INDEX
Reading edition
A
Acceleration, quick, 78
— under load, 92
Accessibility, 39, 50
Accumulator, 61
Adapter, 92
Adjustable tappet head, 29, 30
Adjusting screws, 19
Advanced ignition, 55, 56, 59
Aeroplane engine cylinder, 10, 16
Air, 1, 41, 42, 46, 87, 89, 114
— carburetted, 42, 97
— lock, 72
— pump, 50
— — hand, 50
— scavenging, 16, 35, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89
— to petrol ratio, 42
— valve, automatic extra, 43, 49
— velocity, 46, 70
— volume of, relative to petrol vapour, 42, 108
— weight of, relative to petrol vapour, 42
Alcohol, properties of, 109
Anti-freezing solution, 72
Armature of magneto, 52, 54
— relative speeds of engine and magneto, 54, 55
Atmospheric pressure, 3, 90
Atomization of petrol, 48, 49
Automatic extra-air valve, 43, 49
— inlet valve, 82, 84, 88
B
Backfire, 62, 84
Balance, perfect, 76
— want of, 75, 76
— weight, 25
Balancing the crankshaft, 25, 26, 76
Barrel of cylinder, 12
Base, oil, 8, 40, 65
Battery, 116
Bearings, main, 24, 64
Benzol, properties of, 45, 108
Blade, trembler, 57
Boiling of water in jackets, 72
Boxes, core, 11
Brake, for petrol engine, 100
Brake horse-power, 99
British thermal unit, 111
Brush, carbon, 53, 55, 116
Built-up cylinder, 16
— flywheel, 27
Buoyancy, 45
Burning, rate of, of mixture, 1, 57
— of deflector, 91
Bursting of flywheel rim, 27
Bush, phosphor bronze, 23
C
Cables, high tension, 61
Calorific values, 111
Cam, 30, 33
Camshafts, 29, 33, 40
Cams, stationary, for magneto, 53
Capacity of cylinder, 106
Caps, valve, 13, 31
Carbon brush, 53, 55, 116
— deposit, 63, 78
Carburation, 42, 94
Carburetted air, 42, 97
Carburettor, 5, 8, 42, 82
— jet type, 42
— multiple jet, 47, 94
— points of a good, 49
— recent improvements in, 47
— spray type, 42
— surface type, 42
— wick type, 42
Castings, cylinder, 11
Cast-in-pairs, cylinders, 16
Centrifugal force, 27
Chaindrive, silent, 38
Charge, 3, 80
Charging pump, 80
Chassis, 40, 71
Choke tube, 46, 47
Chrome steel, 20, 36
Circulating water pump, 8, 71
Circulation, forced, 71
— local, 73
— pump, 71
— thermo-syphon, 69
Clearance between piston and
cylinder walls, 17
— of valve tappet, 29
— space, 4, 105, 107
Coil ignition, 57, 59, 61
— — system, wiring diagram for, 61
— non-trembler, 59
— supplementary, for starting, 58
— trembler pattern, 57, 61
Collector ring, 55
Combustion, 78
— chamber, 4, 96
Compensating jet, 48
Compression, meaning of, 3
— pressure, 82, 83, 105
— stroke, 6, 80
Cone clutch, 27
Connecting rod, 4, 21, 96
— — forces acting on, 20
— — phosphor bronze, 20, 22
— — steel, 23
Consumption of fuel, 79
— of oil, 67
Contact breaker, low tension, 53
— — wipe form of, 58
— screws, platinum tipped, 53, 57
Cooling, 69
Core-boxes, 11
Core, iron, of ignition coil, 57
Cost of production, 22, 64, 79
Cotter, 29
Crank chamber, 8, 39
— — gas-tight, 81, 82, 96
— cheeks or webs, 24
— motor-cycle, 23
— pin, 24
— radius, 4
— shaft, 23, 28, 77, 89
Crank shaft, balancing the, 25, 76
— — vibration of, 76
— — whipping of, 76
Cushion of hot gas, 93, 96
Cut-out, 90
Cycle, four-stroke, 5
— motor, 10, 11
— Otto, 5
— two-stroke, 80
Cylinder, 5, 9
— aeroplane engine, 15, 16
— air-cooled, 11, 15
— barrel, 12
— built-up, 16
— castings, 11
— head, detachable, 32, 78
— jackets, 12, 15, 69
— L-headed, 16
— pump, 87, 88, 107
— revolving, 10
— T-headed, 15
— water-cooled, 8, 32, 82, 96
— working, 81, 87, 107
Cylinders, cast en bloc, 16, 77
— cast in pairs, 16
— cast separately, 16
— choosing the number of, 75
— firing order of, 60
D
Dead centre, 4, 116
— gases, 83
Defective coil, 114, 116
— ignition system, 114
— magneto, 114, 116
— sparking plug, 113, 114
— valve, 113, 114, 116
Deflector, 81, 87, 93, 96
— overheating of, 84, 91
Density, 45, 111
Deposit of carbon, 63, 78
Description of a typical petrol engine, 8
Detachable cylinder head, 32, 78
Devices, ignition, 51
Diagram, indicator, 92, 102
— for four-stroke engine, 105
— for two-stroke engine, 106
— for valve setting, 116
— work, 103
Difficulties in starting, 72, 75, 92, 96, 113
Discharge, spark, 51, 54, 58
Distributor, high tension, 52, 53, 58
Double sleeve engine, 32, 78
Down stroke, 4, 81, 82
Drawings, working, 11, 93
Drip feed, 64, 90, 92
Drive, silent chain, 38
Dual ignition, 58
— springs, 90
Ducts for oil, 41
Duplex piston, 86
Durability, 49, 79
E
Earthing wire, 60
Eccentric, 33, 36
— rod, 33, 36
— sheaves, 33, 36
— straps, 33, 36
Economy and durability, 79
Efficiency, thermal, 110, 111
— volumetric, 83, 86, 88
Electric spark, 51, 54, 58
Electrodes of sparking plug, 51, 91, 92
Engine, four cylinder, 9, 76, 77, 94
— internal combustion, 111
— motor car, 9
— multi-cylinder, 77
— points of a good, 75
— single cylinder, 75
— six cylinder, 76, 77
— troubles, 113
— two cylinder, 76
— two-stroke, 80, 95
Evaporation, 1
Exhaust pipe, 6
— ports, 81, 88
— — open, 81, 88, 96
— smoky, 66
— stroke, 7, 35
— system, overheating of the, 57
— valves, 5, 10, 37, 81
— valves, timing of the, 35, 37, 78, 116
Explosion stroke, 7, 21, 26, 35
Explosive mixtures, 1, 108, 109, 110
Extra-air valve, 43, 49, 94
F
Fan, 70
— pulley, 8, 70
Feed, drip, 64, 90, 92
Fibre, tappet head, 30
— wheel, 38
Film of oil, 65
Filter, petrol, 43
Fins, heat radiating, 70
Firing order of the cylinders, 60
— stroke, 60
Fixed ignition, 57
Flanges, 12, 13
Flash point of lubricating oils, 63, 67, 68
Flashing back from exhaust, 84, 92, 93, 95
Flexibility, 77, 83, 92
Float chamber, 43, 44, 94
Flooding, 45, 94
Fluctuation of engine speed, 27
Flywheel, 8, 26
— built-up, 27
— function of, 26
— rim, bursting of, 27
— single stamping of steel, 28
Force, 98
— centrifugal, 27
Forced circulation, 71
— lubrication, 65, 90
Forces, inertia, 75
— space diagram, 103
Four cylinder engine, 9, 76, 77, 94
— stroke cycle, 5
Frequency of vibrations, 76
Fuel, consumption of, 79
Fuels, liquid, 108
Furring of tubes and jacket spaces, 73
G
Gap of sparking plug, 51, 54
Gas, compressing the, 3
— pump, 80
— tight crankchamber, 81, 82, 96
Gearing, overhead, 16
Gears, helical, 38
—spur, 37, 38
General overheating, 72, 73
—principles, 1
Gilled tube, 70, 74
Gills, 70
Gravity feed, 50
Grease in cylinder jackets, 72
Grinding in a valve, 31
Gudgeon pin, 17, 18
— — wear on, 19, 90
Guides, valve stem, 8, 12, 13, 30
H
Hand air pump, 50
Handle, starting, 71
Head, adjustable tappet, 30
— of water, 69, 71
Heat efficiency, 112
— energy of the petrol mixture, 9, 17, 111
— radiating fins, 11, 70
— surplus, 9, 17
Helical teeth, 38
High tension cables, 61
— — distributor, 52, 54, 58
— — magneto, 8, 51, 52, 54, 89
— — terminals, 51, 57
Holes, cotter, 29
— oil, 63
Honeycomb radiator, 70, 74
Horse-power, 98
— brake, 99
— indicated, 101
— Joint Committee’s formula, 101
— of car, 99
— Treasury formula, 101
Hot-water jacket, 43, 47, 94
Hydrogen, 108, 109
I
Idle stroke, 26, 82
Ignition, advanced, 55, 56, 59
— coil, 57, 59, 61
— devices, 51
— dual, 58
— fixed, 57
— knock, 57, 84
— normal, 55
— retarded, 55, 59, 62
— synchronized, 59, 61
— timing the, 60, 62, 116
— two-point, 59
Improved system of splash lubrication, 64
Improvements in carburettors, recent, 47
Indicated horse-power, 101
Indicator diagram, 92, 102
— — for four-stroke engine, 105
— — for two-stroke engine, 106
Indicator, optical, 92
Induction pipe, 5, 8, 43, 82
Inertia forces, 75
Inflammable vapour, 63
Injection of water to cylinder, 92
Inlet ports, 81, 88
— valve, air, automatic, 43, 49, 88
— — automatic, for gaseous mixture, 82, 88
— — mechanically operated, 5, 30, 31
— — timing the, 34, 37, 78, 116
— water pipe, 8, 70, 73
Inspection openings, 39
Insulators, 51
Internal water cooling, 92
J
Jacket, cylinder, 12, 15, 69
— hot water, 43, 47, 94
— space, too large, 73
— water, overheating of, 72
— — temperature of, 74
— — weight of, 74, 89
Jet, atomizing, 48
— compensating, 48
— petrol, 44, 46
Jet-in-tube carburettor, 42
Jigs, 24
Jockey pulley, 38
Joints, water-tight, 11, 15
Journals, 24
K
Kean’s two-stroke engine, 85, 94
Knock ignition, 57, 73, 84
Knocking, acceleration, 92, 93, 95
— intermittent, 84, 92, 93
— spasmodic, 84, 91
L
L-headed cylinders, 16
Lag in opening and closing valves, 34
— time, 56
Lead of valve, 35
Leakage of gas past the piston, 18, 114
Leaky pistons, 114
Liquid fuels, 108
— petrol, 108
Local circulation, 73
— overheating, 72
Lock, air, 72
Lock nuts, 29
Low tension contact breaker, 52
— — terminal, 57, 58
— torque, 75
Lubrication, forced, 65, 90
— improved system of splash, 64
— splash system of, 63
M
Magneto armature, relative speeds of, 54, 55, 94
— for four cylinder engine, 52, 54, 60
— for six cylinder engine, 54
— high tension, 8, 39, 40
— ignition system, wiring diagram for, 60
— racing pattern, 94
— two-stroke engine, 94
Make and break, 53, 58, 62
Manograph, 104
Materials, packing, 15
Mean effective pressure, 89, 107
Mechanically operated valve, 30, 84
Metal segments of distributor, 55
Mild steel, 23
Mileage per gallon, 110
Misfiring, 84, 116
Mixing chamber, 43, 47
Mixture, explosive, 1, 108, 109, 110
— heat energy of the, 9, 17, 111
— strength of the 1, 42, 108, 109, 110
— too weak a, 46
— weakening the, 49, 73
Momentum, 35, 36
Monobloc casting, 77
Motor car engine, 9
— cycle, 10, 11
— — crank, 23
Moulds, 11
Multiple jet carburettor, 47, 94
Mushroom type valves, 5, 8, 30
N
Natural circulation, 69
Needle valve, 44
Nickel steel, 20, 36
Noise from valves, 30, 39
Non-trembler coil, 59
Normal ignition, 55
O
Oil base, 8, 40, 65
— consumption of, 67
— ducts, 41
— film, 65
— holes, 63
— pressure, 65, 67
— price of, 67
— properties of, 63
— pump, 8, 39, 40, 65, 67
— — speed of, 67
— troughs, 65
Open exhaust port, 81, 88, 96
Optical indicator, 92
Orifice, 45, 73
Oscillations, torsional, of the crankshaft, 77
Otto cycle, 5
Outlet water pipe, 8, 70, 71, 73
Overflow pipe, 72
Overhead gearing, 16
Overheating of deflector, 84, 91
— of the exhaust system, 57
— general, 72, 73
— local, 72
Overloading the engine, 55, 89
P
Packing materials, 15
— rings, 17, 18, 81, 87, 97
Paraffin, properties of, 109
Partial seizure, 19, 33, 63, 64, 90
— vacuum, 6, 46, 82, 90
Passages, valve, 10
Patterns, 11
Perfect balance, 76, 77
— combustion, 78
Periodicity, 76, 77
Petrol, consumption of, 79
— engine, description of a typical, 8
— filter, 43
— jet, 44, 46
— mixture, heat energy of, 9, 17, 111
— pipe, 43
— properties of, 108
— supply, failure of, 113
— tank, 43
— tap, 43
— vapour, 1, 42, 43, 80
— — ratio of air to, 42
Phosphor bronze bush, 23
— — connecting rod, 22
Pinking, 79
Pipe, exhaust, 6, 8
— induction, 5, 8, 43, 82
— inlet water, 8, 70, 71, 73
— outlet water, 8, 70, 71, 73
— overflow, 72
— transfer, 86, 87
— vent, 39
Piston, 4, 17, 32, 82, 96
— duplex, 86
— leaky, 73, 114
— ring, cast-iron, 18, 82
— — steel, 19
— seizure of the, 19, 33
— steel, 19
— weight of, 19
Pitch of the teeth on a gear wheel, 38
Plain tube radiator, 74
Platinum tipped contact screws, 53, 57
Plug, sparking, 5, 8, 51, 91, 92
Points of a good carburettor, 49
— — good engine, 75
Poppet valve, 29, 77, 79
Ports, exhaust, 33, 78, 81, 88
— inlet, 33, 78, 81, 88
— open exhaust, 81, 88, 96
Power, 98
— stroke, 7, 60, 80
Pre-ignition, 84, 90, 92, 95, 108, 109, 110
Pressure, atmospheric, 3, 90
— compression, 3, 80, 82, 83, 88, 105
— feed, 50
— mean-effective, 89, 107
— of oil, 65, 67
Prices of oils, 67
Primary winding, 53, 58
Production, cost of, 22, 64, 79
Properties of fuels, 108, 109, 110
— of oils, 63
Pulley, fan, 8, 70
— jockey, 38
Pump, air, 50
— charging, 80
— circulating, 8, 67, 71
— cylinder, 87, 88, 107
— gas, 80
— hand air, 50
— oil, 8, 39, 40, 65, 67
— piston, 86
— water, 8, 39, 71
Push rod, 29
Q
Quick acceleration, 78, 92
— make and break, 53, 59, 62
R
Racing pattern magneto, 94
Radiator, gilled tube, 69
— honeycomb, 70, 74
— size of, 71, 72, 74, 89
Rate of burning, 1, 57
Rated horse-power, 101
Ratio of air to petrol vapour, 42
Recent improvements in carburettors, 47
Relative speeds of engine and magneto, 54, 94
Release of gases, 105
Relief valves, 67
Residue, 63
Retarded ignition, 55, 57, 59, 62
Revolving cylinders, 10
Ring, packing, 17, 18, 81, 87, 97
— steel piston, 19
Roller, 29, 58
Rotary valves, 79
S
Sagging of camshaft, 36
Scavenging, 16, 35, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93
Scoops, 65
Screws, adjusting, for gudgeon pin, 18
— platinum tipped, for contact breaker, 53, 57
Seat of valve, 13, 29
Segments, metal, of distributor, 55
Seizure of piston, 19, 33, 63, 64, 90
Shafts, eccentric, 33
Sheaves, eccentric, 33
Short-circuiting terminal, 55
Silence in running, 79, 92, 95
Silencer, 6, 89
Silent chain drive, 38
Simple two-stroke engine, 81, 85
Single cylinder engine, 75, 76
— sleeve valve engine, 32
— throw crankshaft, 23
Six cylinder engine, 76
— — — magneto for, 54
Sleeve valves, 32, 77, 78
Sleeves, double, 32, 78
Slots, 32
Smoky exhaust, 66
Spark, electric, 51, 54, 58
Sparking plug, 5, 8, 13, 51, 91, 92
Spasmodic knocking, 84, 91
Specific gravity of fuels, 108, 109, 110
Speed, fluctuation of engine, 27
— of oil pump, 67
Speeds of magneto armature and
distributor, 54, 55, 94
Splash system of lubrication, 63
— — — improved, 64
Split pin, 19
Spray type of carburettor, 42
Springs, dual, for automatic valve, 90
— valve, 8, 29, 90
Sprocket wheels, 38
Spur gears, 38
Stampings for connecting rods, 22
Starting difficulties, 72, 75, 92, 96
— handle, 8, 71
Stationary cams for magneto, 53
Steel, chrome nickel and chrome vanadium, 20, 36
— flywheel, built-up, 27
— — single stamping, 28
— mild, 23
— pistons, 19
— — rings, 19
— tungsten, for valves, 30
— Ubas, 90
Storage of petrol, 108
Strap, eccentric, 34
Strength and character of spark, 58
— of mixture, 1, 42, 108, 109, 110
Stroke, meaning of, 3
— suction, 6, 21, 35, 60, 80
Suction, meaning of, 2
Supplementary coil, for starting, 58
Surface carburettor, 42
Synchronized ignition, 59, 61
T
Tank, petrol, 43
Tap, compression, 13
— petrol, 43
Tappet head, 29, 30
— valve, 8, 29
Teeth, helical, 38
— pitch of, 38
Temperature of jacket water, 74
Terminals, high tension, 51, 57
— low tension, 57, 58
T-headed cylinder, 15
Thermal efficiency, 110, 111
— unit, British, 111
Thermo-syphon circulation, 69, 89
Three-port two-stroke engine, 97
Throttle valve, 44, 47
Time lag, 56
Timing the ignition, 60, 62, 116
— the inlet valve, 34, 37, 78, 116
— the exhaust valve, 35, 37, 78, 116
— wheels, 8, 37
Too rich a mixture, 46, 78
Too weak a mixture, 46, 73, 78
Torque, low, 75
Torsional oscillations of crankshaft, 77
Transfer pipe, 86, 87
Treasury rating for horse-power, 85, 101
Trembler blade, 57
— coil, 57, 61
Troughs, oil, 65
Tube, amount required for radiator, 74
— gilled, 74
— plain, 74
Tungsten-steel valves, 30
Twin piston two-stroke engine, 96
Two cylinder engine, 76
Two-point ignition, 59
Two-port two-stroke engine, 81, 85, 95
Two-stroke cycle, 80, 83, 87
— engine, Kean, 85, 94
— — simple, 81, 85
— — twin piston, 96
— — two-port, 81, 85, 95
— — three-port, 97
— — valveless, 97
U
Ubas steel, 90
Unbalanced mass, 25
Underframe, 40
Up-stroke, 4, 81
V
Vacuum, partial, 6, 46, 49, 82, 90
Valve, automatic inlet, 82, 84, 88
— — extra air, 43, 49, 88
— caps, 13, 31
— defective, 113, 114, 116
— exhaust, 5, 37, 81
— extra air, 43, 49, 94
— guides, 8
— head, 29
— inlet, 3, 5
— mechanically operated, 5, 30, 84
— mushroom type, 5, 8, 30
— needle, 44
— passages, 10
— relief, 67
— seat, 13, 29
— springs, 8, 29, 90
— stem guides, 8, 12, 13, 29
— tappet, 8, 29
— throttle, 44, 47
— timing the exhaust, 35, 37, 78, 116
— — the inlet, 34, 37, 78, 116
— to grind in, 31
— tungsten steel, 30
Valves, noise from, 30, 39
— poppet, 29, 77, 79
— rotary, 79
— sleeve, 32, 77, 79
Valveless two-stroke engine, 97
Valve-setting diagram, 116
Vanadium steel, 20, 36
Vaporization, 1, 46, 48, 49, 94
Vapour, inflammable, 63
— petrol, 1, 33, 42, 80
Velocity of air, 46, 70
Vent pipes, 39
Vibration of crankshaft, 76
Viscosity, 63
Volatility, 108
Volume displaced by piston, 105, 106, 107
— of clearance space, 4, 105, 107
Volumetric efficiency, 83, 86, 88
Vulcanite fibre tappet head, 30
W
Washer, 29
Waste heat, 9, 17
Water boiling in jackets, 72
— circulating pump, 8, 67, 71
— cooled cylinder, 8, 32, 82, 96
— cooling, internal, 92
— head of, 69, 71
— hot, for jacket, 43, 47, 94
— injection, 92
— jacket, 10, 12, 70, 72, 73, 96
— pipe, inlet, 8, 69, 70, 71, 73
— — outlet, 8, 69, 70, 71, 73
— pump, 8, 39, 40, 72
Water-tight joint, 11, 15
Weakening the mixture, 49, 73
Wear on gudgeon pins, 19, 90
Webs, crank, 24
Weight of piston, 19
— of water in radiator, 74, 89
Weights, balance, 25
Wheels, fibre, for timing gear, 38
— sprocket, for chain, 38
— timing, 8, 34
Whipping of crankshaft, 76
Wick type of carburettor, 42
Winding, primary or low tension, 53, 58, 61
— secondary or high tension, 53, 58
Wipe form of contact breaker, 58
Wire, earthing, 60
Wiring diagram for coil ignition system, 61
— — for magneto ignition system, 60
Work, 98
— diagram, 103
Working cylinder, 81, 87, 107
— drawings, 11, 93
Wrist pin, 18
(PR. 1315.) Butler & Tanner Frome and London