The Sanitary Evolution of London

INDEX

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Adulteration of Food Act

, 1860,

182–4

Aldwych,

413

Allison, Dr., evidence quoted,

Alteration of Food and Drink and Drugs Act, 1872,

238

Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings Act, 1868,

212–3

254–5

282

Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act, 1875,

256–8

264

Amendment Act, 1879,

265

292–5

Avery Hill,

414

Bakehouses

171–2

275

374

381–2

404

Bakehouse Regulation Act, 1863,

183

275

Balfour, Rt. Hon. A. J.,

396–7

Ball, Decimus,

323

Ballard, Dr.,

252

Barnett, Canon,

294

Bateson, Dr. Henry, reports quoted,

150

286–7

Baths and Wash-houses,

126

252

Baths and Wash-houses Act, 1846,

252

Battersea,

177

203

229

284

392

Beaconsfield, Lord,

287

Beale, James,

186

Bedfordbury,

259–60

Bermondsey,

116

144

177

188

220

250–1

300

309

332–3

347–8

354

431

Bethnal Green,

46–7

103

108

120

129

138

145

177

188

190

202

219

222

268

288

291

293

303

308–10

333–4

353

364

375

383

386–7

393

Billingsgate Market,

416

Birth-rate, decline of,

350

402–3

Bloomsbury,

314

Boundary Street Area,

364

Bow,

393

Bristowe, Dr. J. S.,

400

Brockwell Park,

414

Bromley,

159

Building Act, 1844,

164

Burial grounds,

35–7

54–5

231

309–10

Burnett, J., report quoted,

335

Burnham Beeches,

414

Camberwell

104

137

144

155

190

219

222

267

288

291

305

309

334

354

406

Census of 1851,

410

of 1861,

155–7

of 1871,

221–2

of 1881,

288–9

of 1891,

349–52

of 1896,

379

of 1901,

401–2

422

Central Health Authority needed,

195–6

277–8

431–2

Cesspools,

104

128

159

229

Chadwick, Edwin,

Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. Joseph,

293

308

Cheap Trains Act, 1863,

362

Chelsea,

141

197–8

255

267

288

354

Children’s Employment, Commission on,

210–1

Cholera epidemics, of 1832,

of 1848,

45–6

of 1849,

46–9

of 1853,

72–5

164

of 1866,

189–92

Chichester, Bishop of, speech in 1850,

“Christopher Court,” Whitechapel,

“City,” the, its commercial character,

7–9

its government,

417

its sanitary condition,

its declining population,

94–5

155

222

224

288

352

401–2

construction of business premises,

367

394

Amalgamation Committee,

396

Clare Market scheme,

364

Clerkenwell,

102–3

109

115

120

124

126

185

245

261–2

288

303

307–8

314

321

323

333

353

355

Common lodging houses,

132

145

253

erected by L.C.C.,

366

410

Common Lodging Houses Act, 1851,

132

Commons, acquisition of,

206

282

Compulsory Vaccination Act, 1867,

208

Consumption,

146

170

Contagious Diseases Animals Act, of 1869,

237

of 1878,

275–6

Coulsdon Common,

414

Cowhouses and dairies,

275

318

Cremation Act, 1902,

409

Cripplegate,

165

Cross, Sir R. A.,

256

Customs and Inland Revenue Act, 1890,

344–5

Density of building

203

329–30

Deptford,

347

Derby, Lord,

165

Dickens, Charles, on burial grounds,

speech in 1850,

Dilke, Sir Charles,

308

Diphtheria,

146

386

Diseases Prevention Act, 1848,

152

Diseases Prevention (Metropolis) Act, 1883,

318–9

Disinfection,

194

248

252

358

385

Dispensaries,

389

District Boards created,

83–9

inefficiency and inactivity,

183–7

267–73

301–8

321–2

398–9

abolition,

398–9

Drunkenness connected with overcrowding and insanitation,

130

142–3

157–8

176

263

391–2

Dunraven, Lord,

336–7

East London Water Co.

106

191–2

Education (London) Act, 1903,

406

421

Elementary Education Act, 1870,

219

346

Epping Forest,

414

Factories

, overcrowding in,

113

173–4

193

334–7

Royal Commission of 1876,

274

need of inspection,

373–4

Factory Act of 1864,

183

of 1867,

210–1

of 1878,

274–5

of 1891,

370

of 1901,

403–4

Farr, Dr. W.,

189

Fever, prevalence of,

32–4

connection with cholera,

Finsbury,

314–5

423–4

430

Finsbury Park,

206

Flight,

323–4

Forster, W. E., speech quoted,

242

Fulham,

100–1

112

115

131

159–61

166–7

191

204

214

219

222

226

228

252

288

307

374

380

393

401–2

Gladstone, W. E.

312

Godwin, George,

173

181

Goulston Street scheme,

293

Grainger, Dr., evidence quoted,

48–9

Granville, Lord,

165

Gray’s Inn Road,

295

Greenwich,

101

124

222

309

332

Grey, Sir G.,

Griffith, Dr. J., evidence quoted,

21–2

Grosvenor, Lord Robert,

Hackney

100

103

117

123

136

179

190

197–8

222

228

230

267

288

309

334

373

393

401

Hackney Marsh acquired,

414

Hainault Forest,

414

Hall, Sir Benjamin,

Hammersmith,

101

204

226

383

430

Hampstead,

100

125

351

375

Hampstead Heath acquired,

206

Harcourt, Sir William,

311

Hickson, W. E., evidence quoted,

Holborn,

123

127

155

164

170

255

314

353–4

Hornsey,

351

Hospitals for infectious diseases,

209–10

283

318–9

387–8

Hospitals, voluntary,

390

Houses, defective building of,

227–9

232

273

Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885,

325–6

of 1890,

342

363–6

398

Housing of the Working Classes Commission,

317

319

321–5

Hunter, Dr.,

185–6

Immigration into London

156

221

225–6

288–91

336

349

402

Infectious and contagious diseases,

194

208–9

239–40

263

266

276

283

318–9

343–4

357

385–8

403

407–8

Infectious Diseases Notification Act, 1889,

342–3

Inspectors of Nuisances,

188–9

193–4

307–9

324–5

334–5

358

their insufficient number,

379–80

382–3

Islington,

108

120

127

155

177

180

188

201

222

224–5

279–80

288

351

355

374

380–1

392–3

424

Jacob’s Island

, foul water in,

Jewish sanitary laws,

143

146

149

Kenry, Lord

371

Kensington,

98–9

105

121

188

219

222

225

230

278–9

288

355

375

383

430

Kingsway,

413

Labouring Classes Lodging Houses Act

of 1851,

69–70

326

of 1867,

326

Lakeman,

371

Lambeth,

103

105

116

122–4

155

188

203

222

251–2

267

300

309

352

354–5

375

424–5

431

Lambeth Water Company,

Lancet, The

, description of the Thames,

Lankester, Dr.,

189

Laundries, public,

126

Lea Conservancy Board,

208

Lewisham,

102

144

Liddle, Dr. J.,

399

Limehouse,

97–8

111

120

163

188

251

258

279

393

Little Coram Street, Bloomsbury,

262–3

Local government of the “City,”

of Greater London,

11–4

lack of central authority,

Act passed in 1855,

Local Government Board Act, 1871,

232–3

419

Local Government (England and Wales) Act, 1894,

382

Locomotion, additional facilities needed,

432

London, Bishop of, speech in 1850,

London County Council created,

338–9

powers given by Public Health Act, 1891,

359–61

and by Housing Act, 1890,

363–6

constituted education authority,

406–9

418

summary of its work,

420

London Fever Hospital Report, 1845,

London Government Act, 1899,

396–7

London Government Bill, 1884,

311–3

Lynch, Dr. J.,

33–4

261

Marylebone.

See

St. Marylebone

Measles,

408

Meat, inspection of imported,

318

Medical Officers of Health, their duties,

their reports,

92–3

their treatment by local authorities,

189

their labours,

399–400

Metropolis Local Management Act, 1855,

110

185

Metropolis Turnpike Trusts Act, 1828,

Metropolis Water Act, 1852,

160

191

Metropolitan Asylums Board,

210

418

420

Metropolitan Board of Works constituted,

83–5

abolished,

337–41

Metropolitan Building Act of 1844,

of 1855,

164

204

231

Metropolitan Burials Act, 1852,

Metropolitan Gas Act, 1860,

184

Metropolitan Market Act, 1851,

247

Metropolitan Paving Act, 1817,

Metropolitan Poor Act, 1867,

208–10

Metropolitan Sanitary Association,

106

Metropolitan Sewers Commission, evidence before,

18–9

Metropolitan Water Amendment Act, 1871,

233–5

Metropolitan Water Board,

405–6

418

420

Middlemen,

323–4

Midwives Act, 1902,

409

Mile-End-Old-Town,

131

163

166

227

278

288

309

333

347

383

Milk trade,

275

318

Millbank estate,

366

“Model dwellings,”

368–70

Morpeth, Lord,

43–4

Mortality, in the fifties,

120–1

129–30

144–5

148

150

in the sixties,

153

156

176–8

191

219–20

223

in the seventies,

263

278–81

283

in the eighties,

292

346–8

in the nineties,

350–1

364

392–3

402

Mortuaries,

252

358

Municipal Corporations Act, 1835,

Municipal Councils, created,

397–8

417

their work,

421

Munro, J.,

400

National Association for Promoting Social Science

181

New Oxford Street formed,

New River Company,

Newington,

101

115

122

124

144

155

185

190

214

220

224

248

250

285

309

347

354

376

Notting Dale,

121

177

Noxious trades,

37–8

53–4

114–7

145–8

246–7

252

415

Nuisances Act, 1846,

39–40

Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Act, 1855,

82–3

117

415

Overcrowding, in the forties, 29–34 in the fifties, 55–6, 107–14, 119, 127, 133–4, 145 legislation against, 87, 147–9, 193–4, 197 in the sixties, 165–77, 198–200, 202–3 in the seventies, 224–5, 243–6 in the eighties, 313–6, 332–3 in the nineties, 354–6, 371, 375–6 in 1901, 422–6 Paddington, 98, 100, 102, 123, 155, 163, 168, 180–1, 184, 188, 201, 203–4, 220, 222, 224, 226, 248–9, 252, 279, 288, 290, 309, 376, 407–8, 425–6 Palmerston, Lord, 75 Parks and recreation grounds, 122, 206, 282, 414 Pauperism, 139 Paving boards in middle of nineteenth century, 12 Peabody Trustees, 265, 296 Pear Tree Court, Clerkenwell, 261 Pennethorne, J., 28 Phillips, J., 19 Physical deterioration, 426–7 Plumstead, 98, 267 Poor Law Act of 1879, 283 of 1889, 344 Poor Law Guardians, 407 Poplar, 97, 120, 123, 126, 155, 190, 199, 222, 227, 230, 254, 279, 284, 288, 300, 309, 331, 376, 393 Population, growth of, 9–10, 80, 155–7, 221–5, 288–9, 349–52, 401–2, 410 Port of London Sanitary Authority, 239–41, 283, 317–8, 416 Printing works, 172–3 Privy Council, medical department of, 152, 171 Public Health Act of 1848, 51–2, 79 of 1858, 152 Public Health (London) Act, 1891, 356–60, 385, 408, 412–3, 415–6, 429–30 Purvis, W., 237–8 Redesdale, Lord, 165 Registrar-General’s Report after census of 1861, 154 Rendell, Dr. William, 142–50, 175, 186–7, 189 Ritchie, C. T., 338, 359 Rodwell, Hunter, 271 Rosebery, Earl of, 341 Rotherhithe, 17, 36, 74, 98, 101, 105, 108, 114, 116, 117, 144, 177, 206, 220, 252, 280–1, 333–4 Ross, 323 Russell, Lord John, 66 Russell Court, Drury Lane, burial ground in, 36 St. George, Hanover Square, 98, 137, 188, 212, 288, 351 St. George-in-the-East, 102–3, 106, 120, 233, 253, 278, 288, 303, 352–4, 391, 393 St. Giles’, 28, 68, 97, 99, 100, 105, 108–10, 113, 124, 130, 139, 168, 176, 178, 191, 199–200, 224, 250, 252, 255, 260, 262–3, 305, 313–4, 375–6 St. James’, Westminster, 97–8, 102, 109, 125, 130, 155, 170, 179, 189–90, 222–3, 249–52, 256, 272, 288, 290, 352, 369, 394 St. Luke, 97, 108, 219, 231, 255, 293, 314, 334, 353, 355, 364, 368 St. Martin-in-the-Fields, 97, 102, 129, 155, 161, 214, 352 St. Marylebone, 30, 97, 100, 105, 124, 181, 188, 222, 225, 232, 250, 280, 288, 299, 309, 354, 369, 374 St. Pancras, 97, 108, 115, 125–6, 128–9, 132, 155, 164, 169, 175, 188, 256, 268, 273, 279, 299, 304, 309, 348, 353, 367, 424, 430 Salisbury, Marquess of, 317, 322, 325–6 Sandhurst, Lord, 337 Sanitary Act, 1866, 193, 199–202, 217–8, 254, 266, 300, 302, 324, 429 Sanitary Law Amendment Act, 1874, 266, 305, 429 Scarlet fever, 249, 386, 415 Schools, overcrowding in, 113–4, 174, 244–6 defective drainage in, 421–2 School Board for London, 283–4, 292, 313–5, 406–7, 418 Scrofula, 58, 170 Sewers, early statutes relating to, 14 glaring inefficiency in the forties, 15–7 in the City in the fifties, 50–1, 60 plan adopted by the M.B.W., 90–1 medical officers’ reports in 1856, 100–3 attention paid by Vestries and District Boards, 123, 249–51 M.B.W.’s scheme carried out, 158–9, 281, 411 L.C.C.’s report, 411–2 Sewers, Commissioners of, before Act of 1848, their authority, 9, 11, 15 their incapacity, 15–7 after Act of 1848, 41–2 superseded, 84 Shaftesbury (Ashley), Lord, 32, 47, 64, 66, 165, 174, 176, 274, 307, 366 carries Act to regulate common lodging houses, 67–8 Labouring Classes Lodging Houses Act, 69 Shops, 172 Shoreditch, 37, 97, 105, 111–2, 120, 166, 188, 228, 251, 267, 288, 309, 353, 355, 368, 380–1, 393, 425, 430 Simon, Dr. John, 50–62, 120, 171, 192, 215–7, 248, 286 Simpson, W., 29 Slaughter-houses, 247 Smallpox, 38–9, 146, 150, 208, 235–6, 269, 319, 386, 403 Smith, Dr. Southwood, 4, 6, 25–6, 151 Smithfield Market, 416 Society for Establishing Public Baths and Washhouses, 126 Society for Improving the Condition of the Working Classes, 70 Soho, 391 Southwark, 17, 98, 111, 120, 128, 131, 135–6 parish of St. George-the-Martyr described, 142–52, 167, 189, 214–5, 222, 224, 228, 230, 267, 279, 284, 305–6, 334, 347, 354, 364, 369, 374, 375, 393, 400, 424 Southwark Water Company, 21, 73, 192 Spitalfields, 28, 161, 245–6, 253 Stanley, Lyulph, 295 Stepney, 401, 424–5, 430 Strand, 97, 100, 110, 112–3, 115, 117, 123, 128, 133, 140, 176, 212, 223–4, 259, 288–90, 347, 352, 364, 392 Street improvements, 29, 205–6, 413–4 Sutherland, Dr., 75 Sweating, Select Committee on, 337, 370–2 Tenement Houses, 313–6, 353–6, 358, 375, 422–5, 428–31 See also “Overcrowding” Thames, the, sewers discharged into, 15–6, 21 source of water supply, 21–2 The Lancet’s description, 77 a Medical Officer’s words in 1858, 117–8 Embankment constructed, 207, 282 Thames Purification Act passed, 207–8 scope of Conservancy Board extended, 208 Port of London regulations, 239–41, 283 new treatment of sewage adopted, 332 Torrens, Mr., 213 Towns Improvement Act, 1847, 79 Tramways Act, 1870, 219 Tremenheere, H. S., 171 Typhus, prevalence of in 1838, 4 in 1847, 43 in the “City” in the fifties, 58, 112, 147 Vaccination Act of 1836, 208 of 1871, 237 Vestries created, 83–9 inefficiency and inaction, 183–7, 266–73, 301–8, 321–2, 398–9 abolition, 398–9 Victoria sewer, 76 Vinen, Dr. N., 400 Vulliamy, G., 229 Wales, the Prince of (now King Edward VII.), 317, 364 Wandsworth, 98, 100, 124, 155, 177, 219, 222, 228, 230, 250, 279, 289, 402 Water supply, disgraceful condition of, 20–3, 104–7, 160–2, 191–2 for the “City,” 51–2 Act of Reform passed in 1852, 71 Act of 1871, 233–5 Act of 1887, 331 Royal Commission of 1892–3, 383–4 Act of 1902, 405–6 general survey, 412–3 Waterlow Park, 414 Webber Row scheme, 364 Westminster (see also St. James), 16, 97–8, 108, 110, 115, 126, 161, 167, 177, 201, 222, 288, 300, 303, 346, 375, 377, 430 Whitechapel, 33, 97, 99, 103–4, 114, 117, 121, 126–7, 130–1, 153, 160–1, 166, 168–9, 178, 200–1, 219, 229, 231, 243, 245–6, 253, 278, 288, 290, 293–5, 353, 368, 391–2, 399 Williams, T. Marchant, 313–6 Window tax, 26 Woolwich, 98, 332 Workhouses and infirmaries, 209, 389–90 Workmen’s trains, 296–7 Workshop Regulation Act, 1867, 211–2 Zymotic diseases, 42–3, 118, 131, 163, 170, 260–1

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