THE NEW MAP OF EUROPE

(1911-1914)

THE STORY OF THE RECENT EUROPEAN DIPLOMATIC CRISES AND WARS AND OF EUROPE'S PRESENT CATASTROPHE

BY

HERBERT ADAMS GIBBONS, PH.D.

AUTHOR OF "THE FOUNDATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE", "PARIS REBORN," ETC.

NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. 1916

COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY THE CENTURY CO.

Published, November, 1914 Second Edition, March, 1915 Third Edition, August, 1915 Fourth Edition, December, 1915

To MY CHILDREN CHRISTINE ESTE of Adana, LLOYD IRVING of Constantinople, and EMILY ELIZABETH of Paris. Born in the midst of the wars and changes that this book describes, may they lead lives of peace!

There are general causes, moral or physical, which act in each State, elevate it, maintain it, or cast it down; every accident is submitted to these causes, and if the fortune of a battle, that is to say a particular cause, has ruined a State, there was a general cause which brought it about that that State had to perish by a single battle.

MONTESQUIEU.

CONTENTS

I. Germany in Alsace and Lorraine II. The "Weltpolitik" of Germany III. The "Bagdadbahn" IV. Algeciras and Agadir V. The Passing of Persia VI. The Partitioners and their Poles VII. Italia Irredenta VIII. The Danube and the Dardanelles XIX. Austria-Hungary and her South Slavs X. Racial Rivalries in Macedonia XI. The Young Turk Régime in the Ottoman Empire XII. Crete and European Diplomacy XIII. The War between Italy and Turkey XIV. The War between the Balkan States and Turkey XV. The Rupture between the Allies XVI. The War between the Balkan Allies XVII. The Treaty of Bukarest XVIII. The Albanian Fiasco XIX. The Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Servia XX. Germany Forces War upon Russia and France XXI. Great Britain Enters the War Index

MAPS

I. The Balkan Peninsula according to the Treaties of San Stefano, Berlin, Lausanne, and Bukarest

II. Partitions of Poland

III. Europe in 1911

IV. Europe in Africa in 1914

V. Belgium and the Franco-German Frontier

VI. Europe in 1914

FOREWORD

On a July day in 1908, two American students, who had chosen to spend the first days of their honeymoon in digging the musty pamphleteers of the Ligue out of the Bodleian Library, were walking along the High Street in Oxford, when their attention was arrested by the cry of a newsboy. An ha'penny invested in a London newspaper gave them the news that Niazi bey had taken to the Macedonian highlands, and that a revolution was threatening to overthrow the absolutist régime of Abdul Hamid. The sixteenth century was forgotten in the absorbing and compelling interest of the twentieth.

Two weeks later the students were entering the harbour of Smyrna on a French steamer which was bringing back to constitutional Turkey the Young Turk exiles, including Prince Sabaheddine effendi of the Royal Ottoman House. From that day to this, the path of the two Americans, whose knowledge of history heretofore had been gained only in libraries, has led them through massacres in Asia Minor and Syria, and through mobilizations and wars in Constantinople, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Greece, and Albania, back westward to Austria-Hungary, Italy, and France, following the trail of blood and fire from its origin in the Eastern question to the great European conflagration.

On the forty-fourth anniversary of Sedan, when German aëroplanes were flying over Paris, and the distant thunder of cannon near Meaux could be heard, this book was begun in the Bibliothèque Nationale by one of the students, while the other yielded to the more pressing call of Red Cross work. It is hoped that there is nothing that will offend in what is written here. At this time of tension, of racial rivalry, of mutual recrimination, the writer does not expect that his judgments will pass without protest and criticism. But he claims for them the lack of bias which, under the circumstances, only an American—of this generation at least—dare impute to himself.

The changes that are bringing about a new map of Europe have come within the intimate personal experience of the writer.

If foot-notes are rare, it is because sources are so numerous and so accessible. Much is what the writer saw himself, or heard from actors in the great tragedy, when events were fresh in their memory. The books of the colours, published by the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the countries interested, have been consulted for the negotiations of diplomats. From day to day through these years, material has been gathered from newspapers, especially the Paris Temps, the London Times, the Vienna Freie Press, the Constantinople Orient, and other journals of the Ottoman capital. The writer has used his own correspondence to the New York Herald, the New York Independent, and the Philadelphia Telegraph. For accuracy of dates, indebtedness is acknowledged to the admirable British Annual Register.

I am indebted to my friends, Alexander Souter, Litt.D., Professor of Humanity in Aberdeen University, and Mrs. Souter, for reading the proofs of this book and seeing it through the press in England. In the United States, the same kind office has been performed by my brother, Henry Johns Gibbons, Esq., of Philadelphia.

As this book goes to press for the third American edition, I wish to express my thanks to readers in Great Britain, America, France, Germany, and Australia for suggestions and corrections, and in particular to Baron Shaw of Dunfermline, to whom I owe the idea of the map that has been added to face the title-page.

PARIS, July, 1915.

THE NEW MAP OF EUROPE

The New Map of Europe