Editor’s Foreword

From time to time in the Doubleday Short Studies in Political Science series, guest analysts from outside the formal boundaries of the discipline will be invited to help fill certain gaps in existing materials. In the present instance a young professional student of literature, Dr. Joseph Blotner, has contributed a much-needed and highly useful introduction to the political novel. Thanks largely to the care and skill with which this analysis has been prepared, students of English and political science, as well as general readers, should find new and stimulating pathways open to them.

So far as the editor and author know, this is the first essay of its kind in the English language. The fact is worth noting because, despite the large number of political novels in all languages and despite the obvious importance of this particular species of the novel generally, scholars in the field of literature have not devoted systematic attention to it. Until Dr. Blotner decided to undertake a full-scale investigation of the political novel—of which the present essay is one of the beginning steps—the teacher of political science could search the modern language journals and literary periodicals in vain for help in canvassing the possibly valuable contributions of the novelist in describing and explaining political behavior.

The Political Novel is to be welcomed on still other grounds. It is interdisciplinary in scope and intent and it demonstrates anew the fruitful results which can be achieved when a scholar merges his technical competence in one branch of learning with his informed and enthusiastic interest in another. Moreover, crude and scattered though the bridges between pairs of the social sciences (e.g., political psychology) are, the bridges between the social sciences and the humanities are even more so. Collaboration—in this case between literature and political science—should certainly take more than one form, but whatever the form, the great need is to light up the shadowy twilight zones which lie between major disciplines. Not only are these unexplored areas of subject matter to be charted, there are common purposes and joint efforts to be considered. Among others, Dr. Blotner has raised the question: what can the experts in literature and in politics give to each other?

The analysis of the political novel set forth in these pages makes a variety of contributions to learning. Novels can be read two ways: for pleasure and for profit. The latter object—as in all academic subjects—is sometimes pursued under conditions which deny the former. Nonetheless, the reader is reminded by Dr. Blotner that to be alerted beforehand to the nature and significance of this type of novel is to combine pleasure with an awareness that the content may be very revealing of data concerning political life. Thus the words of a writer are at once pleasure-giving and instructive—if the reader is looking out for the proper clues. Second, there is made available an original classification of political novels and politically relevant summaries to serve as a guide to political scientists. The bibliography, though selected, is especially useful in this respect. Third, the headings and substance of Chapters Two to Six actually provide a set of analytical functions which the author believes the novel may serve in illuminating major aspects of politics and government. This study is so cast that the transition from thinking about novels to thinking about politics is painless and without distortion. No one having any familiarity with the traditional categories of political science will find Dr. Blotner’s own presentation strange or unsophisticated.

In addition, this essay represents an attempt to establish durable intellectual bases for probing the nature of the political novel. The tentative definitions and criteria of identification, classification of functions, and annotations are a substantial move in this direction. Finally, among the data revealed in the contents of political novels is evidence of the way a given society reacts to its own political institutions and practices. To the extent that such novels partially yet accurately reflect social reality, the student of politics can draw valid inferences concerning the political beliefs—including beliefs about the nature of politics—held by a sizeable portion of the society’s membership at any one time. One can detect at least the broad outlines of periodic shifts in the political concerns of a people or any segment thereof in their literature.

Chapter One discusses some problems arising from a study of the political novel. This is an important chapter and contains some homely wisdom on the different approaches respectively of the novelist and the political scientist. It should be stressed that certain crucial points with respect to the analysis of human behavior in general can be raised by comparing the techniques of the two kinds of observers and reporters. The well-known remark about pictures being worth thousands of words has occasionally been transposed to the effect that one good story is worth a whole (and dry) textbook. This, of course, is an attractive argument. But it does raise the fundamental question of what analytical operations are performed by the novelist on the one hand and the political scientist on the other. Offhand it would seem as though there were important differences carrying beyond those of purposes discussed by the author. Generally speaking, the novelist is primarily concerned with a coherent story, with a whole fabric of description, and with specific details while the political scientist is concerned with events, processes, and factors, with abstractions from wholes and with classes of general phenomena. The latter builds upon numerous instances, upon gross data, and upon repeated patterns of behavior. The former builds upon an amassing of individualized data fashioned into a unique chronicle. The one gains richness and sacrifices capacity to generalize, the other sacrifices detail for broad generalization. For the novelist, Uncle Tom becomes a microcosm, a device for revealing the tragedy of the whole Negro race in America through a portrait of a single character. For the political scientist, Uncle Tom is lost in what can be said of the entire group of which he is a member. Both are limited and both pay a price accordingly. Clearly more is involved in the different analytic techniques but it suffices to indicate one type of issue raised in this study of the political novel.

Other issues are equally noteworthy. The main character in a novel may be likened to a dummy—or a model—created by the author for the purposes of expressing the author’s observations and, in effect, for “playing out” his ideas. Though the character is pure fiction—i.e., any similarities to known real persons are coincidental—an effective novel must have believable characters, recognizable through behavior traits identified by readers from their own everyday experience. So too the social scientist uses models—analytic dummies—to further his purposes. Dissecting the anatomy of a political model and putting its characters under close examination can teach something about the most fruitful relationships between real persons and fictional characters for purposes of describing and explaining behavior. Often the fact that the novelist is actually building models is obscured by the amount of detail he pours into his molds which then makes his models seem remarkably lifelike. While the models of the social scientist are usually much further removed from correspondence to real persons, the properties built into them must be “believable” too.

Another area of inquiry can be opened up if one accepts the cues offered by Dr. Blotner’s selections and analyses. Political novels seem to reflect mostly the seamy side of political life, emphasizing conflict as the sole theme meriting attention. Through their characters, authors seem to place great blame for social ills on political institutions as detached from other institutions or on individual devils. Is this a reliable and full revelation of politics? As a matter of fact, novels too seem caught in two opposite kinds of explanations: the great man and the great historical force. Each has significant limitations and accompanying fallacies yet each assumes great plausibility at the hands of a skillful storyteller. Inevitably the novelist dramatizes, and in real life the political actor dramatizes too. Unfortunately, the tendency to dramatize reinforces the neglect of the mundane factors which often influence crucial political action and choice.

This line of thought suggests certain concrete exercises which might be profitable for the student of politics to undertake. Since the search for fruitful hypotheses is a backbone of any systematic discipline, it might be useful to search these novels to see if any have been missed. A corollary effort would be to check the knowledge of politics exhibited in political novels against the latest agreements among political scientists. Still another effort might be directed toward a content analysis (in the technical sense) of the novel as medium of communication in order to throw light on the value structure of the society or individuals which are depicted. Finally, what aspects of politics have been ignored by novelists and why? For example, a novel might be an excellent way to illuminate the world of the decision-maker, the governor, the leader. Thus far, none has really done so.

Dr. Blotner is to be congratulated for aiding an important cause: the use of novels as a teaching device in political science courses. Those who have tried have been rewarded but have lacked an introductory essay and bibliographical guidance. Novels make points which can be made in no other way and in interesting fashion. The student’s idea of the political realm and of approaches to its understanding will be enlarged by following the thoughtful guide presented below.

One considerable merit of this monograph is a lighter style than is normally characteristic of political science literature. Nonetheless, its intellectual quality will make the reader anticipate Dr. Blotner’s larger study.

Richard C. Snyder

Contents

Editor’s Foreword v

Chapter One. THE STUDY OF THE POLITICAL NOVEL 1

The Importance of the Political Novel 1

The Nature of the Political Novel: Problems of Definition and Selection 1

Characteristics of the Political Novel 3

The Novelist and the Political Scientist 4

The Purposes of This Study 8

Chapter Two. THE NOVEL AS POLITICAL INSTRUMENT 10

The United States 10

Harriet Beecher Stowe and the Civil War 10

Albion Tourgée: The Blunders of Reconstruction 11

Perennial Theme: Corruption 12

Upton Sinclair: Corruption Plus Radicalism 12

Growing Political Consciousness: 1930 to 1954 13

John Steinbeck: The Party Organizer 14

Sinclair Lewis: Native Fascism 14

John Dos Passos and Ernest Hemingway: Liberal Causes Abroad 15

George Weller: International Communism 16

Norman Mailer: The Extreme Left 17

Novels of the Cold War 17

Great Britain 19

Benjamin Disraeli: Revitalized Toryism 19

Henry James: The Breakup of Victorian Tranquillity 20

Joseph Conrad: Early Cloak and Dagger 21

E. M. Forster: The Problem of Imperialism 22

Aldous Huxley and George Orwell: The Future in Perspective 23

The Continent 23

Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoyevsky: Nihilism and Its Rejection 23

André Malraux: Pro-Communism 24

Ignazio Silone: Disillusionment on the Left 25

Arthur Koestler: The Bolshevik on Trial 26

Africa 26

Alan Paton: The Race Question 27

Chapter Three. THE NOVELIST AS POLITICAL HISTORIAN 28

Great Britain 29

George Eliot: The Early Nineteenth Century in the Midlands 30

Benjamin Disraeli and Anthony Trollope: Whigs v. Tories 30

George Meredith: The Early Radical 31

Mrs. Humphrey Ward: Victorian Portraits 31

H. G. Wells: England in Transition 32

Howard Spring: Labour and the Course of Empire 32

Joyce Cary: The Edwardian Age and After 33

The United States 33

Edgar Lee Masters: Expansion and Conflict 34

Albion Tourgeé: Slavery and Emancipation 34

John W. De Forest: Post-War Corruption 35

Hamlin Garland: Enter the Farmer 36

Winston Churchill and David Phillips: Bosses and Lobbies 36

Jack London: Marxism v. Fascism, Early Phase 37

James L. Ford, Samuel H. Adams, and Upton Sinclair: Oil Men and Anarchists 38

John Dos Passos and James T. Farrell: Communist Infiltration 39

Upton Sinclair and John Dos Passos: Global War and Politics 40

Post-War Directions 40

The Continent and Elsewhere 42

Joseph Conrad: Colonial Politics and Revolution 42

The Soviet State: Its Roots and Growth 43

Marie-Henri Beyle [Stendhal]: Napoleonic Panorama 44

André Malraux: Comintern v. Kuomintang 44

Jean-Paul Sartre: The Shadow of Munich 45

Fascism through Italian Eyes 45

Alan Paton: The Trek of the Boers 46

Richard Kaufmann: The Third Reich 47

Chapter Four. THE NOVEL AS MIRROR OF NATIONAL CHARACTER 48

Great Britain: A Self-Portrait 48

Peaceful Change in the Political Realm 48

The Fruits of Imperialism 50

The United States: A Self-Portrait 51

Forces of Corruption 52

The American Idealist 53

Responsibility at Home and Abroad 53

Italy: A Self-Portrait 55

Spain: An American Portrait 57

Greece: An American Portrait 58

France: A Composite Portrait 58

Russia: A Composite Portrait 59

Union of South Africa: A Self-Portrait 61

Germany: A Self-Portrait 61

Chapter Five. THE NOVELIST AS ANALYST OF GROUP POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 63

Economic Groups 63

The Lumpenproletariat 63

Peasants 64

Labor 65

Proletarians 68

The Middle Class 68

The Rich and Well Born 69

Political Groups 72

Office Holders: Rules and Skills 73

The Mechanics of Control 75

International Communism 76

Analysis of Mass Phenomena 78

Chapter Six. THE NOVELIST AS ANALYST OF INDIVIDUAL POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 79

Motivation 79

Moral Problems and Changing Values 81

The Successful Politician 82

Political Pathology: Deviates, Martyrs, and Authoritarians 84

Men Behind the Scenes 88

The Disillusioned 88

The Role of Woman 91

Chapter Seven. SOME CONCLUSIONS 93

Bibliography 96