell, iv. 144

Sturgeon and its roe; caviare, iv. 162

Submarine telegraph cables, iv. 98

Submerged forest, iv. 199

Suez, i. 110, 114, 115

Suez Canal: procession of ships at its opening, i. 97; M. de Lesseps’ published works on the Canal; its origin and completion, i. 107–115; statistics, 115; bird’s-eye view, 109

Sugar plantations, Jamaica, i. 183

Sun, The. (See Mock Suns.)

Sun at midnight in the Arctic regions, iii. 264

“Sunbeam:” voyage of circumnavigation, iv. 40; 61, 62

Sun-fish, iv. 162, 164

Sunshine in the Polar regions, iii. 109

Surgeons in the navy, i. 52

Swallow, i. 7

Swallow, Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship, i. 318

Swamped at sea: loss of the “London,” ii. 289, 290–297

Swedish Arctic expeditions, iii. 257

Swedish ships: sanitary arrangements, ii. 120

Sword-fish, and mode of fishing for it, iv. 177, 178

Sydney, South Australia, i. 154; its natural productions, ib.; the Domain; the botanic garden, 155; iv. 52

Symington, William: steam navigation, ii. 82; his experiments, 83, 84, 92; portrait, 85

Symons, Captain, lost in the “Amazon,” ii. 278, 282

Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, i. 207

Tallack, W.: “Malta under the Phœnicians, Knights, and English,” i. 98

Tandon, Moquin, on sea-monsters, i. 31

Tasman: his discovery of Tasmania, i. 151; discovery of New Zealand, iv. 51; the Maories, ib.

Taylor, James: steam navigation, ii. 81, 83

Tchuktchi Indians: iii. 158; building a hut, 157; Professor Nordenskjöld at a Tchuktchi village, 275

Tea in Chili, i. 175; Japanese, i. 133; iv. 43

Tea tax in America, ii. 67–69, 72; thrown overboard, 69, 72

“Tegethoff:” Austro-Hungarian Arctic expedition, iii. 271; two years on an ice-floe, ib.; the ship abandoned, 274

Telegraphy: submarine cables, iv. 98

Telescope, equatorial, at the Observatory, Greenwich, iv. 218

Téméraire, i. 5, 10, 11; her engines, i. 225

Temperature: of the depths of the sea, i. 30; of the Atlantic Ocean, 37; extreme cold in the Arctic regions, iii. 103, 105, 111, 135, 136, 171, 225, 236, 237, 276

Tenney, Matthew: his heroism on board the Cumberland, i. 22

Teredo, iv. 128

Ternati, Drake at, i. 312, 313

Terror and Erebus among the icebergs, iii. 193, 197

Terror: voyage of the Terror under Captain Back, 196; the ship nipped in the ice, 204; Franklin’s last expedition, 207; discovery of relics, 227, 230

Thames: Great Storm of 1703, ii. 204; poetry of the, iv. 272

Theatre at Lima, i. 172

Theatres, Chinese, in San Francisco, i. 161

Theatricals: on the “Great Britain,” iv. 34; “Royal Arctic Theatres” on the Alert and Discovery, iii. 103; on other Arctic ships, 170

“Thémistocle,” i. 7

Thermometers for deep-sea sounding, i. 30, 37, 38

Thirst, sufferings from, ii. 16

Thomas, Captain, lost in the “Schiller,” ii. 267, 270

Thomson, J., “The Straits of Malacca,” i. 144

Thomson, Professor Wyville; cruise of the Challenger, i. 29

Thorne, Robert, his voyage of discovery, iii. 119

Thorpeness, Suffolk, iv. 247; enterprise of Joseph Chard, ib.