INDEX, &c.
Reading edition
Abrasion tests, 146
Absorption of bricks, 132
Acids defined, 76
Actinolite, 69
Air, chemical composition of, 105
Albite felspar, chemical composition, 34
Almandite, 68
Aluminium, under blowpipe, 73
Anorthite felspar, chemical composition, 34
Aragonite, 49
Bases defined, 76
Basic bricks, 90
dolomite for, 55
magnesite for, 56
Biotite mica, 43
under blowpipe, 73
Black bricks, 101
Blowpipe, 58
Blue bricks, 101
Bluish-black brick-earths, 27
Boulder clay, 50
Bourges, Oxford clay of, 24
Bovey Heathfield clays, 20
Bracknell bricks, 135
Brick earths, artificial mixing, 42
artificial mixtures, 94, 95
bluish-black, 27
boulder clay, 50
brown, 27
chalk pebbles in, 50
changes in character on being dug into, 2, 5, 10
chemical composition of, 23, 52, 83, 84, 85
chemistry of, 58, 75
chert in, 41, 42
coprolites found in, 51
Cornwall, 35
Crayford, 1
Devon, 35
Erith, 1
estuarine, 21
fluviatile—Chapter I., 1–16
fossil shells in, 50
Ilford, 1
Kimeridge clay, 26
lacustrine—Chapter II., 17–21
Lincolnshire, 21
London clay, 33
marine, 22
mineral constitution, 28
minerals found in (see Kaolin, Felspar, Quartz, Flint, Mica, Iron, Calcite, Aragonite, Selenite, Dolomite, Salt, etc.).
Northamptonshire, 21
North-Eastern France, 20
Oxford clay, 33
Reading mottled clay, 19
of river terraces, 12
salt in, 25
sea-shore, 25
section of fluviatile brick-earths, 10
several kinds of fluviatile, discussed, 14, 15
Switzerland, 89
Thames Valley, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
value of chemical analyses of, 28, 29
Brickmaking: earths suitable for (see Brick-earths)
Bricks, abrasion tests, 146
absorption of, 132
basic, 90
Bracknell, 135
colour of, 100
Dinas, 81
discolouration of, 114
durability of, 103
effect of conflagrations on, 117
efflorescence on, 110
London stock, 97
micro-structure of, 29, 118, 128
rubber, 29
specific gravity, 146, 149
Staffordshire blue, 99
Stourbridge, 82
strength of, 136
vegetable growth on, 113
weathering of, 105, 113
British Museum, fossils in, from brick-earths, 3, 26
Bronzite, 69
Brown brick-earths, 27
Burning bricks, 94
changes produced by, 98
temperature, 89
Calc spar, 49
Calcite, 39, 49
behaviour in kiln, 39
micro-structure of, 131
under blow-pipe, 74
Californian magnesite, 56
Carbon dioxide in quartz, 41
Carbonate of lime (see Calcite, Aragonite)
Chalk in brick-earths, 1
mixed with brick-earths, 53
pebbles in brick-earths, 50
Chateauroux, Oxford clay of, 24
Chemical affinity, 76
analyses of brick-earths, 28
analysis, 77
composition of air, 106
composition of brick-earths, Dinas, 52
composition, china clays, 78
composition of fire-clays, 80
composition of Kieselguhr, 92
composition of magnesian limestones, 90
composition, pottery clays, 82
composition of slates, 87
disintegration of rocks, 20
re-agents, 60, 63, 71
Chemistry of brick-earths, 58, 75
Chert, 41
Cheshire, salt in clays in, 25
China-clays, behaviour in the kiln, 36
chemical composition, 78
Cornwall, 35, 36, 37
Devon, 35
China-clay (see Kaolin and Felspar)
thickness of, 38
China-stone, decomposed, 37
Colour in the kiln, 98, 99
Colouring matter of bricks, 45
of bricks, 53
Colour of bricks (see Blue, Black, etc.).
Coprolites: impure varieties of phosphate of lime
found in brick-earths, 51
Cornish granite, 35
Cornwall, china-clays, 35, 36, 37
Cracks formed in bricks, 52
Crayford, brick-earth at, 1
Dartmoor granite, 55
Denudation, agents of, described, 6, 7
of sea-cliffs, 22
Devon, china-clays, 35
Diatomaceous earth, 42, 91
Dinas bricks, 52, 81
Discolouration of bricks, 114, 135
Dolomite in brick-earths, 55
micro-structure of, 131
under blow-pipe, 74
Drying bricks, 94
Durability of bricks, 103
Efflorescence on bricks, 110
Electric furnace, 33
Elephants’ remains, found in brick-earth, 2, 3
Erith, brick-earth at, 1
Estuarine brick-earths, 21
Expansion of bricks and variations of temperature, 115
Felspar, 34
chemical composition of, 34
micro-structure of, 129
under blow-pipe, 73
Ferruginous matter (see Iron)
Fire-bricks, Dinas, 52
earths suitable for making, 21
effect of lime in, 53
Kieselguhr for, 42, 91
strength of, 136
Fire-clays, chemical composition of, 80, 81
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 80
tests, 148
Welsh localities, 81
Fishes, fossil, 25
Flint, 39, 41
behaviour of in the kiln, 42, 43
implement: an implement, or tool, made of flint—in the sense indicated in this work an implement made by pre-historic man.
implements, found in brick-earths, 3, 5
micro-structure of, 129
origin of, 41
Fluid inclusions in quartz, 41
Fluorine in clays, 59
Fluviatile brick-earths: brick-earths that have been deposited in rivers
Fossil shells, carbonate of lime in, 50
shells found in brick-earths, 4
sponges, in flint, 42
Fusion of brick-earths in the kiln, 29, 31
Gault clay, 51
Glaze, micro-structure of, 119, 120
Glazing, salt, 57
Granite, Cornish, 35
Dartmoor, 35
Granites, weathering of, 36
Greece, magnesite in, 56
Green bricks, 101
Grizzly bear’s remains found in brick-earth, 2
Gypsum in brick-earths, 54
under blow-pipe, 74
Heat, bricks affected by, 117
Hippopotamus remains found in brick-earth, 2
Ilford, brick-earth at, 1
Infusorial earth, Tuscany, 92
Iron, 44
a constituent of brick-earths, 44
behaviour in the kiln, 45
bricks, Saarbrücken, 92
micro-structure of, 130
mode of occurrence in brick-earths, 45
under blow-pipe, 73, 74
vapour in the kiln, 46
pyrites, 46, 131
pyrites, behaviour in the kiln, 48
pyrites, under blow-pipe, 74
pyrites, weathering of in bricks, 48
Jurassic estuarine clays, 21
Kangaroo rats, fossil, 25
Kaolin: a hydrous silicate of alumina, derived chiefly from the decomposition of felspars
Kaolin, 31
behaviour in the kiln, 32, 33
chemical composition of, 78
micro-structure, 32, 33
under blow-pipe, 73
“Kaolinised” matter, 33
Kilns, temperature in, 98
Kieselguhr: a diatomaceous earth
Kieselguhr, 91
chemical composition of, 92
of the Isle of Skye, 42
Kimeridge clay brick-earth, 26
Labradorite felspar, chemical composition, 34
Lacustrine brick-earth: that laid down or deposited in lakes
brick-earths—Chapter II., 17–21
brick-earths, formation of, 17, 18
Lime, builder’s, 52
in bricks, 52
in manufacture of fire-bricks, 53
Limestone, a flux, 54
Limonite, under blow-pipe, 73
Lincolnshire brick-earths, 21
Loam: sandy clay
London stock bricks, 97, 140
Magnesian limestones, chemical composition of, 90
limestone (see Dolomite)
Magnesite, 55
behaviour in the kiln, 56
Californian, 56
in Greece, 56
Styrian, 56
under blow-pipe, 74
Malachite, 67
Malm bricks, 53, 86
Manganese, under blow-pipe, 74
Marcasite, 46, 47
behaviour in the kiln, 48
weathering of, 47, 48
Marine brick-earths: those laid down or deposited on the sea-floor
Marine brick-earths, not so variable in character as river, lacustrine, or estuarine, 23
brick-earths—Chapter III., 22–27
brick-earths, origin of, 23
Marl: clay containing much lime.
Mica, 43
behaviour in the kiln, 44
micro-structure of, 130
under blow-pipe, 73
Microscopes, 121
Microscopes, use of, 59
useful in analysing earths, 30
Micro structure as a means of determining fusibility of minerals and brick-earths, 43
of bricks, 118, 128
Minerals, their behaviour in the kiln (see Kaolin, Felspar, Quartz, Flint, Mica, Iron, Calcite, Aragonite, Selenite, Dolomite, Salt, etc.).
behaviour under the blow-pipe (see Quartz, Felspar, Mica, Calcite, etc.).
Mississippi, sediments of the Delta of, 7
Mortar and Scum, 112
Muscovite mica, 43
mica, under blow-pipe, 73
Musk-sheep remains, found in brick-earth, 2, 3
Natrolite, 68
Newcastle-on-Tyne fire-clays, 80
Newton Abbot, clays near, 20
Northamptonshire brick-earths, 21
Oligoclase felspar, chemical composition, 34
felspar, under blow-pipe, 73
Origin of fluviatile brick-earths—Chapter I., 1–16
Orthoclase, 69
felspar, chemical composition, 34
felspar, under blow-pipe, 73
Overburden: the material for the most part useless, overlying the good brick-earth, sand, limestone, or other rock for which the pit or quarry was exploited, and which, in the majority of cases, has to be removed to obtain the material sought for.
Oxford clay, 24, 25, 33
Oxidising flame, 65
Paving bricks, tests, 148
Peterborough bricks, 24
clays, 51
Plants, fossil, 21, 26
Platinum wire, 60, 63, 66
Plesiosaurus, fossil reptile, 26
Porcelain earths, 30
Pottery clays, chemical composition, 82
Power of transport of sediment by rivers, 8
Pumice for brickmaking, 93
Pyrite, 46
behaviour in the kiln, 48
under blow-pipe, 74
Pyrometers, 99, 100
Quartz, behaviour in the kiln, 39, 42, 43
cavities in, 40, 41
characters of, 39
imperishable, 40
micro-structure of, 128
occurrence in brick-earths, 40
under blowpipe, 72
vein, 40
Race: concretions of carbonate of lime, commonly found in brick-earths in brick-earths, 50
Rainfall and the durability of bricks, 108
“Rattling” tests, 148
Reading mottled clay, 18
Red brick, 100
Red brick clay, 86
Red bricks, colouring matter of, 45
Reducing flame, 65
Refractory minerals (see Calcite, Dolomite, Magnesite, Quartz, etc.).
Reindeer remains, found in brick-earth, 2, 3
Reptiles, fossil, 25
Rhinoceros’ remains, found in brick-earth, 2, 3
River deposits, typical section, 10, 11
River terraces, brick-earths of, 12, 13
Rock crystal, 40
Rock salt, under blow-pipe, 74
Ruabon bricks and terra-cotta, 84
terra-cotta, 116
Rubbers, 29, 86
Saarbrücken “iron bricks,” 92
Salt, a powerful flux, 57
behaviour in the kiln, 57
glazing, 57
in brick-earths, 25, 27, 56
in quartz crystals, 41
under blow-pipe, 74
Schorl, 40
Scum, 110
Sea-shore, brick-earths from the, 25
Selenite, 54, 131
under blow-pipe, 74
Septaria: tabular or rounded concretions of argillaceous limestone, commonly found in clays
Septaria, 51
Shrinkage of brick-earth in the kiln, 85
Silica, behaviour in the kiln, 28
group of minerals, 39
Slates, chemical composition of, 87
débris for brickmaking, 87
refuse, 47
used in brickmaking, 47
Snails, found in brick-earth, 4
Specific gravity of bricks, 146, 149
Stacking in the kiln, 97
Staffordshire blue bricks, 99
Stibnite, 68, 70
Stocks, London, 140
Stoneware, earths for making, 21
Stourbridge bricks, 82
Strength of bricks, 136
Styrian magnesite, 56
Swiss brick-earths, 89
Temperature and weathering of bricks, 115
in kilns, 98
Terra-cotta earths, 19, 30
earth, chemical composition of, 84
expansion of in weathering, 115
Ruabon, 116
Tests for bricks (see strength, absorption, specific gravity, chemical composition, micro-structure, etc.).
Thames, mineral salts in solution in the, 7
Thames Valley brick-earths, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Tuscany, infusorial earth, 92
Variable character of brick-earths, 10
Variability in character of marine brick-earths, 23, 24
of estuarine brick-earths, 21
of lacustrine brick-earths, 17
Vegetable growth on bricks, 113
Vein quartz, 40
Volcanic ejectamenta for brickmaking, 93
Wales, fire-clays of, 81
Warping, 98
“Weathering” agents which affect bricks, 6
Weathering of brick-earths, 27
White bricks, 100
Yellow bricks, 101
