INDEX

Abacus, 106 f.

Abruzzi, 196, 204, 222 f.

Adams, Henry, quoted, 12, 22, 188 f.

Adelaide, countess, 210.

Adelard of Bath, 177, 179, 238.

Africa, 196 f., 222, 232.

Aimé of Monte Cassino, 13, 200 f.

Alençon, 63, 178.

Alexander II, Pope, 74, 79, 165, 175.

Alfred, king, 34.

Alphonso VIII, king, 90.

Amalfi, 197 f., 204, 213, 232.

Amari, M., 216, 248;

quoted, 234.

Anacletus II, Pope, 210.

Andeli, 134.

Angers, 61–63.

Angoulême, 160.

Anjou, counts of, 61, 85;

relations with Normandy, 61–63, 85, 100, 112, 131, 136 f.

Anna Comnena, quoted, 201.

Anselm, 175–78.

Antioch, 212;

principality, 214–16.

Apulia, 186, 197–211, 222 f., 228, 238, 246.

Aquitaine, 87 f., 90, 100, 120 f., 136.

Arabic elements in Sicilian state, 226–30, 235, 238–44.

Architecture, Norman, 9–12, 102, 186–89;

Sicilian, 189, 241–44.

Archives, Norman, 9, 66 f., 105, 178.

Argentan, 10, 71, 133, 139, 153.

Arlette, mother of William the Conqueror, 53, 166.

Arnulf of Chocques, patriarch, 212.

Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, 167.

Arthur, duke of Brittany, 136–39.

Assizes, Anglo-Norman, 94, 100, 111 f., 161;

Sicilian, 230 f., 234.

Aversa, 200, 204, 206.

Avranches, 172, 175, 178.

Avranchin, 28.

Avre, 7.

Bailli, 103, 145.

Barfleur, 132, 160.

Bari, 189, 197, 202, 232, 241.

Baudri of Bourgueil, 76.

Bayeux, 10, 46, 49, 67, 76, 150 f., 162, 166, 172, 187;

Black Book, 111.

See Odo, Turold, Richard, Philip d’Harcourt.

Bayeux Tapestry, 76 f., 80, 84, 151, 167.

Bayonne, 161.

Bec, 171, 185;

schools, 175 f.;

library, 177–80.

Becket, 4, 100, 118, 168.

Bellême, 154.

Benevento, 198, 203.

Benoît de Sainte-More, 184.

Bertaux, E., quoted, 197, 241.

Bessin, 10, 28.

Bibliographical notes, 24 f., 51, 83 f., 114 f., 147, 189–91, 216 f., 247–49.

Bisignano, 201.

Bocage, 10.

Boccaccio, 246.

Bocherville, Saint-Georges de, 169, 187.

Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, 207, 213–16.

Böhmer, H., quoted, 165.

Bonneval, 154.

Bordeaux, 88.

Boutmy, E., quoted, 101.

Breteuil, 154, 160.

Brittany, 6–8, 10, 57, 61, 75, 88, 136–39.

Bryce, James, Viscount, quoted, 43.

Buchanan, James, 17 f.

Bury St. Edmund’s, 173.

Caen, 10 f., 71, 133, 139, 143, 153, 160, 166, 172, 184;

abbeys, 12, 58, 160, 163, 171, 174, 186–88, 213.

Calabria, 176, 198, 201–11, 222, 226, 237, 246.

Caliphs, Fatimite, 196, 230.

Campania, 197, 222.

Canada, Normans in, 3 f., 13, 16.

Canaries, Normans in, 4, 13.

Canne, 199.

Canosa, 214.

Canterbury, 56, 81, 175.

Canute, king, 52, 54, 74, 194.

Cappella Palatina, 242–44.

Capua, 198, 207, 223, 228.

Carentan, 172.

Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 101, 173.

Castles, Norman, 68 f., 102, 133–35, 139, 150–53, 163, 209.

Castrogiovanni, 209.

Caux, 8.

Cefalù, 189, 241.

Cerisy, 187.

Chancery, of Henry II, 96–99;

of Sicilian kingdom, 226 f.

Channel Islands, 144 f., 172, 184.

Charlemagne, 18, 31 f., 80, 86, 193 f.

Charles VII, king of France, 144.

Charles of Anjou, king of Naples, 221.

Charles the Simple, 27, 45.

Charte aux Normands, 142.

Charter, Great, 140, 142.

Chartres, cathedral, 169–71, 186, 194;

school, 177.

Château Gaillard, 9, 134 f., 139.

Chaucer, his ‘povre persoun,’ 169.

Cherbourg, 4 f., 59, 162.

Chinon, 116.

Chronicle, Anglo-Saxon, quoted, 32, 34, 55–58.

Church, Norman, 67, 71 f., 81, 100, 164 ff.;

the Greek, 198, 203, 209, 223, 225, 237, 241.

Civitate, 203.

Classics, Latin, in Norman libraries, 179;

at Monte Cassino, 235–37;

Greek, in Sicily, 239 f., 246.

Clermont, 211.

Clovis, 207.

Cluny, 164.

Colombières, 116.

Commerce, Norman, 4, 73, 81, 160–63;

Sicilian, 231–33, 242;

Viking, 37.

Compostela, 16, 193, 217.

Conan, 163.

Conches, 154.

Conquest, Norman, of England, 72–81;

its results, 81–83, 100 ff., 145 f.;

of Italy, 198 ff.;

the two compared, 223–25.

Constance, empress, 220.

Constantine the African, 236.

Constantinople, 194–96, 212, 214, 235 f., 240.

Corneille, 4, 12.

Cotentin, 28, 50.

Courcy, 154.

Coutances, 169, 172, 200;

cathedral, 10, 186 f.

See Geoffrey de Mowbray.

Coutume de Normandie, 11, 48 f., 108, 142, 145.

Crusades, Normans in, 2, 89, 91, 100, 127–31, 184, 208, 211–17.

Curia regis, 103, 108, 227 f.

Danegeld, 34, 104.

Danelaw, 31.

Daudet, Alphonse, quoted, 5.

Davis, H. W. C., quoted, 15.

Delarc, O., quoted, 196.

Delbrück, H., quoted, 77 f.

Delisle, L., 4, 114, 189 f.;

quoted, 97.

Dieppe, 4 f., 160.

Dieulafoy, quoted, 135.

Dives, 75.

Domesday, 66, 110, 172, 229.

Domfront, 63, 154, 172.

Dover, 166.

Downing, E., 208.

Drogo of Hauteville, 200–02.

Duana, 228 f.

Dudo of Saint Quentin, 27, 47, 180.

Durham, 188.

Edrisi, 238–40.

Edward the Confessor, king, 73–75.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen, 89, 118, 120, 123, 184.

Emma, queen, 73.

Empire, Angevin, 85;

Eastern, 91, 94, 129, 197–99, 201 f., 206, 214–17, 222, 226–31, 243;

German, 87;

Holy Roman, 64, 86, 244;

Norman, 85–113;

its destruction, 116–39.

England, Normandy compared with, 5 f.;

Northmen in, 32–34;

before the Normans, 101–03, 223;

Norman Conquest, 52, 72–83;

results, 22 f., 100–13, 145 f., 151 f.;

loss of Normandy, 139–44.

Enna, 209.

Eryx, 208.

Escorial, 178.

Ethelred, king, 73.

Etna, 209, 239.

Eudes Rigaud, archbishop of Rouen, 168 f., 183.

Eugene of Palermo, emir, 239 f.

Eure, 7.

Évreux, 184, 187.

Exchequer, 11, 103–08, 142, 229.

Exmes, 71.

Falaise, 10, 53, 59, 133, 139, 153.

Fécamp, 160, 164, 171, 178.

Feudalism, 60, 64, 93, 133, 136–38, 233;

Norman, 67–69, 82, 145, 149–57;

in southern Italy, 209, 223–31.

Finance, Anglo-Norman, 69–71, 103–08;

Sicilian, 225, 228 f., 232 f.

Flanders, 61, 75.

Flaubert, G., 4, 8, 12;

quoted, 5.

Fontevrault, 117.

France, Normandy as a part of, 6 f., 16, 18–24, 48;

feudal relations with Normandy, 63–66;

government compared with that of Normandy, 64, 69–71;

geographical unity, 124–26;

how it conquered and absorbed Normandy, 126–44;

Norman influence on, 23, 144.

France, Anatole, quoted, 178.

Franks, Normandy under, 16, 20 f., 26.

Frederick Barbarossa, emperor, 86 f., 128 f.

Frederick II, king of Sicily and emperor, 24, 215, 219–21, 240, 245 f.

Freeman, E. A., 83;

on William the Conqueror, 53–56;

on the Norman Conquest, 73, 83, 101, 145 f.;

on the battle of Hastings, 77;

on Norman castles, 151;

on the abbeys of Caen, 188;

on Frederick II, 245.

Fulk Rechin, quoted, 62 f.

Gaeta, 197 f.

Gaimar, 184.

Gascony, 88–91, 100, 139, 161.

Gavrai, 172.

Genoa, 232.

Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, 120.

Geoffrey Malaterra, quoted, 13, 207.

Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou, 61–63.

Geoffrey de Mowbray, bishop of Coutances, 10, 186 f.

Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou, 85, 89, 99, 112.

Geoffrey, illegitimate son of Henry II, 116.

George of Antioch, admiral, 226, 242.

Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Westminster, 175.

Giobair, Ibn, quoted, 243.

Giraldus Cambrensis, quoted, 117 f., 123.

Girgenti, 209.

Gisors, 132 f., 135 f.

Glanvill, 108.

Goethe, 219, 243.

Greek influences in southern Italy and Sicily, 198, 209, 219, 223, 225–31, 235, 237–46.

Green, J. R., quoted, 122.

Gregory VII Pope, 72, 165 f., 202, 204 f.

Grentemaisnil, 154.

Grimoud, 60.

Guernsey, 144 f.

Gummere, F. B., quoted, 41.

Guy of Amiens, 76.

Hamburg, 33.

Haro, 145.

Harold, king of England, 73–80.

Harold Fairhair, 28, 38.

Hastings, battle of, 75–80, 84, 151, 166, 202.

Hastings, Viking leader, 33.

Hauteville, house of, 2, 200–02, 207, 209, 213. See Robert Guiscard, Roger.

Havre, Le, 4 f.

Henricus Aristippus, 239 f.

Henry I, king of England, 89, 94, 105 f., 133, 160, 162 f., 181, 184, 229.

Henry II, king of England, 49, 85, 133, 219;

empire, 86–90;

European position, 87, 90 f.;

character, 92–94, 114, 117 f.;

government, 93–113, 153, 227–30;

death, 116 f., 154;

sons, 118–23;

relations with Philip Augustus, 127 f.;

privileges to Rouen, 161–63.

Henry V, king of England, 142.

Henry VI, king of England, 143.

Henry the Young King, 119–21, 123, 127, 154–57.

Henry I, king of France, 62 f., 65.

Henry III, emperor, 201.

Henry IV, emperor, 205.

Henry VI, emperor, 220.

Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, 90.

Historians, Norman, 47, 154, 180–84.

Hohenstaufen, in Sicily, 220 f.

Honorius II, Pope, 210.

Hugh Capet, 65.

Hugh of Amiens, archbishop of Rouen, 179.

Hugo, Victor, quoted, 144.

Humphrey of Hauteville, 200–02.

Iceland, 3, 12, 31, 43 f.

Ile-de-France, 7, 125.

Innocent III, Pope, 137.

Ireland, 22, 31, 33, 57, 85 f., 88, 90, 160, 162 f.

Italy, influence on Normandy, 175;

Normans in, 181 f., 192, 198–211, 218–49;

political condition ca. 1000, 196–98;

relation to Renaissance, 246.

James, Henry, quoted, 6.

Jersey, 144 f., 184.

Jerusalem, Normans at, 128, 130, 167, 193–95, 198 f., 212, 214.

Jews, in Sicily, 225, 242.

Joan of Arc, 10, 19, 143 f.

Jocelin of Brakelonde, 173.

John, king of England, 85 f., 116, 131 f., 154;

character, 122 f., 126 f.;

struggle with Philip Augustus, 136–39;

loss of Normandy, 139 f.

John VIII, Pope, 237.

John of Salisbury, 238.

John the Scribe, 232.

Jomvikings, 43 f.

Joppa, 130.

Jumièges, 9, 171, 187.

Jury, Anglo-Norman, 23, 109–13, 142, 146.

Justices, Anglo-Norman, 108;

Sicilian, 227 f.

Kensington rune-stone, 1.

Kent, 166 f.

Knights’ fees, 68, 78, 100, 145, 150, 229, 231.

Krak, 134.

Lanfranc, 175–78.

Laon, school of, 107, 177.

Laplace, 4, 12.

La Rochelle, 161.

La Roncière, Bourel de, quoted, 49.

Lavisse, E., quoted, 143.

Law, Norman, 11, 20, 23, 48 f., 69, 82, 108–13, 145 f., 224;

Roman, 137, 175–77, 179, 230 f., 236;

canon, 137, 168, 175–77, 179, 230.

LeMans, 63, 88, 116 f., 125, 160, 172.

Leo IX, Pope, 203.

Lessay, 187.

Libraries, Norman, 177–81;

south-Italian and Sicilian, 236–40, 242, 246;

papal, 240.

Limerick, 37.

Lindisfarne, 33.

Lire, 178.

Loire, relation to Plantagenet empire, 125, 128, 139 f.

Lombards, 175, 188, 192, 196–99, 222 f., 238.

London, 81, 162 f.

Lorraine, schools of, 107, 167.

Louis VII, king of France, 89, 118 f., 127.

Louis X, king of France, 142.

Luchaire, A., quoted, 70.

Lugdunensis Secunda, 9, 21, 26.

Luna, 33.

Lusignan, 138.

Luther, 18.

Lyons, 125.

Magna Græcia, 197, 238.

Mahan, A. T., 30.

Maine, 7, 10, 57, 62 f., 85, 87, 136.

Maitland, F. W., quoted, 48, 110, 113.

Malta, 221.

Manfred, 221, 240.

Mantes, 58.

Margam, Annals of, 139.

Margat, 134.

Marmoutier, 171.

Matilda, abbess of Caen, 174.

Matilda, empress, 85, 89, 163.

Matilda, queen, 11, 61, 77, 186–88.

Maupassant, 4, 8, 12.

Mediterranean, Northmen in, 33;

Normans in, 192 ff.

Meles, 198 f.

Melfi, council of, 204.

Messina, 129 f., 208, 237;

Straits of, 207, 210, 232.

Michelet, quoted, 11, 195.

Mileto, 210.

Millet, 4, 12.

Monasteries, plundered by Northmen, 35, 164;

Norman, 81, 164 f., 171–75;

their lands, 157 f., 171 f.;

schools, 175–77;

libraries, 177–80;

as centres of historical writing, 180–83;

relation to mediæval epic, 185;

their churches, 186–89;

south-Italian, 176, 181, 225, 235–37.

Monreale, 189, 241 f.

Mont-Saint-Michel, 10, 171;

peasants, 158;

property, 172;

buildings, 158, 173, 187, 189;

library, 173, 178.

See Robert of Torigni.

Monte Cassino, 178, 235–37.

Monte Gargano, 198, 216.

Montelius, O., quoted, 37.

Montfort, 133.

Montpellier, 177.

Mortemer, 65.

Mosaics, in Sicily, 241 ff.

Nantes, 33.

Naples, 197 f., 222, 246.

Napoleon, 76.

Néel of Saint-Sauveur, 59.

Neilos Doxopatrios, 238, 240.

Nicæa, 52, 58, 195, 212.

Niccola Pisano, 246.

Nicholas II, Pope, 204.

Nietzsche, 18, 55.

Normandy, millenary of, 1–4, 25 f.;

compared with England, 5 f.;

general features, 6–8;

Upper and Lower, 8–11;

inhabitants, 11–16;

periods in its history, 17–22;

general importance, 22–24;

conquered by Northmen, 26–48;

how far Scandinavian, 48–51;

under William the Conqueror, 59–61, 66–72, 152 f.;

its archives, 66 f.;

relations with Anjou and Maine, 61–63;

with France, 63–65;

with England, 73–83;

centre of Plantagenet empire, 85–88;

influence on England, 100–13;

conquered by Philip Augustus, 131–41;

occupied by English in fifteenth century, 142–44;

final union with France, 17, 19, 144;

influence on France, 23, 141;

dialect, 49, 145, 224;

life of lords, 149–57;

of peasants, 157 f.;

of towns, 159–64;

church, 71 f., 81, 164–71;

monasteries, 171–75;

their schools, 175–77;

libraries, 177–80;

historians, 12, 47, 180–84;

vernacular literature, 184–86;

architecture, 186–89;

the ‘greater Normandy,’ 147, 182.

Normans, characteristics, 11–16, 192, 225, 247;

conquest of England, 52, 72–83, 223 f.;

in southern Italy and Sicily, 2–4, 13 f., 16, 22–24, 94, 150, 177, 181, 189, 192, 198–211, 218–49;

in Spain, 16, 181, 192, 195;

as pilgrims, 193–96, 198 f., 241;

on the Crusades, 2, 16, 91, 127–31, 182, 184, 211–17;

in Syria, 215 f.

See Normandy.

Northmen, 12, 16 f.;

invasion of Normandy, 26 ff.;

causes and course of migrations, 29–31;

in Frankish empire, 31–35;

in England, 31–34;

their culture and organization, 35–44;

influence on Normandy, 48–51;

as Crusaders, 211.

Noto, 209.

Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 4, 57, 76, 166 f., 185 f., 212.

Ordericus Vitalis, his History, 154, 174, 178, 180–83;

quoted, 14, 176, 180, 199.

Orleans, schools of, 177.

Ouche, 181.

Palermo, Normans at, 189, 208, 210 f., 226, 231 f., 238 ff.;

churches, 230, 241 f.;

palace, 242–44.

Palestine, 128, 130 f., 134, 212–16.

Papacy, Normandy and the, 22, 72, 74, 79, 91, 136, 165, 168;

relations with southern Normans, 192, 200, 202–05, 210, 221, 238.

Paris, 33 f., 76, 96, 136–38, 140;

basin, 8, 125;

Parlement of, 141 f.;

university of, 177.

Paris, Gaston, quoted, 185.

Peasants, Norman, 157 f.

Peers, court of, 138 f.

Perche, 7.

Peter the Hermit, 211.

Petrarch, 246.

Pevensey, 75.

Philip Augustus, 19, 24, 95, 116, 122;

character, 126;

struggle with Plantagenets, 127–29, 131–39;

on the Third Crusade, 128–30;

policy in Normandy, 142, 163.

Philip d’Harcourt, bishop of Bayeux, 167;

his library, 178–80.

Picardy, 7 f.

Pilgrims, Normans as, 193–96, 198 f., 241.

Pisa, 221, 232.

Plantagenets, origin of, 61, 85, 89. See Henry II, Richard, John.

Plateæ, 228.

Poitiers, 88, 160.

Poitou, 62, 75, 88, 90, 100, 128, 138 f.

Pontorson, 160.

Poole, R. L., 114;

quoted, 107.

Powicke, F. M., 147;

quoted, 139, 141, 153.

Prentout, H., 24, 51, 147.

Provence, 90.

Quevilly, 163.

Rabelais, 169.

Racine, 11.

Ragnar Lodbrok, 42.

Ranulf, vicomte, 59.

Raven, Lay of the, 38.

Renaissance, of twelfth century, 235–40, 245 f.

Rhys, J., quoted, 49.

Richard the Lion-Hearted, king, 85, 95, 116, 153–55;

character, 120–22, 126, 129 f.;

Crusade, 127–31, 215;

struggle with Philip Augustus, 127–29, 131–36;

death, 136.

Richard of Aversa, 204.

Richard, abbot of Préaux, 180.

Richard, bishop of Bayeux, 177.

Richard Fitz-Neal, author of Dialogus, 104, 106.

Richard the Good, duke, 52, 73, 195.

Rigsmal, quoted, 38.

Robert Crispin, 195.

Robert Curthose, duke, 89, 96, 154, 212 f.

Robert the Devil, 52.

Robert Guiscard, 186, 200–08.

Robert the Magnificent, 52 f., 65, 195.

Robert of Selby, 229.

Robert of Torigni, 167, 172 f., 178, 180.

Roger I, the Great Count, 200, 202, 206–11, 225.

Roger II, king of Sicily, 24, 206, 210 f., 219–22, 225–34, 238–49.

Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia, 206 f., 213.

Roger of Toeni, 195.

Roland, Song of, 80, 184 f., 193.

Rollo, duke, 26–29, 42, 45 f., 184.

Romanesque, Norman, 12, 186–89.

Romans, Normandy under, 16, 20 f., 26;

southern Italy under, 197.

Rome, pilgrimages to, 194 f.;

Normans at, 205.

Rossano, 237.

Rouen, 1 f., 9 f., 21, 26, 46, 60, 73, 88, 95, 117, 133 f., 136, 139, 142, 144, 153, 172, 175, 178, 200;

described, 9, 162 f.;

churches, 2, 9, 12, 162 f., 169, 171, 187;

Établissements, 160–62;

commerce, 160, 162;

libraries, 178.

See Eudes Rigaud.

Round, J. H., 77, 83, 114.

Russia, 30.

Saga, Burnt Njal, 11;

of Harold Fairhair, 28;

of St. Olaf, 46.

Saint-Céneri, 154.

Saint-Évroul, 154, 171, 173, 176, 178, 181–83, 195, 206. See Ordericus.

Saint-Lô, 10.

Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives, Abbot Haimo, 170.

Saint-Sauveur, convent, 169.

Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, 59.

Saint-Valéry-sur-Somme, 75.

Saint-Wandrille, 9, 51, 171.

St. Alexis, Life of, 184.

St. Francis, quoted, 11.

St. Gall, Monk of, quoted, 31.

St. Ives, 175, 179.

St. James, 193.

St. Michael, 198. See Mont-Saint-Michel.

Saintonge, 63.

Saladin, 128.

Salerno, 198–200, 205, 222, 232;

university, 177, 238.

Salutati, 246.

Salzmann, L. F., quoted, 91, 109, 118.

Saracens, of Syria, 128–31, 192, 212–14;

of Sicily, 192, 196, 198 f., 208 f., 223, 225;

of Spain, 192, 195.

Savigny, Congregation of, 171, 174.

Savoy, 90.

Schools, Norman, 175–77.

Seine, 7–9;

relation to Plantagenet empire, 125, 134 f., 139 f.

Seville, 33.

Sheriff, Anglo-Norman, 103–05, 107.

‘Sicilian monarchy,’ 210.

Sicily, Normans in, 2–4, 13 f., 16, 22–24, 75, 127, 177, 181, 189, 192, 201 f., 204, 206–11;

Norman kingdom of, 94, 105, 150, 210 f., 216, 218–49.

Simon, count, 210.

Sorel, A., 4, 25;

quoted, 7.

Spain, 75, 181, 232;

schools of, 177, 180, 235;

Normans in, 192, 195, 211.

Spatz, Wilhelm, 77.

Springer, A., quoted, 239.

Stamfordbridge, 75.

State, beginnings of modern, 93, 233 f.

Stephen, king, 69, 89, 162, 167.

Stubbs, William, 114;

quoted, 92 f., 102, 121.

Syracuse, 209.

Tagliacozzo, 221.

Taillefer, 79 f.

Tancarville, 9, 155.

Tancred, Crusader, 2, 213–16.

Tancred of Lecce, king of Sicily, 220.

Taormina, 209.

Thibaud, count of Blois, 62.

Thierry, abbot of Saint-Évroul, 195.

Thomas Brown, 229.

Tiglath-Pileser, 17 f.

Tinchebrai, 89.

Touraine, 62, 88, 131, 136.

Tournaments, 154–57, 189.

Tours, 62, 88, 116, 125, 132, 160, 177.

Towns, Norman, 81, 159–64.

Translators, Sicilian, 238–40, 246.

Trouville, 4.

Turks, 130 f.

Turold, bishop of Bayeux, 185.

Urban II, Pope, 210 f.

Val-des-Dunes, 54, 59.

Valognes, 10, 59 f.

Varaville, 54, 65.

Vavassor, 150.

Venice, 206, 232.

Venosa, 206.

Verneuil, 132, 160.

Verson, Conte des vilains, 158.

Vexin, 7, 125, 134.

Vicomte, 69, 71, 103, 145.

Victor III, Pope, 236.

Vidal de la Blache, quoted, 7.

Vikings, see Northmen.

Vire, 10.

Vitalis, founder of Savigny, 174.

Voltaire, quoted, 86.

Wace, 76, 184;

quoted, 15.

Warfare, mediæval, 68 f., 77–79, 133–35, 152–54.

Westminster, 56, 95, 136.

William the Conqueror, 10, 14, 19, 163, 192;

descent, 52;

character, 53–59, 83, 85, 188;

early years, 59 f.;

relations with Anjou and Maine, 61–63;

with France, 63–65;

Normandy under, 66–72, 106, 151 f.;

relations with the church, 71 f., 165, 186–88;

invasion of England, 73–75;

battle of Hastings, 76–80;

crowned king, 81;

death, 58, 117.

William Rufus, king of England, 89, 212.

William I, the Bad, king of Sicily, 219, 221, 239 f., 246.

William II, the Good, king of Sicily, 90, 219, 221, 230, 241.

William III, king of Sicily, 220.

William, duke of Apulia, 207, 210.

William of Arques, 65.

William of Conches, 177.

William, prince, son of Henry I, 89.

William of the Iron Arm, 200 f.

William of Jumièges, 180.

William Longsword, duke, 46, 49.

William of Malmesbury, quoted, 14.

William Marshal, 154–57.

Winchester, 56, 163.

Witan, 74, 102.

Writs, of Henry II, 98, 111 f.;

of Sicilian kings, 227.

Xerxes, size of his army, 78.