INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Acca Larentia, 74, 93, 275, 276, 324.

Aedes Herculis: see Forum Boarium.

Aedes Vestae: see Vesta.

Aediles, plebeian, 75, 76, 92.

Aesculapius, 105, 191, 278; connexion with Vediovis, 122, 278; temple, 278, 340.

Agonia: December, 265, 281; January, 277, 280-2; March, 54, 281; May, 121, 281.

Agonus (or Agonalis), 323.

Agriculture: festivals, 3, 71, 79-82, 85-8, 88-91, 113-4, 124-8, 145-54, 204-6, 206-9, 212-4, 256-8, 268-73, 324-7, 335.

Alban Mount: Feriae Latinae held at, 95, 97, 227-8; temple of Jupiter Latiaris, 95-6, 228.

Ambarvalia, 114, 124-8, 154.

Ancilia, 38-9, 41-3, 45-6, 250; lustration, 57-9, 248, 250; moving, 39, 41, 43-4, 115

Ancillarum Feriae, 176-8.

Angerona, 274-5; goddess of Divalia, 274, 336.

Anna Perenna: festival, 44, 50-1, 53, 163; legends, 51-4, 60; popularity with lower classes, 44, 50-1; representative of year, 52-3.

Aphrodite: connexion with Venus, 69, 86.

Aplu, 181.

Apollo, 89, 191, 250; comparison with Mars, 39-40; connexion with Aesculapius, 278; with Vediovis, 122, 181, 225, 278; coupled with Latona, 181, 186, 200; festivals, 173, 179-81; functions, 180, 278; Medicus, 180; restoration of worship by Augustus, 180 (n. 4), 181-2; Soranus, 84, 181; temples, 180, 182; worship, 117, 179-82, 339.

April: character, 6, 9, 33, 66-7; connexion with Venus, 67, 69; festivals, 66-97; origin of name, 6, 33, 66; prevalence of female deities, 67.

Ara Maxima: see Circus Maximus.

Argei: see also Sacella Argeorum, 150, 151; explanations of custom, 114, 116-20; mourning of Flaminica Dialis, 112, 115, 119, 151; origin of name, 112-3; 118-9; puppets thrown into Tiber, 52, 57, 100, 111-20; substitution for human victims, 112, 115, 116-7, 119.

Armilustrium, 45, 58, 249, 250-1.

Army: importance of curiae, 303, 305; mustering, 133.

Artemis, 200.

Asylum, 122, 183 (n. 3), 327; connexion with Vediovis, 122.

Attalus, King of Pergamus, 69.

August: character, 189-90; festivals, 189-214.

Augustus, revival of religion, 19, 181-2, 190, 280, 342, 343-4, 349.

Aventine: plebeian quarter, 75-6, 199; temples, 59, 74-6, 101-5, 158, 198-200, 201, 206, 232, 267, 339.

Beans: harvest, 130, 255; use as food, 132-3; use in ritual, 83, 109-10, 131; 354religious character, 91, 110, 130-1.

Beating bounds, see Lustrations; productive of fertility, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.

Bellona, 134-5.

Birds: used in augury, 139-40.

Bona Dea, 95; connexion with Damia, 105-6; with Maia, 99, 100, 123, 210; earth goddess, 71, 103, 104, 106; functions, 104-5, 106; men excluded from worship, 102-3, 142, 256; myrtle not allowed in temple, 103-4; temple, 101-5; women’s sacrifice, 255-6; worship, 102-6, 150.

Bouphonia, 176, 329.

Brutus, M. Junius, 130.

Caesar (Julius): birthday, 174; calendar, 4, 5-6, 11, 14-5.

Cakes: see also Salt-cake; heads of animals decked with, 148, 242, 244; sacrifices, 53-5, 155, 161, 295, 304.

Calendar: see also Year, 248-50; authorities on, 13-4, 16-9; divergences, 36, 45, 241, 265-6; Julian: see Caesar; marks of days, 8-10; republican, 14-20; secrecy, 8-9, 11; surviving, 5-6, 11-4.

Campus Martius, 247-8; festivals, 50-1; races, 44-5, 208, 242, 249, 330; sacrifice of October-horse, 241-3, 247-9.

Capitolium, 129-30, 327; connexion with Saturnus, 269-70; temples, 43, 85, 129-30, 145, 157-8, 214, 216-7, 229, 291, 293, 326-7.

Caprotinae, Nonae: see Nones.

Cardea: confusion with Carna, 131-2.

Caristia, 308-9.

Carmenta, 167, 291-3; festival, 277, 290-3; temple, 291, 293.

Carmentalia, 15, 277, 290-3.

Carmentes: see Carmenta.

Carna, 130; confusion with Cardea, 131-2; festival, 130-3.

Castor and Pollux: see Dioscuri.

Cerealia, 15, 72-3, 77-9, 92; foxes loosed in Circus Maximus, 77-9, 94; plebeian character, 70, 77, 92.

Ceres, 73-4, 295, 338; connexion with Demeter, 73, 74, 181; with plebeians, 74-7, 92; festival, 72-3, 77-9, 92, 294-6; goddess of crops, 67, 71, 73, 126; Greek influence on, 73, 75-6, 105; sacrifices, 103, 105, 295; temple, 74-6, 92.

Cernunnos: identification with Janus, 286.

Character of Romans, 65; influence of religion on, 344-9.

Charlton-on-Otmoor: lustration of fields, 128, 246.

Circus Flaminius: games, 217, 252, 253; temples, 134, 135, 180, 202, 211.

Circus Maximus, 190; altar of Consus, 178, 190, 206-7, 209; Ara Maxima, 138, 189, 190, 193-7; festivals, 77-8, 94; races, 208; temples, 92, 160, 202, 204.

Cnaeus Flavius, 11.

Coins, 350-2; heads on, 286-7, 351.

Comitia Curiata: meetings, 63, 64, 123, 305.

Comitium, 57-8.

Compitalia, 255, 277, 279-80, 294, 335, 338.

Consualia, 115, 178, 189, 206-9, 290; Vestal Virgins present, 115, 150; winter, 267-8.

Consuls: connexion with Feriae Latinae, 95, 96; entrance on office, 5, 95, 190, 278; laying down of office, 216.

Consus, 324, 338; altar in Circus Maximus, 178, 190, 206-7, 209; connexion with horses, 207-8; with Ops, 212-3; festivals, 115, 178, 206-9, 267-8; temple, 206, 267.

Corn: supply, 76; trade, 121; wolf: see Corn-spirit.

Corn-spirit: animal representation, 78, 83, 90-1, 94, 244-5, 264; death and renewal of life, 83, 118, 246-7, 316-7; human representation, 177, 245; races in rites, 245-6, 330; rites to aid growth of corn, 41, 83-4; rites to propitiate, 90-1, 244-8.

Creek Indians: festivals of first-fruits, 152-3.

Cross-roads, 279-80.

Curiae, 16, 71, 303-4; festivals, 71-2, 219, 302-6, 335; flamen, 304.

355Curio Maximus, 303-4.

Curis, 303.

Damia: connexion with Bona Dea, 105-6.

Days: calendar marks in, 8-10; market, 8; number in months, 2-3.

Dead: ancestor worship, 161, 275-6, 300, 308-9; burial, 108, 109, 307; cult chiefly in February, 3, 6, 33, 107, 299, 300; festivals, 106-10, 131, 275-6, 306-10; offerings, 308; spirits: see Ghosts.

Dea Dia, 71, 105; centre of ritual of Fratres Arvales, 74, 105; connexion with Ceres, 74.

December, 7; character, 255; festivals, 33, 255-76.

Deities: abstractions resolved into, 190-1, 341; chthonic, 207, 210, 211-2; dualism of male and female, 61-2, 212-3, 221; female, 67, 71, 74, 106; fluctuation between male and female, 67, 73, 80, 232-3; images: see Images; impersonality, 106, 137, 139, 213, 221-2, 295, 311, 337; multiplicity, 144, 167, 241, 259-60, 291-3, 337; prayers: see Prayers; symbols, 122, 139, 161, 169, 170, 230, 235; women’s: see Women.

Delphi: Roman dealings with, 181.

Demeter, 103, 110; connexion with Ceres, 73, 74, 181.

Demons: see Evil spirits.

Diana: connexion with Artemis, 200; coupled with Hercules, 181, 186; festival, 198-200; functions, 198, 200-1; Nemorensis, 183; temples, 198-200, 339.

Dionysus: connexion with Liber, 54-5, 74, 88; introduction of cult into Italy, 88, 342; sacrifice at Tenedos, 329.

Dioscuri, 296-7, 351; temples, 202, 296.

Dis Pater, 120, 212, 269.

Dius Fidius, 327; antiquity, 135-6; connexion with Genius Jovis, 142-5; with Hercules, 137-9, 142-4; with Jupiter, 138-41, 221; with Semo Sancus, 136-8, 144; temple, 135, 136, 141.

Divalia, 274-5.

Dogs: connexion with Lares praestites, 101, 351-2; sacrifices, 89-91, 101, 209, 311, 312, 314.

Earth: deities, 67, 71, 74, 103, 104, 106, 256, 294-5; spiritualized as feminine, 103, 106.

Epulum Jovis: see Jupiter.

Equirria, 44-6, 330-1.

Esquiline: cults, 228; divisions, 266; temples, 38.

Etruscans: influence on Roman religion, 171-2, 185-6, 200, 219-20, 222-3, 229, 234-5, 338-40; trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 239.

Evil spirits: expulsion, 40-1, 43, 107; human scapegoat, 40-1, 46-9.

Fairs, 253.

Fasti: see Calendar; Ovid’s, see Ovid.

Fauna, 103.

Faunalia, 255, 256-8.

Faunus, 103, 257-8; connexion with Lupercalia, 257-8, 262, 312-3; with Pan, 258, 259, 313; derivation of name, 258-9; festival, 256-8; functions, 80, 261-3, 278; multiplicity, 259-60, 313; origin, 257-8, 259, 261, 263-5; temples, 257-8, 278, 302; woodland character, 260-1.

Favonius, 258, 259, 264; Feb. 7th, 277, 299.

February, 3, 4, 6, 7; character, 6, 66, 299; festivals, 3, 6, 33, 298-331; origin of name, 6, 298.

Feralia, 10, 107, 306, 309-10.

Feretrius: see Jupiter.

Feriae Latinae, 95-7, 227-8, 335.

Feriae Sementivae, 294-6.

Feronia, 199, 252-4; temple, 253.

Fertility: customs to produce, 94-5, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.

Festivals, 15, 18-9, 44, 336; agricultural, 3, 71, 79-82, 85-8, 88-91, 113-4, 124-8, 145-54, 204-6, 206-9, 212-4, 256-8, 268-73, 324-7, 335; of curiae, 16, 71-2, 219, 302-6, 335; domestic, 107, 306-10; harvest, 124-8, 145-54, 189-90, 195-6, 207-9, 212-4, 243-4, 294-6; marked in calendars, 15-6; men’s, 102-3, 142, 194; of montes, 16, 265-7, 335; 356moveable, 15, 95, 124, 255-6, 277, 279, 294, 303; pagi, 16, 257, 294-6, 335; pastoral, 96-7; patrician, 68 (n. 2), 70; plebeian, 44, 50-1, 68, 70, 92, 163, 171, 253; of sacella, 16, 111-20, 335; survival of, 127-8, 312, 321; times of, 7, 59, 70, 169-70, 174, 189, 256, 290; transition from rustic to urban: see Religion; women’s, 38, 67-8, 102-3, 142, 148, 154-6, 178-9, 255-6, 291.

Fetiales, 230-1; declaration of war, 134, 230; lapis silex, 230-1.

Fidenates: legends about, 174, 175, 177, 178.

Fides, 237; festival, 237-8.

Fig-tree of Rumina, 310, 334.

Fire: deities, 189, 209-10; sacred fire of Vesta: see Vesta.

Firstfruits: gathering, 151-3; offering, 195, 211-2.

Fisovius Sancius: see Fisus.

Fisus, 137, 139.

Flamines, 35, 288, 335, 342-3; antiquity of deity proved by, 92, 187, 201, 237; Flamen Carmentalis, 292; Flamen curiae, 304; Flamen Dialis, 86-8, 204, 221, 313; Flamen Floralis, 92; Flamen Furinalis, 187; Flamen Martialis, 237, 323; Flamen Palatualis, 267; Flamen Pomonalis, 201; Flamen Portunalis, 202; Flamen Quirinalis, 89, 209, 237, 276, 333, 334; Flamen Volcanalis, 123, 210; Flamen Volturnalis, 214; Flaminica Dialis, 56 (n. 5), 112, 115, 146, 149, 151, 153, 221; representative of sons of the family, 36, 147, 288, 334.

Flora, 92-3, 240, 324; festivals, 91-5 functions, 67, 93, 94; temples, 92, 202, 324.

Floralia, 91-5; hares and goats loosed in Circus Maximus, 94.

Fons (or Fontus), 240-1, 258; temple, 341.

Fontinalia, 240-1.

Fordicidia, 71-2, 83, 243; character, 66, 115, 150; share of Vestal Virgins in, 71, 83, 115, 150.

Fornacalia, 302-6, 335.

Fors Fortuna: see Fortuna.

Fortuna, 67; connexion with Jupiter, 166, 168, 223-5; with Nortia, 171-2; with Servius Tullius, 68, 156-7, 162, 171-2; explained as dawn-goddess, 164-6; explained as moon-goddess, 168-9; explained as sun-goddess, 168-71; festivals, 67-9; 161-72; Fors, 124, 161-3, 340; functions, 167-8, 170-1; huiusce diei, 164-5, 343; origin of name, 163-4, 166-7; Primigenia, 72, 124, 165-6, 167-8, 223-4, 254; statues, 156-7, 339; symbols, 169, 170-1; temples, 68, 72, 124, 156-7, 161-2, 166, 339, 343; Virilis, 68; women especially worship, 167-8; worshipped at Praeneste, 72, 124, 166, 168, 223.

Forum: meeting of curiae in, 305, 306; temples, 271, 273-4, 296, 339.

Forum Boarium: Aedes Herculis, 193; temples, 154, 156-7, 339.

Forum Olitorium: temple, 302.

Foxes, 78; loosed at Cerealia, 77-9; 94.

Fratres Arvales, 42; Acta Fratrum Arvalium, 17, 125; calendar, 12; decline of, 184-5, 343; ritual of, 48, 74, 92-3, 105, 125, 127, 136, 240-1, 271, 282.

Freedwomen: worship of Feronia, 253.

Furiae: confusion with Furrina, 187, 188.

Furrina (or Furina), 187-8.

Furrinalia, 173, 187-8.

Gaia Caecilia, 141.

Games (ludi), 15, 50; Apollinares, 173, 179-80; Cereales, 72-3; compitales, 279-80; Florae, 91-5; horse races, 44-5, 58, 91, 180, 208, 242, 245-6, 248-9; Megalesiaci, 69-71; plebeii, 180, 217, 252, 253; Romani, 215, 216-7, 252; saeculares, 182.

Gates: see Porta.

Geese: sacred to Juno, 129-30.

Genita Mana. 101.

Ghosts: purification of house from, 100, 109-10, 131; classification of, 108-9.

Gods: see Deities.

Guilds, 62, 121; tibicines, 157-8.

Harawara, 84.

357Hares: loosed at Floralia, 94.

Harvest, 154, 189; customs, 177-8, 245-6; festivals, 124-8, 153-4, 189-90, 195-6, 207-9.

Healing deities, 104-5, 180, 191, 278.

Heimdal: equation with Janus, 286.

Hephaestus, 123.

Hercules: connexion with Dius Fidius or Semo Sancus, 137-9, 142-4; with Genius, 143-4, 194-5, 196, 337; with Juno, 142-4; with Mars, 194-5, 196; coupled with Diana, 181, 186; Invictus, 201; legends, 102, 112, 138, 193, 196-7; representative of male principle, 103, 143, 194; temples, 135, 201; Victor, 138; worship, 193-7; worship confined to men, 102, 103, 142, 194.

Hermes, 120-1; connexion with Mercury, 121, 186.

Hirpi Sorani: rites at Soracte, 84, 317.

Horatius: legend, 238-9.

Horses: connexion of Consus with, 207-8; of Mars with, 330; decked with flowers, 207-8; heads decked with cakes, 242, 244.

Horta Quirini, 324.

Ides, 8; sacred to Jupiter, 8, 10, 120, 157, 198, 215, 241.

Iguvium: inscription found at, 17, 114, 127, 137, 139, 176, 221.

Images and statues of gods, 81, 141, 156-7, 200, 201, 218, 228, 239.

Indigitamenta, 71, 191, 192, 274, 341.

Indigites, 192.

Inuus, 312-3.

Isis worship, 252.

January, 5-7; character, 6, 33, 277; consuls enter office in, 5, 95, 278; festivals, 6, 277-97; origin of name, 6, 7, 33, 99.

Janus, 270; connexion with Cardea, 131-2; with January, 6, 33, 99; with Saturnus, 270; with tigillum sororium, 238-9; with Vesta, 282-3, 287-8, 334-5; cult-titles, 289-90; geminus, 286; god of entrances, 282-3, 286-9, 335, 337; origin of cult, 282-9; Rex sacrorum connected with worship of, 282, 288, 334-5; temples, 204, 270.

July, 2, 3, 173; festivals, 174-88.

June: character, 6, 33; festivals, 130-72; origin of name, 6, 99-100, 129-30.

Juno, 312; Caprotina, 178; connexion with Bona Dea, 142; with Hercules, 142-4; with June, 99-100, 129; with Jupiter, 134, 218, 221, 223-5; with Mars, 37-8, 133-4; with tigillum sororium, 238-9; cult at Praeneste, 166, 224; Curitis, 223, 239; festivals, 174, 178-9; Kalends sacred to, 8, 38, 129, 239, 241; Lucina, 38, 105, 156; Moneta, 129-30; one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339; representative of female principle, 38, 141, 143, 178, 221, 321 (n. 1), 337; Sospita, 302; temples, 38, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 302, 326-7.

Jupiter, 97, 220-1, 313; Capitolinus, 97, 158; cella Jovis, 217; connexion with Dius Fidius or Semo Sancus, 138-41, 221; with Fortuna, 166, 168, 223-5; with Juno, 134, 218, 221, 223-5; with Mercurius, 120; with Terminus, 326-7; with wine, 55, 88, 240; Elicius, 232, 233; epulum Jovis, 215, 216, 217-20, 233-4, 253; Fagutalis, 228; Feretrius, 229-30, 232, 334; festivals, 85-8, 157-9, 174, 216-20, 275, 338; Fulgur, 239; functions, 55, 88, 97, 141, 222, 229-30, 232, 326; Ides sacred to, 8, 10, 120, 157, 198, 215, 241; Indiges, 192; Invictus, 158; Latiaris, 97, 198, 227-8; Liber, 55, 88; Lucetius, 222; one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339; Puer, cult at Praeneste, 166, 224-7; stones connected with, 230-3, 234; temples, 95-6, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 228, 229, 232, 326-7, 339; Viminius, 229; worship in groves, 183, 227; worship in Italy, 221-3; worship on hills, 95, 222, 227, 234.

Juturna, 293; temple, 341.

Kalends, 8; sacred to Juno, 8, 38, 129, 239, 241.

358Kings, 36, 63, 282; represented by Pontifex Maximus, 147, 288; represented by Rex sacrorum, 8, 213, 282, 288.

Lapis: see Stones.

Larentalia, 275-6.

Larentia: see Acca Larentia.

Lares, 136, 309, 337; compitales or domestici, 101, 338; praestites, 100-1, 335.

Latin Festival: see Feriae Latinae.

Latins, common worship of Romans and, 95-7, 198-9, 335.

Latona, coupled with Apollo, 181, 186, 200.

Laurel, 83; sacred to Mars, 35-6.

Lectisternium, 180-1, 186, 200, 273; connexion with epulum Jovis, 218.

Lemuria, 100, 106-10, 131, 174, 290.

Leucothea, 154.

Liber, 312, 338; connexion with Dionysus, 54-5, 74, 88.

Libera, 74.

Liberalia, 54-6; cakes used at, 53-4, 55.

Litania Maior, 91, 127.

Lucaria, 15 (n. 1), 173, 174, 182-5, 186-7.

Luceres, 185.

Ludi: see Games.

Lupercal, 310-1, 318.

Lupercalia, 298, 299, 310-21; deity of, 257-8, 262, 312-3; sacrifices at, 101, 311, 312-4; salt-cake used, 110, 115, 311; whipping to produce fertility, 104, 179, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.

Luperci, 311, 312-3, 319-20; derivation of name, 311, 317.

Lupercus, 311, 312.

Lupines, 94.

Lustrations, 68, 83-5, 298; aedes Vestae, 148-9, 151-4; Argei, 100, 113-4, 115, 119; arms, 58-9, 248-9, 250-1; bound-beating, 114, 125-8, 304, 319; crops, 100, 114, 124-8, 154; ghosts, 100; Lupercalia, 315-6, 319-21; people, 175-6; processions, 111, 113-4, 125-6, 335; rites, 299-302; sheep, 81; shields, 58-9, 248, 250; trumpets, 63-4, 123.

Magna Mater Idaea: festival, 67, 69-71; introduction into Rome, 67, 69-70, 102, 342; stone representing, 69-70, 342; temple, 70.

Maia, 98-100; connexion with Bona Dea, 99, 100, 123, 129; with Mercurius, 98-9, 120; with Volcanus, 123, 210.

Mamuralia, 45-50.

Mamurius: expulsion of Mamurius Veturius, 40-1, 46-9; festival, 44-50; smith, 39, 45-6; variant for Mars, 39, 41, 45.

Manes, 108, 300, 308.

March, 2, 3; beginning of year, 5, 33, 38; connexion with Mars, 33-5, 48, 64-5, 99; festivals, 5, 35-65; New Year’s Day, 5, 35-43, 278; origin of name, 33, 99.

Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, 11.

Market days, 8.

Marriages, 293; customs, 142; ill-omened in March and May, 60, 67, 100, 109, 293; prohibited, 146, 308.

Mars, 53, 60, 313; birthday, 5, 36-8, 60; comparison with Apollo, 39-40; connexion with Hercules, 194-5, 196; with Juno, 37-8, 133-4; with March, 33-5, 48, 64-5, 99; with Minerva, 53, 59-60, 62; with Nerio, 60-2, 186; with Quirinus, 322-3; with Robigus, 89, 324; with Romulus, 33, 37 (n. 3); with Silvanus, 55, 194; festivals, 44-6, 57-63, 123, 241-50, 290, 313, 330-1; functions, 34-5, 41, 43, 64-5, 89, 248-9, 250, 262; god of powers of vegetation and reproduction, 34-5; 41, 48-9, 64, 126-7, 196; Greek influence, 35, 37; laurel sacred to, 35-6; origin, 34-5, 64; priests: see Salii; Sacrarium Martis, 39, 44, 324, 335; shields: see Ancilia; temples, 133-4, 232; war-god, 126, 207, 248, 249.

Mater Larum, 240.

Mater Matuta, 154-6, 165.

Matralia, 154-6, 165.

Matronalia, 38.

May, 2, 3; character, 6, 33, 100; festivals, 33, 98-128; origin of name, 6, 33, 98-100.

Meals: see also Epulum Jovis; sacrificial, 81, 96-7, 194, 218-20, 308, 309.

359Meditrinalia, 236, 239-40.

Megalesia, 69-71.

Men: exclusion from cults, 102-3, 142, 256; oaths of, 138-9, 142.

Mens, 145.

Mercurius: connexion with Hermes, 121, 186; with Jupiter, 120; with Maia, 98-9, 120; coupled with Neptunus, 181, 186; god of trade, 121; temples, 121, 339.

Mildew: see Rust.

Minerva: connexion with Mars, 53, 59-60, 62; with Nerio, 59-62; festivals, 59, 62, 158; goddess of trumpet players, 62, 158; nail driven into cella of, 234-5; one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339; temples, 59, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 326-7, 339.

Mola salsa: see Salt-cake.

Montes, 266-7; festivals of, 16, 265-7, 335.

Months, 5-7, 33-4; divisions, 7-8; lunar, 7; names, 5-7, 33-4, 99-100; number of days, 2-3; solar, 1.

Mundus, 211-2; open, 211-2, 239, 252.

Myrtle, 68; excluded from temple of Bona Dea, 103-4.

Nails driven into temples, 172, 217, 234-5.

Nemesis, 170.

Neptunalia, 173, 185-7.

Neptunus, 185-7; connexion with Poseidon, 185, 186, 187; with Salacia, 186; coupled with Mercurius, 181, 186; functions, 185, 187.

Nerio, 134-5; connexion with Mars, 60-2, 186; with Minerva, 59-62.

Nerthus, 117.

New Year: see March.

Nones, 7, 8; Nonae Caprotinae, 174, 175, 178-9.

Nortia, 235; connexion with Fortuna, 171-2.

November: character, 252; festivals, 252-4.

Numa: connexion with calendar, 4, 335-6; legends, 262-3, 278.

Numbers: lucky and unlucky, 3.

Oak of Jupiter Feretrius, 229, 232, 334.

Oaths, 138-9, 142, 231, 297, 327; Jupiter’s connexion with, 139, 229-30, 326; taken at Ara Maxima, 138-9.

Octaeteris cycle, 2-3.

October, 2, 3; character, 236-7; festivals, 237-51.

October-horse, 45, 58, 241-50; blood kept by Vestal Virgins, 83, 150, 243, 247; corn-spirit represented by, 83, 244-8; races, 45, 58, 242, 245-6; sacrifice of, 83, 241-2.

Opalia, 255, 273-4.

Opeconsivia, 115, 150, 189, 212-4, 290.

Ops, 74, 338; connexion with Consus, 212-3; with Saturnus, 212, 273-4; Consiva, 212; festival, 115, 150, 212-4, 273-4; Opifera, 210; temple, 273-4.

Oracles: Faunus, 262-3.

Oscilla: see Puppets.

Ovid: Fasti, 6-7, 13, 14, 36-7, 173, 236-7.

Paganalia, 16, 294-6, 335, 338.

Pagus, 257, 294, 335; festivals, 16, 257, 294-6, 335, 338.

Palatine: divisions, 266; Lupercal: see Lupercal; mundus: see Mundus; rites celebrated, 276, 310-2, 318-9; temples, 70, 180 (n. 4), 182; union with Subura, 247.

Palatua, 267.

Pales, 67, 80, 267; festival, 79-85; offerings, 81, 103.

Pan: connexion with Faunus, 258, 259, 313.

Parentalia, 210, 276, 299, 300, 306-10, 335.

Parilia, 66, 79-85, 110, 243, 247; character, 66, 115, 150; share of Vestal Virgins in, 71, 83, 115.

Penates, 337.

Persephone, 75.

Picumnus, 201.

Pinarii, 193.

Plebeians: festivals, 44, 50-1, 68, 70, 92, 163, 171, 253; quarter, 75, 77; secession, 53, 75-7; temples, 75-6, 92, 199.

Pomona, 201.

Pons sublicius, Argei thrown from, 112, 113-4.

Pontifices, 114; decline, 342-3; 360growing importance, 339-41; influence on religion, 190-1, 192, 213, 214, 257-8, 341; Pontifex Maximus, 147, 288; priestesses, 105-6; share in festivals, 112, 114, 276.

Poplifugia, 7, 15 (n. 1), 173, 174-6, 179, 183, 328.

Porta: Agonensis, 281; Capena, 133, 232; Carmentalis, 180 (n. 3), 290, 291, 293; Fontinalis, 240; Sanqualis, 135, 140; Trigemina, 201.

Portunalia, 189, 202-4.

Portunus, 202-4, 214,

Poseidon: connexion, with Neptunus, 185, 186, 187; Hippios, 208.

Potitii, 193.

Praeneste, 254; cult of Fortuna, 72, 124, 166, 168, 223-4, 254; cult of Jupiter Puer, 166, 224-7; foreign influence, 166, 227.

Prayers, 81-2, 89-90, 126-7, 133, 155, 184, 191, 295, 308, 346.

Presents given at festivals, 38, 272, 278.

Priests: see Pontifices.

Primigenia: see Fortuna.

Proserpina, 212.

Prostitutes, festival of, 93.

Punic Wars, 19, 69-71, 179; institution of festivals and temples due to, 19, 69, 179, 341, 342.

Puppets: Argei thrown into Tiber, 111-20; oscilla hung on trees, 96, 116, 296.

Purification: see Lustration.

Pythagoreans, 110.

Quinctilis: see July.

Quinquatrus, 45, 57-62, 290; minusculae, 157-9.

Quirinal, 237, 281, 322; cults, 229, 322-4; temples, 124, 135, 136, 141, 190-1, 322, 324.

Quirinalia, 304-5, 322-4.

Quirinus, 305, 322-4; temples, 191, 322, 323.

Quirites, 322.

Races: see Games.

Regia, 190, 213, 220, 282, 335; laurel fixed on, 5, 35; sacrarium Martis in, 39, 44, 324, 335; sacrarium Opis in, 213.

Regifugium, 174, 327-30, 331.

Religion, 18-20; authorities, 332-3; based on cult, 20, 333-4; daemonistic character, 74, 106, 137, 139, 213, 221-2, 226-7, 232-3, 295, 313; decline, 341-3; Etruscan influence, 171-2, 219-20, 229, 234-5; Graeco-Etruscan influence, 185-6, 211-2, 223, 338-40; Greek influence, 191, 194, 200, 218, 226-7, 268-9, 273, 342, 343; influence on character, 344-9; Oriental influence, 19, 252; pontifices’ influence, 190-1, 192, 213, 214, 257-8, 341; reaction against foreign influence, 340-1, 349; representative of stages of growth, 334-8; revival by Augustus: see Augustus; transition from aniconic to iconic, 219-20, 229, 233-4; transition from rustic to urban, 90, 91, 103, 195-6, 248-50, 257-8, 279-80, 294.

Reproduction, spirit: see Corn-spirit.

Rex sacrorum, 8, 335; connexion with Janus worship, 282, 288, 334-5; representative of king, 8, 213, 282, 288; representative of head of household, 213, 282, 288, 334.

Robigalia, 66, 88-91.

Robigus, 324, 338; connexion with Mars, 89, 324; festival, 88-91.

Romulus, 4; connexion with Mars, 33, 37 (n. 3); with Quirinus, 322; legends, 175-6, 229, 310.

Rust, red, 88-9, 91.

Sabine women, legend, 178, 208-9.

Sacella Argeorum, 16, 56-7, 111-2, 335; procession round, 56, 111, 113-4, 335.

Sacrifices, 51, 54, 56, 62, 86, 209, 267, 313-4; bean meal and lard, 130, 133; boar, 210; bull, 126; cakes, 53-5, 155, 161, 295, 304; cereals, 292-3; cheese, 96, 228; cow, 71; dog, 89-91, 101, 209, 311, 312, 314; fig-tree, 178; fish, 209-10; flight after, 176, 328, 329-30; goat, 122, 311, 312, 314; heifer, 96, 179, 193, 217, 228; honey, 309, 325; horse, 241-2; human, relics of, 112, 115, 116-7, 119, 315; kid, 257; lamb, 64, 105, 325; milk, 81, 96, 103, 228, 309; 361millet, 81; oil, 309; pig, 105, 126, 256, 272, 325; procession of victims, 126; ram, 282; red calf, 210; sacrificial meal, 81, 96-7, 194, 228; salt-cake (mola salsa), 110, 115, 148, 311; sheep, 89, 96, 126; sow, 295; water, 309; wine, 87, 103, 257, 309, 325.

Salacia, 186.

Salii, 36, 39-43, 58, 194, 250, 331, 334; Agonenses, 41, 54, 281, 323; Carmen Saliare, 39, 41, 45, 49, 289; Collini, 41, 54, 320, 323; mansiones Saliorum, 41, 44; number, 41, 42; Palatini, 41, 320, 323; shields: see Ancilia; skins worn by, 47-8, 49-50.

Salt-cake (mola salsa): made by Vestal Virgins, 110-1, 115, 148, 149, 153, 205, 311; used at Ides of September, 110, 115, 311; used at Lupercalia, 110, 115, 311; used at Vestalia, 110, 115, 148, 311.

Salus, 190-1, 343.

Sancus: see Semo Sancus.

Saturnalia, 15, 177, 255, 268-73, 335.

Saturnus, 120, 268-71; connexion with Ops Consiva, 212, 273-4; festival, 268-73; functions, 270, 338; temples, 71, 273-4, 339.

Scapegoat, 176; Mamurius Veturius, 40-1, 46-9.

Seianus: owner of statue of Fortuna, 156-7, 171.

Semo Sancus, 160, 327; connexion with Dius Fidius, 136-8, 144; functions, 139-41.

Semones, 136.

Senate, 134.

September: character, 215-6; festivals, 215-35.

Septimontium, 16, 265-7, 335.

Servius Tullius, 280; connexion with Fortuna, 68, 156-7, 162, 171-2, 339; Etruscan origin, 157, 171; founder of temples, 68, 162, 198-9, 339.

Sextilis: see August.

Sheep: fold decorated, 80-1; lustration, 81; sacrifice, 89, 96, 126.

Sibylline books, 68, 69, 74, 92, 93, 145, 179, 181.

Silvanus, 55, 103, 258, 261, 262; connexion with Mars, 55, 194.

Sirius, 90.

Slaves, 155; deities of, 199, 253-4; festivals open to, 38, 162-3, 178-9, 193, 194, 199-200, 272-3, 280; manumissions, 253-4.

Snakes, 104.

Sol Indiges, 191-3.

Soranus, 160; Apollo, 84, 181.

Sosigenes, 4.

Spells, 80-1, 83, 84, 96, 109-10, 150, 243, 279-80, 296, 301, 309-10; rain, 119-20, 232-3.

Spirits: dead, see Ghosts; evil, see Evil spirits.

Statues: see Images.

Stones, sacred, 140; lapis silex, 230-2; manalis, 211, 232-3; oath per Iovem lapidem, 138, 231; representing Magna Mater Idaea, 69-70, 342; Terminus, 230-1, 326-7, 334.

Strenia, 278.

Stultorum feriae, 304-6, 322.

Subura, 247, 266.

Summanalia, 161.

Summanus, 160-1, 241.

Sun, 84; deities of, 35, 168-70, 191-3, 283-4; symbols of, 139, 169-70.

Supplicatio, 191.

Tacita, 210, 309-10.

Tanaquil, 141.

Tarquinii, 75-6, 121, 280, 327-8; worships introduced by, 96, 181.

Tellus, 67, 71, 74, 294-5; festivals, 71-2, 294-6; sacrifices, 71, 295.

Tempestates, temple, 341.

Temples, 339-43; of Aesculapius in insula, 278, 340; Apollo at Actium, 182; Apollo in Flaminian fields, 180; Apollo Palatinus on the Palatine, 180 (n. 4), 182; Bellona in Circo Flaminio, 134; Bona Dea on the Aventine, 101-5; Carmenta at Porta Carmentalis, 291, 293; Castor and Pollux ad Forum, 296; Castor and Pollux in Circo Flaminio, 202; Ceres, Liber, and Libera on the Aventine, 74-6, 339; Consus on the Aventine, 206, 267; Diana on the Aventine, 198-200, 339; Dius Fidius on the Quirinal, 135, 136, 141; Faunus in insula, 257-8, 278; Feronia at Tarracina, 253; Flora ad Circum Maximum, 92, 202; Flora or Horta Quirini on Quirinal, 324; 362Fors Fortuna trans Tiberim, 161-2, 339; Fortuna in Foro Boario, 156-7, 339; Fortuna Huiusce Diei, 165, 343; Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste, 72 Fortuna Primigenia on the Quirinal, 124; Fortuna Virilis, 68; Hercules near the Circus Flaminius, 135; Hercules Invictus ad portam trigeminam, 201; Janus ad Theatrum Marcelli, 204; Juno Lucina on the Esquiline, 38; Juno Moneta in arce, 129-30; Juno Sospita ad Forum Olitorium, 302; Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva in Capitolio, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 326-7, 339; Jupiter Elicius under the Aventine, 232; Jupiter Feretrius in Capitolio, 229; Jupiter Invictus, 158; Jupiter Latiaris on the Alban Mount, 95-6, 228; Juturna, 341; Magna Mater Idaea, 70; Mars extra Portam Capenam, 133-4, 232; Mater Matuta in Foro Boario, 154; Mens in Capitolio, 145; Mercurius, 121, 339; Minerva on the Aventine, 59, 158; Ops ad Forum, 273-4; Quirinus in Colle, 191, 322; round, 193; Salus on the Quirinal, 190-1; Saturnus ad Forum, 271, 273-4, 339; Summanus ad Circum Maximum, 160; Tempestates, 341; Vediovis in arce, 43; Vediovis in insula, 122, 277; Vediovis inter duos lucos, 122; Venus ad Circum Maximum, 204; Venus Erycina in Capitolio, 85, 145; Venus Verticordia, 68, 343; Victory on the Palatine, 70; Volcanus in Circo Flaminio, 211; Vortumnus on the Aventine, 201, 341.

Terminalia, 4, 324-7, 335.

Terminus, 324, 326-7; festival, 324-7; stone, 230-1, 326-7, 334.

Theatrum Marcelli, 204.

Tiber, worship, 214.

Tiber island: temples, 122, 257-8, 277, 278, 340.

Tiberinus, 120, 203, 214.

Tibicines: see Trumpets.

Tigillum sororium, 238-9.

Tina (or Tinia), 222-3.

Tirones, 56.

Tithes: offered on Ara Maxima, 138; 195-7; offered to Hercules Victor, 138-9.

Toga virilis, assumption of, 56.

Totemism, 84-5, 101, 231-2, 334.

Treaties: Dius Fidius’ connexion with, 141; Jupiter’s connexion with, 229-30, 326; making, 229-30; ratified at Ara Maxima, 138.

Tree-worship, 228-9, 232, 234.

Tribuni: celerum, 58-9; militum, 58; plebis, 75.

Trumpets, 63-4, 159; lustration, 63-4, 123; players, 62, 157-9.

Tubilustrium, 44, 45, 62-4, 123, 290; connexion with Minerva, 62; festival of Mars, 62, 290.

Vediovis, 121-2, 160, 225, 277-8; connexion with Apollo, 122, 181, 225, 277; festivals, 43, 121-2, 277-8; temples, 43, 122, 277.

Vegetation spirit: see Corn-spirit.

Veneralia, 67-9.

Venus: connexion with April, 67, 69; with Fortuna, 68; with wine, 86, 204; Erycina, 85, 145; festivals, 67-8, 85-6; functions, 67, 86; Greek influence, 67, 69, 86; Mimnermia (or Meminia), 145; temples, 68, 85-6, 145, 204, 343; Verticordia, 68-9, 343.

Vesta: aedes, 148-9, 151-4, 335; connexion with Janus, 282-3, 287-8, 334-5; festival, 145-54; functions, 150; hearth-goddess, 147-8, 150, 282-3, 287-8, 334, 337; laurels fixed on aedes, 5, 36, 153; penus Vestae, 83, 148, 149-50, 153, 288; origin of cult, 146-8, 149, 282-3; sacred fire, 5, 35, 114, 147-8, 150-1, 153.

Vestalia, 145-54; character, 115, 126, 154; mourning of Flaminica Dialis, 115, 146, 149, 151, 153; salt-cake used, 110, 115, 148.

Vestal Virgins, 36, 68-9, 306, 324, 335; festivals shared in, 52, 57, 71, 85, 112, 114-15, 150, 256; functions, 147, 149-51, 288; representative of daughters of family, 36, 111, 147, 149, 213, 256, 288, 334; salt-cake made by, 110-1, 115, 148, 149, 153, 205, 311.

Vetches, 94.

363Victory, temple of, 70.

Viminal, cults on, 229.

Vinalia, 10, 338; connexion with Jupiter, 85, 86-8, 338; with Venus, 85-6, 204; Priora, 85-8; Rustica, 10, 85, 86, 87, 189, 204-6.

Vitulatio, 179.

Volcanalia, 189, 209-11.

Volcanus, 209-11; connexion with Maia, 123, 210; festivals, 123, 209-10; functions, 123-4, 210; temple, 211.

Volturnalia, 214.

Volturnus, 214.

Volupia, 274.

Vortumnus, 201, 341.

War: conduct of, 216; declaration of, 134, 230; gods of, 126, 134-5, 207, 248, 249.

Water: deities of, 187, 189.

Weddings: see Marriages.

Weeks: eight days, 7, 8.

Wells and springs: sanctity, 240.

Wheel symbol, 161, 169-70.

Wills: sanctioned by Comitia Curiata, 63, 123.

Wine: festivals, 85-8, 204-6, 236, 239-40; introduction of vine into Italy, 88, 97, 236; Jupiter’s connexion with, 55, 88, 240; Venus’ connexion with, 86, 204; vintage, 236.

Wolf: corn; see Corn-spirit; sacred to Mars, 311, 334.

Women, 262; deities of, 38, 68, 102-3, 106, 155-6, 167-8, 200-1, 291-3; excluded from worship of Hercules, 102, 103, 142, 194; festivals, 38, 67-8, 102-3, 142, 148, 154-6, 178-9, 255-6, 291; oaths, 142; rites to produce fertility, 94-5, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.

Woods, importance in religion, 183-4.

Year: beginning, 5-7, 35-6, 278; lunar, 1-3; method of reckoning, 1-4; solar, 1-3.

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