INDEX.

A. Abies communis, effect of killing or injuring the leading shoot, 187 — pectinata, effect of killing or injuring the leading shoot, 187 —, affected by Æcidium elatinum, 188 Abronia umbellata, its single, developed cotyledon, 78 —, rudimentary cotyledon, 95 —, rupture of the seed coats, 105 Abutilon Darwinii, sleep of leaves and not of cotyledons, 314 —, nocturnal movement of leaves, 323 Acacia Farnesiana, state of plant when awake and asleep, 381, 382 —, appearance at night, 395 —, nyctitropic movements of pinnae, 402 —, the axes of the ellipses, 404 — lophantha, character of first leaf, 415 — retinoides, circumnutation of young phyllode, 236 Acanthosicyos horrida, nocturnal movement of cotyledon 304 Acanthus candelabrum, inequality in the two first leaves, 79 —, petioles not arched, 553 — latifolius, variability in first leaves 79 — mollis, seedling, manner of breaking through the ground, 78, 79 —, circumnutation of young leaf, 249, 269 — spinosus, 79 —, movement of leaves, 249 Adenanthera pavonia, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 374 Æcidium elatinum, effect on the lateral branches of the silver fir, 188 Æsculus hippocastanum, movements of radicle, 28, 29 —, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 172–174 Albizzia lophantha, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 383 —, of pinnae, 402 Allium cepa, conical protuberance on arched cotyledon, 59 —, circumnutation of basal half of arched cotyledon, 60 —, mode of breaking through ground, 87 —, straightening process, 101 — porrum, movements of flower-stems, 226 Alopecurus pratensis, joints affected by apogeotropism, 503 Aloysia citriodora, circumnutation of stem, 210 Amaranthus, sleep of leaves, 387 — caudatus, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 307 Amorpha fruticosa, sleep of leaflets, 354 Ampelopsis tricuspidata, hyponastic movement of hooked tips, 272–275 Amphicarpoea monoica, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of leaves, 365 —, effect of sunshine on leaflets, 445 —, geotropic movements of, 520 Anoda Wrightii, sleep of cotyledons, 302, 312 —, of leaves, 324 —, downward movement of cotyledons, 444 Apheliotropism, or negative heliotropism, 5, 419, 432 Apios graveolens, heliotropic movements of hypocotyl, 422–424 — tuberosa, vertical sinking of leaflets at night, 368 Apium graveolens, sleep of cotyledons, 305 —, petroselinum, sleep of cotyledons, 304 Apogeotropic movements effected by joints or pulvini, 502 Apogeotropism, 5, 494; retarded by heliotropism, 501; concluding remarks on, 507 Arachis hypogoea, circumnutation of gynophore, 225 —, effects of radiation on leaves, 289, 296 —, movements of leaves, 357 — rate of movement, 404 —, circumnutation of vertically dependent young gynophores, 519 —, downward movement of the same, 519 Arching of various organs, importance of, to seedling plants, 87, 88; emergence of hypocotyls or epicotyls in the form of an, 553 Asparagus officinalis, circumnutation of plumules, 60–62. —, effect of lateral light, 484 Asplenium trichomanes, movement in the fruiting fronds, 257, n. Astragalus uliginosus, movement of leaflets, 355 Avena sativa, movement of cotyledons, 65, 66. —, sensitiveness of tip of radicle to moist air, 183 —, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of cotyledon, 421, 422 —, sensitiveness of cotyledon to a lateral light, 477 —, young sheath-like cotyledons strongly apogeotropic, 499 Avena sativa, movements of oldish cotyledons, 499, 500 Averrhoa bilimbi, leaf asleep, 330 —, angular movements when going to sleep, 331–335 —, leaflets exposed to bright sunshine, 447 Azalea Indica, circumnutation of stem, 208 B. Bary, de, on the effect of the Æcidium on the silver fir, 188 Batalin, Prof., on the nyctitropic movements of leaves, 283; on the sleep of leaves of Sida napoea, 322; on Polygonum aviculare, 387; on the effect of sunshine on leaflets of Oxalis acetosella, 447 Bauhinia, nyctitropic movements, 373 —, movements of petioles of young seedlings, 401 —, appearance of young plants at night, 402 Beta vulgaris, circumnutation of hypocotyl of seedlings, 52 —, movements of cotyledons, 52, 53 —, effect of light, 124 —, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 307 —, heliotropic movements of, 420 —, transmitted effect of light on hypocotyl, 482 —, apogeotropic movement of hypocotyl, 496 Bignonia capreolata, apheliotropic movement of tendrils, 432, 450 Bouché on Melaleuca ericaefolia, 383 Brassica napus, circumnutation of flower-stems, 226 Brassica oleracea, circumnutation of seedling, 10 —, of radicle, 11 —, geotropic movement of radicle, 11 —, movement of buried and arched hypocotyl, 13, 14, 15 —, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledons, 16, 17, 18 —, of hypocotyl in darkness, 19 —, of a cotyledon with hypocotyl secured to a stick, 19, 20 —, rate of movement, 20 —, ellipses described by hypocotyls when erect, 105 —, movements of cotyledons, 115 —, — of stem, 202 —, — of leaves at night, 229, 230 —, sleep of cotyledons, 301 —, circumnutation of hypocotyl of seedling plant, 425 —, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of hypocotyls, 426 —, effect of lateral light on hypocotyls, 479–482 —, apogeotropic movement of hypocotyls, 500, 501 Brassica rapa, movements of leaves, 230 Brongniart, A., on the sleep of Strephium floribundum, 391 Bruce, Dr., on the sleep of leaves in Averrhoa, 330 Bryophyllum (vel Calanchoe) calycinum, movement of leaves, 237 C. Camellia Japonica, circumnutation of leaf, 231, 232 Candolle, A. de, on Trapa natans, 95; on sensitiveness of cotyledons, 127 Canna Warscewiczii, circumnutation of plumules, 58, 59 —, of leaf, 252 Cannabis sativa, movements of leaves, 250 —, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307 Cannabis sativa, sinking of the young leaves at night, 444 Cassia, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 369 Cassia Barclayana, nocturnal movement of leaves, 372 —, slight movement of leaflets, 401 — calliantha, uninjured by exposure at night, 289, n. —, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 371 — circumnutating movement of leaves, 372 — corymbosa, cotyledons sensitive to contact, 126 —, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 369 — floribunda, use of sleep movements, 289 —, effect of radiation on the leaves at night, 294 —, circumnutating and nyctitropic movement of a terminal leaflet, 372, 373 —, movements of young and older leaves, 400 — florida, cotyledons sensitive to contact, 126 —, sleep of cotyledons, 308 — glauca, cotyledons sensitive to contact, 126 —, sleep of cotyledons, 308 — laevigata, effect of radiation on leaves, 289, n. — mimosoides, movement of cotyledons. 116 —, sensitiveness of, 126 —, sleep of, 308 —, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 372 —, effect of bright sunshine on cotyledons, 446 — neglecta, movements of, 117 —, effect of light, 124 —, sensitiveness of cotyledons, 126 — nodosa, non-sensitive cotyledons, 126 —, do not rise at night, 308 — pubescens, non-sensitive cotyledons, 126 Cassia pubescens, uninjured by exposure at night, 293 —, sleep of cotyledons, 308 —, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 371 —, circumnutating movement of leaves, 372 —, nyctitropic movement of petioles, 400 —, diameter of plant at night, 402 — sp. (?) movement of cotyledons, 116 — tora, circumnutation of cotyledons and hypocotyls, 34, 35, 109, 308 —, effect of light, 124, 125 —, sensitiveness to contact, 125 —, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of hypocotyl, 431 —, hypocotyl of seedling slightly heliotropic, 454 —, apogeotropic movement of old hypocotyl, 497 —, movement of hypocotyl of young seedling, 510 Caustic (nitrate of silver), effect of, on radicle of bean, 150, 156; on the common pea, 160. Cells, table of the measurement of, in the pulvini of Oxalis corniculata, 120; changes in, 547 Centrosema, 365 Ceratophyllum demersum, movements of stem, 211 Cereus Landbeckii, its rudimentary cotyledons, 97 — speciossimus, circumnutation of stem, 206, 207 Cerinthe major, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 49 —, of cotyledons, 49 —, ellipses described by hypocotyls when erect, 107 — effect of darkness, 124 Chatin, M., on Pinus Nordmanniana, 389 Chenopodium album, sleep of leaves but not of cotyledons, 314, 319 Chenopodium album, movement of leaves, 387 Chlorophyll injured by bright light, 446 Ciesielski, on the sensitiveness of the tip of the radicles, 4, 523 Circumnutation, meaning explained, 1; modified, 263–279; and heliotropism, relation between, 435; of paramount importance to every plant, 547 Cissus discolor, circumnutation of leaf, 233 Citrus aurantium, circumnutation of epicotyl, 28 —, unequal cotyledons, 95 Clianthus Dampieri, nocturnal movement of leaves, 297 Cobœa scandens, circumnutation of, 270 Cohn, on the water secreted by Lathraea squamaria, 86, n.; on the movement of leaflets of Oxalis, 447 Colutea arborea, nocturnal movement of leaflets, 355 Coniferæ, circumnutation of, 211 Coronilla rosea, leaflets asleep, 355 Corylus avellana, circumnutation of young shoot, emitted from the epicotyl, 55, 56 —, arched epicotyl, 77 Cotyledon umbilicus, circumnutation of stolons, 219, 220 Cotyledons, rudimentary, 94–98; circumnutation of, 109–112; nocturnal movements, 111, 112; pulvini or joints of, 112–122; disturbed periodic movements by light, 123; sensitiveness of, to contact, 125; nyctitropic movements of, 283, 297; list of cotyledons which rise or sink at night, 300; concluding remarks on their movements, 311 Crambe maritima, circumnutation of leaves, 228, 229 Crinum Capense, shape of leaves, 253 —, circumnutation of, 254 Crotolaria (sp.?), sleep of leaves, 340 Cryptogams, circumnutation of, 257–259 Cucumis dudaim, movement of cotyledons, 43, 44 —, sleep of cotyledons, 304 Cucurbita aurantia, movement of hypocotyl, 42 —, cotyledons vertical at night, 304 —, ovifera, geotropic movement of radicle, 38, 39 —, circumnutation of arched hypocotyl, 39 —, of straight and vertical hypocotyl, 40 —, movements of cotyledons, 41, 42, 115, 124 —, position of radicle, 89 —, rupture of the seed-coats, 102 —, circumnutation of hypocotyl when erect, 107, 108 —, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 169–171 —, cotyledons vertical at night, 304 —, not affected by apogeotropism, 509 —, tips cauterised transversely, 537 Curvature of the radicle, 193 Cycas pectinata, circumnutation of young leaf, whilst emerging from the ground, 58 —, first leaf arched, 78 —, circumnutation of terminal leaflets, 252 Cyclamen Persicum, movement of cotyledon, 46 —, undeveloped cotyledons, 78, 96 —, circumnutation of peduncle, 225 —, —, of leaf, 246, 247 —, downward apheliotropic movement of a flower-peduncle, 433–435 Cyclamen Persicum, burying of the pods, 433 Cyperus alternifolius, circumnutation of stem, 212 —, movement of stem, 509 Cytisus fragrans, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 37 —, sleep of leaves, 344, 397 —, apogeotropic movement of stem, 494–496 + D. Dahlia, circumnutation of young leaves, 244–246 Dalea alopecuroides, leaflets depressed at night, 354 Darkness, effect of, on the movement of leaves, 407 Darlingtonia Californica, its leaves or pitchers apheliotropic, 450, n. Darwin, Charles, on Maurandia semperflorens, 225; on the Swedish turnip, 230, n.; movements of climbing plants, 266, 271; the heliotropic movement of the tendrils of Bignonia capreolata, 433; revolution of climbing plants, 451; on the curling of a tendril, 570 —, Erasmus, on the peduncles of Cyclamens, 433 —, Francis, on the radicle of Sinapis alba, 486; on Hygroscopic seeds, 489, n. Datura stramonium, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298 Delpino, on cotyledons of Chaerophyllum and Corydalis, 96, n. Delphinium nudicaule, mode of breaking through the ground, 80 —, confluent petioles of two cotyledons, 553 Desmodium gyrans, movement of leaflets, 257, n. —, position of leaves at night, 285 —, sleep of leaves, not of cotyledons, 314 —, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaves, 358–360 —, movement of lateral leaflets, 361 —, jerking of leaflets, 362 — nyctitropic movement of petioles, 400, 401 —, diameter of plant at night, 402 —, lateral movement of leaves, 404 —, zigzag movement of apex of leaf, 405 —, shape of lateral leaflet, 416 —, vespertilionis, 364, n. Deutzia gracilis, circumnutation of stem, 205 Diageotropism, 5; or transverse-geotropism, 520 Diaheliotropism, 5; or Transversal-Heliotropismus of Frank, 419; influenced by epinasty, 439; by weight and apogeotropism, 440 Dianthus caryophyllus, 230 —, circumnutation of young leaf, 231, 269 Dicotyledons, circumnutation widely spread among, 68 Dionoea, oscillatory movements of leaves, 261, 271 Dionoea muscipula, circumnutation of young expanding leaf, 239, 240 —, closure of the lobes and circumnutation of a full-grown leaf, 241 —, oscillations of, 242–244 Diurnal sleep, 419 Drosera Capensis, structure of first-formed leaves, 414 — rotundifolia, movement of young leaf, 237, 238 —, of the tentacles, 239 —, sensitiveness of tentacles, 261 —, shape of leaves, 414 —, leaves not heliotropic, 450 —, leaves circumnutate largely, 454 —, sensitiveness of 570 Duchartre on Trephrosia cariboea, 354; on the nyctitropic movement of the Cassia, 369 Duval-Jouve, on the movements of Bryophyllum calycinum, 237; of the narrow leaves of the Gramineæ, 413 Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, on the leaves of Crotolaria, 340; on Cassia floribunda, 369, n., on the absorbent hairs on the buried flower-heads of Trifolium subterraneum, 517 E. Echeveria stolonifera, circumnutation of leaf, 237 Echinocactus viridescens, its rudimentary cotyledons, 97 Echinocystis lobata, movements of tendrils, 266 —, apogeotropism of tendrils, 510 Elfving, F., on the rhizomes of Sparganium ramosum, 189; on the diageotropic movement in the rhizomes of some plants, 521 Elymus arenareus, leaves closed during the day, 413 Embryology of leaves, 414 Engelmann, Dr., on the Quercus virens, 85 Epinasty, 5, 267 Epicotyl, or plumule, 5; manner of breaking through the ground, 77; emerges from the ground under the form of an arch, 553 Erythrina caffra, sleep of leaves, 367 — corallodendron, movement of terminal leaflet, 367 — crista-galli, effect of temperature on sleep of leaves, 318 —, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of terminal leaflets, 367 Eucalyptus resinifera, circumnutation of leaves, 244 Euphorbia jacquineaeflora, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 388 F. Flahault, M., on the rupture of seed-coats, 102–104, 106 Flower-stems, circumnutation of, 223–226 Fragaria Rosacea, circumnutation of stolon, 214–218 Frank, Dr. A. B., the terms Heliotropism and Geotropism, first used by him, 5, n.; radicles acted on by geotropism, 70, n.; on the stolons of Fragaria, 215; periodic and nyctitropic movements of leaves, 284; on the root-leaves of plants kept in darkness, 443; on pulvini, 485; on natural selection in connection with geotropism, heliotropism, etc., 570 —, on Transversal-Heliotropismus, 419 Fuchsia, circumnutation of stem, 205, 206 G. Gazania ringens, circumnutation of stem, 208 Genera containing sleeping plants, 320, 321 Geotropism, 5; effect of, on the primary radicle, 196; the reverse of apogeotropism, 512: effect on the tips of radicles, 543 Geranium cinereum, 304 — Endressii, 304 — Ibericum, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298 — Richardsoni, 304 — rotundifolium, nocturnal movement of cotyledon, 304, 312 — subcaulescens, 304 Germinating seed, history of a, 548 Githago segetum, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 21, 108 —, burying of hypocotyl, 109 —, seedlings feebly illuminated, 124, 128 —, sleep of cotyledon, 302 —, — leaves 321 Glaucium luteum, circumnutation of young leaves, 228 Gleditschia, sleep of leaves, 368 Glycine hispida, vertical sinking of leaflets, 366 Glycyrrhiza, leaflets depressed at night, 355 Godlewski, Emil, on the turgescence of the cells, 485 Gooseberry, effect of radiation, 284 Gossypium (var. Nankin cotton), circumnutation of hypocotyl, 22 —, movement of cotyledon, 22, 23 —, sleep of leaves, 324 —, arboreum (?), sleep of cotyledons, 303 —, Braziliense, nocturnal movement of leaves, 324 —, sleep of cotyledons, 303 — herbaceum, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 168 —, radicles cauterised transversely, 537 — maritimum, nocturnal movement of leaves, 324 Gravitation, movements excited by, 567 Gray, Asa, on Delphinium nudicaule, 80; on Megarrhiza Californica, 81; on the movements in the fruiting fronds of Aesplenium trichomanes, 257; on the Amphicarpoea monoica, 520; on the Ipomœa Jalappa, 557 Grease, effect of, on radicles and their tips, 182, 185 Gressner, Dr. H., on the cotyledons of Cyclamen Persicum, 46, 77; on hypocotyl of the same, 96 Gymnosperms, 389 H. Haberlandt, Dr., on the protuberance on the hypocotyl of Allium, 59; the importance of the arch to seedling plants, 87; sub-aërial and subterranean cotyledons, 110, n.; the arched hypocotyl, 554 Haematoxylon Campechianum, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368, 369 Hedera helix, circumnutation of stem, 207 Hedysarum coronarium, nocturnal movements of leaves, 356 Helianthemum prostratum, geotropic movement of flower-heads, 518 Helianthus annuus, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 45 —, arching of hypocotyl, 90 —, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 305 Heliotropism, 5; uses of, 449; a modified form of circumnutation, 490 Helleborus niger, mode of breaking through the ground, 86 Hensen, Prof., on roots in worm-burrows, 72 Henslow, Rev. G., on the cotyledons of Phalaris Canariensis, 62 Hofmeister, on the curious movement of Spirogyra, 3, 259, n.; of the leaves of Pistia stratiotes, 255; of cotyledons at night, 297; of petals, 414 — and Batalin on the movements of the cabbage, 229 Hooker, Sir J., on the effect of light on the pitchers of Sarracenia, 450 Hypocotyl, 5; manner of breaking through the ground, 77; emerges under the form of an arch, 553 Hypocotyls and Epicotyls, circumnutation and other movements when arched, 98; power of straightening themselves, 100; rupture of the seed-coats, 102–106; illustration of, 106; circumnutation when erect, 107; when in dark, 108 Hyponasty, 6, 267 I. Iberis umbellata, movement of stem, 202. Illumination, effect of, on the sleep of leaves, 398 Imatophyllum vel Clivia (sp.?), movement of leaves, 255 Indigofera tinctoria, leaflets depressed at night, 354 Inheritance in plants, 407, 491 Insectivorous and climbing plants not heliotropic, 450; influence of light on, 488 Ipomœa bona nox, arching of hypocotyl, 90 —, nocturnal position of cotyledons, 306, 312 — coerulea vel Pharbitis nil, circumnutation of seedlings, 47 —, movement of cotyledons, 47–49, 109 —, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 305 —, sleep of leaves, 386 —, sensitiveness to light, 451 —, the hypocotyledonous stems heliotropic, 453 — coccinea, position of cotyledons at night, 306, 312 — leptophylla, mode of breaking through the ground, 83, 84 —, arching of the petioles of the cotyledons, 90 —, difference in sensitiveness to gravitation in different parts, 509 —, extraordinary manner of germination, 557 Ipomœa pandurata, manner of germination, 84, 557 — purpurea (vel Pharbitis hispida), nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 305, 312 —, sleep of leaves, 386 —, sensitiveness to light, 451 —, the hypocotyledonous stems heliotropic, 453 Iris pseudo-acorus, circumnutation of leaves, 253 Irmisch, on cotyledons of Ranunculus Ficaria, 96 Ivy, its stems heliotropic, 451 K. Kerner on the bending down of peduncles, 414 Klinostat, the, an instrument devised by Sachs to eliminate geotropism, 93 Kraus, Dr. Carl, on the underground shoots of Triticum repens, 189; on Cannabis sativa, 250, 307, 312; on the movements of leaves, 318 L. Lactuca scariola, sleep of cotyledons, 305 Lagenaria vulgaris, circumnutation of seedlings, 42 —, of cotyledons, 43 —, cotyledons vertical at night, 304 Lathraea squamaria, mode of breaking through the ground, 85 —, quantity of water secreted, 85, 86, n. Lathyrus nissolia, circumnutation of stem of young seedling, 33 —, ellipses described by, 107, 108 Leaves, circumnutation of, 226–262; dicotyledons, 226–252; monocotyledons, 252–257; nyctitropism of, 280; their temperature affected by their position at night, 294; nyctitropic or sleep movements, 315, 394; periodicity of their movements inherited, 407; embryology of, 414; so-called diurnal sleep, 445 Leguminosae, sleep of cotyledons, 308; sleeping species, 340 Le Maout and Decaisne, 67 Lepidium sativum, sleep of cotyledons, 302 Light, movements excited by 418, 563; influence on most vegetable tissues, 486; acts on plant as on the nervous system of animals, 487 Lilium auratum, circumnutation of stem, 212 —, apogeotropic movement of stem, 498, 499 Linnæus, ‘Somnus Plantarum’, 280; on plants sleeping, 320; on the leaves of Sida abutilon, 324; on Œnothera mollissima, 383 Linum Berendieri, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298 — usitatissimum, circumnutation of stem, 203 Lolium perenne, joints affected by apogeotropism, 502 Lonicera brachypoda, hooking of the tip, 272 —, sensitiveness to light, 453 Loomis, Mr., on the movements in the fruiting fronds of Asplenium trichomanes, 257 Lotus aristata, effect of radiation on leaves, 292 — Creticus, leaves awake and asleep, 354 — Gebelii, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 308 —, leaflets provided with pulvini, 353 — Jacobæus, movements of cotyledons, 35, 109 —, pulvini of, 115 Lotus Jacobæus, movements at night, 116, 121, 124 —, development of pulvini, 122 —, sleep of cotyledons, 308, 313 —, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 353 — major, sleep of leaves, 353 — perigrinus, movement of leaflets, 353 Lunularia vulgaris, circumnutation of fronds, 258 Lupinus, 340 — albifrons, sleep of leaves, 344 — Hartwegii, sleep of leaves, 341 — luteus, circumnutation of cotyledons, 38, 110 —, effect of darkness, 124 Lupinus, position of leaves when asleep, 341 —, different positions of leaves at night, 343 —, varied movements of leaves and leaflets, 395 — Menziesii, sleep of leaves, 343 — mutabilis, sleep of leaves, 343 — nanus, sleep of leaves, 343 — pilosus, sleep of leaves, 340, 341 — polyphyllus, sleep of leaves, 343 — pubescens, sleep of leaves by day and night, 342 —, position of petioles at night, 343 —, movements of petioles, 401 — speciosus, circumnutation of leaves, 236 Lynch, Mr. R., on Pachira aquatica, 95, n.; sleep movements of Averrhoa, 330 M. Maranta arundinacea, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 389–391 —, after much agitation do not sleep, 319 Marsilia quadrifoliata, effect of radiation at night, 292 —, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 392–394 —, rate of movement, 404 Martins, on radiation at night, 284, n. Masters, Dr. Maxwell, on the leading shoots of the Coniferæ, 211 Maurandia semperflorens, circumnutation of peduncle, 225 Medicago maculata, nocturnal position of leaves, 345 — marina, leaves awake and asleep, 344 Meehan, Mr., on the effect of an Æcidium on Portulaca oleracea, 189 Megarrhiza Californica, mode of breaking through the ground, 81 —, germination described by Asa Gray, 82 —, singular manner of germination, 83, 556 Melaleuca ericaefolia, sleep of leaves, 383 Melilotus, sleep of leaves, 345 — alba, sleep of leaves, 347 — coerulea, sleep of leaves, 347 — dentata, effect of radiation at night, 295 — elegans, sleep of leaves, 347 — gracilis, sleep of leaves, 347 — infesta, sleep of leaves, 347 — Italica, leaves exposed at night, 291 —, sleep of leaves, 347 — macrorrhiza, leaves exposed at night, 292 —, sleep of leaves, 347 — messanensis, sleep of leaves on full-grown and young plants, 348, 416 — officinalis, effect of exposure of leaves at night, 290, 296 —, nocturnal movement of leaves, 346, 347 —, circumnutation of leaves, 348 —, movement of petioles, 401 Melilotus parviflora, sleep of leaves, 347 — Petitpierreana, leaves exposed at night, 291, 296 —, sleep of leaves, 347 — secundiflora, sleep of leaves, 347 — suaveolens, leaves exposed at night, 291 —, sleep of leaves, 347 — sulcata, sleep of leaves, 347 — Taurica, leaves exposed at night, 291 —, sleep of leaves, 347, 415 Methods of observation, 6 Mimosa albida, cotyledons vertical at night, 116 —, not sensitive to contact, 127 —, sleep of cotyledons, 308 —, rudimentary leaflets, 364 —, nyctitropic movements of leaves, 379, 380 —, circumnutation of the main petiole of young leaf, 381 —, torsion, or rotation of leaves and leaflets, 400 —, first true leaf, 416 —, effect of bright sunshine on basal leaflets, 445 — marginata, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 381 — pudica, movement of cotyledons, 105 —, rupture of the seed-coats, 105 —, circumnutation of cotyledons, 109 —, pulvini of, 113, 115 —, cotyledons vertical at night, 116 —, hardly sensitive to contact, 127 —, effect of exposure at night, 293 —, nocturnal movement of leaves, 297 —, sleep of cotyledons, 308 —, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of main petiole, 374–378 —, of leaflets, 378 Mimosa albida, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of pinnae, 402 —, number of ellipses described in given time, 406 —, effect of bright sunshine on leaflets, 446 Mirabilis jalapa and longiflora, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307 —, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 387 Mohl, on heliotropism in tendrils, stems, and twining plants, 451 Momentum-like movement, the accumulated effects of apogeotropism, 508 Monocotyledons, sleep of leaves, 389 Monotropa hypopitys, mode of breaking through the ground, 86 Morren, on the movements of stamens of Sparmannia and Cereus, 226 Müller, Fritz, on Cassia tora, 34; on the circumnutation of Linum usitatissimum, 203; movements of the flower-stems of an Alisma, 226 Mutisia clematis, movement of leaves, 246 —, leaves not heliotropic, 451 N. Natural selection in connection with geotropism, heliotropism, etc., 570 Nephrodium molle, circumnutation of very young frond, 66 —, of older frond, 257 —, slight movement of fronds, 509 Neptunia oleracea, sensitiveness to contact, 128 —, nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 374 —, of pinnae, 402 Nicotiana glauca, sleep of leaves, 385, 386 —, circumnutation of leaves, 386 Nobbe, on the rupture of the seed-coats in a seedling of Martynia, 105 Nolana prostrata, movement of seedlings in the dark, 50 —, circumnutation of seedling, 108 Nyctitropic movement of leaves, 560 Nyctitropism, or sleep of leaves, 281; in connection with radiation, 286; object gained by it, 413 O. Observation, methods of, 6 Œnothera mollissima, sleep of leaves, 383 Opuntia basilaris, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledon, 44 —, thickening of the hypocotyl, 96 —, circumnutation of hypocotyl when erect, 107 —, burying of, 109 Orange, seedling, circumnutation of, 510 Orchis pyramidalis, complex movement of pollinia, 489 Oxalis acetosella, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224 —, effects of exposure to radiation at night, 287, 288, 296 —, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement in full-grown leaf, 326 —, circumnutation of leaflet when asleep, 327 —, rate of circumnutation of leaflets, 404 —, effect of sunshine on leaflets, 447 —, circumnutation of peduncle, 506 Oxalis acetosella, seed-capsules, only occasionally buried, 518 — articulata, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307 — (Biophytum) sensitiva, rapidity of movement of cotyledons during the day, 26 —, pulvinus of, 113 —, cotyledons vertical at night, 116, 118 — bupleurifolia, circumnutation of foliaceous petiole, 328 —, nyctitropic movement of terminal leaflet, 329 — carnosa, circumnutation of flower-stem, 223 —, epinastic movements of flower-stem, 504 —, effect of exposure at night, 288, 296 —, movements of the flower-peduncles due to apogeotropism and other forces, 503–506 — corniculata (var. cuprea), movements of cotyledons, 26 —, rising of cotyledons, 116 —, rudimentary pulvini of cotyledons, 119 —, development of pulvinus, 122 —, effect of dull light, 124 —, experiments on leaves at night, 288 — floribunda, pulvinus of cotyledons, 114 —, nocturnal movement, 118, 307, 313 — fragrans, sleep of leaves, 324 — Ortegesii, circumnutation of flower-stems, 224 —, sleep of large leaves, 327 —, diameter of plant at night, 402 —, large leaflets affected by bright sunshine, 447 — Plumierii, sleep of leaves, 327 — purpurea, exposure of leaflets at night, 293 — rosea, circumnutation of cotyledons, 23, 24 Oxalis rosea, pulvinus of, 113 —, movement of cotyledons at night, 117, 118, 307 —, effect of dull light, 124 —, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127 — sensitiva, movement of cotyledons, 109, 127, 128 —, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224 —, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 307, 312 —, sleep of leaves, 327 — tropoeoloides, movement of cotyledons at night, 118, 120 — Valdiviana, conjoint circumnutation of cotyledons and hypocotyl, 25 —, cotyledons rising vertically at night, 114, 115, 117, 118 —, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127 —, nocturnal movement of cotyledon, 307, 312 —, sleep of leaves and not of cotyledons, 315 —, movements of leaves, 327 P. Pachira aquatica, unequal cotyledons, 95, n. Pancratium littorale, movement of leaves, 255 Paraheliotropism, or diurnal sleep of leaves, 445 Passiflora gracilis, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaves, 383, 384 —, apogeotropic movement of tendrils, 510 —, sensitiveness of tendrils, 550 Pelargonium zonale, circumnutation of stem, 203 —, and downward movement of young leaf, 232, 233, 269 Petioles, the rising of beneficial to plant at night, 402 Petunia violacea, downward movement and circumnutation of very young leaf, 248, 249, 269. Pfeffer, Prof., on the turgescence of the cells, 2; on pulvini of leaves, 113, 117; sleep movements of leaves, 280, 283, 284; nocturnal rising of leaves of Malva, 324; movements of leaflets in Desmodium gyrans, 358; on Phyllanthus Niruri, 388; influence of a pulvinus on leaves, 396; periodic movements of sleeping leaves, 407, 408; movements of petals, 414; effect of bright sunshine on leaflets of Robinia, 445; effect of light on parts provided with pulvini, 363 Phalaris Canariensis, movements of old seedlings, 62 —, circumnutation of cotyledons, 63, 64, 108 —, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of cotyledon towards a dim lateral light, 427 —, sensitiveness of cotyledon to light, 455 —, effect of exclusion of light from tips of cotyledons, 456 —, manner of bending towards light, 457 —, effects of painting with Indian ink, 467 —, transmitted effects of light, 469 —, lateral illumination of tip, 470 —, apogeotropic movement of the sheath-like cotyledons, 497 —, change from a straight upward apogeotropic course to circumnutation, 499 —, apogeotropic movement of cotyledons, 500 Phaseolus Hernandesii, nocturnal movement of leaves and leaflets, 368 —, caracalla, 93 —, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368 —, effect of bright sunshine on leaflets, 446 Phaseolus multiflorus, movement of radicles, 29 —, of young radicle, 72 —, of hypocotyl, 91, 93 —, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 163–167 —, to moist air, 181 —, cauterisation and grease on the tips, 535 —, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368 —, nyctitropic movement of the first unifoliate leaves, 397 — Roxburghii, effect of bright sunshine on first leaves, 445 —, vulgaris, 93 —, sleep of leaves, 318 —, vertical sinking of leaflets at night, 368 Phyllanthus Niruri, sleep of leaflets, 388 — linoides, sleep of leaves, 387 Pilocereus Houlletii, rudimentary cotyledons, 97 Pimelia spectabilis, sleep of leaves, 387 Pincers, wooden, through which the radicle of a bean was allowed to grow, 75 Pinus austriaca, circumnutation of leaves, 251, 252 — Nordmanniana, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 389 — pinaster, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 56 —, movement of two opposite cotyledons, 57 —, circumnutation of young leaf, 250, 251 —, epinastic downward movement of young leaf, 270 Pistia stratiotes, movement of leaves, 255 Pisum sativum, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 158 —, tips of radicles cauterised transversely, 534 Plants, sensitiveness to light, 449; hygroscopic movements of, 489 Plants, climbing, circumnutation of, 264; movements of, 559 —, mature, circumnutation of, 201–214 Pliny on the sleep-movements of plants, 280 Plumbago Capensis, circumnutation of stem, 208, 209 Poinciana Gilliesii, sleep of leaves, 368 Polygonum aviculare, leaves vertical at night, 387 — convolvulus, sinking of the leaves at night, 318 Pontederia (sp.?), circumnutation of leaves, 256 Porlieria hygrometrica, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of petiole of leaf, 335, 336 —, effect of watering, 336–338 —, leaflets closed during the day, 413 Portulaca oleracea, effect of Æcidium on, 189 Primula Sinensis, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledon, 45, 46 Pringsheim on the injury to chlorophyll, 446 Prosopis, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 374 Psoralea acaulis, nocturnal movements of leaflets, 354 Pteris aquilina, rachis of, 86 Pulvini, or joints; of cotyledons, 112–122; influence of, on the movements of cotyledons, 313; effect on nyctitropic movements, 396 Q. Quercus (American sp.), circumnutation of young stem, 53, 54 — robur, movement of radicles, 54, 55 —, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 174–176 Quercus virens, manner of germination, 85, 557 R. Radiation at night, effect of, on leaves, 284–286 Radicles, manner in which they penetrate the ground, 69–77; circumnutation of 69; experiments with split sticks, 74; with wooden pincers, 75; sensitiveness of apex to contact and other irritants, 129; of Vicia faba, 132–158; various experiments, 135–140; summary of results, 143–151; power of an irritant on, compared with geotropism, 151–154; sensitiveness of tip to moist air, 180; with greased tips, 185; effect of killing or injuring the primary radicle, 187–191; curvature of, 193; affected by moisture, 198; tip alone sensitive to geotropism, 540; protrusion and circumnutation in a germinating seed, 548; tip highly sensitive, 550; the tip acts like the brain of one of the lower animals, 573 —, secondary, sensitiveness of the tips in the bean, 154; become vertically geotropic, 186–191 Ramey on the movements of the cotyledons of Mimosa pudica, and Clianthus Dampieri at night, 297 Ranunculus Ficaria, mode of breaking through the ground, 86, 90 —, single cotyledon, 96 —, effect of lateral light, 484 Raphanus sativa, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 171 —, sleep of cotyledons, 301 Rattan, Mr., on the germination of the seeds of Megarrhiza Californica, 82 Relation between circumnutation and heliotropism, 435 Reseda odorata, hypocotyl of seedling slightly heliotropic, 454 Reversion, due to mutilation, 190 Rhipsalis cassytha, rudimentary cotyledons, 97 Ricinus Borboniensis, circumnutation of arched hypocotyl, 53 Robinia, effect of bright sunshine on its leaves, 445 — pseudo-acacia, leaflets vertical at night, 355 Rodier, M., on the movements of Ceratophyllum demersum, 211 Royer, Ch., on the sleep-movements of plants, 281, n.; on the sleep of leaves, 318; the leaves of Medicago maculata, 345; on Wistaria Sinensis, 354 Rubus idæus (hybrid) circumnutation of stem, 205 —, apogeotropic movement of stem, 498 Ruiz and Pavon, on Porlieria hygrometrica, 336 S. SACHS on “revolving nutation,” 1; intimate connection between turgescence and growth, 2, n.; cotyledon of the onion, 59; adaptation of root-hairs, 69; the movement of the radicle, 70, 72, 73; movement in the hypocotyls of the bean, etc., 91; sensitiveness of radicles, 131, 145, 198; sensitiveness of the primary radicle in the bean, 155; in the common pea, 156; effect of moist air, 180; of killing or injuring the primary radicle, 186, 187; circumnutation of flower-stems, 225; epinasty, 268; movements of leaflets of Trifolium incarnatum, 350; action of light in modifying the periodic movements of leaves, 418; on geotropism and heliotropism, 436, n.; on Tropaeolum majus, 453; on the hypocotyls slightly heliotropic, and stems strongly apheliotropic of the ivy, 453; heliotropism of radicles, 482; experiments on tips of radicles of bean, 523, 524; curvature of the hypocotyl, 555; resemblance between plants and animals, 571 Sarracenia purpurea, circumnutation of young pitcher, 227 Saxifraga sarmentosa, circumn utation of an inclined stolon, 218 Schrankia aculeata, nyctitropic movement of the pinnae, 381, 403 — uncinata, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 381 Securigera coronilla, nocturnal movements of leaflets, 352 Seed-capsules, burying of, 513 Seed-coats, rupture of, 102–106 Seedling plants, circumnutating movements of, 10 Selaginella, circumnutation of 258 — Kraussii (?), circumnutation of young plant, 66 Sida napoea, depression of leaves at night, 322 —, no pulvinus, 322 — retusa, vertical rising of leaves, 322 — rhombifolia, sleep of cotyledons, 308 —, sleep of leaves, 314 —, vertical rising of leaves, 322 —, no pulvinus, 322 —, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of leaf of young plant, 322 —, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 397 Siegesbeckia orientalis, sleep of leaves, 319, 384 Sinapis alba, hypocotyl bending towards the light, 461 —, transmitted effect of light on radicles, 482, 483, 567 —, growth of radicles in darkness, 486 Sinapis nigra, sleep of cotyledons, 301 Smilax aspera, tendrils apheliotropic, 451 Smithia Pfundii, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127 —, hyponastic movement of the curved summit of the stem, 274–276 —, cotyledons not sleeping at night, 308 —, vertical movement of leaves, 356 — sensitiva, sensitiveness of cotyledons to contact, 126 —, sleep of cotyledons, 308 Sophora chrysophylla, leaflets rise at night, 368 Solanum dulcamara, circumnutating stems, 266 — lycopersicum, movement of hypocotyl, 50 —, of cotyledons, 50 —, effect of darkness, 124 —, rising of cotyledons at night, 306 —, heliotropic movements of hypocotyl, 421 —, effect of an intermittent light, 457 —, rapid heliotropism, 461 — palinacanthum, circumnutation of arched hypocotyl, 51, 100 —, of cotyledon, 51 —, ellipses described by hypocotyl when erect, 107 —, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 306 Sparganium ramosum, rhizomes of, 189 Sphaerophysa salsola, rising of leaflets, 355 Spirogyra princeps, movements of, 259, n. Stahl, Dr., on the effect of Æcidium on shoot, 189; on the influence of light on swarm-spores, 488, n. Stapelia sarpedon, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 46, 47 —, minute cotyledons, 97 Stellaria media, nocturnal movement of leaves, 297 Stems, circumnutation of, 201–214 Stolons, or Runners, circumnutation of, 214–222, 558 Strasburger, on the effect of light on spores of Haematococcus, 455, n.; the influence of light on the swarm-spores, 488. Strawberry, stolons of the, circumnutate, but not affected by moderate light, 454 Strephium floribundum, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaves, 391, 392 T. Tamarindus Indica, nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 374 Transversal–heliotropismus (of Frank) or diaheliotropism, 438 Trapa natans, unequal cotyledons, 95, n. Tecoma radicans, stems apheliotropic, 451 Tephrosia caribaea, 354 Terminology, 5 Thalia dealbata, sleep of leaves, 389 —, lateral movement of leaves, 404 Trichosanthes anguina, action of the peg on the radicle, 104 —, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 304 Trifolium, position of terminal leaflets at night, 282 — globosum, with hairs protecting the seed-bearing flowers, 517 — glomeratum, movement of cotyledons, 309 — incarnatum, movement of cotyledons, 309 — Pannonicum, shape of first true leaf, 350, 415 Trifolium pratense, leaves exposed at night, 293 — repens, circumnutation of flower-stem, 225 —, circumnutating and epinastic movements of flower-stem, 276–279 —, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 349 —, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of terminal leaflets, 352, 353 —, sleep movements, 349 — resupinatum, no pulvini to cotyledons, 118 —, circumnutation of stem, 204 —, effect of exposure at night, 295 —, cotyledons not rising at night, 118, 309 —, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of terminal leaflets, 351, 352 — strictum, movements of cotyledons at night, 116, 118 —, nocturnal and diurnal movements of cotyledons, 309–311, 313 —, movement of the left-hand cotyledon, 316 — subterraneum, movement of flower-heads, 71 —, of cotyledons at night, 116, 118, 309 —, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224, 225 —, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of leaves, 350 —, number of ellipses in 24 hours, 405 —, burying its flower-heads, 513, 514 —, downward movement of peduncle, 515 —, circumnutating movement of peduncle, 516 Trigonella Cretica, sleep of leaves, 345 Triticum repens, underground shoots of, become apogeotropic, 189 Triticum vulgare, sensitiveness of tips of radicle to moist air, 184 Tropaeolum majus (?), sensitiveness of apex of radicle to contact, 167 —, circumnutation of stem, 204 —, influence of illumination on nyctitropic movements, 338–340, 344 —, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of epicotyl of a young seedling, 428, 429 —, of an old internode towards a lateral light, 430 —, stems of very young plants highly heliotropic, of old plants slightly apheliotropic, 453 —, effect of lateral light, 484 — minus (?), circumnutation of buried and arched epicotyl, 27 U. Ulex, or gorse, first-formed leaf of, 415 Uraria lagopus, vertical sinking of leaflets at night, 365 V. Vaucher, on the burying of the flower-heads of Trifolium subterraneum, 513; on the protection of seeds, 517 Verbena melindres (?), circumnutation of stem, 210 —, apogeotropic movement of stem, 495 Vicia faba, circumnutation of radicle, 29, 30 —, of epicotyl, 31–33 —, curvature of hypocotyl, 92 —, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 132–134 —, of the tips of secondary radicles, 154 —, of the primary radicle above the apex, 155–158 —, various experiments, 135–143 —, summary of results, 143–151 —, power of an irritant on, compared with that of geotropism, 151–154 Vicia faba, circumnutation of leaves, 233–235 —, circumnutation of terminal leaflet, 235 —, effect of apogeotropism, 444 —, effect of amputating the tips of radicles, 523 —, regeneration of tips, 526 —, short exposure to geotropic action, 527 —, effects of amputating the tips obliquely, 528 —, of cauterising the tips, 529 —, of grease on the tips, 534 Vines, Mr., on cell growth, 3 Vries, De, on turgescence, 2; on epinasty and hyponasty, 6, 267, 268; the protection of hypocotyls during winter, 557; stolons apheliotropic, 108; the nyctitropic movement of leaves, 283; the position of leaves influenced by epinasty, their own weight and apogeotropism, 440; apogeotropism in petioles and midribs, 443; the stolons of strawberries, 454; the joints or pulvini of the Gramineæ, 502 W. Watering, effect of, on Porlieria hygrometrica, 336–338 Wells, ‘Essay on Dew,’ 284, n. Wiesner, Prof., on the circumnutation of the hypocotyl, 99, 100; on the hooked tip of climbing stems, 272; observations on the effect of bright sunshine on chlorophyll in leaves, 446; the effects of an intermittent light, 457; on aërial roots, 486; on special adaptations, 490 Wigandia, movement of leaves, 248 Williamson, Prof., on leaves of Drosera Capensis, 414 Wilson, Mr. A. S., on the movements of Swedish turnip leaves, 230, 298 Winkler on the protection of seedlings, 108 Wistaria Sinensis, leaflets depressed at night, 354 —, circumnutation with lateral light, 452 Z. Zea mays, circumnutation of cotyledon, 64 Zea mays, geotropic movement of radicles, 65 —, sensitiveness of apex of radicle to contact, 177–179 —, secondary radicles, 179 —, heliotropic movements of seedling, 64, 421 —, tips of radicles cauterised, 539 Zukal, on the movements of Spirulina, 259, n.