Front matter (continued 3)

"Nu forstaar vi Ingelds nationalitetsskifte. Det mærkelige er blot, at de oprindelige Daner blev gjorte til Saksere. Men også, dette fölger af den episke udvikling. Når den gamle kæmpe er det punkt der tiltrækkes (fordi han er det poetiske tyngdepunkt), må hans modparti frastödes og göres til Danefolkets fjender. Nogen selvstændig betydning ejer denne part jo ikke.

"Udtalt i jævnere ord vil dette sige, at man i vikingetiden tog et gammelt sagnstof og deri fandt udtryk for sin tids store oplevelse, sammenstödet mellem Danmark og et mægtigt 'saksisk' rige.[178]

"Det eneste nye navn, vi möder, er betegnelsen 'Svertings sönner.' I ældre digtning (Béowulf) er 'Svertings ætling' Geaternes konge; men da bevidstheden on 'Geaterne' blegnede, er navnet vel sprunget over og er knyttet til en kendt folkestamme, Sakserne. Grunden dertil er muligvis kun, at det danner bogstavrim med Sakser, og at det sproglig har en biklang af sort, i.e., ond og listig, der gjorde det egnet til at bruges om Danernes fjender."[179]

The significance of this is, first, that in the Ingjald lay we are dealing with old material; secondly, that the account of the relationship in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga between Frothi and Swerting and their families is based on the Ingjald lay; thirdly, that when the nationality of Swerting and those associated with him is changed from Saxon to Swedish, it is merely another stage in the development of the story, quite in line with earlier changes made to keep the story in harmony with changing conditions.

Thus we have two stories, based on the same events (events first related in Beowulf and Widsith), that come down to posterity by two independent lines of transmission and suffer changes in the course of time that bring them into absolute conflict with each other. According to both stories, Frothi has become a Danish king. But in the story connected with the Ingjald lay, Frothi is slain, and is avenged by his son, Ingjald; while in the Hrólfssaga, Frothi is his brother's slayer, on whom vengeance is taken by the sons (Hroar and Helgi) of his victim (Halfdan). In the Skj[o.]ldungasaga, the conflict is obviated. It is done very deftly and with only such disturbances of the genealogical relations involved as seemed necessary to secure the desired result. As a consequence, the changes that have been made, for which, in most instances, the reasons are quite apparent, can be traced step by step. The story as we have it in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga is, therefore, plainly an artificial amalgamation designed principally to harmonize conflicting stories about Frothi.

The genealogy in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga is as follows:—

Swerting Frothi Jorund | | | | | | | daughter | | |__________________________________________| | | | daughter Ingjald Sigrith Halfdan | | | | | | |________| |_____________| |_________________________| | | | | | | | | | |[180] | | Agnar Hrörik Frothi Eng. Lady Hroar Helgi Signy Sævil | | | | | |________| | |_____| | Hrolf Kraki

Below is the same genealogy with the portions enclosed that, on the one hand, are taken from the Ingjald lay (Frothi, Swerting, etc.) and, on the other, from the Hrólfssaga (Halfdan, Sigrith, etc.). The names in italics are found in the Hrólfssaga, but, with the exception of Ögn, whose name is omitted altogether, are employed in another connection in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga (see the foregoing table):—

.—————————-. ¦Swerting Frothi ¦ Jorund ¦ | | | ¦ | ¦ | | | ¦ daughter ¦ | | |___¦______________________________________| ¦ | | ¦ | ¦ | | ¦ .———————————————————. ¦ | | ¦ ¦ | ¦ ¦daughter Ingjald ¦ ¦Sigrith Frothi[181] Halfdan ¦ ¦ | | | ¦ ¦ | | |____| | ¦ ¦ |________| |__¦________¦_| |_________________________| ¦ ¦ | | ¦ | ¦ | | | ¦ '—————————-' | ¦ | | | ¦ | | | ¦ | | | ¦ Agnar Hrörik Frothi ¦Eng. Lady Hroar Helgi Signy Sævil¦ ¦ (Ögn) | | | | ¦ ¦ |________| | |_____| ¦ ¦ | | | ¦ ¦ | | | ¦ ¦ Agnar Hrolf Kraki Hrok ¦ '———————————————————'

It will be observed that the following changes have been made to produce the family relationship as we find it in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga. Frothi is removed as Halfdan's brother and becomes his father, a change suggested, probably, by the tradition related in Saxo's second book that Frothi was Halfdan's father, and facilitated by the fact that, in the Hrólfssaga, the father of Halfdan and Frothi is not mentioned, and, as a result, presents no impediment to the change. But to explain how Halfdan has become Frothi's son, a new relationship has to be invented, so Frothi is said to have the son Halfdan by the daughter of Jorund. According to the Hrólfssaga, Halfdan is slain by his brother. This idea, in the abstract, is retained. But, according to the new arrangement, Ingjald, Frothi's son, has become Halfdan's brother, i.e., half-brother; hence, Ingjald slays Halfdan. According to the Hrólfssaga, Halfdan's brother and slayer marries his widow, Sigrith.[182] This idea is also retained. In the Hrólfssaga, it is Frothi who slays his brother, Halfdan, and marries his widow, Sigrith. But, according to the new arrangement, Ingjald is Halfdan's brother and slayer; hence, it is now he who marries Sigrith. According to the Hrólfssaga, Agnar is Hroar's son; but this, apparently, is not according to current tradition. According to Saxo's second book, he is Ingjald's son and is slain by Bjarki. This conception of him occurs in the Hrólfssaga also, but towards the close, where Bjarki, in recounting his own achievements, mentions his having slain Agnar. This Agnar is not Hroar's son, but the Agnar of the Skj[o.]ldungasaga and of Saxo's second book. The Skj[o.]ldungasaga, therefore, properly retains him as Ingjald's son and omits him as Hroar's son. Hrok and Hrörik are the same person. According to the Hrólfssaga, he is the son of Sævil and Signy. Olrik has about a page of comment on him,[183] in which he shows that he (Hrethric, Hrothgar's son, in Beowulf) was originally regarded as Hroar's son, but, for reasons that need not here be rehearsed, became a fluctuating character. The Skj[o.]ldungasaga has made him the son of Ingjald. In the Hrólfssaga, Hroar is said to have married an English lady named Ögn. The Skj[o.]ldungasaga also says that Hroar married an English lady, but omits her name. Finally, Ingjald is given another son, Frothi. He corresponds to Frothi V in Saxo. In Saxo, however, Frothi is the slayer of his brother and corresponds to the Frothi who appears in the Hrólfssaga as the slayer of Halfdan. As the Frothi who appears in the Hrólfssaga becomes, in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga, the father of Halfdan, and Ingjald becomes Halfdan's slayer, Frothi, Ingjald's son, is, as a consequence, assigned the rôle of joining his brother Hrörik in slaying his half-brother Hroar. Thus the idea of Frothi (corresponding to Frothi V in Saxo) as a fratricide is retained. But as Ingjald is succeeded on the throne by Halfdan's sons, Hroar and Helgi, there is no opportunity for Ingjald's son Frothi to become king. It will also be remembered that Frothi IV in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga, who, like Frothi IV in Saxo, was slain by Swerting (or his sons), was himself a fratricide, having caused the death of his brother Ali. Frothi IV in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga corresponds to the Frothi mentioned in the Hrólfssaga. Thus, as a fratricide, Frothi IV in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga corresponds to the Frothi in the Hrólfssaga, and as the victim of Swerting, he corresponds to Frothi IV in Saxo; while the account of Frothi, Ingjald's son, as the slayer of his half-brother Hroar, preserves the idea that Frothi V (in Saxo) is his brother's slayer. The Skj[o.]ldungasaga has, therefore, amply retained the idea of Frothi as a fratricide, and contains an account that, in a way, embraces the essential features of the treatment of the same period in the Hrólfssaga, on the one hand, and in Saxo, on the other. The relationship in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga of Frothi (Ingjald's father), Swerting, Ingjald, and Swerting's daughter is identical with that in the Ingjald lay.

Thus we see how, at the most conspicuous and interesting juncture of the Danish royal line, the Skj[o.]ldungasaga harmonizes conflicting traditions.[184] This involves a train of consequences, among which are the following:—

1. "The short and chronicle-like form [i.e., of the Hroar-Helgi story] in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga, where the murderer is called Ingjald, not Frothi," is taken from the account that appears in the Hrólfssaga; this account must therefore be earlier than the corresponding account in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga.

2. As the story about Frothi, Halfdan, etc., in the Bjarkarímur is substantially the same as in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga, it must be derived from the same source as the story in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga. The Bjarkarímur are, therefore, at this point a later composition than the corresponding portion of the Hrólfssaga; and this fact affords further corroboration of the idea that the stories in the rímur of Bjarki's slaying the wolf and Hjalti's slaying the bear are later than the Hrólfssaga's account of Bjarki's slaying the winged monster.

3. When the Skj[o.]ldungasaga says that Hrolf Kraki met Hrani-Odin on the expedition to Sweden, though nothing is said about such a meeting in Snorri's Edda, the idea is probably taken from a version of the story essentially as we have it in the Hrólfssaga.[185]

4. Though the Hrólfssaga is made up of elements of varying degrees of antiquity and merit, it contains features worthy of more consideration than has generally been accorded them.

5. In discussing the genealogy of the Danish kings in Beowulf and comparing it with that of other documents,[186] it is to be remembered that the Skj[o.]ldungasaga has no independent value as an authority in this connection; its value lies in its recognition of a conflict between the Ingjald lay and the story in the Hrólfssaga, and its attempt to harmonize the two.

6. On the whole, as Olrik says, "Hvor værdifuld den islandske Skj[o.]ldungasaga end er, den er selvfölgelig ikke på alle punkter at foretrække for enhver anden kilde."[187] When it disagrees with other documents, its statements should be scanned with care.

A little ought to be said about Saxo's treatment of the problem, the solution of which in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga has just been considered. The solution in the saga is based on the recognition of the fact that Frothi as a king who was slain (i.e., by Swerting) and later avenged by his son is irreconcilable with the idea that he slew his brother, whose sons later put Frothi to death and thus avenged their father's murder. Saxo solved the problem by employing two Frothi's,—namely Frothi IV, Ingjald's father, who was slain by Swerting and was avenged by his son, and Frothi V, Ingjald's successor, who slew his brother, Harald (i.e., Halfdan in the Hrólfssaga), and later was put to death by Harald's sons.

On the whole, Saxo's story presents something of an attempt to harmonize Danish and Old Norse tradition. The Danish tradition about the Hroar-Helgi group of kings Saxo preserves in his second book. The Old Norse tradition about them he utilizes in his seventh book, at a point where, in the line of Danish kings, it occurs according to the Old Norse conception of the matter.[188] In the latter connection he repeats certain features of the story as it appears in his second book. Ingjald who appears in the sixth book is really the same Ingjald (second book) whose son Agnar is slain by Bjarki; and Helgi (here called Halfdan) takes to sea, just as he does in the second book. All that concerns Hrolf Kraki, Yrsa, Bjarki, etc., Saxo omits from the seventh book; but he gives Halfdan (Helgi) a career in Sweden, something like Helgi's (second book). Halfdan dies, however, without leaving an heir to the Danish throne; and this solves another problem, for thus the necessity of introducing Hrolf Kraki, Helgi's son, again, or some substitute for him, is obviated, and the story of this royal family is brought to an end.

Conclusion.

We have, therefore, only two versions of the Hroar-Helgi story (Saxo's version and the one in the Hrólfssaga), and these have been subjected to a variety of influences and manipulations. The two versions do not, however, always employ the same features in just the same way, as is exemplified in the treatment of the insanity motive; nor have they always retained the same features present in the source of influence, as where the place of concealment of the boys in one instance is a cave and in the other a hollow tree. But the possession of the two versions is valuable in this respect, that they afford a double confirmation of the source of influence, as in the instances just cited and in Frothi's consulting the witch.

It is a great transformation that has taken place in the fortunes of Hrothgar (Hroar) from the time we become acquainted with him as the famous King of the Danes in Beowulf till we finally see him in the Hrólfssaga sitting on the throne of Northumberland in England. But the conception of him that excludes him from the list of ancient kings of Denmark seems to have been shared by Snorri Sturlason; for in Snorri's Ynglingasaga, where Frothi, Halfdan, Helgi, Hrolf Kraki, and other early Danish kings are mentioned, and where one would expect something to be said about Hroar also, his name does not occur and there is no reference to him whatever.

The foregoing explanation of how Hroar came to be regarded as King of Northumberland has a bearing on Beowulf-criticism. The name of Hroar's wife is given as Ögn. In Beowulf, Hrothgar's wife, Wealhtheow, is called a Helming and is supposed to be an English lady. In support of this idea, Sarrazin[189] and, following him, Thomas Arnold[190] have stated that perhaps we have a reminiscence of her nationality in that of Ögn. But, as we have seen, there is no connection between the two women.

Finally, let it be stated that not all has been said about the Hroar-Helgi story that one would like to say. One would like to be able to trace still more in detail the development of the story and account for all the variations between the two versions. Such knowledge is, however, vouchsafed in very few instances. But if what has been said is substantially correct, a little has been added to what was known before about this interesting story.

III

GENERAL SUMMARY.

From what has been said, it will be seen that the origin of the dragon in the B[o.]ðvarsþáttr of the Hrólfssaga has hitherto been unperceived and the story of Bjarki's fight with the dragon has not been understood. Neither of the two has any connection with Beowulf. The Bjarkarímur throw no light on the Beowulf problem, for the story of Bjarki's slaying the wolf and that of Hjalti's slaying the bear are later than the story of Bjarki's slaying the dragon and were written by one who had the story of Bjarki's fight with the dragon in mind. Moreover, the story told in the rímur in connection with Hjalti's slaying the bear is merely an adaptation of the story told in the Hrólfssaga about Bjarki's father.

The Fróðaþáttr of the Hrólfssaga embodies an earlier form of the Hroar-Helgi story than is found in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga and the Bjarkarímur; and this confirms the idea that the story in the Hrólfssaga of Bjarki's fight with the winged monster is earlier than the corresponding stories in the Bjarkarímur. Aside from the influence exerted by the Hamlet story, the Fróðaþáttr version and Saxo's version of the Hroar-Helgi story are the result of influences emanating from the "exile-return" type of story in England, and, nore particularly, the Meriadoc story and the Macbeth story, which were well known to Scandinavians in Great Britain.

The version of the Hroar-Helgi story which we find in the Skj[o.]ldungasaga and the Bjarkarímur is the result of an attempt to harmonize conflicting traditions emanating from events about which we now find the first account in Beowulf and Widsith, as is also Saxo's treatment of the same matter in his sixth and seventh books.

The change of names in Saxo's version of the Hroar-Helgi story is the result of arbitrary action on his part in order to conceal the fact that he introduces into his history the Hroar-Helgi group of kings a second time, namely in his seventh book, and gives an account of them that conflicts with the account already given of them in his second book.

INDEX

Ågesön, Svend, 65.

abbreviations, 5, 6.

Agnar, 17, 51, 52, 82, 83, 93, 96.

Ali, 81, 94.

"Angler," 90.

Anglo-Saxons, 80.

Arcadia, 67.

Arglud, 71.

Arngrim, 92, 95.

Arthur, King, 43, 71-73.

Arthurian romances, 46.

Athils, 83.

Balder-cult, 8.

"Baldersagn," 66.

Banquo, 79.

bear, 13, 16, 20, 23, 35, 49, 50, 55, 57.

bear in Bjark., 7, 10-12, 47-55, 57, 58, 60, 95, 98.

bear in Gest. Dan., bk. two, 7, 10, 19, 51, 52, 59, 60.

bear in Hrs., 55, 59.

bear-ancestry, 10, 14, 16, 19, 20, 56, 59.

Beaw, 9, 10.

Beorn, 14, 16.

Beowulf, 7-12, 30, 41, 43, 60, 89.

Beowulf (Danish king), 9, 10.

Beowulf, 3, 7-12, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 43, 58, 59, 61, 65-67, 88-91, 94, 96-98.

Bera, 16, 56.

Beresun, 14, 16.

Berki, 9.

Bern, 13.

Bernicia, 13, 78.

Biár, 11.

bibliography, 5, 6.

Biörn, 13.

Bjarkarímur, 3, 7, 10-12, 16, 28, 35, 47, 49-60, 81-83, 94, 95, 98.

Bjarki, 7-12, 16-20, 23, 24, 27-31, 33-39, 41, 44-60, 67, 77, 83, 90, 93, 95, 96, 98.

Bjarki and the dragon in Hrs., Story of, 20 ff.

Bjarki and the wolf in Bjark., Story of, 47 ff.

Björkman, 69.

Björn, 16, 56.

blood-drinking, 8, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 34, 49-52, 58-60.

Boduwar, 9.

Bothvar, 8, 10-12, 16, 19, 22, 23, 33, 41, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 67, 77.

"B[o.]ðvar," 8, 20-22, 47.

B[o.]ðvarsþáttr, 3, 7, 98.

British Isles, 70.

Bromton, 13.

Brunanburh, 80.

Canute, 13, 70, 80.

Caradoc, 71.

cattle-attacking monster, 30, 53.

Christianity, 26.

Christmas, 27, 46.

Christmas Eve, 25, 26, 31-35, 59.

Cuaran, 73.

Cumberland, 14.

Cumbria, 13, 80.

"Cymren," 70.

"cymrisch-skandinavische Sage," 70.

Dan, 90.

Danes, 13, 16, 43, 61, 65, 67, 70, 80, 88-91, 97.

Deira, 13.

Denmark, 7, 8, 14, 18, 19, 61, 63, 65, 67, 70, 76-78, 80-83, 87, 90-92, 97.

"Didrikskæmper," 90.

Diere, 14.

Digera, 13.

dogs, herdsmen's, 48, 53, 54, 56.

dog's name in Hist. Mer., 74.

dogs' names in Gest. Dan., bk. seven, 64, 73, 74, 77.

dogs' names in Hrs., 61, 67, 73, 74, 77.

Dolfin, 71, 73, 74.

Donaldbane, 77, 78, 80.

dragon, 9, 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 46, 55.

dragon in Beow., 7-10, 34, 60.

dragon in Hrs., 7, 10, 19, 20, 24, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36-39, 44-46, 50, 51, 54-60, 98.

Drifa, 9.

Duncan, 13, 77, 78.

Dundee, 15.

Dunewal, 15.

Durendal, 43.

Eadwulf Cutel, 13.

Eagle Rock, 71.

Ealdred, 13, 78.

Ebbe, 25.

Eckhart, 68.

Edward the Confessor, 13, 14, 17.

Elgfrothi, 18.

England, 3, 9, 10, 13-16, 63, 67, 69, 70, 73, 77, 80, 82, 83, 97, 98.

Excalibur, 43.

"exile-return" story, 68, 69, 77, 81, 83, 98.

Favnir, 23, 28.

Firth of Clyde, 13.

Firth of Forth, 13.

Fleventanean forest, 71.

Florencius, 69.

folk-lore, 24, 28, 38.

Fordun, Johannes, 80.

"fornaldarsaga," 15.

Freawaru, 9, 88.

Frey-cult, 8.

Fridleif, 81, 86.

Fridleus, 86.

Frodas, 69.

Frothi, 9, 10, 43, 61-66, 68, 69, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81-97.

Froðaþáttr, 3, 61, 94, 98.

Fyen, 64.

Gaimar, Geffrei, 72.

Gautland, 63, 77.

Geats, 43, 91.

genealogy of Danish kings in Gest. Dan., 84, 85.

genealogy of Danish kings in Hrs., 92.

genealogy of Danish kings in Skjs., 84, 85, 92.

Germany, 87.

giants, 25, 26, 42, 46.

giant-sword in Beow., 11, 38.

Godwin, 13.

Great Britain, 98.

Grendel, 7, 9-12, 34, 35, 38, 58, 60.

Grendel's mother, 7, 11.

Grettir, 35.

Griffith, 71, 72.

Grim, 73.

Grímur, 31.

Gudmundur, 31-33.

Gullinhjalti, 11, 12, 22-24, 35, 36, 39-41, 44, 59.

Gyldenhilt, 11, 40, 42.

"gylden hilt," 11, 12, 35, 40-44, 59.

"Hadbarder," 65, 88-90.

Hagena, 90.

Halfdan, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 75, 78, 81-84, 86-88, 91-97.

Halga, 61.

hall-attacking monster, 29-31, 34, 53.

Halvor, 38.

Hamlet, 67, 73, 80.

Hamlet story, 67, 72, 73, 76, 77, 98.

Hamur, 62, 74.

Hanef, 87.

Harald, 63, 75, 83, 86, 87, 96.

Hardecanute, 13.

Havelok, 80.

Heiðr, 66.

Helgi, 19, 61-64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82-84, 86, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 99.

Helming, 97.

Heorot, 89.

Hereward, 60.

Hilda, 81.

Hildr, 56.

"Hitdölekæmpe," 24.

Hjalti, 10-12, 22, 24, 28, 35, 39, 40, 44, 47-59, 95, 98.

Hjalti and the bear in Bjark., Story of, 47 ff.

"Hjort," 89.

Hleidargard, 48, 49, 53, 55.

Ho, 61, 74.

"Holmryger," 90.

Hondscio, 12.

Hopp, 61, 74.

Hott, 11, 12, 20-25, 27-30, 34, 36-40, 44-46, 53.

Hrani, 62, 74, 95.

Hrethel, 43.

Hrethric, 93.

Hring, 17, 55.

Hroar, 19, 61-67, 69, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82-84, 86, 91-94, 96, 97, 99.

Hroar-Helgi story, 61, 67-70, 72-74, 76-79, 81-84, 86, 87, 94, 95, 97, 98.

Hrok, 93.

Hrolf Kraki, 7, 9, 17-23, 27, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 46, 48-50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 66, 82-84, 86, 92, 95-97.

Hrólfssaga, 3, 7, 9-12, 16-20, 23, 33, 35, 39-41, 45, 46, 49, 50, 52-54, 57-60, 63, 65, 68, 72-74, 76-80, 82, 83, 87, 91-98.

Hrossþjófr, 66.

Hrothgar, 9, 42, 43, 88, 89, 93, 96, 97.

Hrothulf, 89.

Hrunting, 11.

Hrörik, 65, 82, 93, 94.

"Hunnerslaget," 90.

Huntingdon, 13, 14.

Hygd, 43.

Hygelac, 43.

Iceland, 26, 65, 77, 84.

Icelanders, 67.

"ilex," 75, 76.

Ingjald, 81-84, 86-91, 93-96.

Ingjald lay, 87-92, 94, 96.

insanity in Gest. Dan., bk. seven, 64, 73, 77, 97.

insanity in Hamlet story, 67, 73.

insanity in Hrs., 73, 77, 97.

invulnerability, 29.

Ireland, 71, 78, 80.

"islændingasaga," 15.

Ivor, 71-75, 77.

Jorund, 81, 82, 93, 95.

Joseph, 76.

Karl, governor of Gautland, 63.

Kay, 71, 72.

Leofric, 13.

London, 14.

Lonkentus, 39.

Macbeth, 13, 78-80.

Macbeth story, 77-81, 98.

Macduffe, 79.

Malcolm, 13, 77, 80.

Margaret, 33.

Meriadoc, 72, 73.

Meriadoc story, 70-76, 78, 80, 98.

Merlin, 46.

Morwen, 71, 72.

New Year, 32.

"Niebelunger," 90.

"Nordmænd," 15, 90.

Norfolk, 70.

Northri, 63, 78.

Northumberland, 10, 13-15, 18, 63, 78, 80, 97.

Northumbria, 13, 78.

Norway, 7, 25, 26, 65, 77, 81.

Norwegians, 14, 16, 67.

Odin, 15, 17-19, 26, 95.

Offa, 90.

Olaf, 85, 87.

Orkney Islands, 14, 17-19.

Orwen, 72, 78.

Osbeorn, 13, 18.

Osbernum, 15.

Osbertum Bulax, 15.

Per Bakken, 25.

Per Gynt, 35.

Per Sandager, 29.

"quercus," 74.

Ragnar, 64.

Ragnar Lodbrok, 15.

Ravenlandeye, 14, 18.

Regin, 61-63, 68.

Remus, 67.

Roland, 43.

Romulus, 67.

Russia, 81.

"Sakser," 90, 91.

Scandinavians, 10, 70, 80, 98.

"Scania," 82.

Scioldus, 86.

Scotland, 13, 17, 71, 72, 78.

Scots, 13, 15.

Scyld, 9.

Scylding kings, 67, 69.

Seeland, 64, 77, 82.

"seid," 79.

"seiðkona," 79, 81.

Sigar, 73.

Signy, 61-63, 73, 77, 82, 83, 93, 95.

Sigrith, 63, 82, 83, 92, 93, 95.

Sigurd, 23, 28, 67.

Sigurdur, 31-33.

Silfrúnarstadir, 31.

Siward, 10, 13-20, 23, 24, 56, 59, 63, 77, 78, 80.

Sjávarborg, 31.

Skåne, 82.

Skagafjördur, 31.

Skj[o.]ldungasaga, 18, 65, 81-84, 86, 87, 91-96, 98.

"Skjoldunger," 65, 88.

"Skjoldungsagaer," 67.

"Skjoldungsagn," 64, 66.

"Skjoldungslægt," 84.

"Skjoldungæt," 65, 90.

Skofnung, 39, 40.

Sleipnir, 19.

Snowdon, Mount, 72.

soothsayers, 61, 79.

Spratlingus, 14.

Starkad, 81, 82, 87, 88, 90.

Sweden, 8, 17-19, 63, 77, 81, 82, 87, 95, 97.

Swedes, 81.

Swerting, 81, 82, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94-96.

Sævar, 78.

Sævil, 61-63, 73, 78, 82, 83, 93, 95.

Thames, 14.

Thebes, 67.

Thessaly, 67.

Tosti, 14, 17.

troll, 7, 9, 11, 16, 21, 22, 24-28, 30-35, 38, 52, 53, 59.

troll-animal, 29.

troll-bird, 29.

troll-dragon, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 49, 50, 53, 55, 58, 59.

troll-hare, 29.

troll-wife, 35, 66.

Ulf, 16, 55, 56.

Ulfius, 14.

Ulsius, 14.

Uplands in Norway, 81.

Urien, 71-73.

Ursus, 14.

Uther Pendragon, 71.

Valhalla, 19.

Valsleit, 17.

"Vender," 90.

Vifil, 61, 62, 73, 74, 76, 79.

Vitholphus, 66.

Viðolfi, 66.

"Volsunger," 90.

Waldar, 92, 93.

Waldef story, 69.

Wales, 71.

Wealhtheow, 97.

Weder-Geats, 41.

Welsh, 70.

werewolf myth, 12.

Westminster, 14.

Westmoreland, 14.

Widsith, 61, 89, 91, 98.

winged monster in Hrs., 7-12, 20-22, 25, 55, 95, 98.

witch, 26, 61, 62, 64, 78, 79, 97.

wizard, 26, 79.

wolf in Bjark., 7, 10-12, 28, 47, 49-52, 54, 57, 58, 60, 95, 98.

wolves in Gest. Dan., bk. seven, 63, 64.

wolves in Hist. Mer., 71, 75, 76.

Worcestershire, 13.

York, 13.

Young Siward, 13.

Yrsa, 66, 69, 83, 96.

Yule, 25.

Yule Eve, 22, 25, 30.

Yule-feast, 22, 25.

Yule-tide, 27.

Ælflæd, 13, 78.

Æsir, 26.

Ögn, 63, 78, 92, 94, 97.

"Östersöen," 90.