SIMPLE KEYS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE NATIVE SEED PLANTS OF THE STATE
Reading edition
By HENRY ALLAN GLEASON, Ph. D. Associate Professor of Botany and Director of the Botanical Gardens and Arboretum in the University of Michigan
1918
Copyright, 1918 GEORGE WAHR
Published by GEORGE WAHR ANN ARBOR PRINTED BY The Ann Arbor Press
PREFACE
This book is not intended for the expert botanist. He should consult one of the regular Manuals which give full descriptions of each species of plant.
Neither is it intended for the merely curious. Only those who have sufficient interest in a plant to observe it can find its name by this book.
Furthermore, it is not a textbook. It does not attempt to convey botanical information, but offers merely an opportunity to learn the names of plants.
Its mission is fully accomplished if, through its use, students, vacationists, and plant-lovers in general are able to recognize by name the plants about them.
HOW TO USE THE BOOK
One recognizes a plant by the presence of structural features peculiar to itself, and not found on any other kind of plant. In such a book as this, these characters are given one or a few at a time, and contrasted with the characters which other sorts of plants possess. Such a presentation is called a Key, and by its proper use the name may be learned of any plant considered in it. This process is called Identification.
Keys are constructed in several different ways, although the principle of all is the same. In this book, the user will begin with lines 1a and 1b on the page headed Key to the Groups. Each of these lines includes some descriptive matter, but only one of them can apply to the plant being identified. For example, if the plant to be identified is an Oak, line 1a will apply perfectly, and the same line will also apply to any other kind of tree or to any shrub. But if the plant is a Violet, a Buttercup, or any other herb, line 1b agrees and line 1a will not apply. At the end of each line is a reference to be consulted next. If the plant is a tree or shrub, one turns accordingly to Group 1, on page ix, and begins again at the first number given. If the plant is an herb, he follows the reference to line 2, just below, and again compares the plants with lines 2a and 2b.
Under every number at least two lines of description are given, designated a and b, and under a few numbers additional lines appear, designated c, d, etc. In every case, the user of the key will select from the different lines under the same number that particular line which agrees with the structure of the plant, and follow up the reference given at the end of that line. Eventually one finds at the end of a line, instead of a number, the name of a family of plants, to which this particular plant belongs, and then turns over to the page where this family is treated. Under each family is a similar key, to be followed in exactly the same way, until finally one finds instead of a number the common name and the scientific name of the plant in hand. The process of identification is now completed, and the student has found the name of the plant.
In some cases, a reference is made in the key to a particular portion of the family key. One then turns directly to this particular number in the family key, and continues his identification in the usual way.
As a definite example of the use of the key, suppose that one has in hand a branch of the White Oak, and that he does not know its name. To determine its name, he will trace it through the following steps in the key. Under the Key to the Groups, it agrees with line 1a, which refers to Group 1, Woody Plants. Under this group it agrees in structure with line 1a, which refers to 2; with line 2b, referring to 21; with line 21b, referring to 22; with 22b, referring to 29; with 29b, referring to 32; with 32c, referring to 47; with 47b, referring to 48; with 48b, referring to 51; with 51b, referring to number 1b in the Beech Family. Turning to the proper number in this family, the plant is referred to line 3; it agrees with line 3c, referring to 10; with 10a, referring to 11; and with 11b, which gives the name of the plant. White Oak, Quercus alba.
As a second example, suppose one has a common yellow-flowered plant blooming on lawns and roadsides in spring. Under the Key to the Groups, it agrees with 1b, referring to 2; with 2b, referring to 3; and its net-veined leaves place it in 3b, referring to Group 4, Dicotyledones. Under this group, its basal leaves place it in 1b, referring to 2; its simple leaves in 2b, referring to 18; the absence of stem-leaves places it in 18b, referring to 23; its solitary flowers on each flower-stalk place it in 23b, referring to 24; its yellow flowers agree with 24a, referring to 25; and its milky juice refers the plant to number 16, in the Composite Family. In the key to this family, its lobed leaves agree with 16b, referring on to 17; its large flowers with 17b, giving one the common name Dandelion, and referring on to 18 to determine which kind of Dandelion the plant may be.
At some point in the key there will be found for each plant a statement in parentheses. This is general information concerning the height of the plant, the color of the flowers, or the season of bloom. It must be remembered that the height of plants is subject to great variation; that most plants have white-flowered varieties; and that the month of bloom depends largely on the latitude and the climate. Therefore this general information should not be used as means of distinguishing species.
The names of plants. Each plant bears a scientific name. This is composed of two parts and is usually of Latin or Greek derivation. In some cases these names are taken directly from the Latin language, as Quercus, the Oak, or Acer, the Maple. In other cases the name may indicate some characteristic feature of the plant, as Polygonum, many joints, for the Knotweed, or Ammophila, sand-loving, for the Beach Grass.
An English name is also given for almost every kind of plant. In a few cases there is no accepted English name, and none has been given. In many cases the same English name applies to several kinds of plants and has been repeated for each. When this is so, the common name is given in the key in parentheses before the scientific name is reached. Thus, if one is satisfied to know merely that his plant is a dandelion, he learns it in line 17b of the key to the Composite Family, but to discover which kind of a dandelion he has, he must follow through the key and use the scientific name.
There is in this book, therefore, no necessity of learning or using scientific names. The less critical may be satisfied with an English name, and others may use the scientific names as they see fit.
Possible Errors. In using this book, care must be taken to compare all the lines under each number with the plant, and to use judgment in selecting the right one. While faulty observation or poor judgment may lead to error, a mistake is usually due to carelessness in not following correctly the reference at the end of the line chosen. If one reaches a number in which none of the lines of description agrees with the plant, it is very probable that he has made a mistake at an earlier stage of the identification, and he should then begin anew.
It has been the intention of the author to make the key as nearly as possible proof against errors of judgment. For example, the Indian Turnip may be sought under either Group 3 or Group 4; the Matrimony Vine may be identified either as a shrub or as an herb, and numerous other similar examples may be discovered.
Botanical Information Needed. It is presumed that those using the book will be familiar with the parts of the flower and with the commoner descriptive terms applied to leaves. Unusual terms have been avoided as far as possible, but those which do occur, as well as the simpler ones, are explained in the glossary.
In general, only those characters have been used in the keys which can be observed without a magnifying glass and without dissection of the flower.
In several groups of plants, reference is made to the fuller descriptions to be found in the Manuals. The standard manuals for Michigan are Gray's New Manual of Botany, 7th edition (American Book Company, $2.50), and Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada (Chas. Scribner's Sons, $13.50). These books may be consulted in most school or public libraries.
All dimensions are expressed in the metric system. For convenience, it may be stated that 25 millimeters (mm.) are about equal to one inch; 1 centimeter (cm.) to two-fifths of an inch; 1 decimeter (dm.) to 4 inches; and 1 meter (m.) is a little more than 3 feet.
KEY TO GROUPS
1a. Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, with stems which last from year to year Group 1, WOODY PLANTS, p. ix
1b. Herbaceous plants, with stems which live above ground only a single season — 2.
2a. Plants with unusual habits or structures, including leafless, colorless, submerged, floating, parasitic, or hollow-leaved plants Group 2, UNUSUAL PLANTS, p. xxiii.
2b. Ordinary terrestrial or swamp plants, without unusual structural peculiarities — 3.
3a. Leaves parallel-veined (or net-veined in a few species); parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes, never in fives; wood-fibers scattered through the stem; seed with one cotyledon. All plants with definitely parallel-veined leaves may be identified through this division, unless the parts of the flower are distinctly in fives. Group 3, MONOCOTYLEDONES, p. xxvii.
3b. Leaves net-veined (or parallel-veined in a few species); parts of the flower usually in fours or fives; wood-fibers arranged in a circle in the stem; seeds with two cotyledons. All plants with definitely net-veined leaves may be identified through this division. Group 4, DICOTYLEDONES, p. xxx.
Note:—In order to avoid possible chances of error, many plants have been treated under both of the above groups. The following hints may also be useful in distinguishing Groups 3 and 4:
All herbaceous plants with deeply lobed, dissected or compound leaves may be sought under the Dicotyledones.
All herbaceous plants with five stamens in each flower, or with seven or more stamens and one ovary in each flower, may be sought under Dicotyledones.
GROUP 1, WOODY PLANTS
1a. Trees, with erect stem and central trunk, attaining a height of 6 m. (20 ft.) or more — 2.
1b. Shrubs or woody vines, without true tree habit, or attaining heights of less than 6 m. (20 ft.) — 52.
2a. Key for use in earliest spring, for trees which have flowers but no leaves — 3.
2b. Key for use with trees bearing leaves — 21.
3a. Flowers in catkins, without brightly colored or petal-like parts — 4.
3b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without petals — 14.
4a. Leaf-scars and lateral buds 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first — 5.
4b. Leaf-scars and buds in three or more longitudinal rows — 9.
5a. From 1 to 3 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud 2b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.
5b. From 4 to 7 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud — 6.
5c. From 8 to 20 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud; buds long and slender; bark of the trunk smooth — 8.
6a. Bundle-scars 5 or more 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.
6b. Bundle-scars 3 — 7.
7a. Twigs bearing numerous dwarf branches thickly covered with crowded leaf-scars (Birch) BETULACEAE, p. 21.
7b. Twigs without dwarf branches (Ironwood) 9a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.
8a. Trunk cylindrical or nearly so 2a, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.
8b. Trunk prominently fluted with longitudinal ridges 1b, in BETULACEAE, p. 21.
9a. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar — 10.
9b. Bundle scars more than 3 in each leaf-scar — 12.
10a. Pith divided into separate cavities by transverse partitions 1a, in JUGLANDACEAE, p. 21.
10b. Pith not partitioned — 11.
11a. Buds small, with only one external bud-scale 1b, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.
11b. Buds with more than one outer bud-scale 1a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.
12a. Buds clustered near the tips of the twigs 1b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.
12b. Buds not clustered at the tips of the twigs — 13.
13a. Buds with about 3 visible bud-scales 2b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.
13b. Terminal bud large, with 4 or more visible bud-scales 1b, in JUGLANDACEAE, p. 21.
14a. Flowers conspicuous, brightly colored, at least 8 mm. wide. with both calyx and corolla — 15.
14b. Flowers inconspicuous, seldom brightly colored, and then less than 8 mm. wide — 17.
15a. Flowers irregular, pink or red 3a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
15b. Flowers regular, white — 16.
16a. Ovary one, superior, in the center of the flower 32b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
16b. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the summit of the pedicel 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
17a. Leaf-scars and buds opposite — 18.
17b. Leaf-scars and buds alternate — 19.
18a. Bundle-scar one in each leaf-scar 1b, in OLEACAE, p. 88.
18b. Bundle-scars 3 or more in each leaf-scar ACERACEAE, p. 70.
19a. Bundle-scar 1 in each leaf-scar 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.
19b. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar — 20.
19c. Bundle-scars 5 in each leaf-scar 7a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
20a. Branches thorny 5a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
20b. Branches not thorny 3a, in URTICACEAE, p. 24.
— 21—
21a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like; trees mostly evergreen PINACEAE, p. 1.
21b. Leaves broader, flat, never needle-like or scale-like, falling in winter — 22.
22a. Leaves compound — 23.
22b. Leaves simple — 29.
23a. Leaves opposite — 24.
23b. Leaves alternate — 26.
24a. Leaves palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets SAPINDACEAE, p. 70.
24b. Leaves pinnately compound — 25.
25a. Leaflets 3-5 1a, in ACERACEAE, p. 70.
25b. Leaflets 7-11 1b, in OLEACEAE, p. 88.
26a. Stem or branches thorny 4a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
26b. Stem or branches not thorny — 27.
27a. Leaflets entire 7a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
27b. Leaflets entire except for a few large glandular teeth near their base SIMARUBACEAE, p. 65.
27c. Leaflets serrate their entire length — 28.
28a. Upper leaflets less than 25 mm. wide 4b, in ROSACEAE, p. 51.
28b. Upper leaflets more than 25 mm. wide JUGLANDACEAE, p. 21.
29a. Leaves opposite — 30.
29b. Leaves alternate — 32.
30a. Leaves entire CORNACEAE, p. 83.
30b. Leaves toothed or lobed, not entire — 31.
31a. Leaves lobed 1b, in ACERACEAE, p. 70.
31b. Leaves merely toothed 27b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 111.
32a. Leaves entire — 33.
32b. Leaves toothed — 36.
32c. Leaves lobed — 47.
33a. Leaves heart-shape 3a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
33b. Leaves not heart-shape — 34.
34a. Twigs and foliage spicy-aromatic 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.
34b. Twigs and foliage not aromatic — 35.
35a. Pith 5-angled; fruit an acorn 3a, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.
35b. Pith not 5-angled; fruit a berry 1a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
36a. Leaves oblique at base, i. e., one side of the leaf larger than the other — 37.
36b. Leaves symmetrical, not oblique at base — 38.
37a. Leaves heart-shape, about as broad as long TILIACEAE, p. 72.
37b. Leaves oval or ovate, much longer than wide 1a, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.
38a. Stems thorny 41b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
38b. Stems not thorny — 39.
39a. Leaves finely toothed, with 3-many teeth per centimeter of margin — 40.
39b. Leaves coarsely toothed, with 1-2 teeth per centimeter of margin — 46.
40a. Petioles laterally compressed 2a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.
40b. Petioles not compressed — 41.
41a. Leaves, or many of them, crowded on short spur-like branches — 42.
41b. Leaves scattered, not on short spur-like branches — 43.
42a. Bark of the trunks separating in thin papery or leathery sheets BETULACEAE, p. 21.
42b. Bark of the trunk not papery or leathery 24b, in ROSACEAE, p. 53.
43a. Lateral leaf-veins straight and parallel, and terminating in the teeth BETULACEAE, p. 21.
43b. Lateral veins more or less curved, and not ending in the teeth — 44.
44a. Leaves palmately veined, about as broad as long; juice somewhat milky 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.
44b. Leaves pinnately veined; juice not milky — 45.
45a. Willows, with slender leaves and brittle twigs 8a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.
45b. Trees with lanceolate, ovate, or oblong leaves and tough twigs 30, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
45c. Cottonwoods, with broad, heart-shape or rounded leaves 1a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.
46a. Petioles laterally compressed 2a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19.
46b. Petioles not compressed; lateral veins straight and parallel, running directly to the teeth FAGACEAE, p. 22.
47a. Stem thorny 41b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
47b. Stem not thorny — 48.
48a. Leaves palmately veined — 49.
48b. Leaves pinnately veined — 51.
49a. Lobes of the leaf entire 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.
49b. Lobes of the leaf serrate — 50.
50a.Juice somewhat milky; lateral buds visible 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.
50b.Juice not milky; lateral buds covered by the base of the petiole PLATANACEAE, p. 51.
51a. Leaves with 4 large entire lobes; stem marked with a ring at each node MAGNOLIACEAE, p. 40.
51b. Leaves with many lobes; stem not ringed 1b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22.
— 52—
52a.For specimens bearing leaves only — 53.
52b. For specimens bearing flowers only — 140.
52c.For specimens with both leaves and flowers — 155.
53a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like, mostly evergreen — 54.
53b. Leaves broader, flat or rolled, but not needle-like or scale-like — 56.
54a. Foliage densely gray-pubescent; low bushy shrubs with yellow flowers 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.
54b.Foliage green — 55.
55a. Leaves opposite or whorled PINACEAE, p. 1.
55b. Leaves scattered on the stem TAXACEAE, p. 2.
56a.Twining or climbing vines — 57.
56b. Not climbing or twining — 66.
57a. Thorny vines — 58.
57b. Not thorny — 60.
58a.Climbing by tendrils at the base of the leaves 4b, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.
58b.Tendrils none — 59.
59a. Leaves simple 5a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
59b. Leaves compound 8a, in ROSACEAE, p. 52.
60a.Leaves compound — 61.
60b.Leaves simple — 63.
61a. Leaves with 5 leaflets 1a, in VITACEAE, p. 71.
61b. Leaves with 3 leaflets — 62.
62a. Plant climbing by tendril-like leaf-stalks 1a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
62b. Plant climbing by hold-fast roots 5b, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 69.
63a. Leaves opposite 5a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.
63b. Leaves alternate — 64.
64a. Plants climbing by tendrils 1b, in VITACEAE, p. 71.
64b. Twining plants — 65.
65a. Leaves ovate-oblong, attached by the base 1a, in CELASTRACEAE, p. 69.
65b. Leaves almost round, peltate near the edge MENISPERMACEAE p. 40.
66a. Leaves opposite — 67.
66b. Leaves alternate — 84.
67a. Leaves compound — 68.
67b. Leaves simple — 69.
68a. Leaflets 3 STAPHYLEACEAE, p. 69.
68b. Leaflets 7 or more 1a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 109.
69a. Leaves palmately veined, or at least with a pair of prominent lateral veins from the base — 70.
69b. Leaves pinnately veined — 72.
70a. Leaves not lobed 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.
70b. Leaves more or less lobed — 71.
71a. Leaves with stipules 22a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 111.
71b. Leaves without stipules 2a, in ACERACEAE, p. 70.
72a. Leaves serrate — 73.
72b. Leaves entire — 77.
73a. Stem thorny 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.
73b. Stem not thorny — 74.
74a. Bark of the ripe twigs green 1b, in CELASTRACEAE, p. 69.
74b. Bark of the ripe twigs brown, reddish, or gray — 75.
75a. Twigs with a prominent hairy ridge extending downward from the middle of the line connecting the petiole bases 13a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.
75b. Twigs without any pubescent ridge — 76.
76a. Erect shrubs; leaves obviously toothed 11b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.
76b. Spreading shrubs; most of the leaves entire, and only here and there some with serrate margins 18b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.
77a. Leaves silvery beneath with a dense coating of scales ELAEAGNACEAE, p. 77.
77b. Leaves green beneath, or somewhat hairy and light-colored — 78.
78a. Aquatic plant with lanceolate leaves, and stems bending over and into the water 1a, in LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.
78b. Not truly aquatic, although frequently in wet places — 79.
79a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older stems 18a, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.
79b. Leaves deciduous each year — 80.
80a. Leaves dotted with translucent dots, easily seen when the leaf is held to the light 1a, in HYPERICACEAE, p. 73.
80b. Leaves not dotted with translucent dots — 81.
81a. Lateral veins curved forward and running almost parallel to the leaf-margin CORNACEAE, p. 83.
81b. Lateral veins spreading, and not paralleling the leaf-margin — 82.
82a. Leaves with stipules 1a, in RUBIACEAE, p. 108.
82b. Leaves with a prominent ridge connecting them at the base — 83.
82c. Leaves with neither stipules nor connecting ridges 1a, in OLEACEAE, p. 88.
83a. Bundle-scar one in each leaf-scar 18b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.
83b. Bundle-scars three in each leaf-scar (Honeysuckle) 12, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.
84a. Leaves compound — 85.
84b. Leaves simple — 95.
85a. Stems prickly or thorny — 86.
85b. Stems without prickles or thorns — 88.
86a. Leaves twice-pinnate 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
86b. Leaves evenly pinnate 5b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
86c. Leaves odd-pinnate or trifoliate — 87.
87a. Leaflets entire 1a, 1a, in RUTACEAE, p. 65.
87b. Leaflets serrate 3b, 3b, in ROSACEAE, p. 51.
88a. Leaflets 3 — 89.
88b. Leaflets 5 to many — 91.
89a. Tall shrubs; leaflets entire or minutely toothed 1b, in RUTACEAE, p. 65.
89b. Shrubs 2 m. high or less; leaves conspicuously toothed — 90.
90a. Stipules present 17b, in ROSACEAE, p. 53.
90b. Stipules none 1b, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68.
91a. Leaflets 6-25 mm. long — 92.
91b. Leaflets 30 mm. long, or more — 93.
92a. Leaflets mostly 5, rarely 3 or 7 7a, in ROSACEAE, p. 52.
92b. Leaflets mostly 9-19, 15 mm. long or more 26a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 60.
92c. Leaflets mostly 25-45, less than 15 mm. long 8a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
93a. Leaflets entire 3a, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68.
93b. Leaflets entire, except for 1-4 large glandular teeth near their base SIMARUBACEAE, p. 65.
93c. Leaflets toothed throughout — 94.
94a. Juice milky 1a, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68.
94b. Juice not milky 3a, in ROSACEAE, p. 51.
95a. Leaves minute, scale-like, appressed 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.
95b. Leaves 3-10 mm. long, spreading, completely rolled into a tube EMPETRACEAE, p. 68.
95c. Leaves normal in shape, green in color — 96.
96a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older parts of the stem 4b, in ERICACEAE, p. 84.
96b. Leaves deciduous — 97.
97a. Stems or branches thorny — 98.
97b. Stems or branches without thorns or thorny leaves — 103.
98a. Leaves conspicuously palmately veined — 99.
98b. Leaves pinnately veined, or sometimes with smaller lateral veins arising from the end of the petiole — 100.
99a. Leaves 5 cm. wide or less 1a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
99b. Leaves 15 cm. wide or more 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
100a. Leaves entire 5a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
100b. Leaves toothed or somewhat lobed — 101.
101a. Leaves with bristly margins; some of the thorns three-pointed 2a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
101b. Leaves not bristly on the margin; thorns not branched — 102.
102a. Only lateral thorns present 41b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
102b. Only terminal thorns present 2a, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.
103a. Leaves palmately veined, or with one or more pairs of lateral veins from the base of the leaf — 104.
103b. Leaves pinnately veined — 111.
104a. Leaves entire — 105.
104b. Leaves toothed — 106.
104c. Leaves palmately lobed — 108.
105a. Foliage fragrant when crushed; leaves ovate 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.
105b. Foliage not aromatic; leaves heart-shape 3b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
106a. Lateral veins straight and parallel, running to the teeth of the leaf 3a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.
106b. Lateral veins curved or branched, and not running straight to the teeth — 107.
107a. Tall shrubs with somewhat milky juice and broadly ovate leaves 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.
107b. Low shrubs less than 1 m. high with watery juice 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.
108a. Leaves with 2 or 3 entire lobes, spicy-fragrant when crushed 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.
108b. Leaves with milky juice 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.
108c. Leaves neither spicy-fragrant nor with milky juice — 109.
109a. Stem covered with brown bristles 29, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
109b. Stem not bristly — 110.
110a. Sides of the petiole strongly decurrent on the stem; bundle-scars crowded or nearly in contact in the leaf-scars 28b, in ROSACEAE, p. 53.
110b. Sides of petiole little decurrent or not at all; bundle-scars distinctly separate 2b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
111a. Leaves aromatically fragrant when crushed — 112.
111b. Leaves not aromatically fragrant when crushed — 113.
112a. Leaves broadly obovate, entire; a common woodland shrub 1a, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.
112b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, conspicuously toothed or entire MYRICACEAE, p. 20.
113a. Leaves entire — 114.
113b. Leaves toothed or lobed — 121.
114a. Base of the petiole covering the axillary buds; twigs marked with rings THYMELAEACEAE, p. 77.
114b. Base of petiole not covering the bud, and twigs not marked with rings — 115.
115a. Pith with prominent partitions; tall shrubs with fetid bark; leaves obovate, 10 cm. long or larger ANONACEAE, p. 40.
115b. Pith not partitioned; leaves smaller — 116.
116a. Leaves waxy or resinous underneath 24b, in ERICACEAE, p. 86.
116b. Leaves not waxy or resinous — 117.
117a. Lateral veins curved forward and almost parallel to the margin of the leaf 2a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
117b. Lateral veins spreading — 118.
118a. Leaves lanceolate or linear, much longer than wide — 119.
118b. Leaves ovate or elliptical — 120.
119a. Stem weak, spreading or trailing 5a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
119b. Stems, or some of them, erect 3b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
120a. Leaves with purple petioles, which are at least one-fourth as long as the leaf-blade 1a, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69.
120b. Leaves with short petioles or sessile 24c, in ERICACEAE, p. 86.
121a. Lateral veins straight and parallel, mostly ending in the teeth of the leaf — 122.
121b. Lateral veins not straight and parallel — 129.
122a. Leaves 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows, with the third leaf directly above the first — 123.
122b. Leaves not 2-ranked — 127.
123a. Leaves unsymmetrical, oblique at the base, i. e., with one side of the leaf larger than the other HAMAMELIDACEAE, p. 51.
123b. Leaves symmetrical or nearly so at the base — 124.
124a. Lateral leaf-veins ending in the leaf-teeth — 125.
124b. Lateral veins not ending in the teeth 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
125a. Bark smooth and fluted on the large stems 1b, in BETULACEAE, p. 21.
125b. Bark rough or warty or glandular — 126.
126a. Leaves 4 cm. long or less 3a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.
126b. Leaves 5 cm. long or more 9b, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.
127a. Pith 3-angled 6a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.
127b. Pith 5-angled 13b, in FAGACEAE, p. 23.
127c. Pith cylindrical — 128.
128a. Leaves finely serrate 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
128b. Leaves coarsely or doubly serrate 41a, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
129a. Leaves coarsely or doubly serrate — 130.
129b. Leaves simply serrate — 131.
130a. Leaves 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows, with the third leaf directly over the first 9b, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.
130b. Leaves not 2-ranked 41a, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
131a. Leaves with glands on the petiole or at the base of the leaf-blade — 132.
131b. Leaves with small dark glands on the upper side of the mid-vein 42a, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
131c. Leaves without glands — 133.
132a. Willows; with usually slender leaves, frequently conspicuous broad stipules, and lateral buds protected by a single external bud-scale 13, in SALICACEAE, p. 20.
132b. Plums and cherries; with leaves lanceolate or broader, and stipules minute and falling early in the season; lateral buds with more than one bud-scale 30, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
133a. With stipules or with stipular scars indicating where stipules have been detached — 134.
133b. Without stipules or stipular scars — 138.
134a. With three bundle-scars in each leaf-scar — 135.
134b. With one bundle-scar in each leaf-scar — 136.
135a. Willows; usually with slender leaves and twigs and frequently with large conspicuous stipules; lateral buds covered by a single external bud-scale 13, in SALICACEAE, p. 20.
135b. Juneberries; with oblong or ovate leaves and small stipules which fall early; lateral buds with more than one external scale 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
136a. Leaves mostly entire, only a few here and there with low teeth 1a, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69.
136b. Leaves sharply toothed — 137.
137a. Axillary buds superposed, i. e., with a second one just above the first 1b, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69.
137b. Axillary buds not superposed 2b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.
138a. Leaves with purple petioles, which are at least one-fourth as long as the blade 1a, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69.
138b. Leaves short-petioled or sessile — 139.
139a. Stems erect and straight, unbranched or with very few branches 27, in ROSACEAE, p. 53.
139b. Stems more or less crooked and freely branched, making a spreading shrub 25, in ERICACEAE, p. 86.
— 140—
140a. Flowers appearing in autumn, after the leaves have fallen HAMAMELIDACEAE, p. 51.
140b. Flowers appearing in spring, before the leaves have opened — 141.
141a. Flowers in catkins, without brightly colored or petal-like parts — 142.
141b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without brightly colored or petal-like parts — 149.
142a. Leaves 2-ranked, as shown by the arrangement of buds and leaf-scars in two longitudinal rows, so that the third bud is directly over the first — 143.
142b. Leaves and leaf-scars not 2-ranked — 146.
143a. Bundle-scars three in each leaf-scar — 144.
143b. Bundle-scars several in each leaf-scar 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.
144a. Leaf-buds with only 1-3 visible bud-scales 10, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.
144b. Leaf-buds with more than 3 visible scales — 145.
145a. Bark of the branches smooth and dark gray, the larger stems fluted with projecting longitudinal ridges 1b, in BETULACEAE, p. 21.
145b. Branches without projecting ridges 4, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.
146a. Pith 3-angled 8, in BETULACEAE, p. 22.
146b. Pith 5-angled 13b, in FAGACEAE, p. 23.
146c. Pith cylindrical — 147.
147a. Visible outer bud-scales 2 or more — 148.
147b. Buds with a single visible outer scale 13, in SALICACEAE, p. 20.
148a. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar MYRICACEAE, p. 20.
148b. Bundle-scars more than 3 in each leaf-scar 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23.
149a. Flowers dark red-purple, about 3 cm. wide ANONACEAE, p. 40.
149b. Flowers bright pink, irregular, about 1 cm. wide 3a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
149c. Flowers white, with 5 conspicuous petals — 150.
149d. Flowers greenish or yellowish, small, inconspicuous — 152.
150a. Ovary 1, superior, i. e., in the center of the flower and not attached to surrounding parts 36, in ROSACEAE, p. 54.
150b. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the apex of the pedicel — 151.
151a. Flowers in racemes or solitary 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
151b. Flowers in flattened or rounded branching clusters 42a, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
152a. Stems thorny 1a, in RUTACEAE, p. 65.
152b. Stems not thorny — 153.
153a. Bark pleasantly aromatic when crushed; perianth with 6 parts — 154.
153b. Bark not pleasantly aromatic; perianth with 4 short lobes THYMELAEACEAE, p. 77.
154a. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters 1a, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.
154b. Flowers in peduncled terminal clusters 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.
— 155—
155a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like, mostly evergreen — 54.
155b. Leaves broader, flat or rolled, but not needle-like or scale-like — 156.
156a. Twining or climbing vines — 56.
156b. Not twining or climbing — 157.
157a. Leaves opposite — 158.
157b. Leaves alternate — 165.
158a. Leaves compound — 68.
158b. Leaves simple — 159.
159a. Leaves broad, palmately lobed — 160.
159b. Leaves not palmately lobed — 161.
160a. Flowers greenish-yellow, in racemes or panicles 2a, in ACERACEAE, p. 70.
160b. Flowers white, in rounded or flattened clusters 22a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 111.
161a. Flowers in close clusters, subtended by four large white petal-like bracts 4b, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
161b. Flowers small, white, in dense spherical heads 1a, in RUBIACEAE, p. 108.
161c. Flowers not in dense heads, and not subtended by petal-like bracts — 162.
162a. Petals separate from each other — 163.
162b. Petals united with each other — 164.
163a. Flowers dark purple-red 1b, in CELASTRACEAE. p. 69.
163b. Flowers bright yellow 1a, in HYPERICACEAE, p. 73.
163c. Flowers pink-purple; aquatic shrubs 1a, in LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.
163d. Flowers white 5, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
163e. Flowers minute, greenish; twigs usually thorny 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.
163f. Flowers small, yellowish; leaves silvery beneath ELAEAGNACEAE, p. 77.
164a. Stamens 2 1a, in OLEACEAE, p. 88.
164b. Stamens 4 or 5 11, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110.
164c. Stamens 10 18a, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.
165a. Leaves once-compound — 166.
165b. Leaves simple — 172.
165c. Leaves twice- or thrice-compound 4a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
166a. Flowers small, greenish or greenish-yellow — 167.
166b. Flowers conspicuous, white, or brightly colored — 170.
167a. Stems thorny 1a, in RUTACEAE, p. 65.
167b. Stems not thorny — 168.
168a. Leaflets 3, entire or minutely toothed 1b, in RUTACEAE, p. 65.
168b. Leaflets 3, conspicuously toothed 1b, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68.
168c. Leaflets more than 3 — 169.
169a. Leaflets entire except for 1-4 large glandular teeth near their base SIMARUBACEAE, p. 65.
169b. Leaflets entire, or toothed for their entire length ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68.
170a. Flowers with a single bright-blue petal 8a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
170b. Flowers with several petals — 171.
171a. Flowers regular 3, in ROSACEAE, p. 51.
171b. Flowers irregular, the upper petal the largest 4, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
172a. Leaves minute, scale-like, appressed 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.
172b. Leaves 3-10 mm. long, spreading, completely rolled into a tube EMPETRACEAE, p. 68.
172c. Leaves normal in shape, green in color — 173.
173a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older parts of the stem 4b, in ERICACEAE, p. 84.
173b. Leaves deciduous — 174.
174a. Flowers in catkins, without petal-like parts — 142.
174b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without petal-like parts — 175.
175a. Flowers small, inconspicuous, yellowish or greenish in color — 176.
175b. Flowers white or colored, with conspicuous petals — 180.
176a. Leaves broad and palmately lobed; stem thorny 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
176b. Leaves entire, toothed, or with 2-3 entire lobes; stem not thorny — 177.
177a. Flowers in small axillary clusters; foliage not spicy-aromatic — 178.
177b. Flowers in clusters terminating last year's twigs; foliage spicy-aromatic 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.
178a. Petals none; sepals present 2b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.
178b. Petals present but small — 179.
179a. A stamen in front of each petal 2a, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.
179b. A stamen between each two petals AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69.
180a. Petals united with each other; stamens 8-10 24, in ERICACEAE, p. 86.
180b. Petals separate from each other — 181.
181a. Petals 4 — 182.
181b. Petals 5 — 183.
181c. Petal-like sepals 6; real petals none; foliage spicy-aromatic 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41.
181d. Petals 6; sepals also present — 187.
182a. Flowers in late spring or early summer 2a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
182b. Flowers in autumn HAMAMELIDACEAE, p. 51.
183a. Corolla irregular, the upper petal largest 3b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
183b. Corolla regular, all petals alike in size and shape — 184.
184a. Stamens 5 — 185.
184b. Stamens 10 or more 24, in ROSACEAE, p. 53.
185a. Flowers in loose racemes or axillary clusters 2, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
185b. Flowers in branching clusters — 186.
186a. Leaves palmately lobed; stem thorny 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
186b. Leaves not lobed; stem not thorny 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71.
187a. Flowers dark red-purple ANONACEAE, p. 40.
187b. Flowers yellow 2a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
GROUP 2, UNUSUAL PLANTS
1a. Small brown leafless plants, growing as parasites on the tamarack or black spruce LORANTHACEAE, p. 25.
1b. Aquatic plants, with all or most of the leaves submerged, or leafless — 2.
1c. Aquatic plants, with the leaves or the whole plant floating on or near the surface — 20.
1d. Terrestrial or marsh plants, without floating or submerged leaves — 29.
2a. Submerged aquatics, without leaves — 3.
2b. Submerged aquatics, with the leaves linear or dissected — 4.
3a. Flowers showy, yellow or purple LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
3b. Flowers small and inconspicuous, sessile, purplish or greenish 3a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
4a. Leaves linear or lanceolate, not lobed or dissected — 5.
4b. Leaves more or less lobed or dissected — 13.
5a. Leaves all basal — 6.
5b. Stem-leaves present — 7.
6a. Flowers blue, 1 cm. long or more; leaves cylindrical, blunt, hollow, partitioned lengthwise 1a, in LOBELIACEAE, p. 113.
6b. Flowers yellow; leaves minute LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
6c. Flowers white, in clusters; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, not hollow 1b, in ALISMACEAE, p. 3.
6d. Flowers greenish, solitary at the end of elongated peduncles; leaves very long and ribbon-like, flat or trough-shape 1a, in HYDROCHARITACEAE, p. 3.
6e. Flowers minute, whitish or lead-color, in heads ERIOCAULACEAE, p. 9.
7a. Leaves alternate — 8.
7b. Leaves opposite — 10.
7c. Leaves whorled — 12.
8a. Leaves with thin sheathing stipules 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
8b. Leaves without stipules — 9.
9a. Flowers greenish, in a head SPARGANIACEAE, p. 2.
9b. Flowers pale yellow 1b, in PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 10.
10a. Leaves serrate 2b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
10b. Leaves entire — 11.
11a. Leaves 2 cm. long or less CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68.
11b. Leaves thread-like, 2-8 cm. long 2a, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
11c. Leaves linear to elliptical, more than 2 cm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
12a. Leaves in whorls of 3, abruptly widened at the base 2b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
12b. Leaves in whorls of 3, widest near the middle 1b, in HYDROCHARITACEAE, p. 3.
12c. Stems straight and erect, at leaves the flowers emerged; leaves in whorls of 4 or more 2a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
13a. Leaves with numerous small bladders attached, each bladder 1-3 mm. long LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
13b. Leaves without bladders — 14.
14a. Leaves alternate — 15.
14b. Leaves opposite or whorled — 18.
15a. Delicate and rare plants growing attached to stones in running water PODOSTEMACEAE, p. 48.
15b. Plants 2 dm. high or more, with roots in mud or sand — 16.
16a. Leaves once-pinnate — 17.
16b. Leaves 2-3 times pinnate 15b, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 81.
16c. Leaves palmately dissected 1b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
17a. Taste peppery or mustardy 34, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 45.
17b. Taste not peppery or mustardy 1a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
18a. Leaves pinnately compound 3b, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
18b. Leaves palmately compound — 19.
19a. Leaves opposite or in whorls of four 119a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 123.
19b. Leaves in whorls of 5-12 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, p. 34.
20a. Plants small, flattened, rounded or ovate, without distinction of stem and leaf; the whole plant floating on or near the surface LEMNACEAE, p. 9.
20b. Plant attached to the soil, with differentiated stem and leaves — 21.
21a. Leaves on long slender stalks, which bear also a cluster of slender tubers near the leaf-base; leaves heart-shape 1b, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
21b. Leaf-stalks without a cluster of tubers — 22.
22a. Leaves all basal — 23.
22b. Stem-leaves present — 24.
23a. Leaves parallel-veined 1b, in ALISMACEAE, p. 3.
23b. Leaves net-veined 1b, in NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35.
24a. Leaves opposite or whorled — 25.
24b. Leaves alternate — 26.
25a. Leaves less than 2 cm. long CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68.
25b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
26a. Leaves attached by the center to the stalk 2b, in NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35.
26b. Leaves attached by the margin — 27.
27a. Leaves parallel-veined — 28.
27b. Leaves net-veined, with a single mid-vein; lanceolate or elliptical in outline 29b, in POLYGONACEAE, p. 28.
28a. Leaves not over 2 dm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
28b. Leaves very long and grass-like 14a, in GRAMINEAE, p. 5.
29a. Brown, yellow, or white plants, without green color — 30.
29b. Plants with normal green color, at least in some parts — 33.
30a. Stemless and leafless plants, consisting of flowers only and partly underground 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.
30b. Stems climbing on other plants 1b, in CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91.
30c. Stem and flower-stalks erect, not climbing — 31.
31a. Corolla regular; stamens 6-12 1a, in ERICACEAE, p. 84.
31b. Corolla irregular — 32.
32a. Sepals and petals each 3; flowers in simple racemes 5a, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16.
32b. Sepals 5; corolla of united petals OROBANCHACEAE, p. 106.
33a. Stem thick and fleshy, leafless, thorny CACTACEAE, p. 77.
33b. Stem not thorny — 34.
34a. Leaves none — 35.
34b. Leaves reduced to small scales — 40.
34c. Leaves thick and fleshy — 44.
34d. Leaves hollow — 45.
34e. Leaves small, all basal, bearing large glandular hairs on the upper surface DROSERACEAE, p. 48.
35a. Stem none, the flowers appearing at or partially beneath the surface of the soil 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.
35b. Stem present — 36.
36a. Stem freely branched 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.
36b. Stem unbranched, except possibly in the flower-clusters — 37.
37a. Flowers greenish or brownish, without obvious colored petals — 38.
37b. Flowers with conspicuous white or colored petals — 39.
38a. Each flower with 6 small chaffy petals 4, in JUNCACEAE, p. 10.
38b. Petals none; each flower in the axil of a single chaffy bract 2a, in CYPERACEAE, p. 7.
39a. Flowers regular 34a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.
39b. Flowers irregular 10a, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16.
40a. Stem erect, unbranched or with one or two branches only — 41.
40b. Stem freely branched — 42.
41a. Plants of moist soil, with opposite scales; corolla regular, with 4 petal-like lobes 1a, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
41b. Swamp plants, with a few alternate scales; corolla irregular LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
42a. Leaves numerous and close, concealing the stem 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74
42b. Leaves spreading, not concealing the stem — 43.
43a. Leaf-scales in small clusters; flowers greenish, with 6 petals 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.
43b. Leaf-scales distinctly opposite; petals 5, yellow 7a, in HYPERICACEAE, p. 74.
44a. Sepals 2 3, in PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.
44b. Sepals 4 or 5 CRASSULACEAE, p. 48.
45a. Leaves pitcher-shape, open at the top SARRACENIACEAE, p. 48.
45b. Leaves tubular, closed at the end 37b, in LILIACEAE, p. 13.
GROUP 3, MONOCOTYLEDONES
1a. Twining plants, with flowers in panicles or racemes DIOSCOREACEAE, p. 14.
1b. Plants with milky juice 13a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115.
1c. Plants not twining (some climb by tendrils) and not with milky juice. — 2.
2a. Flowers in close spikes or heads, surrounded or subtended by a green or colored bract, the whole resembling a single flower; petals minute or wanting; leaves broad, not grass-like, linear, or sword-shape ARACEAE, p. 8.
2b. Plants with narrow, linear, grass-like, or sword-shape leaves (a few species of Carex have broader, lanceolate to ovate leaves); flowers greenish, yellowish, or brownish, never brightly colored, and frequently dry or chaffy in texture; perianth small or wanting; individual flowers inconspicuous in size, but sometimes grouped into conspicuous clusters — 3.
2c. Plants with leaves of various widths, but the flowers petaloid, i. e., with a white or colored, more or less conspicuous perianth, and never chaffy in texture. In a few cases the flowers are greenish, but the size and conspicuousness of the perianth identifies them in this class — 9.
3a. Flowers in the axils of dry, membranous or chaffy scales, which are regularly arranged into spikes or spikelets of uniform size and structure, which are variously grouped or clustered; fruit an achene; grasses and sedges, with joined stems and sheathing leaves, or leafless and the stems not jointed — 4.
3b. Flowers not subtended individually by dry, membranous, or chaffy scales, and otherwise not agreeing with 3a — 5.
4a. Leaf-sheaths split on the side opposite the leaf; leaves usually 2-ranked, i. e., in 2 longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first; stems rounded or flat, never triangular, usually hollow GRAMINEAE, p. 4.
4b. Leaf-sheaths closed into a continuous tube; leaves usually 3-ranked; stems frequently triangular, usually solid CYPERACEAE, p. 7.
5a. Flowers in dense spikes — 6.
5b. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles — 7.
6a. Spike terminal, with pistillate flowers at the base and staminate ones at the apex TYPHACEAE, p. 2.
6b. Spike short, apparently lateral, near the apex of the stem 3a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.
7a. Flowers in globose heads which are arranged in spikes, the lowest heads pistillate, the upper staminate; ovary 1-celled SPARGANIACEAE, p. 2.
7b. Flowers in globose woolly heads terminating leafless unbranched stalks ERIOCAULACEAE, p. 9.
7c. Flowers in a spike-like raceme; ovaries 3-6, separate or nearly so JUNCAGINACEAE, p. 3.
7d. Flowers in heads or panicles, all perfect, not woolly, with one ovary — 8.
8a. Leaves less than 1 cm. wide, or none; divisions of the perianth 6 JUNCACEAE, p. 10.
8b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more; petals 5 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
9a. Flowers regular, with all the petals of approximately the same size and shape — 10.
9b. Flowers irregular, with the petals of each flower not of the same size or shape — 22.
10a. Ovaries 3 or more, separate or barely united with each other at the base — 11.
10b. Ovary one in each flower — 12.
11a. Ovaries 3-6 in number; flowers in spikes or racemes; leaves linear JUNCAGINACEAE, p. 3.
11b. Ovaries more than 6 ALISMACEAE, p. 3.
12a. Flowers or flower-clusters lateral, axillary or apparently so — 13.
12b. Flowers or flower-clusters terminal or on leafless stalks — 14.
13a. Leaves minute and scale-like; flowers greenish-yellow 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.
13b. Leaves linear, grass-like 3b, in IRIDACEAE, p. 13.
13c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not grass-like or scale-like 2b, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.
14a. Divisions of the perianth 5-12 cm. long — 15.
14b. Divisions of the perianth less than 5 cm. long — 16.
15a. Flowers blue, or blue marked with yellow 1a, in IRIDACEAE, p. 15.
15b. Flowers not blue 12a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.
16a. Flowers solitary — 17.
16b. Flowers 2 or more, in some kind of a cluster — 18.
17a. Leaves 2, broadly heart-shape, basal, on long stalks 1b, in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.
17b. Leaves not heart-shape 20, 20, in LILIACEAE, p. 12.
18a. Divisions of the perianth (4 to 6) all essentially alike — 19.
18b. Perianth differentiated into sepals and 2 or 3 colored petals — 21.
19a. Flowers in umbels — 20.
19b. Flowers in dense round heads; petals 5 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
19c. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles 38, in LILIACEAE, p. 13.
20a. Ovary inferior, appearing below the perianth as a swelling at the apex of the stalk; flowers bright yellow; leaves linear AMARYLLIDACEAE, p. 14.
20b. Ovary inferior; flowers blue or white, terminating a flattened winged leafless flower-stalk 3a, in IRIDACEAE, p. 15.
20c. Ovary superior, i. e., in the center of the flower and separate from the perianth 31, in LILIACEAE, p. 13.
21a. Flowers in dense heads, yellow, 1 cm. wide or smaller XYRIDACEAE, p. 9.
21b. Flowers in umbels, blue or white, 2 cm. wide or larger COMMELINACEAE, p. 9.
22a. Flowers blue; ovary superior (defined under 20c); stamens distinct from the other parts of the flower — 23.
22b. Ovary inferior (defined under 20a); floral structure complex; stamens attached to other parts of the flower and not resembling ordinary stamens in form or structure ORCHIDACEAE, p. 15.
23a. Leaves triangular-heart-shape at base; marsh plants 1a, in PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 10.
23b. Leaves not heart-shape at base COMMELINACEAE, p. 9.
GROUP 4, DICOTYLEDONES
1a. Foliage leaves all or principally basal; flower-stalk either completely leafless, or bearing a single pair of opposite leaves only. Bracts and scale-leaves are not considered foliage leaves — 2.
1b. Stem-leaves present on the stem, either one or more in number, and not limited to a single opposite pair — 3.
2a. Leaves compound — 7.
2b. Leaves simple — 18.
3a. Stem-leaves all or chiefly opposite or whorled (the bracts of the flower clusters may be alternate) — 4.
3b. Stem-leaves all or chiefly alternate — 5.
4a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, the perianth none or greenish or chaffy, and never petal-like in appearance — 50.
4b. Flowers with a white or colored petal-like perianth — 66.
5a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, without any white or colored petal-like perianth — 118.
5b. Flowers large or small, but with a white or colored petal-like perianth — 6.
6a. Flowers small, not exceeding 3 mm. in length or breadth — 144.
6b. Flowers larger, more than 3 mm. in length or breadth — 166.
— 7—
7a. Leaves twice to three times compound or dissected — 8.
7b. Leaves once-compound — 11.
8a. Flowers in racemes 2b, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.
8b. Flowers in umbels — 9.
9a. Flowers about 3 mm. wide, white or greenish-white — 10.
9b. Flowers 10-20 mm. wide, conspicuous 45b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39.
10a. Leaflets 5-15 cm. long 5b, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
10b. Leaflets not over 2 cm. long 16a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 81.
11a. Leaflets 2 3a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
11b. Leaflets three or more — 12.
12a. Leaflets entire or very finely toothed — 13.
12b. Leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed — 15.
13a. Flowers irregular, in dense head-like umbels 37a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 61.
13b. Flowers consisting of a greenish or purplish bract wholly or partly enclosing a fleshy spike 2, in ARACEAE, p. 8.
13c. Flowers regular, solitary or in loose clusters — 14.
14a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape, not over 2 cm. long OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.
14b. Leaflets 4-10 cm. long 1c, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
15a. Flowers with colored or white petals and green or colored sepals — 16.
15b. Flowers with one kind of perianth only (calyx), with broad and petal-like parts 32, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 38.
15c. Flowers with white petal-like sepals and small inconspicuous petals 38b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39.
16a. Petals and sepals each 4 31, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 44.
16b. Petals and sepals each 5 or more — 17.
17a. Leaves with stipules ROSACEAE, p. 51.
17b. Leaves without stipules 23b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 37.
— 18—
18a. Stem-leaves a single opposite pair (basal leaves may also be present) — 19.
18b. Stem-leaves none — 23.
19a. Leaves entire — 20.
19b. Leaves toothed or lobed — 21.
20a. Flowers solitary; leaves broadly kidney-shape ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.
20b. Flowers in racemes; leaves linear or lanceolate PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.
21a. Flowers in racemes; petals deeply toothed 23b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 51.
21b. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster; petals entire or nearly so — 22.
22a. Petals 5 GERANIACEAE, p. 64.
22b. Petals 6 or more 2b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p.40.
23a. Flowers or flower-clusters sessile, at or partly beneath the surface of the ground 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.
23b. Flowers or flower-heads solitary at the ends of the flower-stalks — 24.
23b. Flowers or flower-heads numerous or several on each flower-stalk — 38.
24a. Flowers yellow — 25.
24b. Flowers not yellow — 29.
25a. Juice milky 16, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115.
25b. Juice not milky — 26.
26a. Aquatic or mud plants, with large entire leaves 1-4 dm. wide NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35.
26b. Land plants, with smaller or lobed leaves — 27.
27a. Flower-stalk scaly 110, in COMPOSITAE, p. 122.
27b. Flower-stalk bare or with 1 to 2 minute bracts — 28.
28a. Flowers regular 10, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36.
28b. Flowers irregular, with a spur 3a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
29a. Flowers obviously irregular, with a spur — 30.
29b. Flowers regular or nearly so, without a spur — 31.
30a. Leaves sessile or nearly so; stamens 2 LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
30b. Leaves petioled; stamens 5 VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
31a. Flowers 3 mm. wide or smaller; leaves thread-like 16a, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 103.
31b. Flowers 6 mm. wide or larger — 32.
32a. Ovary 1 — 33.
32b. Ovaries numerous — 37.
33a. Leaves lobed or cleft — 34.
33b. Leaves entire or toothed — 35.
34a. Leaves deeply 2-cleft; stamens 8 3a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
34b. Leaf 1, palmately lobed; stamens numerous 1a, in PAPAVERACEAE, p. 41.
35a. Flowers dull red ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.
35b. Flowers white or pinkish — 36.
36a. Leaves entire; stamens with good anthers 5 13, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.
36b. Leaves minutely toothed; stamens 8-10 14a, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.
37a. Leaves lobed or divided RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
37b. Leaves crenate or toothed 64a, in ROSACEAE, p. 56.
— 38—
38a. Flowers of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts 10, in COMPOSITAE. p. 114.
38b. Flowers separate; variously clustered, but never crowded into involucred heads — 39.
39a. Flowers in dense close spikes — 40.
39b. Flowers in open loose clusters — 42.
40a. Flower-stalk leafless below the spike PLANTAGINACEAE, p. 107.
40b. Flower-stalk with several bracts — 41.
41a. Leaves entire 9c, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16.
41b. Leaves toothed 6a, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 102.
42a. Flowers in umbels — 43.
42b. Flowers in racemes, panicles, flat-topped clusters, or merely 1 or 2 — 45.
43a. Leaves almost round, peltate, palmately veined 3a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
43b. Leaves at least twice as long as broad, with a single mid-vein — 44.
44a. Stamens 5 PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
44b. Stamens 10 15, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.
45a. Leaves cylindrical, hollow, obtuse. 1a, in LOBELIACEAE, p. 113.
45b. Leaves beset on the upper side with long glandular hairs; bog plant with flowers in racemes DROSERACEAE, p. 48.
45c. Leaves flat, pubescent or smooth, but not with long glandular hairs — 46.
46a. Sepals and petals each 4 53, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46.
46b. Sepals and petals each 5 — 47.
46c. Sepals 6; petals none; flowers minute, green; leaves frequently lobed at the base 4, in POLYGONACEAE, p. 25.
47a. Petals united with each other in an irregular corolla LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
47b. Petals separate from each other — 48.
48a. Stamens 10; style 1 ERICACEAE, p. 84.
48b. Stamens 5 or 10; styles 2 SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
48c. Stamens and pistils each very numerous — 49.
49a. Flowers white 64a, in ROSACEAE, p. 56.
49b. Flowers yellow 13a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36.
— 50—
50a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed — 51.
50b. Leaves entire or toothed — 54.
51a. Flowers in axillary racemes, spikes, or panicles URTICACEAE, p. 23.
51b. Flowers terminal, or in terminal clusters — 52.
52a. Flowers in umbels; leaves palmately compound ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
52b. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or solitary — 53.
53a. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; swamp plants with flowers in spikes or solitary HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
53b. Leaves lobed, or irregularly pinnately cut or dissected; weedy plants with flowers in racemes 2, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114.
54a. Juice milky 3, in EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 67.
54b. Juice not milky or colored — 55.
55a. Leaves whorled — 56.
55b. Leaves all opposite — 58.
56a. Aquatic or mud plants with erect stems 2a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
56b. Prostrate weedy terrestrial plants AIZOACEAE, p. 31.
56c. Erect or ascending terrestrial plants — 57.
57a. Leaves more than 2.5 cm. long 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
57b. Leaves 2 cm. long or less 3a, in PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
58a. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, or other clusters — 59.
58b. Flowers solitary or few in the axils of the leaves — 61.
59a. Leaves less than 5 mm. long 1a, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
59b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long — 60.
60a. Inflorescence chiefly terminal, panicled 2, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114.
60b. Inflorescence chiefly axillary URTICACEAE, p. 23.
61a. Flowers on long pedicels 2, in CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 31.
61b. Flowers on short pedicels or sessile — 62.
62a. Stem erect, repeatedly branched; leaves linear to oblong ILLECEBRACEAE, p. 31.
62b. Stem decumbent or prostrate — 63.
63a. Leaves round, ovate, or kidney-shape, rounded at the base, crenate or lobed 12a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.
63b. Leaves of a narrower shape, entire, tapering toward the base — 64.
64a. Principal leaves 2-3 cm. long 1a, in ONAGRACEAE, p. 78.
64b. Principal leaves 1 cm. long or less — 65.
65a. Petals present ELATINACEAE, p. 74.
65b. Petals none CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68.
— 66—
66a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded or subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts — 67.
66b. Flowers solitary or variously clustered, but not in involucred heads — 70.
67a. Involucre of 4 conspicuous white bracts, much larger than the small flower-cluster 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
67b. Involucral bracts green or somewhat colored — 68.
68a. Stem more or less prickly DIPSACACEAE, p. 112.
68b. Stem and leaves not prickly — 69.
69a. Stem square; foliage aromatic when crushed LABIATAE, p. 95.
69b. Stem not square; foliage not with the odor of mint COMPOSITAE, p. 113.
70a. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of separate parts — 71.
70b. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of united parts — 97.
71a. Stem-leaves compound, or cleft to the very base — 72.
71b. Stem-leaves simple — 78.
72a. Stamens more than 10 in each flower — 73.
72b. Stamens 5-10 in each flower — 75.
73a. Ovary 1 in each flower 2a, in PAPAVERACEAE, p. 41.
73b. Ovaries several in each flower — 74.
74a. Leaves pinnately compound 68a, in ROSACEAE, p. 57.
74b. Leaves palmately compound RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
75a. Stamens 6 31, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 44.
75b. Stamens 5 or 10 — 76.
76a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.
76b. Leaflets not reverse heart-shape; flowers white, greenish, or pink — 77.
77a. Flowers greenish or white, about 2 mm. broad ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
77b. Flowers 5 mm. broad or larger GERANIACEAE, p. 64.
78a. Juice milky — 79.
78b. Juice not milky — 80.
79a. A 3-lobed ovary with 3 short styles visible in some of the flowers EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66.
79b. Ovaries 2 in the center of each flower (sometimes concealed by other organs); sepals and petals each 5 — 104.
80a. Perianth with one circle of parts only — 81.
80b. Each flower with both calyx and corolla — 82.
81a. Stem prostrate; flowers only 2 mm. broad AIZOACEAE, p. 31.
81b. Stem erect; flowers at least 20 mm. wide 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
82a. Petals 2 or 4 — 83.
82b. Petals 3 22, in LILIACEAE, p. 12.
82c. Petals 5 or 6 — 84.
83a. Leaves with 3-5 principal veins MELASTOMACEAE, p. 77.
83b. Leaves with 1 principal mid-vein ONAGRACEAE, p. 78.
84a. Leaves palmately lobed — 85.
84b. Leaves entire or toothed, or with 1-2 small lobes near the base only — 86.
85a. Petals entire or notched at the end GERANIACEAE, p. 64.
85b. Petals conspicuously fringed 23b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 51.
86a. Ovary 1 — 87.
86b. Ovaries 2, surrounded and concealed by other organs ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 90.
86c. Ovaries 4-5 2b, in CRASSULACEAE, p. 48.
87a. Leaves dotted with translucent dots (easily seen when the leaf is held to the light) HYPERICACEAE, p. 73.
87b. Leaves not dotted with translucent dots — 88.
88a. Leaves only 1-3 mm. long, closely appressed and concealing the stem 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.
88b. Leaves larger, not concealing the stem — 89.
89a. Style 1 or none — 90.
89b. Styles 2 to 7 — 94.
90a. Stamens 5 — 91.
90b. Stamens 10 — 92.
90c. Stamens neither 5 nor 10 — 93.
91a. Flowers blue, sessile in terminal spikes with leaf-like bracts LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.
91b. Flowers not in terminal bracted spikes PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
92a. Leaves entire LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.
92b. Leaves toothed or crenate ERICACEAE, p. 84.
93a. Flowers irregular; petals 3 POLYGALACEAE, p. 65.
93b. Flowers regular; petals 5 or more LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.
94a. Sepals 2, partly attached to the ovary PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.
94b. Sepals 5, free from the ovary — 95.
95a. Stamens 5 — 96.
95b. Stamens not 5 CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 31.
96a. Flowers blue or yellow LINACEAE, p. 63.
96b. Flowers white or pinkish CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 31.
— 97—
97a. Perianth with but one circle of floral leaves — 98.
97b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla — 101.
98a. Flowers small, in dense heads subtended by conspicuous bracts — 99.
98b. Flowers 2-5, in a colored spreading 5-lobed involucre NYCTAGINACEAE, p. 31.
98c. Flowers in various sorts of clusters or solitary, but never in heads with a conspicuous involucre — 100.
99a. Bracts 4, white and conspicuous; stem not thorny 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
99b. Bracts green; stem thorny DIPSACACEAE, p. 112.
100a. Stamens 3 VALERIANACEAE, p. 111.
100b. Stamens 4 or 5 RUBIACEAE, p. 108.
101a. Anthers more numerous than the lobes of the corolla — 102.
101b. Anthers just as many as the lobes of the corolla — 103.
101c. Anthers fewer than the lobes of the corolla — 110.
102a. Leaves simple POLYGALACEAE, p. 65.
102b. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.
102c. Leaves finely dissected; stems climbing 2a, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.
103a. Ovaries 2 — 104.
103b. Ovary 1, but very deeply 4-lobed, with a single style LABIATAE, p. 95.
103c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed — 105.
104a. Stamens united, surrounding and more or less concealing the ovaries, and not resembling ordinary stamens ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 90.
104b. Stamens separate, of ordinary structure APOCYNACEAE, p. 90.
105a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the apex of the pedicel — 106.
105b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower — 107.
106a. Corolla 3-4-lobed RUBIACEAE, p. 108.
106b. Corolla 5-lobed 3b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 109.
107a. Leaves toothed or deeply cut VERBENACEAE, p. 99.
107b. Leaves entire — 108.
108a. A stamen in front of the middle of each petal PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
108b. Stamens located between the petals or lobes of the corolla, or else so far down in the tubular corolla that their position is not easily ascertained — 109.
109a. Corolla salver-form, with a very slender tube, and abruptly spreading lobes POLEMONIACEAE, p. 92.
109b. Corolla salver-form, with a wide tube and fringed blue petals GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
109c. Corolla rotate, funnel-form, or bell-shape GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
110a. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, appearing like 4 separate ovaries; style 1 LABIATAE, p. 95.
110b. Ovary not 4-lobed — 111.
111a. Stamens 2 — 112.
111b. Stamens 3 VALERIANACEAE, p. 111.
111c. Stamens 4 — 113.
112a. Flowers in dense heads 1a, in ACANTHACEAE, p. 107.
112b. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
113a. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped and irregular — 114.
113b. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped, its 5 lobes all alike or nearly so — 115.
114a. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip with 3 awl-shape teeth, the lower with 2 short teeth; flowers in slender terminal spikes PHRYMACEAE, p. 107.
114b. Calyx not obviously 2-lipped, its teeth equal or nearly so SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
115a. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in spikes — 116.
115b. Flowers in nodding pairs at the top of a slender stalk 3a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 109.
115c. Flowers solitary or in clusters; not in spikes or nodding pairs — 117.
116a. Corolla not over 1 cm. long VERBENACEAE, p. 99.
116b. Corolla 1.5 cm. long or more SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
117a. Calyx-lobes 15-25 mm. long; flowers blue, 3-5 cm. long; calyx without an obvious tube 2, in ACANTHACEAE, p. 107.
117b. Calyx-lobes united below into an obvious calyx-tube SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
— 118—
118a. Leaves deeply lobed, compound, or dissected — 119.
118b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed — 129.
119a. Leaves once-pinnately compound or lobed — 120.
119b. Leaves once-palmately compound or lobed — 124.
119c. Leaves dissected or 2-3 times compound — 125.
120a. Leaves merely lobed — 121.
120b. Leaves actually compound — 123.
121a. Flowers axillary; marsh or swamp plants HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
121b. Flowers in terminal clusters — 122.
122a. Stamens 2-6; taste mustard-like 52b, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46.
122b. Stamens 10 or more RESEDACEAE, p. 48.
123a. Leaflets entire LIMNANTHACEAE, p. 68.
123b. Leaflets serrate 70a, in ROSACEAE, p. 57.
124a. Flowers solitary 31a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 38.
124b. Flowers in dense terminal umbels or heads UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
124c. Flowers in terminal racemes 2a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114.
124d. Flowers in axillary spikes or panicles 9b, in URTICACEAE, p. 24.
125a. Leaves merely dissected, not truly compound with distinct leaflets — 126.
125b. Leaves truly compound, with distinct petiolate leaflets — 127.
126a. Flowers in axillary clusters CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 28.
126b. Flowers in terminal clusters COMPOSITAE, p. 113.
127a. Stamens 5; flowers in umbels — 128.
127b. Stamens 6; flowers in small clusters 3b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
127c. Stamens many; flowers in racemes or panicles RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
128a. Styles 5 ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
128b. Styles 2 UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
129a. Flowers in dense cottony heads; plants more or less white-woolly 79, in COMPOSITAE, p. 120.
129b. Pistillate flowers in an ovoid spiny involucre, ripening into a bur 3a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114.
129c. Flowers minute, subtended by palmately cleft axillary bracts 1a, in EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66.
129d. Plants without any of the preceding characters — 130.
130a. Plants with milky or colored juice 10, in EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 67.
130b. Plants with tendrils, at least on the upper leaves 4a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.
130c. Plants of nettle-like character, with stinging hairs 8b, in URTICACEAE, p. 24.
130d. Plants with sheathing stipules, surrounding the stem above the base of each leaf POLYGONACEAE, p. 25.
130e. Plants with smooth, pale, juicy, almost translucent stems 12a, in URTICACEAE, p. 24.
130f. Plants without any of the preceding structures or habits — 131.
131a. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters — 132.
131b. Flowers in terminal, or terminal and axillary clusters — 138.
132a. Leaves linear CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 28.
132b. Leaves of a broader shape than linear — 133.
133a. Flower-clusters with bracts as long as or longer than the flowers — 134.
133b. Flowers without conspicuous bracts — 135.
134a. Leaves broadest below the middle 8a, in URTICACEAE, p. 24.
134b. Leaves broadest above the middle 2, in AMARANTHACEAE, p. 30.
135a. Principal leaves 3 cm. long or more — 136.
135b. Principal leaves 2.5 cm. long or less — 137.
136a. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves 1a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
136b. Flowers erect in the axils 2a, in ONAGRACEAE, p. 78.
137a. Leaves narrowly oblong 1a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
137b. Leaves roundish and somewhat heart-shape 12a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.
138a. Flowers in racemes or simple spikes — 139.
138b. Flowers in panicles or other branched clusters — 141.
139a. Leaves toothed or lobed 52b, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46.
139b. Leaves entire — 140.
140a. Flowers sessile; leaves heart-shape PIPERACEAE, p. 19.
140b. Flowers pedicelled; leaves obovate 8b, in PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
141a. Individual flowers distinct from each other, on pedicels — 142.
141b. Individual flowers crowded in close clusters, or separate and sessile — 143.
142a. Leaves finely serrate 3b, in CRASSULACEAE, p. 49.
142b. Leaves entire 1b, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.
143a. Flower-clusters mingled with sharp-pointed bracts AMARANTHACEAE, p. 30.
143b. Flower-clusters without bracts, or (rarely) with bracts which are not sharp-pointed CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 28.
— 144—
144a. Juice not milky — 145.
144b. Juice milky; apparent flowers consisting of a few white or colored petal-like bracts, inclosing a few inconspicuous flowers without petals. In some of them a 3-lobed ovary with 3 styles may be plainly seen
145a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts — 146. EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66.
145b. Flowers solitary or in clusters, but not in involucred heads — 147.
146a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets; stipules present LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
146b. Stipules none COMPOSITAE, p. 113.
147a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed — 148.
147b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed — 154.
148a. Flowers irregular LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
148b. Flowers regular — 149.
149a. Petals 3 LIMNANTHACEAE, p. 68.
149b. Petals 4 — 150.
149c. Petals 5 or more — 151.
150a. Stamens 4 70a, in ROSACEAE, p. 57.
150b. Stamens 6 CRUCIFERAE, p. 42.
150c. Stamens numerous 43, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39.
151a. Flowers in heads or umbels — 152.
151b. Flowers in slender spikes or racemes — 153.
152a. Styles 2 UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
152b. Styles 5 ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
153a. Leaves ternately compound 43, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39.
153b. Leaves once-pinnately compound 50b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
154a. Flowers irregular — 155.
154b. Flowers regular — 156.
155a. Stamens 2 40b, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 104.
155b. Stamens 5 or 10 SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
155c. Stamens 6 or 8 POLYGALACEAE, p. 65.
156a. With sheathing stipules surrounding the stem at the base of each leaf POLYGONACEAE, p. 24.
156b. Stipules not encircling the stem, or none — 157.
157a. Petals 3 CISTACEAE, p. 74.
157b. Petals 4 — 158.
157c. Petals 5 — 161.
158a. Stamens 2 — 159.
158b. Stamens 6 CRUCIFERAE, p. 42.
158c. Stamens 8 — 160.
159a. Corolla perfectly regular; flowers in terminal clusters without bracts, becoming racemes; taste peppery 52a, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46.
159b. Corolla slightly irregular; flowers in bracted clusters, or axillary; taste not peppery 40b, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 104.
160a. Delicate trailing evergreen, with flowers solitary in the axils and nearly or quite hidden beneath the leaves 22b, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.
160b. Erect or nearly so; flowers in terminal clusters 12b, in ONAGRACEAE, p. 78.
161a. Leaves sword-shape, finely parallel-veined, with bristly margins 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
161b. Leaves not sword-shape — 162.
162a. Leaves toothed or lobed — 163.
162b. Leaves entire — 164.
163a. Stems creeping 2b, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
163b. Stems erect or nearly so SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
164a. Flowers in open panicles; leaves principally basal SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
164b. Flowers in rounded or flattened clusters; leaves principally on the stem SANTALACEAE, p. 24.
164c. Flowers in racemes, which become elongated at maturity — 165.
165a. Foliage glabrous 8b, in PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
165b. Foliage pubescent BORAGINACEAE, p. 93.
— 166—
166a. Juice milky or colored — 167.
166b. Juice watery, not colored — 172.
167a. Apparent flowers consisting of a few petal-like bracts, inclosing a few inconspicuous flowers without petals. In some of them a 3-lobed ovary with 3 styles may be seen EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66.
167b. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated in dense heads subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts 11, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115.
167c. Flowers never aggregated in involucred clusters resembling a single flower — 168.
168a. Corolla very irregular; stamens protruding LOBELIACEAE, p. 113
168b. Corolla regular — 169.
169a. Stamens with ordinary visible anthers; ovary 1 — 170.
169b. Stamens so grown together and to the stigma as to be almost unrecognizable; ovaries 2 ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 90.
170a. Petals separate PAPAVERACEAE, p. 41.
170b. Petals united — 171.
171a. Stamens attached to the tube of the corolla CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91.
171b. Stamens attached at the very base of the corolla CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112.
172a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into dense heads subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts — 173.
172b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in involucred heads — 174.
173a. True composites, without a normal calyx COMPOSITAE, p. 113.
173b. A normal calyx with each floweret; leaves compound with 3 leaflets LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
174a. Flowers irregular, i. e., the conspicuous lobes of the perianth unlike in size or shape — 175.
174b. Flowers regular — 185.
175a. Stamens 2 or 4 SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
175b. Stamens 5 — 176.
175c. Stamens 6 — 181.
175d. Stamens 8; leaves simple POLYGALACEAE, p. 65.
175e. Stamens 10; leaves usually compound LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
175f. Stamens more than 10 — 183.
176a. Petals separate — 177.
176b. Petals united — 179.
177a. Flowers greenish or purplish, in a panicle SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
177b. Flowers white or purplish, in compound umbels UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
177c. Flowers solitary, or in few-flowered clusters — 178.
178a. Flowers blue, yellow, or white, in spring VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
178b. Flowers red-orange or yellow, in summer BALSAMINACEAE, p. 71.
178c. Flowers small and greenish, in spring 1a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
179a. Anthers united; stamens protruding from the very irregular corolla LOBELIACEAE, p. 113.
179b. Anthers separate; corolla almost regular — 180.
180a. Corolla rotate; some or all filaments hairy 2, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
180b. Corolla funnel-form, dull yellow and purple; filaments not hairy 12a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 101.
180c. Corolla funnel-form, blue or violet; filaments not hairy 7b, in BORAGINACEAE, p. 94.
181a. Leaves compound or dissected FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.
181b. Leaves simple — 182.
182a. Flowers solitary ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.
182b. Flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes POLYGALACEAE, p. 65.
183a. Leaves truly compound — 184.
183b. Leaves palmately cleft; flowers 15 mm. wide or larger 6a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36.
183c. Leaves irregularly cleft; flowers about 5 mm. wide RESEDACEAE, p. 48.
184a. Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs 6b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36.
184b. Petals not prolonged into spurs CAPPARIDACEAE, p. 47.
— 185—
185a. Perianth consisting of one circle of parts only (usually considered to be the calyx) — 186.
185b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla — 192.
186a. Leaves with sheathing stipules encircling the stem above the base of every leaf POLYGONACEAE, p. 25.
186b. Leaves without sheathing stipules — 187.
187a. Leaves entire — 188.
187b. Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound — 190.
188a. Stamens 5 SANTALACEAE, p. 24.
188b. Stamens 6 — 189.
188c. Stamens 10 PHYTOLACCACEAE, p. 30.
189a. Perianth-lobes 3; perianth-tube curved ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.
189b. Perianth-lobes 6, spreading 4a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.
190a. Stamens 5 UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
190b. Stamens 6 — 191.
190c. Stamens more than 6 RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
191a. Climbing plant with heart-shape perianth 2a, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.
191b. Erect plant, with spreading perianth 3b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
192a. Corolla composed of united petals — 193.
192b. Corolla composed of separate petals — 208.
193a. Stamens 2 or 4 SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
193b. Stamens 3; climbing vines CUCURBITACEAE, p. 112.
193c. Stamens 5 — 194.
193d. Stamens 6 2a, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.
193e. Stamens 8 22b, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.
193f. Stamens 10 — 207.
193g. Stamens very numerous MALVACEAE, p. 72.
194a. Ovaries 2; flowers orange-red, in umbels 7a, in ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 91.
194b. Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed; flowers in racemes BORAGINACEAE, p. 93.
194c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed — 195.
195a. Climbing or scrambling vines — 196.
195b. Not climbing or scrambling — 198.
196a. Flowers about 1 cm. wide — 197.
196b. Flowers 2-8 cm. wide CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91.
197a. Leaves 1 cm. wide or less 2b, in CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112.
197b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more 4a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
198a. Flowers solitary, either terminal or axillary — 199.
198b. Flowers in terminal clusters — 201.
199a. Calyx concealed by 2 bracts CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91.
199b. Calyx not completely concealed by bracts — 200.
200a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the base of the flower, 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112.
200b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
201a. Some or all filaments hairy — 202.
201b. Filaments not hairy — 203.
202a. Leaves lobed or divided HYDROPHYLLACEAE, p. 93.
202b. Leaves not lobed 2, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
203a. Anthers close together, longer than the filaments 2, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
203b. Anthers separate from each other — 204.
204a. Leaves compound or very deeply lobed — 205.
204b. Leaves simple or with shallow lobes only — 206.
205a. Leaf-segments linear or oblong, irregular HYDROPHYLLACEAE, p. 93.
205b. Leaves truly compound with separate leaflets 1a, in POLEMONIACEAE, p. 92.
206a. Flowers greenish-yellow SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
206b. Flowers blue, violet, white, or intermediate tints CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112.
207a. Leaves simple ERICACEAE, p. 84.
207b. Leaves compound OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.
— 208—
208a. Petals 4 — 209.
208b. Petals 5 — 212.
208c. Petals 6 or more — 227.
209a. Stamens 4 or 8 — 210.
209b. Stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short CRUCIFERAE, p. 42.
209c. Stamens 9 or more CAPPARIDACEAE, p. 47.
210a. Leaves compound ROSACEAE, p. 51.
210b. Leaves simple — 211.
211a. Ovary 1, inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx ONAGRACEAE, p. 78.
211b. Ovaries 4 or 5, in the center of the flower CRASSULACEAE, p. 48.
212a. Stamens with good anthers 5 — 213.
212b. Stamens 6 to 10 — 217.
212c. Stamens more than 10 — 222.
213a. Flowers solitary, terminating the stem 12b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.
213b. Flowers axillary, solitary or in small clusters — 214.
213c. Flowers several, in loose irregular terminal clusters; leaves simple LINACEAE, p. 63.
213d. Flowers in slender spike-like racemes; leaves compound 50b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
213e. Flowers in panicles 20a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.
213f. Flowers in umbels — 216.
214a. Leaves compound 25b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 60.
214b. Leaves simple — 215.
215a. Flowers blue or yellow, erect or spreading LINACEAE, p. 63.
215b. Flowers greenish, nodding 1a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
216a. Flowers pink or purple GERANIACEAE, p. 64.
216b. Flowers yellow or white UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
217a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets — 218.
217b. Leaves pinnately compound — 219.
217c. Leaves deeply palmately lobed GERANIACEAE, p. 64.
217d. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed — 220.
218a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.
218b. Leaflets taper-pointed; flowers white or pink 73, in ROSACEAE, p. 57.
219a. Leaflets entire 24, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 60.
219b. Leaflets toothed 50b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
220a. Prostrate plants, with thick, fleshy, entire leaves 3, in PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.
220b. Bushy branched plants, with small gray leaves concealing the stem 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.
220c. Erect or spreading plants — 221.
221a. Ovary 1, style 1 4a, in ERICACEAE, p. 84.
221b. Ovary with 2 distinct styles SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
221c. Ovaries 5; styles 5 CRASSULACEAE, p. 48.
222a. Stamens united by their filaments into a tube MALVACEAE, p. 72.
222b. Stamens separate from each other — 223.
223a. Leaves with stipules; ovaries more than 1 ROSACEAE, p. 51.
223b. Leaves without stipules — 224.
224a. Leaves toothed, deeply lobed, or compound RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
224b. Leaves entire — 225.
225a. Ovaries numerous RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
225b. Ovary 1 — 226.
226a. Sepals 2 PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.
226b. Sepals 3 or 5 CISTACEAE, p. 74.
— 227—
227a. Leaves entire LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.
227b. Leaves lobed, divided, dissected, or compound — 228.
228a. Flowers in slender racemes RESEDACEAE, p. 48.
228b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in slender racemes — 229.
229a. Stamens 6 3b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
229b. Stamens numerous RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.