The Paths of Inland Commerce; A Chronicle of Trail, Road, and Waterway

INDEX

Reading edition

INDEX

A.

Adams, J. Q., and internal improvements,

145

Albany, Old Bay Path to,

; road to Baltimore,

;

Clermont's

voyage to,

113

Alexandria (Va.), rival of New York City,

137

Alleghanies, pathways across,

116

et seq.

Allegheny Portage Railway,

151

American,

New York, quoted,

182

Appalachian Mountains, pathways across,

Arkansas, influence of river trade on,

180

"Army" plan of occupying West,

Ashley, fur trader,

186

Audubon, J. J., description of barge journey,

B.

Baily, Francis, journey in United States (1796-97),

; quoted,

Balcony Falls, trail between James and Great Kanawha Rivers at,

Baltimore, road to Albany,

; part in transportation development,

136

137

143

151

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,

153

; Washington's vision realized by,

; follows old trail,

; state appropriation,

148

; contest with canal company,

150

151

; reaches Ohio,

151

171

Baltimore-Frederick Turnpike,

Baltimore-Reisterstown Turnpike,

143

Baring Brothers contribute to canal work,

163

Bay Path,

see

Old Bay Path.

Becknell, Captain William, organizes first wagon train for Sante Fé,

187

Bedford, Fort, established,

Bixby, Captain, at Hat Island,

181

Black Hawk War (1832),

162

Bonneville, Captain B. L. E., on Overland Trail,

189

"Bonnyclabber Country,"

Boone, Daniel,

Bouquet, Colonel Henry, criticizes Washington,

Boston and Albany Railroad,

Boulton and Watt of Birmingham, Fulton uses engine of,

110

113

Braddock's Road,

Brissot, French traveler in America,

Broad River, trail on,

Brown, Charles, builds hull of

Clermont,

113

Brown, George, and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,

149

Brownsville (Penn.) growth of,

Bryan, Guy, of Philadelphia,

Buffalo, demand for means of transportation,

164

170

; harbor improvement,

169

; growth,

172

Buffalo-Utica Canal,

124

;

see also

Erie Canal.

Bunting, "Red," stagecoach driver,

123

Burt, W. A., discovers iron ore in Michigan,

165

166

C.

Calhoun, J. C., and internal improvements,

145

California, western trail to,

188

; acquisition of,

191

Campbell, fur trader,

186

Canals, early projects,

; inadequacy of,

157

; in the West,

157

et seq.; see also

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Erie Canal, Welland Canal.

Catskill Turnpike,

Céloron de Blainville sends English traders from Ohio country,

Charleston (S. C.), trails to Tennessee from,

Charleston (Wellsburg) made port of entry,

Charlotte Dundas

(steamboat),

109

110

Chastellux, Chevalier de, Washington's letter to,

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Washington's vision realized in,

; plan for,

132

143

144

; Company formed,

145

; engineering difficulties,

146

; state subscription,

148

; contest with Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,

150

151

Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad,

; Washington's vision realized in,

; follows old route,

152

Chicago, harbor improvement,

161

169

; canal terminal,

162

; growth,

162

163

172

; demand for means of transportation,

164

170

; convention discusses rivers and harbors (1846),

169

; Illinois Central Railroad to,

170

Chickasaw Trail,

Chillicothe (O.), grant to Zane at,

China, influence on West of opening ports,

191

Chiswell, Fort, "Warrior's Path" from,

Choctaw Trail,

Chouteau, Robert,

184

Cincinnati, founded,

; ship-building,

180

; made port of entry,

;

see also

Columbia.

Clark, William, fur trader,

186

Clay, Henry, and internal improvements,

145

; on Western canal project,

155

Clermont

(steamboat),

113

114

Cleveland, demand for means of transportation,

164

170

; harbor improvement,

169

; growth,

172

Clinton, DeWitt,

Memorial

(1816),

127

; and Ohio and Miami canals,

159

Columbia (Cincinnati), port of entry,

; Baily at,

;

see also

Cincinnati.

Comet

(steamboat),

Conemaugh River, Kittanning Trail follows,

Congress, Fitch appeals to,

106

; appropriation for canal survey,

145

Connecticut Path,

Connecticut River, Old Bay Path,

Connellsville (Penn.), growth of,

Converse, J. M.,

184

Cooper, Peter, builds engine

Tom Thumb

150

Cotton, influence on river navigation,

180

Cowpens, description of inhabitants,

Crawford, agent for Washington, letter to,

Crisman, Jesse, owner of

Hit or Miss

140

Cumberland (Md.), eastern terminus of Cumberland Road,

119

Cumberland Gap, "Warrior's Path" through,

; railroad through,

Cumberland Road,

136

; Washington's vision realized in,

; building authorized,

114

115

; importance,

116

; plan,

118

119

; route,

119

120

; building of,

120

121

; cost,

121

; stage lines,

122

123

; freight traffic,

123

124

; extension to Missouri,

132

; Baltimore and,

143

144

; bibliography,

199

D.

Day, Sherman, quoted,

140

Deane, Silas, plan for payment of Revolutionary War debt,

Delaware Water Gap,

Delta (La.), changed by Mississippi River,

177

Detroit, Washington marks out commercial lines to,

; port of entry,

; demand for transportation facilities,

164

; harbor,

169

; growth,

172

Detroit

(lake steamer),

169

Dickens, Charles, cited,

100

; describes canal boat journey,

140

141

; describes aerial railway,

141

142

Doddridge,

Notes

, quoted,

Doolittle, Sylvester, builds

Vandalia

168

Duane

(ship),

Duquesne, Fort,

E.

Enterprise

(steamboat),

"Era of Good Feeling,"

Erie (Penn.), as place of embarkation,

; port of entry,

Erie Canal,

116

117

; Washington foresees,

; work begun (1817),

128

; Hawley writes challenge to New York concerning,

115

; state enterprise,

118

124

128

136

; Hawley's original plan,

119

; building of,

129

131

; completion,

132

; locks enlarged,

169

Erie Railroad,

153

; Washington forecasts,

; follows Indian trade route,

"Erie" war,

194

Evans, Oliver, and steam propelled wagon,

102

103

Everett, Edward, quoted,

F.

Fallen Timber, battle of,

Ferries,

Fink, Mike, "the Snag,"

; "Snapping Turtle,"

Fitch, John, steamboat experiments,

101

102

103

105

; petition to Congress,

106

107

; obtains monopoly from States,

106

; Fulton and,

108

Forbes, General John, captures Fort Duquesne,

; breaks army road,

Forman, Joshua, bill for Erie Canal project,

124

Franklin, Benjamin, on making rivers navigable,

; and international boundary line,

164

Frederick (Md.), trail from,

Free Democrat,

St. Joseph, quoted,

192

193

Freeland, H., account of the

Clermont

113

114

French as commercial rivals,

Fulton, Robert, steamboat experiments,

107

114

; and Livingston,

108

112

; on Erie Canal committee,

125

; bibliography,

199

Fur trade, French and,

; with Illinois country,

; headquarters at St. Louis,

186

G.

Gallatin, Albert, scheme of internal improvements,

114

Geddes, James, engineer,

125

Gibbons, Thomas, steamboat competitor of Ogden,

132

Great Britain, steamboat experiments in,

109

; Fulton imports engine from,

111

113

Great Kanawha River, Washington outlines route by way of,

; as trade route,

Great Lakes, Washington's vision concerning,

; French on,

; navigation of,

154

et seq.

Great Meadows, Washington on,

; Nemacolin's Path by,

"Great Trail,"

Great Western

(lake steamer),

168

Greensburg (Penn.), growth of,

Greenville, Treaty of,

H.

Hamilton County (O.) organized,

Hard Times (Miss.), location changed by Mississippi River,

177

Hawkins, John, Shreve compared with,

175

Hawley, Jesse, and Erie Canal,

115

119

Hazard, of Pennsylvania,

; and Lehigh coal,

Hempstead, fur trader,

186

Henry Clay

(steamboat),

156

Hercules

(lake freighter),

169

Heydt, Jost, leads immigrants south,

"Highland Trail,"

Hit or Miss

(canal boat),

140

Hockaday and Liggett establish stage line to Great Salt Lake,

189

Holliday, Ben, and Overland Route,

190

Horses, pack,

; in "Bonnyclabber Country,"

Hough, Emerson,

The Passing of the Frontier

, cited,

189

(note).

Houghton, Douglass, discovers copper in Michigan,

165

Hudson River, Washington foresees joining to Great Lakes,

; pathway along,

;

see also

Erie Canal.

I.

Illinois, trade with,

; growth of population,

116

156

; canal fever,

157

161

; railway projects,

171

; influence of river trade on,

180

Illinois

(lake steamer),

168

Illinois Central Railroad,

170

Illinois-Michigan Canal,

157

158

161

167

168

Illinois River, French on,

Independence (Mo.), Overland Trail from,

189

Indiana, migration to,

; growth of population,

116

156

; canal enthusiasm,

161

; railway projects,

171

; influence of river trade on,

180

Indians, trails,

; pack-horse trade with,

Ingles ferry,

Iowa, influence of river trade on,

180

J.

J. M. White

(river boat),

184

185

186

James-Kanawha Turnpike,

James River,

; Washington's vision regarding,

; as trade route,

Jefferson, Thomas, plan for settlement of West,

June Bug

, stagecoach line,

122

Juniata River, Kittanning Trail along,

152

K.

Keever, Captain, builds steamboat on Ohio,

Kent, Chancellor, and Erie Canal,

127

128

Kentucky, wagon road constructed to,

; migration to,

King, Billy, builder of the

J. M. White

184

Kittanning Trail,

Knoxville (Tenn.), Baily reaches,

L.

Labadie, fur trader,

186

Lake Shore Railroad,

170

171

Lancaster (O.) grant to Zane at,

Lancaster Turnpike,

Laramie, Fort, Overland Trail to,

189

Lee, Arthur, on cost of transportation (1784),

Lee, Henry, Washington writes to,

Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company,

Lehigh Coal Company,

Lehigh Navigation Company,

Lewis and Clark expedition,

Liggett and Holliday run stage to Salt Lake,

189

Ligonier (Penn.), growth of,

Ligonier, Fort,

Lisa, Manuel, fur trader,

186

Livingston, R. R., and Fulton,

108

112

; on Erie Canal committee,

125

Long, Major, expedition up Missouri River,

186

Louisiana cotton exports,

180

Louisiana of Marietta

(ship),

Louisiana Purchase,

Louisville, importance and growth,

; as river port,

; shipbuilding,

180

Ludlow, actor, sings

The Hunters of Kentucky

M.

Mackinaw Island, port of entry,

Marietta (O.), founded,

; shipbuilding,

; as port of entry,

Maryland, Washington outlines trade routes for,

; roads,

; cotton grown in,

; Cumberland Road,

119

; canals,

136

144

; Canal Company formed,

145

;

see also

Baltimore.

Massac, Fort (Ill.), port of entry,

;

; Baily at,

Massachusetts, Old Bay Path,

; roads,

Mauch Chunk (Penn.), coal from,

Maynard and Morrison, trade with Illinois,

Menard, fur trader,

186

Mercer quoted,

148

Miami Canal,

159

Michigan, growth of population,

116

156

; plan for Erie Canal funds from sale of land in,

117

125

; development,

164

; "Toledo War,"

164

165

; minerals,

165

Michigan

(lake steamer),

168

Milwaukee, demand for transportation facilities,

164

; harbor improvement,

169

Minnesota, development,

164

Mirror,

New York, prints

The Hunters of Kentucky,

Mississippi cotton exports,

180

Mississippi River, Washington's vision of navigation on,

; French on,

; importance to commerce,

160

; canal to connect with Lake Michigan,

161

163

; navigation,

176

et seq.

; eccentricities,

177

183

Missouri, influence of river trade on,

180

; admitted as State,

187

Missouri River, navigation on,

186

187

188

Mohawk River, route through Appalachians,

Mohawk Trail,

Mohawk Turnpike,

Mohawk Valley, Washington and,

Monongahela Farmer

(ship),

Monroe, James, Fulton writes to,

107

110

112

; recommends congressional aid for canals,

145

Montreal, furs brought to,

; rival of New York City,

125

126

Moody, John,

The Railroad Builders

, cited,

157

(note).

Morey, Samuel, inventor of stern-wheeler,

104

109

110

Morgantown (Penn.), growth of,

Morris, Gouverneur, of New York,

N.

Nashville (Tenn.), trails to,

Natchez (Miss.), Baily at,

Natchez Trace,

National

, stagecoach line,

122

Nemacolin Path,

Newberry, Oliver, of Detroit, builds

Michigan

168

New Madrid, Baily at,

New Orleans, made open port,

; Baily at,

; steamboat tonnage of (1843),

181

New Orleans

(steamboat),

180

181

187

New York (State), Washington foresees communication lines of,

; canal project,

; roads,

; Livingston obtains steamboat monopoly,

109

; steamboat grant to Livingston, Roosevelt and Fulton,

111

; railroads,

151

153

;

see also

Erie Canal.

New York Central Railroad,

153

; Washington and,

; follows Mohawk Trail,

New York City, Baily at,

; Erie Canal and,

125

126

; tonnage compared to that of river ports,

181

Niagara, French at,

Niagara

(steamboat),

156

Nickel Plate Railroad,

Northwest, Deane's plan for,

; navigation of Great Lakes,

154

et seq.

; immigration to,

167

168

O.

Ogden, Aaron,

vs.

Gibbon,

132

Ohio, migration to,

; growth of population,

116

156

; and Cumberland Road,

117

; canals,

157

160

; admitted as State (1802),

158

; railroads,

171

; influence of river trade on,

180

Ohio and Lake Erie Company,

145

Ohio Canal,

157

159

168

169

Ohio River, Washington and,

; access of French and English to,

; value of cargoes on (1800),

; Baltimore and Ohio Railroad reaches (1853),

151

183

; navigation,

180

Old Bay Path,

Ontario

(steamboat),

156

Orange, Fort (Albany),

;

see also

Albany.

Ordinance of 1787,

170

Oregon, western trail to,

188

; effect of acquisition on transportation,

191

Orleans

(steamboat),

Ormsbee, of Connecticut, makes steamboat model,

104

Ottawa (Ill.) canal terminal,

162

Overland Stage Company,

189

Overland Trail,

189

191

P.

Palmyra (Tenn.), as river port,

Pedee River,

"Pennamite" war,

194

Pennsylvania, Washington and transportation in,

; canals,

136

; roads,

119

120

; "Bonnyclabber Country,"

; and Great Lakes,

138

; railways,

151

Pennsylvania Canal,

132

; Washington forecasts,

; route,

139

; engineering achievement,

139

140

Pennsylvania Railroad,

142

153

; Washington and,

; follows Indian trail,

; incorporated (1846),

151

; reaches Ohio River,

171

Perkins, fur trader,

186

Philadelphia, roads to,

; meeting to protest against monopoly of Lancaster Turnpike,

; Baily at,

; rival of New York City,

137

Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Road Company,

Philadelphia Road,

Pickering plan of occupying West,

Pike, Captain Z. M.,

Pioneer

, stagecoach line,

122

Pioneer

(steamboat),

156

Pitt, Fort,

Pittsburgh, growth,

; trade with,

; shipbuilding,

; port of entry,

; Baily reaches,

Platt, Judge, and Erie Canal,

126

127

Pontiac's Rebellion,

"Pony Express,"

192

Potomac Canal Company,

143

Potomac Company,

138

Potomac River, Washington's vision regarding,

; commerce on,

Prairie

(steamboat),

182

Presq'Isle (Erie) recommended as place of embarkation,

Prices in 1800,

Putnam, General Rufus, advocates Pickering plan,

Q.

Quebec, furs brought to,

Queen of the West

(British steamer),

182

R.

Railroads,

134

et seq.

;

see also

names of railroads.

Revolutionary War, plans for payment of debt of,

Rhodes, Mayor of Philadelphia,

Rideau canal system,

160

Rivers and harbors, government policy of improvement,

; Chicago convention (1846),

169

Roads,

et seq.

; tolls,

;

see also

Cumberland Road.

Robinson, Moncure,

139

140

Roosevelt, Theodore, quoted,

176

Rumsey, James,

; general manager of Potomac Company,

; steamboat experiments,

101

102

103

106

; Virginia grants monopoly to,

106

; Fulton and,

108

Russell, Majors, and Waddell found Overland Stage Company,

189

Rutherfordton Trail,

S.

Sacramento, stage line to,

189

St. Clair

(brig),

St. Joseph (Mo.), stage line from,

189

St. Lawrence canal system,

160

St. Louis, shipbuilding,

180

; headquarters for fur trade,

186

; trade with Santa Fé,

187

St. Mary's River Ship Canal,

164

167

168

Salt Lake City, stage line to,

189

Samson

(lake freighter),

169

Sandusky, port of entry,

San Francisco, Overland Trail to,

189

San Lorenzo, Treaty of,

Santa Fé, trade with,

187

Santa Fé Trail,

191

"Sapphire Country,"

152

Saturday Advertiser

, Liverpool, on the

Duane

Schoph, J. D., crosses mountains in chaise,

Schuylkill-Susquehanna Canal,

Searight describes freight wagons on Cumberland Road,

123

124

Sellers, Captain Isaiah,

182

Shreve, Henry, builds double-decked steamboat,

; invents flat-bottomed steamboat,

175

Society for Promoting the Improvement of Roads and Inland Navigation,

South, trade with,

; demands for commerce,

174

Southern Belle

(steamboat),

181

Southern Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad,

Southern Railway,

Stanton, E. M., has model of

J. M. White

186

Stephenson, Robert, on Pennsylvania Canal,

140

Stevens, E. A., invents twin-screw propeller,

104

Sublette, fur trader,

186

Sultana

(steamboat),

181

Superior

(steamboat),

156

167

Superior, Lake, copper and iron deposits near,

164

; commerce from,

166

167

Susquehanna River, Washington foresees joining to West,

T.

Taverns,

Taylor, Acting-Governor of New York, and Erie Canal,

127

128

Tennessee, trails to,

; cotton exports,

180

Tennessee Path, Baily on,

Thackeray, W. M., quoted,

135

Thomas, P. E., and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,

149

Thompson, Chief Justice of New York, and Erie Canal,

127

Toledo (O.), demand for transportation facilities,

164

"Toledo War,"

164

165

194

Tom Thumb

, Peter Cooper's engine,

150

Transportation, Conestoga wagons,

; steamboats,

100

et seq.

; stagecoaches,

122

; "J. Murphy wagons,"

190

;

see also

Canals, Ferries, Horses, Railroads, Roads.

Tupper, General Benjamin,

104

Twain, Mark, cited,

181

Tyson, Jonathan,

U.

Unaka Mountains,

see

Alleghanies.

Union Canal,

139

151

;

see also

Pennsylvania Canal.

Union Pacific Railroad,

191

193

Uniontown (Penn.), growth of,

V.

Vandalia

(lake freighter),

168

Vesuvius

(steamboat),

Virginia, Washington's vision of trade routes for,

; Indian trails,

; roads,

119

; negroes,

; tobacco,

; canals,

136

144

Virginia Road (Braddock's Road),

W.

Walk-in-the-Water

(steamboat),

132

156

167

172

"Warrior's Path,"

Washington (D. C.), Baily at,

Washington

, first double-decked steamboat,

175

Washington, Fort,

Washington, George, vision of inland navigation,

et seq.

193

; doctrine of expansion,

; journey to West,

; letter to Harrison,

117

127

;

Journal

; and river improvement,

; president of Potomac Company,

; and army roads,

; and crop rotation,

; prophecy regarding millstones,

; Rumsey and,

100

101

105

106

Watauga, Fort,

Waters, Dr., of New Madrid, builds schooner,

Watson, Elkanah, of New York,

Wayne, Anthony,

Webster, Pelatiah, and settlement of Northwest,

Weiser, Conrad,

Welch, Sylvester,

139

Welland Canal,

155

160

168

169

Western Engineer

(steamboat),

186

Western Inland Lock Navigation Company,

Western Maryland Railway,

Westfield River, Old Bay Path along,

Westover, stagecoach driver,

122

123

Wheeling, western terminus of Cumberland Road,

119

White, of Pennsylvania,

Wickham, Nathan,

Wilderness Road,

Winchester (Va.), trail from,

Wisconsin, development of,

164

Woodworth, Samuel,

The Hunters of Kentucky

;

The Old Oaken Bucket

Y.

Yadkin River, trail on,

Yates, Judge, and Erie Canal,

127

Yoder, Jacob,

York Road,

Yorktown

(steamboat),

181

182

Z.

Zane, Ebenezer,

Zanesville (O.), grants to Zane near,