BOOK XXXI. (continued 2)

3. And to prevent the ardour of the soldiers from being cooled by delay, the whole city was blockaded by the fourth hour; and the siege from that time was carried on with great vigour, the besiegers, from their innate ferocity, pressing in to complete its destruction, while, on the other hand, the garrison was stimulated to great exertions by their natural courage.

4. And while the vast number of soldiers and grooms, who were prohibited from entering the city with their beasts, kept close to the walls and to the houses which joined them, and fought gallantly, considering the disadvantages under which they laboured from the lowness of the ground which they occupied, and baffled the rage of their assailants till the ninth hour of the day, on a sudden three hundred of our infantry, of those who were nearest the battlements, formed themselves into a solid body, and deserted to the barbarians, who seized upon them with avidity, and (it is not known on what account) at once slaughtered them all. And from that time forth it was remarked that no one, even in the extremity of despair, adopted any similar conduct.

5. Now while all these misfortunes were at their height, suddenly there came a violent thunderstorm, and rain pouring down from the black clouds dispersed the bands of soldiers who were raging around; and they returned to their camp, which was measured out in a circle by their waggons; and being more elated and haughty than ever, they sent threatening letters to our men ... and an ambassador ... on condition of safety to him.

6. But as the messenger did not dare to enter the city, the letters were at last brought in by a certain Christian; and when they had been read and considered with all proper attention, the rest of the day and the whole of the night was devoted to preparing for defence. For inside the city the gates were blocked up with huge stones; the weak parts of the walls were strengthened, and engines to hurl javelins or stones were fixed on all convenient places, and a sufficient supply of water was also provided; for the day before some of the combatants had been distressed almost to death by thirst.

7. On the other hand the Goths, considering the difficulty and uncertainty of all warlike transactions, and becoming anxious at seeing their bravest warriors wounded and slain, and their strength gradually diminished, devised and adopted a crafty counsel, which, however, was revealed to us by Justice herself.

8. They seduced some picked soldiers of our army, who had revolted to them the day before, to pretend to escape back to their former comrades, and thus gain admittance within the walls; and after they had effected their entrance, they were secretly to set fire to some part of the city, so that the conflagration might serve as a secret signal, and while the garrison and citizens were occupied in extinguishing it, the walls might be left undefended, and so be easily stormed.

9. The traitors did as they were commanded; and when they came near the ditch they stretched out their hands, and with entreaties requested to be admitted into the city as Romans. When they were admitted, however (since no suspicion existed to hinder their admission), and were questioned as to the plans of the enemy, they varied in their tale: and in consequence they were put to the torture, and having formally confessed what they had undertaken to do, they were all beheaded.

10. Accordingly, every resource of war having been prepared, the barbarians, at the third watch discarding all fear from past failures, rushed in enormous numbers against the blocked-up entrances of the city, their officers urging them with great obstinacy. But the provincials and imperial guards, with the rest of the garrison, rose with fearless courage to repel them, and their missiles of every kind, even when shot at random among so vast a crowd, could not fall harmless. Our men perceived that the barbarians were using the same weapons which we ourselves had shot at them: and accordingly an order was given that the strings which fastened the iron points to the javelins and arrows should be cut before they were hurled or shot; so that while flying they should preserve their efficacy, but when they pierced a body or fell on the ground they should come asunder.

11. While affairs were in this critical state an unexpected accident had a considerable influence on the result. A scorpion, a military engine which in ordinary language is also known as the wild-ass, being stationed opposite the dense array of the enemy, hurled forth a huge stone, which, although it fell harmless on the ground, yet by the mere sight of it terrified them so greatly, that in alarm at the strange spectacle they all fell back and endeavoured to retreat.

12. But their officers ordering the trumpets to sound a charge, the battle was renewed; and the Romans, as before, got the advantage, not a single javelin or bullet hurled by a slinger failing of its effect. For the troops of the generals who led the vanguard, and who were inflamed by the desire of possessing themselves of the treasures which Valens had so wickedly acquired, were followed closely by others who were vain of exposing themselves to as much danger as those of greater renown. And some were wounded almost to death: others were struck down, crushed by huge weights, or pierced through their breasts with javelins; some who carried ladders and attempted to scale the walls on different sides were buried under their own burthens, being beaten down by stones which were hurled upon them, and by fragments of pillars and cylinders.

13. And yet, horrible as the sight of this bloodshed was, so great was their ardour that no one relaxed in his gallant exertions till the evening, being encouraged by seeing many of the garrison also fall by various wounds. So, without rest or relaxation, both the besiegers and the besieged fought with unwearied courage.

14. And now no kind of order was observed by the enemy, but they fought in detached bands and in skirmishes (which is the sign of the extremity of despair); and at last, when evening came on, they all returned to their tents, sorrowfully, each man accusing his neighbour of inconsiderate rashness, because they had not taken the advice of Fritigern, and avoided the labours and dangers of a siege.

XVI.

§ 1. After the battle, the soldiers devoted the whole night (which, as it was summer, was not long) to tending the wounded with all the remedies known to their nations, and when daylight returned they began to discuss various plans, doubting what to do. And after many plans had been proposed and objected to, they at last decided to occupy Perinthus, and then, every place where they could hear that any treasures were stored up, the deserters and fugitives having given them all the information they required, so that they learnt what was in every house, to say nothing of what was in every city. Adopting this resolution unanimously, which they thought the best, they advanced by slow marches, ravaging and burning everything as they passed.

2. But those who had been besieged in Hadrianople, after the barbarians had departed, as soon as scouts of approved fidelity had reported that the whole place was free from enemies, issued forth at midnight, and avoiding the public causeways, took out-of-way roads through the woods, and withdrew, some to Philippopolis, and from thence to Serdica, others to Macedonia; with all the wealth which they had saved undiminished, and pressing on with the greatest exertion and celerity, as if they were likely to find Valens in those regions, since they were wholly ignorant that he had perished in battle, or else certainly (as is rather believed) burnt to death in the cottage.

3. Meanwhile the Goths, combining with the Huns and Alani, both brave and warlike tribes, and inured to toil and hardship, whom Fritigern had with great ability won over to his side by the temptation of great rewards—fixed their camp near Perinthus; but recollecting their previous losses, they did not venture to come close to the city, or make any attempt to take it; they, however, devastated and entirely stripped the fertile territory surrounding it, slaying or making prisoners of the inhabitants.

4. From hence they marched with speed to Constantinople in battle array, from fear of ambuscades; being eager to make themselves masters of its ample riches, and resolved to try every means to take that illustrious city. But while giving way to extravagant pride, and beating almost against the barriers of the gates, they were repulsed in this instance by the Deity.

5. A body of Saracens (a nation of whose origin and manners we have already given a full account in several places), being more suited for sallies and skirmishes than for pitched battles, had been lately introduced into the city; and, as soon as they saw the barbarian host, they sallied out boldly from the city to attack it. There was a stubborn fight for some time; and at last both armies parted on equal terms.

6. But a strange and unprecedented incident gave the final advantage to the eastern warriors; for one of them with long hair, naked—with the exception of a covering round his waist—shouting a hoarse and melancholy cry, drew his dagger and plunged into the middle of the Gothic host, and after he had slain an enemy, put his lips to his throat, and sucked his blood. The barbarians were terrified at this marvellous prodigy, and from that time forth, when they proceeded on any enterprise, displayed none of their former and usual ferocity, but advanced with hesitating steps.

7. As time went on their ardour damped, and they began to take into consideration the vast circuit of the walls (which was the greater on account of the large space occupied by mansions with gardens within it), the inaccessible beauties of the city, and the immensity of its population; also the vicinity of the strait which divides the Black Sea from the Ægean. Then after destroying the works which they had constructed, having sustained greater losses than they had inflicted, they raised the siege, and roamed at random over the northern provinces, which they traversed without restraint as far as the Julian Alps, which the ancients used to call the Venetian Alps.

8. At this time the energy and promptitude of Julius, the commander of the forces on the other side of Mount Taurus, was particularly distinguished; for when he learnt what had happened in Thrace, he sent secret letters to all the governors of the different cities and forts, who were all Romans (which at this time is not very common), requesting them, on one and the same day, as at a concerted signal, to put to death all the Goths who had previously been admitted into the places under their charge; first luring them into the suburbs, in expectation of receiving the pay which had been promised to them. This wise plan was carried out without any disturbance or any delay; and thus the Eastern provinces were delivered from great dangers.

9. Thus have I, a Greek by birth, and formerly a soldier, related all the events from the accession of Nerva to the death of Valens, to the best of my abilities; professing above all things to tell the truth, which, as I believe, I have never knowingly perverted, either by silence or by falsehood. Let better men in the flower of their age, and of eminent accomplishments, relate the subsequent events. But if it should please them to undertake the task, I warn them to sharpen their tongues to a loftier style.

INDEX.

A. Abanni, a people of Africa, 533 Abarne, a town in Mesopotamia, noted for its hot springs, 182 Abdera, the birthplace of Protagoras and Democritus, 286 Abdigidus, a tribune, 173 Abienus, a senator, 477, 478 Abii, a people of Persia, 339 Abladius, prefect of the prætorium, 236 Abora, or Chaboras, a river in Mesopotamia, 111 Abydos, 287 Abydum, a town in Thebais, 208 Achæi, a Caspian tribe, 290 Achaiacala, a fort on an island in the Euphrates, 350 Acheron, the river, 289 Acherusian, the cave, 289 Acilius Glabrio, the first Roman to whom a statue was erected, 16 Acimincum, a town in Hungary, 205 Acone, a port on the Euxine Sea, 289 Acontiæ, a species of serpent in Egypt, 311 Acontisma, a narrow defile between Thrace and Macedonia, 443 Acrapatena, a province of Media, 335 Adaces, a Persian Satrap, killed, 374 Addense, 531 Adelphius, prefect of Rome, 92 Adiabas, a river in Assyria, 334 Adiabene, a province of Assyria, 176, 320, 333 Adonis, 186 Adrastea, the goddess of retribution, called also Nemesis, 42, 281 Adrastus, king of the Argives, 41 Ædesius, keeper of the records, 56, 58 Ægean Sea, 286 Ælian, Count, 182, 183; crucified by the Persians, 200 Ænus, a city of Thrace, 286, 444 Africanus, Governor of the second Pannonia, 50, 95 Agabana, a fortress in Persia, 463 Agathocles, king of Sicily, 44 Agathyrsi, a tribe near the Palus Mæotis, 291 Agazaca, a city of the Paropanisatæ, 342 Agenarichus, king of the Allemanni, 113 Agilimundus, a chieftain of the Quadi, 151 Agilo, an equerry, 34, 266; promoted to the prefecture by Julian, 279; recalled to military service by Procopius, 422; intercedes for his father-in-law Araxius, 432 Aginatius put to death by Maximin, 474 Aiadalthes, a tribune, 181 Alani, a Scythian tribe, 291, 328, 580, 581, 599, 611 Alatheus, 583, 587, 611 Alavivus, a general of the Goths, 585, 587 Albani, allies of the Persians, 176, 187, 332 Albinus of Etruria, 56 Alexander the Great, 41, 46, 89 Alexander of Heliopolis, 319 Alexandria, a village near Rome, 131 —— in Egypt, 300; described, 313; its temples and library, 314; its schools, 315 —— a city in Arachosia, 343 —— in Ariana, 342 —— in Carmania, 339 —— an island in Persia, 338 —— a town in Sogdiana, 340 Alfenus, a distinguished lawyer, 556 Alicodra, a city in Bactria, 340 Aligildus, a count, 271, 277 Aliso, a tribune, 427 Alitrophagi, a Scythian tribe, 341 Allemanni, or Germans—these names are used promiscuously by Ammianus—defeated at the battle of Strasburg, 118, 247; lay waste Gaul and Rhætia, 413, 414; defeated by Jovinus, 438, 567; make incursions into the Roman territory, 602; are defeated, 604 Allobroges, a nation of Gaul, 81 Alpheus, a river rising in Arcadia, 53 Alps, the Cottian, 75; the Julian, 259; the Grecian, 76; the Penine, 76; Hannibal's passage of the, 77 Alypius of Antioch, 317, 514 —— a Roman noble, 471 Amantius, a soothsayer, 472 Amanus, a mountain range in Cilicia, 27 Amardus, a river in Media, 337 Amastris, a city in Paphlagonia, 289 Amazons, one of the Caspian tribes, 291; defeated by the Athenians, 289 Amida, a city of Mesopotamia, 174; besieged by Sapor, 185; betrayed by a deserter, 192; courage of the garrison, 195; a sortie of the Gallic troops, from, 195, 236 Amiens (Ambians), a city in Belgium, 79, 453 Aminias, a Persian general, 369 Amisus, a city in Pontus, 289 Ammianus, his noble birth, 199; placed under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis, by the Emperor Constantius, 30; returns to Italy, 37; his industry, 45; sent into Gaul, 60; sent back to the East, 103; visits Thebes, 130; recalled, 171; escapes from Nisibis, 173; sent to Jovinianus, satrap of Corduena, 175; narrow escape of, 181; arrives at Antioch, 200; accompanies Julian in his expedition against the Persians, 326; returns with Jovian, 402; his advice to future historians, 623 Ampelius, prefect of Otricoli, 472 Amphiaraus, an ancient seer, 4 Amphilochius, a Paphlagonian, 252 Amphisbæna, a serpent, 311 Amphitheatre at Rome, 102, 411 Amphitus, a Spartan, the charioteer of Castor and Pollux, 290 Amudis, a fort in Mesopotamia, 173 Amycus, king of the Bebrycii, 288 Anaphe, an island in the Ægean Sea, 139 Anatha, a fortress in Mesopotamia, 347 Anatolius, prefect of Illyricum, 204; master of the offices, 234; his death, 253; an officer of the palace, 504 Anaxagoras the philosopher, 287; predicted the fall of stones and earthquakes, 315 Anaximander, a Milesian philosopher, 139 Anazarbus, a city of Cilicia, 27 Anchialos, a city of Thrace, 293, 444 Ancorarius, a mountain of Mauritania, 531 Ancyra, a city of Galatia, 296, 403, 426 Andernach (Antumacum), 161 Andocides, a Grecian orator, 554 Andriscus of Adramyttium, 44, 421 Andronicus, a poet, 209 Anepsia, wife of Victorinus, 475, 478 Anicenses, a Sarmatian tribe, 154 Anicii, the, a noble family at Rome, 98 Annib, a mountain in Scythia, 341 Anthemusia, a province of Mesopotamia, 10 Anthropophagi, a Scythian tribe, 580 Antibes (Antipolis), a town in Gaul, 79 Antinopolis, a town in Mesopotamia, built by Constantius, 182 Antinous, a city in Egypt, 312 Antioch in Syria, 28; visited by the Emperor Julian, 297; by Jovian, 401 Antiochia, in Persia, 339 Antiphon, a Greek orator, 554 Antoninus, a wealthy merchant, afterwards one of the protectors, 168; his treachery, 169 Antonius, a tribune, 415 Anzaba, a river in Mesopotamia, 175 Apamia, a city in Assyria, 334, 338 —— a city in Thrace, 287 Apamia, a city in Syria, 28 Apis, the sacred Egyptian bull, 306 Apodemius, the secretary for the provinces, 41, 46; sentenced to be burnt alive, 280 Apollinarii, father and son, the former governor of Phœnicia, the latter steward of the palace, 26 Apollo, the Cumæan, 334; of Daphne, 303; the Palatine, 320; the Sminthius, 286 Apollonia, a city of Thrace, 293 —— in Assyria, 334 Apollonius of Tyana, 270 Apronianus, prefect of Rome, 317; suppresses the magicians, 411 Aprunculus Gallus, an orator and soothsayer, afterwards governor of Narbonne, 277 Aquileia, the capital of Venetia, 261; besieged by Julian, 261; surrenders, 264 Aquitani, a nation of Gaul, 78 Arabia reduced to a Roman province by the Emperor Trajan, 29; Arabia Felix, 338 Arabis, a river in the country of the Drangiani, 342 Aracha, a town in Susiana, 335, 337 Arachosia, a Persian province, 342 Arachotoscrene, a marsh in Arachosia, 343 Aradius, count of the east, 317 Araharius, a Sarmatian chief, 149 Arar, a river in Gaul (the Saône), 80 Arator, duke, 481 Aratus the poet, 299, 386 Araxates, a river in Sogdiana, 340 Araxius, prefect of the prætorium, 422 Arbaca, a city in Arachosia, 343 Arbela, a city in Adiabene, 334 Arbetio, 36, 47, 92; made consul, 71, 213 Arboreus, high chamberlain, 49 Arbor Felix, fortress of, 605 Arcadius, a river of the Euxine, 289 Archelaus, a general of King Mithridates, 116 Archimedes the mathematician, 407 Ardea, a town in Persia, 338 Areans, a sect, 485 Areopagus, 518 Arethusa, a town in Thrace, the burial-place of Euripides, 443 Argæus, a mountain in Cappadocia, 233 Argonauts, the, 27 Ariana, a province of Persia, 342 Arias, a river in Arcana, 342 Ariaspe, a town in the province of Drangiana, 342 Arimaspi, a fierce one-eyed nation bordering on Persia, 332 Arimphæi, a nation bordering on the Euxine, 292 Arinchi, a savage tribe near the Euxine, 291 Arintheus, a tribune, 54; commands the left wing of the army under Julian, 347; ambassador to the Persians, 393, 446 Aristænetus, prefect of Bithynia, lost his life in an earthquake, 138 Aristarchus the grammarian, 314 Aristides, 558 Aristobulus consul with Diocletian, 317 Arles (Arelate), a town on the Rhone, 79 Armenia conquered by Galerius, 134; its restoration to the Persians demanded by Sapor, 135; abandoned by Jovian in the treaty of Dura, 394, 549 Armonius, a mountain in Asia Minor, 289 Arsaces, the first king of the Parthians, 330 —— king of Armenia, an ally of Constantius, 235; of Julian, 318; taken prisoner by the Persians, 394; put to death, 463 Arsacia, a city of Media, 337 Arsiana, a city of Susiana, 335 Arsinoë, a city of Cyrene, anciently called Tauchira, and now Tochira, 312 Artabannes, a Persian satrap, 463 Artabius, a river in Gedrosia, a district of Persia, 343 Artacana, a city of Parthia, 338 Artemis, a river in Bactria, 340 Artemisia, queen of Caria, 487 Artemius, deputy-governor of Rome, 146 —— duke of Egypt, 300 Artogerassa, a city of Armenia, 464 Arzanena, a province of Mesopotamia, 393 Ascalon, a city of Palestine, 29 Ascanimia, a mountain in Scythia, 340 Asclepiades the philosopher, 304 Asclepiodotus, count, 65 Asia Minor, description of, 289 Asmira, a mountain in Serica, 341 Asp, the largest species of serpent in Egypt, 311 Aspabota, a city of Scythia, 341 Aspacaræ, a tribe of the Seres, 341 Aspacuras, a Persian satrap, 466 Asparata, a city of the Betæ, 341 Assanite Saracens, 350 Assyria, the wife of Barbatio, 165 —— a province of Persia, in the time of Ammianus called Adiabene, 333 Astacea, a city of Bactria, 340 Astacus, a city in Bithynia, also called Nicomedia, 287 Atacotti harass the Britons, 413 Athagoræ, a Scythian tribe, 341 Athanaric, a Gothic chief, 447, 583 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, his character, 67 Athos, a mountain in Macedonia, 286 Athribis, a city of Egypt, 313 Athyras, a port in the Propontis, 287 Ati, a people near the cataracts of the Nile, 308 Atlas, a mountain in Africa, 50 Attuarii, a tribe of Franks, 235 Auch (Ausci), a town in Aquitania, 79 Augury, modes of, 245 Augusta (Londinium), the capital of Roman Britain, 483 Augustamnica, a province of Egypt, 312 Augustus, Emperor, his correction of the calendar, 408 Aulon, a cave near the Euxine, 290 Aurelian, the Emperor, 570 Aureolus, a conspirator against Constantius, 274 Austoriani, a people of Mauritania, 413 Autun (Augustodunum), the chief town of the Ædui, 79 Auxerre (Autosidorum), a city in Gaul, 85 Avenche (Aventicum), the capital of the Helvetii, 79 Avernus, a lake in Campania, 489 Avitianus, deputy-governor of Africa, 451 Axius, a river of Macedonia, 258 Azmorna, a city of Hyrcania, 339 Azov, sea of (Palus Mæotis), 288, 577, 582 B. Babylon, 334 Bacchus, 290 Bacchylides, the lyric poet, 383 Bactra, a river in Bactria, 340 Bactrians, 339 Bætica, a consular province of Spain, 473 Bagrada, a river in Persia, 337 Bainobaudes, a tribune of the Scutarii, 39, 105; (2) a tribune of the Cornuti, 106; killed in the battle of Strasburg, 121 Balista, a military engine for discharging stones, described, 322 Bappo, a tribune, commander of the Promoti, 54 Baraba, a town in Arabia Felix, 338 Barbatio, count of the domestics, 40; promoted to the command of the infantry, 104, 136; a swarm of bees on his house regarded as a bad omen, 165; an arrogant and treacherous man, 166; beheaded, 166 Barbitani, mountains in Persia lying towards India, 343 Barchalbas, a tribune, 430 Bards, the poets of Gaul, 74 Barzala, a fort in Mesopotamia, 179 Barzimeres, tribune of the Scutarii, 546 Basilica of Sicininus in Rome, probably the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, 441 Basilina, mother of the Emperor Julian, 383 Basilisk, a kind of Egyptian serpent, 311 Bassianus, a Roman of noble family, 515 Bassus, prefect of Rome, 146 Batne, a town near the Euphrates, where an annual fair was held, 10 Battus, a Spartan, the founder of Cyrene, 312 Bautis, a river in Serica, 341 Bazas (Vasatæ), a town in Gaul, 79 Bebase, a town in Mesopotamia, 178 Bebrycia, a district in Bithynia, 288 Belgæ, the most warlike people of Gaul, 78 Belias, a river of Mesopotamia which falls into the Euphrates, 321 Bellovædius, a tribune given as a hostage to the Persians, 394 Beræa, a city of Thrace, 444 Berenice, also called Hesperides, a town in Libya, 312 Berytus, a city of Phœnicia (the modern Beirut), 28 Besa, the name of an Egyptian deity, 208 Besançon, a city of the Sequani, 79, 253 Besbicus, an island in the Propontis, 287 Bessi, a Thracian tribe, 444 Betæ, a people in Serica, 341 Bezabde, a town on the Tigris formerly called Phœnice, 225, 266; captured by Sapor, 227; unsuccessfully besieged by Constantius, 237–239 Bineses, a Persian satrap, 394 Bingen (Bingium), a town in Germany, 161 Bisula, a river (the Weichsel), 292 Bitaxa, a town of the Ariani, 342 Bitheridus, a German noble, 525 Bithynia, 288 Bizes, a river of the Euxine, 288 Blemmyæ, a people near the cataracts of the Nile, 11 Boæ, an island on the coast of Dalmatia, 279 Bonitus, a Frank, the father of Silvanus, 63 Bonmunster (Bononia), a town in Pannonia, 257 Bonn (Bonna), a town in Germany, 161 Bordeaux (Burdegala), a city in Aquitania, 79 Borion, a promontory in Egypt, 307 Bosporus, the Thracian (the Straits of Constantinople), 288 —— the Cimmerian (Straits of Yene-Kali), 70 Bostra, a city of Arabia, 29 Boulogne (Bononia), a town in Gaul, 212 Brahmans, 336, 470 Branchidæ, an oracle in the Milesian territory, 511 Briançon (Virgantia), 76 Brigantia (the lake of Constance), 52 Brisoana, a Persian river, 337 Britain, corn exported to Rome, 161; pearls found in the British sea, 345; suffers from the incursions of the Picts and Sects, 212, 453; invaded by the Saxons, 413; distress of, 453; Theodosius goes to assist, 483 Bruchion, a quarter in Alexandria, inhabited by opulent persons, 314 Brumat (Brocomagus), a city of Germany, 86 Bucenobantes, a tribe of the Allemanni, 524 Buffaloes in Egypt, 309 Bura, a town destroyed by an earthquake, 140 Burgundians, 495; their kings called Hendinos, 495; their chief priest called the Sinistus, 496 Busan, a fort in Mesopotamia, 183 Byzantium (Constantinople), 287 Byzares, a people near the Euxine, 290 C. Cabillonum (Châlons sur Marne), 98, 436 Cabyle, a town in Thrace, 607 Cadusii, a tribe on the Caspian Sea, 332 Cæni Gallici, a station in Bithynia, 38 Cæla, a town near the Hellespont, 287 Cæranius, a philosopher, 520 Cæsarea, formerly Mazaca, a town in Cappadocia, 233 —— a town in Mauritania, 534 —— a town in Palestine, 29 Cæsariensis, a province of Mauritania, 526 Cæsarius, prefect of Constantinople, 422 —— secretary of the Emperor, 551 Cæsias, treasurer of the commander of the cavalry, 200 Cafaves, a people of Africa, 532 Calatis, a town in European Scythia, 444 Calicadnus, a river in Isauria, 9 Callichorus, a river near the Euxine Sea, 290 Callimachus, an ancient Grecian general, 369 Callipolis, a city at the head of the Hellespont, 287 Callisthenes, a pupil of Aristotle, 166 Callistratus, an ancient orator, 554 Camaritæ, a tribe near the Euxine Sea, 290 Cambyses, king of Persia, 129 —— a river in Media, 337 Camels first seen by the Romans at the siege of Cyzicus, 340 Camenius, a Roman senator, 473 Camp of Hercules (Castra Herculis), a town in Germany, 161 Camp of Mars, a town in Dacia, 608 Camp of the Moors, a town or fortress in Mesopotamia, 173, 393 Canini, a people on the borders of Rhætia, 52 Canopus, a city of Egypt, 314 Cantichus, a gulf in Armenia, 332 Capellatum, a district on the borders of the Burgundians, 164 Capersana, a town in Syria, 179; called also Capessana, 255 Caphareus, a promontory of Eubœa, 286 Carambis, a promontory in Paphlagonia (now Cape Kerempe), 289 Carcinites, a river and bay on the Euxine Sea, 292 Carmania, a province of Persia, 338 Carnuntum, a city of Illyria, 559 Carpi, a people on the Danube, 446, 468 Carræ, a town of Mesopotamia, 177, 237, 320 Cascellius, a Roman lawyer, 556 Caspian, tribes of the, 291 Cassianus, Duke of Mesopotamia, 98, 176, 201, 396 Cassium, a town in Egypt, 312 Cassius, a mountain in Syria, 28; Julian sacrifices to Jupiter upon it, 305 Castalia, a fountain in Phocis, at the base of Mount Parnassus, 303 Castucius, Count of Isauria, 8 Catadupi, the cataracts of the Nile, or the people who live near them, 307 Catalauni (Châlons sur Marne), 436 Cato, the censor, 16, 81, 88 Catulus, the ædile, 20 Caucalandes, a town in Sarmatia, 588 Cella, a tribune of the Scutarii, 105 Celse, a town in Phœnicia, 23 Cephalonesus, a town on the Borysthenes, 293 Ceras, a cape on the Propontis, 287 Cerasus, a town in Pontus, 289 Cercetæ, a tribe near the Euxine Sea, 291 Cercius, the charioteer of Castor and Pollux, 290 Cerealis, uncle of Gallus, 43; (2) a master of the horse, 482, 564 Cethegus, a senator, beheaded, 471 Chærecla, a town in Libya, 313 Chalcedon, a town in Bithynia, 287; inscription found on a stone in the walls of, 577 Chalcenterus, an author, 314 Chaldæa, 335 Chalites, a gulf in Armenia, 332 Chalybes, a tribe near the Caspian Sea, 290 Chamavi, a German tribe, 141 Charax, a town in Parthia, 338 Charcha, a town on the Tigris, 183 Chardi, a Scythian tribe, 341 Charietto, count of Germany, 144, 436 Charinda, a river in Media, 337 Charte and Chartra, towns in Bactria, 340 Chasmatiæ, a kind of earthquake, 139 Chauriana, a town in Scythia, 341 Chiliocomus, a district of Media, 321 Chilo, a Roman deputy, 469 Chionitæ, a tribe bordering on Persia, 99, 134, 176 Chnodomarius, a king of the Allemanni, 107, 112, 120; taken prisoner and sent to Rome, 121; his death, 121 Choaspa, a town in Arachosia, 343 Choaspes, a river in Media, 337 Choatres, a river in Parthia, 338 Chronius, a river of the Euxine Sea, 292 Chrysopolis, a city on the Propontis, 287 Cibalæ, a town in Pannonia, 566 Cicero, 5, 49, 61, 81, 84, 210, 245, 274, 284, 310, 406, 433, 443, 457, 462, 476, 491, 531, 555, 570, 617 Cilicia, description of, 27 Ciminian, a district in Italy, 140 Cimon, son of Miltiades, 145 Cineas, the ambassador of Pyrrhus, 100 Circesium, a town of Mesopotamia, described, 324, 325 Cius, a town on the Propontis, 287 Civilis, prefect of Britain, 455 Claritas, a Roman matron, 474 Claros, in Lydia, seat of a temple and oracle of Apollo, 210 Claudiopolis, a city in Isauria, 27 Claudius, prefect of Rome, 439, 542 Cleander, a prefect under the Emperor Commodus, 418 Clematius, a citizen of Alexandria, 2 Cleopatra, 313 Coche, a town in Persia, 363 Colchi, a tribe of Egyptian origin, 290 Colias, a Gothic noble, revolts, 592 Cologne (Colonia Agrippina), 86 Comedus, a mountain in the country of the Sacæ, 340 Comets, their nature, 401 Commagena, a province of Syria, 334 Commodus, the Roman Emperor, 507, 605 Como (Comum), a town in Italy, 48 Constans, son of Constantine, 2, 94 Constantia, daughter of Constantius, 423, 539 Constantianus, a tribune, 322, 482, 522 Constantina, daughter of Constantine the Great, 2, 37, 244, 245 —— a town in Mesopotamia, 178 Constantine the Great, 60, 81, 93, 97, 131, 419 Constantinople, 287; threatened siege of, by the Goths, 622 Constantius the Emperor, his cruelty, 13; summons Gallus to Italy, 23; makes war on the Allemanni, 32; his speech, 34–36; retires to Milan, 36; his jealousy, 37; his severe treatment of Gallus's friend, 51; invests Julian with the title of Cæsar, 70; his weakness, 99; his triumphal procession to Rome, 100; his arrogance, 101; erects an obelisk, 130; reply to Sapor, 135; receives the title of Sarmaticus, 156; marches against the Limigantes, 204; jealousy of Julian, 216; besieges Bezabde, 237; marries Faustina after the death of Eusebia, 253; crosses the Euphrates, 255; his speech to his army, 267; unfavourable dreams and omens, 269; his death, 271; virtues and vices, 272; buried at Constantinople, 276 Contensis, a town in Africa, 534 Coptos, a town in the Thebais, 312; story of his wife, 291 Corax, a river flowing into the Euxine, 291 Corduena, a province belonging to the Persians, 175, 321, 393 Cornelius Gallus, procurator of Egypt, 129 Cornelius, a senator, 474 Coronus, a mountain in Media, 335 Costoboci, a Scythian tribe, 293 Cottius, a king on the Alps, 75 Craugasius, a noble of Nisibis, 200; story of his wife, 201 Crescens, deputy-governor of Africa, 501 Cretio, count of Africa, 254 Crispus, son of Constantine the Great, 41 Crissæan Gulf in Western Locris, 140 Criu-Metopon, a promontory of Thrace, 289 Crocodiles in Egypt, 309 Crœsus, 64 Ctesiphon, the winter residence of the Parthian kings, 334 Curandius, a tribune of the archers, 530 Curio, a Roman general, 530 Cybele, festival in honour of, 321 Cyclades, 286 Cydnus, a river in Cilicia, 27 Cylaces, a Persian eunuch, 463 Cynægirus, a Grecian general, 369 Cynossema, a promontory in Caria, now Cape Volpo, 287 Cyprus, 29 Cyrene, a city in Libya, 312 Cyreschata, a town in Sogdiana, 340 Cyria, a Mauritanian princess, 531 Cyrinus, 280 Cyropolis, a town in Media, 337 Cyrus, 90, 331 Cyzicus, 287; besieged and taken by Procopius, 426; taken by the Scythians, 591 D. Dacia, 423 Dadastana, a town on the borders of Bithynia, 403 Dagalaiphus, captain of the domestics, 255, 347, 359, 388, 407; sent by Valentinian to oppose the Allemanni, 415; made consul, 428 Dahæ, a Scythian tribe, 290 Damascus, 28 Damasus, bishop of Rome, 441 Dames, 95 Dandaca, a town in the Tauric Chersonese, 292 Daniel, a Roman count, 546 Danube, description of the, 293 Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, 210; (2) a town in Mœsia, 445 Dardanus, a town in the Hellespont, 287 Darius, 331, 428 Darnis, a town in Libya, 312 Datianus, a Roman consul, 133 Davana, a town in Mesopotamia, 321 Davares, a people of Africa, 532 Decem Pagi (Dieuse), 86 Decentius, a tribune, 216 Decius (the Cæsar), 614 Delos, 139, 303 Delphidius, an orator, 160 Delta in Egypt, 309 Demetrius Chytras, a philosopher of Alexandria, 209 Democritus, 46, 88, 286 Demosthenes, 549, 554 Diabas, a river of Assyria, 334 Dibaltum, a city of Thrace, 600 Dicalidones, a tribe of Picts, 453 Didius, a Roman general, 443 Didymus, surnamed Chalcenterus, 314 Dieuse (Decem Pagi), 86 Dinarchus, a Grecian orator, 554 Dindyma, a mountain of Mysia, 287 Dinocrates, an architect, 313 Diocles, treasurer of Illyricum, 451 Diocletian, 59, 317 Diodorus, a count, 301 Diogenes, governor of Bithynia, 514 Diogmitæ, a kind of light-armed troops, 456 Dionysiopolis, 444 Dionysius, king of Sicily, 44, 64, 97 Dioscurias, a city on the Euxine, 290 Dipsades, a species of Egyptian serpent, 311 Discenes, a tribune, 202 Dius, a Mauritanian chief, 527 Divitenses, a German tribe, 424, 436 Domitian, the emperor, 168 Domitianus, prefect of the East, 23, 49 Domitius Corbulo, 48 Dorians, 73 Doriscus, a town in Thrace, 176 Dorostorus, a city of Thrace, 444 Dorus, a surgeon of the Scutari, 92 Dracontius, master of the mint, 301 Drangiana, a province of Persia, 342 Drepanum, a town in Bithynia, 425 Drepsa, a town in Sogdiana, 340 Druentia (the Durance), a river in Gaul, 77 Druids, 73, 74 Drusus, a Roman general, 443 Drypetina, daughter of King Mithridates, 95 Dulcitius, a Roman general, 455 Duodiense, a fort in Mauritania, 536 Dura, a town beyond the Tigris, in Mesopotamia, 326, 347, 391 Dymas, a river in Sogdiana, 340 Dynamius, 55 E. Earthquakes in Africa, 137; the supposed causes, 138 Ecbatana, an Assyrian town, 334 Eclipses, causes of, 214 Edessa, 236, 255 Elephantine, a city of Ethiopia, 307 Elephants, 376 Eleusis, 139 Eleutheropolis, a town in Palestine, 29 Emissa, a town of Syria, 23 Emodon, a mountain in Scythia, 341 Emona, 477 Engines, warlike, 323 Epicurus, 554 Epigonius, a philosopher, 25, 31 Epimenides, 486 Epiphania, a town in Cilicia, 300 Equitius, tribune of the Scutarii, 406; made general and count, 414, 539; his son Equitius a tribune, 611 Eratosthenes, 287 Erectheus, 84 Ermenrichus, king of the Ostrogoths, 583 Erythræ, a city in Ionia, 617 Esaias, a Roman noble, 477 Essedones and Essedon, a people and town of the Seres, 341 Eubulus, a citizen of Antioch, 22 Eucærius, proprefect of Asia, 506 Euctemon, an ancient astronomer, 407 Eumenius, 477 Eumolpias (Philippopolis), 278 Eupatoria, a city of the Tauri, 292 Euphrasius, master of the offices, 422 Euphrates, 199, 335 Euphronius, governor of Mesopotamia, 176 Eupraxius, master of the records, 450 Euripides, his tomb at Arethusa, 443 Europos, a city of Persia, 337 Eusebia, wife of the Emperor Constantius, 48; her plots against Helena, 103, 253 Eusebius, an orator, surnamed Pittacos, 23, 31; (ii.) High Chamberlain, 33, 36, 167, 281; (iii.) surnamed Mattyocopa, 55; (iv.) brother of Eusebia and Hypatius, 160, 253, 516; (v.) Bishop of Nicomedia, 295 Euseni, an eastern people, near Persia, 29 Euses, a town in Gaul, 79 Eustathius, a philosopher, 136 Eutherius, prefect of the bedchamber, 93, 232 Eutropius, proconsul of Asia, 512 Evagrius, one of the emperor's household, 280 Exsuperius, one of the Victorian Legion, 361 F. Fabius Maximus, 81 Fabricius Luscinus, 548 Fara, an island on the coast of Persia, 338 Farnobius, 587, 601 Faustina, the second wife of the Emperor Constantius, 253, 271, 423 Faustinus, a military secretary, 562 Felix, master of the offices, 233, 317 Fericius, a Mauritanian chief, 530 Ferratus, a mountain in Mauritania, 527 Festus, governor of Syria, 519; his cruelties, 528 Fidustius, accused of magic, 505 Firmus, a Mauritanian chief, 525; his flight, 533; commits suicide, 537 Flavian, a Roman citizen, 502 Florentius, (i.) prefect of the Prætorian Guard, 110, 128, 216, 232, 253, 270; (ii.) the son of Nigridianus, 58, 213, 279; (iii.) the prefect of Gaul under Valentinian, 452; (iv.) a tribune, 430; (v.) Duke of Germany, 525 Fortunatianus, a count, 504 Forum of Trajan, 102 Fragiledus, a Sarmatian chief, 148 Franks, 58, 141, 235 Fraomarius, king of the Bucenobantes, a German tribe, 524 Frigeridus, a Roman general, 595, 600 Fritigern, general of the Goths, 587, 593, 607, 609 Frontinus, 472 Fullofaudes, military duke in Britain, 453 Fulvius, a Roman general, 81 G. Gabinius, king of the Quadi, 539, 559 Galactophagi, a Scythian tribe, 341 Galatæ, the Gauls, 73 Galerius, 38 Galla, the mother of Gallus, 43 Gallienus, 4 Gallonatis, a fort in Mauritania, 531 Gallus, nephew of Constantine the Great, 1; his atrocities, 2; puts the principal persons at Antioch to death, 21; summoned by the emperor, 37; leaves Antioch and arrives at Constantinople, 39; is sent to Istria, 41; put to death, 42; his personal appearance and character, 43 Gallus, a river in Bithynia, 426 Garamantes, an African tribe, 307 Garumna (the Garonne), 78 Gaudentius, 51, 95, 143, 254, 300 Gaugamela, a city in Adiabene, 334 Gaul, description of, 73; its provinces, 79; its inhabitants, 80; produce, 81 Gaza (now Ghuzzeh), a city of Palestine, 29 Gazaca, a town in Media, 337 Geapolis, a town in Arabia, 338 Gedrosia, a province of Persia, 343 Gelani, a people of the East, near Persia, 134 Geloni, a tribe near the Caspian, 291 Genonia, a town in Parthia, 338 Genua (Genoa), chief town of the Ligures, 77 George, bishop of Alexandria, 300, 301 Gerasa, a town in Arabia, 29 Gerasus (the Pruth), 584 Germanianus, 255 Germanicopolis, in Bithynia, 456 Germanicus, 306 Germany, 78 Gerontius, tortured by Constantius, 12 Gildo, a Mauritanian chief, 526 Glabrio, Acilius, 17 Gomoarius, or Gumoharius, 233, 255, 269, 422, 429 Gordian, the elder, 421; (ii.) the younger, 326 Gorgias of Leontinum, 554 Gorgonius, Cæsar's chamberlain, 48 Goths, 442, 445, 585; invade Thrace, 599; defeated by Frigeridus, 601; massacre of the, 623 Gratian, the elder, 566; (ii.) son of Valentinian, 448; takes Equitius as his colleague, 551, 602, 605; surprised by Sebastian, 607 Grumbates, king of the Chionitæ, 176, 185 Gruthungi, a tribe of Ostrogoths, 446, 583 Gundomadus, king of the Allemanni, 32, 111 Gynæcon, a town in the Persian province of Gedrosia, 343 Gyndes, a Persian river, 337 H. Hadrian, 386, 571 Hadrianople, battle of, 610–615; siege of by the Goths, 619; raised, 620 Hadrianopolis, 39, 444, 607 Hannibal, 77; buried at Libyssa, 295 Harax, a river in Susiana, 335 Hariobaudes, a tribune, 161, 162 Hariobaudus, a king of the Allemanni, 164 Harmozon, a promontory in Carmania, 332 Harpalus, one of Cyrus's lieutenants, 74 Hasdrubal, a Carthaginian general, 77 Hatra, an ancient town in Mesopotamia, 395 Hebrus (Maritza), a river in Thrace, 172 Hecatæus, an ancient geographer, 287 Hecatompylos, a town in Parthia, 338 Helen, wife of Julian, 71; her death and burial, 244 Helenopolis (Frankfort-on-the-Maine), 425 Helepolis, a military engine used in sieges, 324 Helice, a town in Achaia, destroyed by an earthquake, 140 Heliodorus, a seer, 504; his atrocities, 515; death of, 517 Heliogabalus, 421 Heliopolis, a town of Syria, 131 Helpidius, prefect of the East, 253 Hendinos, a title given to the Burgundian kings, 495 Heniochi, a tribe near the Euxine, 290 Heraclea, a city of Thrace, called also Perinthus, 278 Heraclitus, the philosopher of Ephesus, 274 Herculanus, officer of the guard, 33 Hercules, 73 Hermapion, 132 Hermes Trismegistus, 270 Hermogenes, master of the horse, 33, (ii.) of Pontus, prefect of the prætorium, 208, 253; (iii.) a Roman general in Germany, 481 Hermonassa, an island in the Palus Mæotis, 291 Hermopolis, a city in the Thebais, 312 Herod, 29 Herodianus, 314 Herodotus, 311 Hesiod, 16 Hesperus, proconsul of Africa, 502 Hesychia, a Roman matron, 477 Hiaspis, a district on the Tigris, 169 Hiberia, a country in Asia, near Colchis, 463; is divided between the Persians and Romans, 466, 549 Hibita, a station in Mesopotamia, 399 Hiera, an island on the coast of Sicily, one of the Ægates, 139 Hierapolis, a city in Commagena, 28, 267, 319; (ii.) a city in Phrygia, 333 Hierocles, son of Alypius, governor of Britain, 514 Hieroglyphics of the Egyptians, 130 Hilarinus, a charioteer, 411 Hilarius, 505 Hileia, a town in Mesopotamia, 170 Hipparchus, the philosopher, 407 Hippias of Elis, 90 Hippocephalus, a suburb of Antioch, 270 Hippopotamus of Egypt, 310 Histros, a city of Thrace, 293 Homer, 20, 71, 170, 191, 270, 341, 442, 453, 479, 617 Honoratus, Count of the East, 3, 21 Hormisdas, a Persian prince, 102; (ii.) a general of the emperor Julian, 347; (iii.) son of the preceding, 427 Horre, a town in Mesopotamia, 183 Hortarius, king of the Allemanni, 107, 144, 161; (ii.) a German noble, 525 Hucumbra, 374 Huns, 577–582 Hydriacus, a river in Carmania, 339 Hydrus, the, 310 Hymetius, proconsul of Africa, 471; banished to Boæ, a town in Dalmatia, 472 Hypanis (the Bog), a river of Sarmatia, 291 Hypatius, a consul, brother of Eusebius, 160, 253, 516 Hyperechius, 426 Hyperides, a Grecian orator, 554 Hyrcania, a northern province of Persia, 339 Hystaspes, father of Darius, 336 I. Ibis, the sacred bird of the Egyptians, 311 Ichneumon, an Egyptian reptile, 310 Iconium, a town in Pisidia, 5 Icosium, a town in Mauritania, 529 Idmon, an augur, 290 Igilgitanum, part of the coast of Mauritania, so called from the town Igilgili (Iijeli), 526 Igmazen, king of Mauritania, 535 Ilus, son of Troas, 296 Imbros, an island off the coast of Thrace, 286 Immo, a Roman count, 261 Ingenuus, a rebel, 274 Innocentius, 121 Iphicles, a philosopher, envoy from Epirus, 561 Iris, a river flowing into the Euxine, 289 Isaflenses, a people of Africa, 534 Isauria, a province of Asia Minor, 6 Isaurians, rebellion of the, 5; they besiege Seleucia, 8; compelled by Nebridius to disperse, 10 Isocrates, 570 Izala, a mountain in Mesopotamia, 173 J. Jacobus, treasurer of the commander of the cavalry, 200 Januarius, a relation of the Emperor Julian, 406 Jasonium, a mountain in Media, 339 Jaxamatæ, a Scythian tribe, 291 Jaxartæ and Jaxartes, a people and river of Scythia, 341 Jazyges, a people on the Palus Mæotis, 291 Jerusalem, the temple of, 317 Jews, 283 Jovian, chief officer of the guard, 276; son of Varronianus, 388; elected emperor after Julian, 388; his treaty with Sapor, 393; advances to Hatra, 395; his severity, 399; visits Tarsus, 402; dies suddenly at Dadastana, 403; his character, 405; his body brought to Constantinople, 406 Jovianus, a secretary, 361, 398, 417 Jovinianus, a Persian satrap, 175 Jovinus, master of the horse, 256, 261, 279, 396; commander of the forces in Gaul, 414; his vigour, 436; defeats the Germans, 458; his execution, 501 Jovius, a quæstor, 256, 294 Juba, king of Mauritania, 308 Jubileni, an African tribe, 535 Julian, son of Constantius and Basilina, 383; born at Constantinople, 295; educated by Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, 295; protected by Queen Eusebia, 48; is invested with the title of Cæsar, 69; married to Helena, 71; made consul, 83; marches against the Allemanni, 85; temperate habits, 89; his moderation, 91; plots against, 93; second consulship, 104; his first campaign, 105; his prudence, 107; his speech to his soldiers, 109; the Allemanni sue for peace, 126; fixes his winter residence at Paris, 128; attacks the Chamavi, 141; military sedition, 142; he crosses the Rhine, 163; Constantius grows jealous of him, 216; saluted as emperor, 219; his dream, 223; his letters to Constantius, 229; elected emperor by the army, 234; crosses the Rhine, and attacks the Attuarii, 235; death of his wife Helena, 244; pretended adherence to Christianity, 246; defeats the Allemanni, 249; speech to his soldiers, 250; enters Sirmium, 257; his letter to the senate, 259; besieges Aquileia, 261; his march through France, 267; hears of the death of Constantius, and enters Constantinople, 278; his severities, 279; reforms the imperial palace, 281; openly professes paganism, 283; sets out for Antioch, 295; visits the ancient temple of Cybele at Pessinus, and offers sacrifices, 296; winters at Antioch, 298; forbids the masters of rhetoric to instruct Christians, 299; prepares for an expedition against the Persians, 302; orders the church at Antioch to be closed, 304; writes his 'Misopogon,' 305; marches into Mesopotamia, and arrives at Carrhæ, 320; addresses his army, 328; invades Assyria, 347; captures and burns Pirisabora, 353; addresses the army, 354; his continence, 368; his sacrifice to Mars, 369; storms Maogamalcha, 357–362; burns all his ships except twelve, 370; his self-denial, 377; alarmed by prodigies, 377; wounded in fighting with the Persians, 379; his dying speech, 381; death, 383; his character, 383–386; his personal appearance, 387 Julian, uncle of the emperor, 317 Juliers (Juliacum Francorum), 127 Julius, a count commanding the army in Thrace, 422, 623 Justina, wife of Valentinian, 575; sister of Cerealis, 482 Juvenal, 488 Juventius Siscianus, the quæstor, 413; made prefect of the city, 441 K. Kellen (Triæsinæ), a town in Germany, 161 L. Lacotene, a town in Armenia, 236 Lagarimanus, a general of the Goths, 584 Laipso, a tribune, 121 Lamforctense, a town in Mauritania, 528 Lampadius, prefect of the prætorian guard, 55; made prefect of the city, 440 Lampsacus, a city of Mysia, 287 Laniogaisus, a Frank and tribune, 59 Laodicea, a town of Syria, 28 Laranda, a town in Isauria, 8 Latinus, count of the domestics, 34 Laudias, a fort in Mesopotamia, 179 Laumellum, a town in Italy, 72 Lauricius, sent as governor to Isauria, 211 Lawyers, Roman, described, 555 Lazica, a province of Scythia, 465 Leap-year explained, 407 Leman (the Lake Leman), 79 Lemnos, an island off the coast of Thrace, 286 Lentia (Lintz), 52, 602 Lentienses, incursions of the, 53 Leo, a Pannonian, 407, 470, 551, 561 Leonas, quæstor of Constantius, 233 Leontius, prefect of Rome, 65 Leptis, a town in Africa, distress of, 497; implores the emperor's aid, 499 Lesbos, an island on the Ægean Sea, 286 Letian, a German tribe, 231 Leuce, an island in the Black Sea, 292 Liberius, bishop of Rome, banished by Constantius for refusing to concur in the deposition of Athanasius, 67 Libino, a count, sent by Julian against the Allemanni and slain, 247 Libya, 312 Libyssa, a town in Bithynia, 295 Limigantes, slaves of the Sarmatians, 151, 203; their treachery, 151, 203, 205; defeated, 207 Lions in Mesopotamia, 177 Londinium (London), 212, 454, 483 Lorne, a fort in Mesopotamia, 201 Lotophagi, mentioned by Homer, 20 Lucillianus, count of the domestics, and father-in-law of Jovian, 39, 159, 175, 257, 322, 396, 402 Lucullus, a Roman general who defeated the Thracians, 444 Lugdunum (Lyons), 79 Lupicinus, master of the horse, 163; sent against the Picts, 212, 233; (ii.) count of Thrace, 587, 589; (iii.) one of the Gentiles, 460 Luscinus, 361, 548 Luscus, governor of Antioch, burnt to death, 25 Lusius, an officer under Trajan, 526 Lutetia (Paris), the capital of the Parisii, 78 Luto, count, 65 Lycaonia, part of Asia Minor, 7 Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, 88, 296, 572 Lyons (Lugdunum), 79 —— gulf of (Adgradus), 80 Lysimachia, 287 M. Macellum, in Cappadocia, 48 Macepracta, a town in Assyria, 351 Maces, a promontory in the Persian Gulf, 332 Machamæus, a Roman general, killed, 374 Macrianus, a king of the Allemanni, 164, 494, 523, 552 Macrones, a people near the Euxine, 290 Mæotis Palus (the Sea of Azov), 291 Magi, 336 Maharbal, 170 Malarichus, commander of the Gentiles, 56, 57; appointed by Jovian commander of the forces in Gaul, 396 Malechus Podosaces, 350 Mallobaudes, or Mellobaudes, 41, 56, 553, 603 Mamersides, 353, 363 Mamertinus, 255, 259, 279; made prefect of Italy, with Africa and Illyricum, 414; accused of peculation, 451 Mancinus, C. Hostilius, a Roman consul, 44 Manlius Priscus, a lieutenant of Pompey, 95 Maogamalcha, a city in Persia, 357 Maræccus, a river near the Caspian Sea, 291 Maranx, a district in Persia, 375 Maras, a Christian deacon, put to the torture, 32 Maratocupreni, a people in Syria, who lived by plunder, 48 Marcellianus, duke of Valeria, 539 Marcellus, 86; master of the horse, 88; cashiered, 92, 95; (ii.) a kinsman of Procopius, kills Serenianus, 431; seizes Chalcedon, 431; taken and put to death, 432 Marcianopolis, a city of Thrace, 444, 589 Marcianus, 265; (ii.) a rhetorician, 557 Marcius, an ancient seer, 4 Marcomanni, 538 Marcus Aurelius, 274, 538, 591 Mareades, 325 Margiani, a Persian tribe, 339 Mariandena, a district in Bithynia, 288 Maride, a fort in Mesopotamia, 201 Marius Maximus, 488 Marinus, a tribune, 51 Maronea, a town in Thrace, 286 Marseilles (Massilia), 79 Marses, a river in Assyria, 335 Martinus, a deputy-governor of Britain, 13; commits suicide, 14 Masaucio, 416 Mascizel, a Mauritanian chief, 527 Masilla, 537 Massagetæ, 292, 328, 580 Massilia (Marseilles), 74, 79 Massisenses, a people of Mauritania, 527 Matrona, an Alpine mountain (Mont Genevre), 76; (ii.) the Marne, a river in Gaul, 78 Maudio, count, 65 Mauritania, 526 Maurus, a Roman count, 220 Maxentius, a Pannonian, 452 Maxera, a river in Hyrcania, 339 Maximianopolis, a city in Thrace, 444 Maximinus, the Roman emperor, 4 —— prefect of Rome, 468; his ferocity, 469, 470, 473–476 Maximus, prefect of Rome, 265 —— a celebrated philosopher, beheaded at Ephesus, 513 Mayence (Moguntiacus), stormed by Rando, a chief of the Allemanni, 457 Mazaca, a city in Cappadocia, 233 Mazices, a people in Mauritania, 529 Mazuca, a Mauritanian chief, 534 Mederichus, a king of the Allemanni, 113 Medianum, a fortress in Mauritania, 535 Media, 335 Mediolanum (Evreux), 79 Meiacarire, a small town in Mesopotamia, noted for its cool springs, 174 Melanchlænæ, a tribe near the Palus Mæotis, 291 Melanthias, a country palace of the Roman emperors, 606 Melas, a river in Pamphylia, 7 —— a bay (Gulf of Saros) on the coast of Thrace, 286 Melitina, a town in Lesser Armenia, 200, 236 Memoridus, tribune, 396 Memorius, prefect of Cilicia, 319 Memphis, a town of Egypt, 313 Menander, a poet, 270 Menapila, a town in Bactria, 340 Menophilus, the eunuch of king Mithridates, 95 Mephra, a town in Arabia, 338 Mercurius, a notary, nicknamed the Count of Dreams, 50 Merenes, a Persian general, 375 Meribanes, king of Hiberia, 253 Merobaudes, 574, 598 Meroe, a town in Ethiopia, 307, 312 Mesene, a town in Assyria, 334 Meseus, a river in Persia, 335 Mesopotamia, 134 Messala, prefect of Pannonia, 540 Meton, an ancient astronomer, 407 Metrodorus, 387 Metz (Mediomatricum), 79, 99 Midas, king of Phrygia, 296 Milan, 49 Milesiani, Athenian colonists, 291 Miletus, 468 Mimas, mount, 617 Minervius, consular governor, 473 Misopogon, the, 305 Mithridates, 94 Mnevis, 306 Modestus, count of the East, 208; prefect of the prætorium, 506, 553 Mœsia, one of the Danubian provinces, 146; (ii.) a town in Parthia, 333 Moguntiacus (Mayence), 78 Monæcus (Monaco), 76 Montius, a quæstor, 24, 31; his violent death, 25, 40, 49 Mopsucrenæ, a town in Cilicia, 271 Mopsuestia, 27 Mopsus, a celebrated seer, 27 Mosa (the Meuse), 127 Mosynæci, a tribe near the Euxine Sea, 290 Mothone, a town of Laconia, 434 Moxoëne, a province beyond the Tigris, 321, 393 Muderic, a Thuringian noble, 584 Murci, persons exempt from military service, 81 Murocincta, 575 Mursa, battle of, 63 Musones, a people in Mauritania, 531 Musonianus, prefect of the East, 81, 98, 136 Musonius, a rhetorician, afterwards deputy governor of Asia Minor, 456 Mygdonia, part of Bithynia, 288 Mygdus, a town in Phrygia, 424 N. Nabathæi, a people of Arabia, 29 Nabdates, 362; burnt alive, 364 Nacolia, a town in Phrygia, 430 Næssus, or Næsus, a town in Illyricum, 259, 414 Nagara, a town in Arabia, 338 Naharmalcha, a canal joining the Euphrates to the Tigris, 366 Nannenus, or Nannienus, Count of Britain, 493; defeats the Allemanni, 603 Napæi, a tribe of the Caspian, 291 Naphtha, 333, 337 Narbona (Narbonne), capital of the following, 79 Narbonne, a province of Gaul, 78 Narses, king of the Persians, 327; (ii.) a Persian nobleman, 134, 368 Nascon, a town in Arabia, 338 Natiso, a river near Aquileia, 262 Natuspardo, chief of the domestici, 461 Naulibus, 342 Nauplius, 286 Nazavicium, mountain of Scythia, 341 Neapolis (formerly Shechem, now Nablous), a town in Palestine, 29; (ii.) a town in Africa, 313 Nebridius, count of the East, 10; made quæstor by Julian, 233; refuses to take the oath of allegiance, and retires from public life, 251; made prefect of the prætorium, 422 Nectaridus, prefect of Britain, 453 Nemesis, or Adrastea, 42 Nemetæ (Spiers) a city in Germany, 78 Neo-Cæsarea, a city in Pontus, 465 Neotherius, 416 Nepotianus, 467 Nestica, tribune of the Scutarii, 144 Neuri, a tribe of the Massagetæ, 580 Nevitta, master of the horse, 256, 258, 259, 265, 284, 347, 359 Nicæa in Bithynia, 295 —— in Gaul (Nice), 79 Nice, a town in Thrace, 606 Nicer (the Neckar), 480 Nicomedia, 137, 287, 295, 304 Nicopolis, 444, 591 Nigrinus, 260; burnt alive, 264 Nile, 307; its islands, 309 Nileus, son of Codrus, 288, 468 Nineveh, 176 (Ninus), 28, 334 Ninus, or Nineveh, 28 Niphates, 332 Nisæa, 339 Nisibis, a town in Mesopotamia, 30, 172, 178, 393; its importance, 397 Nobles, Roman, vices of the, 487–491 Nohodares, a Persian noble, 10, 174; killed, 380 Novesium (Nuys), 161 Novidunum (Nivors), 446 Nubel, a Mauritanian chief, 525 Numerius, prefect of Gaul, 160 Nymphæum, a temple in Rome sacred to the nymphs, 66 Nymphæus, a river in Mesopotamia, 183 O. Obelisk, Egyptian, inscription upon an, 132 Obroatis, a town in Persia, 338 Ochus, a river in Bactria, 340 Ocricoli (Ocriculum), 100, 472 Octavianus, proconsul of Africa, 317 Odissos, 293, 444 Odrysæans, a people of Thrace, 443 Œa, a Roman colony in the province of Tripoli, 498 Œchardes, a people of Scythia, 341 Olybrius, prefect of the city, 469 Olympias, daughter of Abladius, 236 Ona, a river in Persia, 333 Ophiusa, a name of the Island of Rhodes, 139 Opitergium, a town in Pannonia, 538 Opurocarra, a mountain in Serica, 341 Orchomanes, a river in Bactria, 340 Orfitus, prefect of Rome, 14, 100, 439, 451 Oroates, a river in Persia, 335 Orontes, a river in Syria, 28 —— a mountain in Media, 335 Oropus, a town in Eubœa, 554 Ortogordomaris, a river rising in Bactria, 342 Ortopana, a city of the Paropanisatæ, 342 Osdroene, or Osdruena, a province of Mesopotamia, 10, 28, 319, 347 Ostracine, a town in Egypt, 312 Oxian Marsh in Sogdiana, 340 Oxus, a river in Hyrcania, 339 Oxyrynchus, a town in Egypt, 313 Ozogardana, a city in Assyria, 350 P. Pacorus, king of Persia, 334 Palea, town in Pamphylia, 8 Palestine, 29 Palladius, master of the offices, 279; (ii.) a tribune and secretary, 498–502 Palm-tree, 356 Pannonia, 103, 146 Pantheon of Rome, 102 Panticapæum, 291 Paphius, a senator, 474 Paphos, its temple of Venus, 29 Papirius Cursor, 569 Para, son of Arsaces, king of Armenia, 465, 543–549 Parætonium, a town in Libya, 313 Paraxmalcha, a town on the Euphrates, 350 Parion, a town on the Hellespont, 287 Parnasius, prefect of Egypt, 209 Paropanisatæ, a tribe of Persians, 342 Parthenius, a river in Bithynia, 289 Parthia, 338 Parthiscus, a river in Sarmatia, 152 Pasiphilus, a philosopher, 512 Patares, straits between the Palus Mæotis and the Euxine, 291 Paternianus, 551 Patigran, a town in Media, 337 Patræ, a town in Achaia, 209 Patricius, 505, 510 Patruinus, a Roman noble, 67 Paulus, surnamed "The Chain," 13, 14; his character, 207; despatched as a judge with Modestus to the East, 208; his cruelties, 209, 210, 280 Pelagia, a name given to the Island of Rhodes, 139 Pelusium, a city in Egypt, 312 Pentadius, a notary, 41; made master of the offices, 232, 279 Pentapolis, a province of North Africa, 312 Peregrinus, a philosopher, 513 Pergamius, accused of magical practices, 505 Persepolis, a town of Persia, 338 Persia, described, 331–337; its rivers, 337 Persians, also called Parthians, 216; their sovereigns called brothers of the sun and moon, 330; description of their country, 331–337; deliberate on public affairs at their banquets, 171 Pescennius Niger, 428 Pessinus, a town in Phrygia, 429; its temple of Cybele, 296 Petobio (Pettau), a town in Noricum, 40 Petronius, his influence over Valens, 418 Petrus Valvomeres, 66 Peuce, an island in the Euxine Sea, 293 Phæacians, 170, 453 Phalangius, governor of Bœtica, 473 Phanagorus, an island in the Palus Mæotis, 291 Pharos, an island and lighthouse near Alexandria, 313 Phasis, a river and city in Colchis, 290 Philadelphia, a town in Arabia, 29 Philagrius, 248 Philippopolis, a town in Thrace, formerly Eumolpias, now Philippopoli, 258, 278, 431, 444; destroyed by the barbarians, 591 Philistion, 558 Philoromus, a charioteer, 66 Philoxenus, a poet, 64 Philyres, a tribe near the Euxine, 290 Phineus, a soothsayer, 288 Phocæans, 74 Phocus, 312 Phœnicia, 28 —— a town on the Tigris, called also Bezabde, 225 Phronemius, 422; exiled to the Chersonesus, 432 Phrygia, 380 Phrynichus, an Athenian dramatist, 468 Phyllis, a river flowing into the Euxine, 288 Picenses, a Sarmatian tribe, 155 Pictavi (Poictiers), 79 Picts and Scots, 212, 453; harass the Britons, 413 Pigranes, a Persian general, 368 Piri, a mountain in Germany, 481 Pirisabora, a town in Persia, 351; captured and burnt by Julian, 353 Pistoja, a town of Tuscany, ominous occurrence at, 439 Pityus, an island in the Euxine, 289 Plato, 90, 315, 383, 554 Plautian, 418, 507 Plotinus, 270, 314 Podosaces, chief of the Assanite Saracens, 350 Pola, a town in Istria, 41 Polemonium, a town of Pontus, 289 Pollentianus, a tribune, 518 Polybius, the historian, 353 Pompey, 146 Portospana, a town in Carmania, 339 Posthumus, 274 Potentius, a tribune, 615 Prætextatus, 285, 457, 473 Priarius, king of the Allemanni, killed, 603 Priscus, a philosopher, 383 Probus, 461; his cowardice, 540, 551, 560 Proconnesus, an island in the Propontis, 287 Procopius, 159; message from, 175, 320, 401; attempts a revolution in the East, 415; his former career, 417; saluted as emperor, 421; his successes, 424, 425; his death, 431 Profuturus, 594, 599 Prophthasia, capital of Drangiana, 342 Prosper, count, 37, 82, 136 Protagoras, 286 Provertuides, 453 Ptolemais, 312 Ptolemy the geographer, 287 Pylæ, a town on the borders of Cilicia and Cappadocia, 297 Pyramids of Egypt, 311 Pythagoras, 315 Q. Quadi, neighbours of the Sarmatians, 103, 146, 148; ravage Pannonia, 413, 538 Quadriburgium, 161 Quintianus, a senator, 507 Quintilii, two Roman brothers, 490 R. Rabannæ, a Scythian tribe, 341 Rainbows, causes of, 241 Ramestes, an Egyptian king, 132 Rando, a chief of the Allemanni, 457 Rauracum, a town on the Rhine (Basle) 34, 79, 255 Rebas, a river flowing into the Euxine, 288 Regulus, 17 Rehemena, a province beyond the Tigris, 393 Reman, a Roman fortress in Mesopotamia, 183 Remi (Rheims), 79, 86 Remigius, 64, 455, 497, 525; commits suicide, 551 Remora, a tribune given as a hostage to the Persians, 394 Resaina, battle of, 328 Rha (the Volga), 291 Rhine, its course described, 52 Rhinocolura, a city of Egypt, 312 Rhone, its course described, 79, 80 Rhodes, 139 Rhodope, 258, 287, 443 Rhombites, a river of the Sauromatæ, 291 Richborough (Rutupiæ), 212, 254 Richomeres, count of the domestics, 595, 598 Rigomagum (Rheinmagen), 87 Robur, a Roman fortress near Basle, 551 Rœmnus, a river in Persia, 341 Rogomanis, a river in Persia, 337 Romanus, count, 455, 497, 525 Rome, its state of morals described, 15; its buildings, 101, 102; danger of a famine at, 203 Romulus, a senator, 264 Rothomagi (Rouen), 79 Roxolani, a Sarmatian race, 291 Rufina, put to death for adultery, 477 Rufinus, commander of the prætorian guard, 51, 96 —— prefect of the prætorium, 451, 461; his character, 451, 461 —— Aradius, 317 Rumitalca, a tribune, 425 Rumo, a Sarmatian chief, 148 Ruricius, 455, 498, 501 Rusticianus, a priest, 498 Rusticus Julianus, 447 Rutupiæ (Richborough), 212, 454 S. Sabaiarius, or beer-drinker; a name given by the inhabitants of Chalcedon to the emperor Valens, 425 Sabaria, a town in Pannonia, 563 Sabastios, 264 Sabinianus, 169, 171, 189 Sacæ, the, 340 Saccumum, a town in Italy, 140 Saga, a town in Scythia, 341 Saganis and Sagareus, rivers in Carmania, 339 Salamis, celebrated for its temple of Jupiter, 29 Salia, his sudden death, 509 Salices, a town in Thrace, 595 Salii, a tribe of Franks, 141 Saliso (Spiers), 86 Sallust, the historian, 81 Sallustius (i.), prefect of Gaul, 255; consul with Julian, 317; opposes the Persian war, 325; (ii.) prefect of the East, 381; refuses the imperial dignity after Julian's death, 388; ambassador to the Persians, 393; succeeded in the prefecture by Nebridius, 422 Salmaces, a Mauritanian chief, 528 Samosata, a town of Syria, 28, 168, 236 Sanctio (Seckingen), 247 Sangarius, a river flowing into the Euxine, 288 Santones (Saintes), 79 Sapaudia (Savoy), 80 Saphrax, a general of the Goths, 583, 610 Sapor, king of Persia, 98; letter to Constantius, 134; his designs, 167; wounded at Amida, 185; invades Mesopotamia, and lays siege to Singara, 223; captures it, 224; takes Bezabde, 228; makes peace with the Romans, 393; his treachery, 463; renews the war, 463; invades Armenia, 465; his aggression, 503; his proposals to Valentinian, 549 Saqires, a tribe near the Euxine, 290 Saracens, 11, 307, 322, 332, 350, 391, 622 Saramanna, a town of Hyrcania, 339 Sargetæ, a nation near the Euxine, 292 Sarmatians, 103, 146, 154; ravage Pannonia, 413, 540 Saturninus (i.), superintendent of the palace, 280; (ii.) a general against the Goths, 598 Saulieu (Sedelaucum), 85 Sauromaces, 468 Sauromatæ, 291, 580 Saxons, 413, 454; make incursions into the Roman territory, 493, 567 Scævolæ, the, 555 Scipio, P.C., 17, 77 Sciron, a pirate, 6 Scordisci, formerly inhabitants of Thrace, 442 Scorpion, a military engine, 197; its structure, 322 Scots and Picts, 212, 413, 453 Scudilo, commander of the Scutarii, 34, 42 Scytalæ, a species of Egyptian serpent, 311 Scythia, described, 341 Scythians, 229, 550 Scythopolis (Bethshean), in Palestine, 208 Sebastian, duke of Egypt, 321, 396, 458; surprises the Goths, 607, 615 Seckingen (Sanctio), 247 Secundinus, 347 Sedratyra, a town in Gedrosia, 343 Segestani, a warlike tribe, 187 Seine (Sequana), 78 Sele, a Persian town, 335 Seleucia (Selefkieh), a city in Syria, 28; (ii.) a town in Persia, also called Coche, 363 Seleucus Nicator, 28 Selymbria, a Megarian colony, 287 Semiramis, 19 Sens (Senones), 79 Sera, capital of Serica, 341 Serapion, king of the Allemanni, 107 Serapis, his temple at Alexandria, 314; also at Turgana, 338 Serdica, a town in Bulgaria, 95 Serenianus, duke of Phœnicia, 22, 41, 414; defends Cyzicus, 427; his death, 431 Sergius, 381, 461 Serica, a country bordering on Scythia, 341 Servilius, the conqueror of Cilicia, 27 Severus (i.), the Emperor, 395, 507; (ii.) master of the horse, 103; at the battle of Strasburg, 113, 141, 143; master of the infantry under Valentinian, 447, 493 Sextius Calvinus, 81 Sicani, ancient occupants of Sicily, 556 Sicinius Dentatus, 381, 461 Sidon, a city of Phœnicia, 28 Silvanus, 55; attempts to assume the imperial dignity, 59; is killed in a Christian church, 63 Simonides (i.), the lyric poet, 16, 90; (ii.) a philosopher, 512; burnt alive, 513 Simplicius, 209; cruelty of, 477 Sindi, a tribe near the Euxine, 293 Singara, a town in Mesopotamia, 170; besieged and taken by Sapor, 223, 224; given up to the Persians, 393 Sinope, in Paphlagonia, 289 Sintula, tribune of the stable, 217, 221 Sirmium, 257 Sisara, a fort in Mesopotamia, 173 Sitifis, a town in Mauritania, 501, 502 Sizyges, a Scythian tribe, 341 Socrates, 488 Socunda, a town in Hyrcania, 339 Sogdiana, a province of Persia, 340 Sole, a town of Hyrcania, 339 Solicinium, 459 Solon, 64, 88, 315 Sophanes, a general under Xerxes, 369 Sophocles, 383 Sophronius, prefect of Constantinople, 421 Sopianæ, a town in Valeria, a province of Pannonia, 468 Sosingites, a lake in Assyria, 333 Sotera, a town in Persia, 342 Sparti, a Persian regiment, 200 Spectatus, a Roman tribune, 136 Sphinx, 309 Sporades, islands in the Ægean sea, 286 Stagira, the birthplace of Aristotle, 443 Stesichorus, a Greek lyric poet, 488 Sthenelus, his monument, 290 Strasburg, battle of, 113–118 Subicarense, a fortress in Mauritania, 538 Succi, a narrow pass in Mount Hemus, 258, 265, 267, 443 Sueridus, a Gothic chief, revolts, 592 Sugarbarritanum, a town in Mauritania, 529 Suggena, a Mauritanian general, 531 Sumere, a fort on the Tigris, 390 Sunon, a lake in Bithynia, 426 Suomarius, king of the Allemanni, 107; his submission, 143 Supræ, a barbarian troop, 548 Surena, the title of the Persian commander-in-chief, 354, 358; ambassador from Sapor, 393 Susa (Shushan), a city of Persia, 335 Syagrius, 481 Syene, a town of Egypt, 312 Sylla, 88, 116 Symmachus, a senator, 265; prefect of Rome, his character, 439 Symplegades, islands in the Bosporus, 288 Synhorium, a fortress in Armenia, 95 Syria, 28 T. Tabiana, an island in the Persian gulf, 338 Tages, a soothsayer, 143, 245 Taifali, a Gothic tribe, 155 Talicus, a Persian river, 341 Tamsapor, a Persian general, 98, 134, 169, 201 Tanais (the Don), 291 Tanaitæ, a tribe of the Alani, 583 Taphra, a town in Arabia, 338 Tapurian mountains in Persia, 340 Tarquitius, a soothsayer, 378 Tarratius Bassus, 473 Tarsus, a town in Cilicia, 27; Julian buried at, 404 Tauri, a tribe near the Euxine, 291 Taurini (Turin), 72 Tauriscus, a conqueror of Spain, 73 Taurus, a quæstor, 39; prefect in Italy, 253 Tenedos, an island in the Ægean sea, 286 Teredon, a city at the mouth of the Euphrates, 332 Terence, 439 Terentius, a Roman general, 465, 544 Tertullus, prefect of Rome, 203, 259 Teuchira, a town in Cyrene, 312 Teutomeres, chief of the Protectores, 51 Teutones, incursions of the, 591 Thalassius (i.), prefect of the East, 4, 23; (ii.) an officer in one of the law courts at Rome, 298 Thasos, now Thaso, 286 Thebes, a city in Egypt, 129, 312 Themiscyra forest, inhabited by Amazons, 289 Themistocles, 571 Theodorus, 505, 506, 511 Theodosius (i.), 453; assists the Britons, 483; his success, 485, 526, 527, 538; (ii.) the younger, 541 Theodotus, 305 Theognis, a poet, 508 Theolaiphus, count, 271 Theophanes, a river of the Sauromatæ, 291 Theophilus, governor of Syria, 22, 82 Theopompus, 296 Thermodon, a river of Pontus, 289 Thilsaphata, a town in Mesopotamia, 397 Thilutha, a fort on the Euphrates, 349 Thiodamas, 302 Thmuis, a town in Egypt, 313 Thrace, 442; description of the country and the people, 287, 443, 444 Thucydides, 191, 343 Thule, 171 Thuringians, 583; revolt, 588; defeat an army under Lupicinus, 590 Thynia, a district of Bithynia, 288 Tibareni, a people of Pontus, 290 Tiber, 542 Tibris, 289 Ticinum (now Pavia), 72 Tigaviæ, a town of Mauritania, 530 Tigris, 333 Timagenes, a Greek writer, 73 Tingetanum, a fort in Mauritania, 531 Tios, a town of the Euxine, 289 Tipata, a town in Mauritania, 532 Tiphys, the pilot of the Argonauts, 290 Tiposa, a town in Mauritania, 529 Tisias, an ancient Greek orator, 554 Tochari, a Bactrian tribe, 340 Tolosa (Toulouse), 79 Tomi, a city of Thrace, 293 Tomyris, a queen of Scythia, 331 Totordanes, a river of the Sauromatæ, 291 Toxandria, a town built by the Franks, 141 Tragonice, a town of Persia, 338 Trajan (i.), the Emperor, 29, 102, 395, 440; (ii.) count of Armenia, 503, 547; his battle with the Goths, 595, 608, 615 Transcellensis, a mountain in Mauritania, 529 Trapezus, a Sinopean colony in Pontus, 289 Trebatius, a lawyer, 556 Treves (Treviri), 79 Tribocci, a tribe on the Upper Rhine, 120 Tricapæ (Troyes), 79 Tricesimæ (Kellen), 161 Tricorii, a people of the Alps, 77 Tripoli, 496, 551 Troglodytæ, a tribe near the Red Sea, 293 Tubusuptum, a town in Mauritania, 527 Tungri (Tongres), 78, 141 Turgana, an Arabian island, 338 Tyana, a town in Cappadocia, 333, 402 Tyndenses, a people of Mauritania, 527 Tyras (the Dniester), 293 Tyre, 28 Tyros, a town on the Euxine, 293 U. Ultra, the son of Aspacuras, 466 Ur, a fort in Persia, 396 Urbicius, duke of Mesopotamia, 549 Urius, king of the Allemanni, 107, 164 Ursatius, 413, 415 Ursicinus, king of the Allemanni, 107, 164 —— master of the horse in the East, 30, 36; recalled, 37; danger of, 47; goes to Cologne, 61, 86, 180, 189, 190; charges against, 213 Ursinus, contest with Damasus for the bishopric of Rome, 441 Ursulus, 96, 280 Usafer, a Sarmatian noble, 149 Uscudama, a town in Thrace, 39, 444 V. Vadomarius, king of the Allemanni, 32, 247, 248, 425, 503 Vagabanta, a town of Mesopotamia, 504 Valens of Thessalonica, 274 Valens chosen emperor of the East by his brother Valentinian, 413; his alarm at the successes of Procopius, 424; sends Vadomarius to besiege Nicæa, and proceeds himself to Nicomedia, 425; his cruelty, 433; marches against the Goths, 445; attacks the Gruthungi, 446; returns to Constantinople, 447; his suspicious character, 507; reply to Sapor, 549; omens of his death, 576; receives an embassy from the Goths, 585; sends Victor into Persia, 594; leaves Antioch for Constantinople, 606; marches to Hadrianople, 609; his death, 614; his vices, 616 Valentia (Valence), 32, 79 —— a province of Britain, 485 Valentine, a Pannonian, 484, 568 Valentinian, chosen emperor, 406; his conduct, 407; saluted as Augustus, 409; his speech, 409; creates his brother Valens tribune and master of the horse, 412; arrives at Constantinople, 412; takes as his colleague in the imperial dignity his brother Valens, 413; his cruelty, 433; invests his son Gratian with the imperial dignity, 448; sends Theodosius to Britain, 453; marches against the Allemanni and gains a victory, 458; defeats the Goths at Solicinium, and returns to Treves, 461; fortifies the banks of the Rhine, 480; makes overtures of peace to the Burgundians, 495; his cruelties, 521; makes peace with Macrianus, 552; marches against the Quadi, 562; his dream, 563; his death, 564; review of his reign, 567; his character, 569–573 Valentinian II. chosen emperor, 575 Valentinus, a tribune, 166 Valeria, a province of Pannonia, so named after the daughter of Diocletian, 204, 468 Valerian, officer of the domestics, 461 Valerianus, master of the horse, 615 Valerius Publicola, 17 Vangiones (Worms), 78 Vardanes, the founder of Ctesiphon, 334 Varronianus, the father of Jovian, 388 —— the son of Jovian, 403 Vasatæ (Bazas), 79 Vatrachites, a river of Persia, 337 Vecturiones, a nation of the Picts, 453 Velia, a town in Lucania, 74 Ventidius, lieutenant of Antony, 328 Venustus, 317, 473 Verissimus, count, 92 Verrinianus, 60, 181 Vertæ, allies of the Persians at the siege of Amida, 187, 193 Vestralpus, a king of the Allemanni, 107, 164 Veteranio, 46 Vetranio, captain of the Zianni, 377 Victa, a town in Mesopotamia, 228 Victohali, a Gothic tribe, 150 Victor Aurelius, the historian, 259 Victor, a Sarmatian, 347, 356, 366, 445, 609 —— a tribune given as a hostage to the Persians, 394 Victorinus, 473 Viderichus, son of Vithimiris, 583 Viduarius, king of the Quadi, 151 Vienna (Vienne), 79 Vincentius, tribune of the Scutarii, 300 Virgantia (Briançon), 76 Virgil, 72, 202, 586 Vitalianus, count, 403 Vithicabius, king of the Allemanni, 458 Vithimiris, king of the Eastern Goths, 583 Vitrodorus, son of Viduarius, 151 Vocontii, a people of Gaul, 67 Z. Zabdiceni, a people of Mesopotamia, 225, 393 Zagrus, montes, 335 Zamma, son of a Mauritanian chief, 525 Zariaspes, a river in Bactria, 340 Zeno, a celebrated Stoic, 31 Zeugma, a town on the Euphrates, 179 Zianni, an Armenian tribe, 377 Ziata, a fortress in Mesopotamia, 193 Zinafer, a Sarmatian chief, 148 Zizais, son of a king of the Sarmatians, 148 Zombis, a town in Media, 337 Zopyrus, 169 Zoroaster, 336

THE END. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.