Part 3 — INDEX

Abortion, artificial, 102, 103, 104, 105 as a religious ceremony, 164

Abstinence, Hartmann on sexual, 186

Aged, fear of death by, 131 murder of, by low races, 129, 130 treatment of, by modern society, 130

Albius, and artificial fertilisation, 20

Alcohol, and length of life, 259 as producer of sclerosis, 247

Altruism, limitations of, 296

Anæsthetics, influence of, compared with death, 159

Ancestor-worship, in China, 144 by Confucius, 145, 146 by Kaffirs, 150 quotations from Tylor on, 150

Animism, Tylor on, 138, 139, 140

Anisoplia and light, 36

Annelids, vegetative reproduction of, 264

Annihilation, Büchner on, 220 Mailaender on, 188

Anthropoid apes, relationship to man, 55 social instincts of, 105

Ants, sexual disharmonies in, 34

Apes, compared with man, 42, 43

Appendage, vermiform, of man and apes, 44

Appendicitis, 66, 67 curable by modern science, 211 frequency of, 68

Apoplexy, phagocytes in, 239

Aristotle, on future life, 169 on pleasure, 6

Art, as affected by Christianity, 13 of the Greeks, 5

Arterial sclerosis, 247

Arteries, in old age, 237

Asceticism, 11

Atrophy, in old age, 238

Aurelius, Marcus, on death, 172,174, 262 on immortality, 172 Renan on, 174

Bacon, on failure of philosophy, 203 on lengthening life, 257

Bacteria of the intestines, 248, 249

Baobab-tree, age of, 266

Baudelaire, on death, 288

Baumann, on microbes in intestines, 251

Beetles, as food of wasp larvæ, 28, 29

Behring, von, on diphtheria, 211

Benares, Buddha’s sermon at, 154

Bert, Paul, on treatment of the aged, 130

Bible, old age in, 280

Bienstock, on harmful microbes, 256 on intestinal putrefaction, 255

Birds, absence of large intestine in, 252 age of, 232

Bischoff, on reproductive organs of apes, 81

Blindness, of infants, how prevented, 211

Blood, experiments on serum of, 52, 53

Blood corpuscles, specific sensibility of, 160

Boas, on cancer, 215

Bones, in old age, 237, 243

Bordet, on cytotoxic serums, 245

Botulism (“sausage-disease”), microbe of, 257

Brain, invasion of macrophags (figure), 241

Brunetière, on failure of science, 218

Buddha, contempt of women, 9 death of, 158 on disease, 154 on fear of death, 153 on immortality, 147

304Buddha, on Nirvâna, 158 on old age, 154 on renunciation, 154 sermon at Benares, 154 on sorrows of existence, 205

Buddhism, and celibacy, 163 and fear of death, 119 and future life, 144 and immortality, 147, 148 and pessimism, 176, 177

Büchner, on Buddhism, 144 on morality, 107 on science, 219

Burial, of the old, alive, 152

Bütschli, on immortality of protozoa, 264

Byron, on fear of death, 177 on instinctive nature of fear of death, 128 on pessimism, 177

Cæcum, absence of, in birds, 253 of chimpanzee (figure), 45 and disease, 69 of man (figure), 44 of man and apes, compared, 44 of monkeys, 67

Çakya-Mouni, discovers death and disease, 119, 120

Calkins, on degeneration of infusoria, 232

Cancer, in alimentary canal, 73, 74 modern science and, 213, 214

Casimir, sacrifices at burial of, 141

Castration, Hartmann on, 183

Catasetum, disharmony in, 30

Catasetum saccatum (figure), 24

Caterpillars and cocoons, 33

Celibacy, 12, 13, 163

Cellulose, digestion of, 252

Centenarians, Lankester on, 259 Lejoncourt on, 280

Cerceris, figure of, 28

Chætogaster, vegetative reproduction of (figure), 265

Chemotaxis, of sexual cells, 268

Childbirth, ages of women at, 93 pains of, 92

Chinese, ancestor-worship among, 144 belief in immortality, 145 Buddhists, views on future life, 149 laws against, 109

Christianity, and asceticism, 11 and continence, 163 influence of, on art, 13 and human nature, 7, 10

Chromophags, in blanching of hairs, 243

Cicero, on death, 169, 263 on future life, 169

Civilisation, and progress, 292

Cocoons, formation of, 33

Confucius, on ancestor-worship, 145, 146

Conjugation, and immortality, 264

Connective tissue, in old age, 236, 238

Consciousness, relation of to bodily functions, 160

Credé, on prevention of infantile blindness, 210

Cruger, on bees and orchids, 23

Cuisine, modern, evils of, 292

Cytotoxic serums, 245

Dahlmann, on meaning of Nirvâna, 156

Darwin, on fertilisation of orchids, 21, 22 on luminous insects, 37 on natural morality, 8 on origin of man, 40

Davids, Rhys, on meaning of Nirvâna, 156, 157

Death, Aurelius on, 262 Baudelaire on, 288 Cicero on, 169, 263 Guyau on, 195 Hartmann on, 184 Mailaender on, 188, 189, 190 Nordau on, 193 Plato on, 166, 167 Renan on, 195 Rückert on, 195 Schiller on, 195 Schopenhauer on, 179, 180, 181, 288 Seneca on, 171 Socrates on, 166, 167 Tokarsky on, 125 Tolstoi on, 122, 123, 299 Weismann on, 266 Zola on, 226 Philosophers on, 133 as annihilation, 162 compared with anæsthetics, 159 fear of, 115, 116, 153 feigning of, 114 in ephemerids, 275 instinct of, 281, 298 of Jewish patriarchs, 280, 281 natural, 266, 272, 277, 278, 279, 280, 299 in old age, 267 scientific study of, 262

Degeneration, senile, in infusoria, 231 in insects, 232 in vertebrates, 232

305De Goncourt, quotations from, 121, 225

Deniker, a fœtus of man and ape, 47

Descartes, on lengthening life, 257

Desire of life, not to be ignored, 228

De Vries, on new species, 57

Diet, as regulated by religious, 162

Digestive system of man, 60

Disease, religious measures against, 164

Dogs, old age in, 233

D’Holbach, on natural morality, 7

Dragon-tree, of Oratava, 265

Dubois, on Pithecanthropus, 50

Du Bois Reymond, on agnosticism, 221

Dufour, on wasps, 27

Duhring, a blind optimist, 117

Duncan, Matthews, on childbirth, 94

Duration of life, 277, 278

Ebstein, on prolonging life, 258, 260

Ecclesiastes, on life, 293

Edgren, on arterial sclerosis, 247

Elixirs of life, 257

Emasculation, by Skoptsy, 9

Ephemerids (figures), 271, 273 absence of instinct of preservation in, 275 larvæ (figure), 272 sexual instincts of, 36 swarming of, 271

Epicureans, summum bonum of, 6

Ewald, on microbes in intestines, 251, 252

Eye, of man, imperfections of, 78

Fabre, on caterpillars, 33 on fossorial wasps, 27, 28, 34

Faith, modern return to, 222 Tolstoi’s return to, 224 Zola’s attraction to, 225

Family instincts, 108 love, 295

Fauvel, on natural death, 280

Fear, of death, Rousseau on, 118 Tokarsky on, 125 Tolstoi on, 122, 123 in the aged, 118, 131 in Buddhism, 119 by a Christian minister, 124 by French writers, 121, 122, 132 instinctive nature of, 127, 128, 153 occasional absence of, 152

Feet, of man and apes, 43

Fichte, on future life, 176

Finot, on continuity of life, 197 on fear of death, 122, 126, 197

Flies, cause of death of, 274

Flora of the intestines, 248, 249, 251

Flourens, on limits of life, 277

Fœtus of gibbon, figure of, 46 of man, figure of, 47

Food, of ancestral man, 74 instinct of choice of, 75, 76

Fossorial wasps, 27, 34

Future life, Cicero on, 169 Fichte on, 176 Kant on, 176 Plato on, 168 belief in, 141, 149, 151, 159 opposed by reason, 161, 165 see Immortality

General paralysis, symptoms of, 111

Gerontology, science of old age, 297

Glow-worms, 37

Goal of human life, 300, 301

Gods, of the Greeks, 4 of the Orientals, 4

Goncourt, E. de, quotations on fear of death, 121, 132

Gorillas, old age in, 233

Greek art, 5 philosophy, 5

Gruenbaum, on injection of serums, 54

Guinea-pigs, reared without microbes, 249

Guyau, on death, 195, 196; on love, 196 on religion and death, 133 on failure of science, 222 on resignation, 199

Haeckel, on the “cellular soul,” 269 on future life, 221 on morality, 107

Hair, blanching of, 242 (figure), 243 and disease, 63 of embryo, 63

Hammerling, on optimism, 191, 192

“Hamlet,” quotation from, 227

Hands, of man and apes, 43

Happiness, Hartmann on, 186 Mailaender on, 189 Meyer-Benfey on, 198 meaning of, 111

Hartmann, on death, 184 on immortality, 184 pessimism of, 183 on progress, 185 as a youthful pessimist, 117

Hassenstein, on childbirths in the young, 283

306Heape, on menstruation, 88

Hegel, death from cholera, 120

Heim, on feelings at death, 126

Hell of Chinese Buddhists, 149

Helmholz, on the eye, 78

Henseler, on ages of patriarchs, 259

Hermaphroditism, 79, 80

Herminium monorchis, figure of, 26

Huber, on ants, 34

Hufeland, on prolonging life, 258

Humanity, vagueness of conception, 296

Humboldt, on natural morality, 8

Hunt, on burial of the aged living, 152

Hutcheson, on naturalism, 7

Huxley, on origin of man, 41

Hymen, disharmonies of, 85 distinctive of human race, 81, 82 primitive function of, 85, 86 ritual destruction of, 83, 84

Illusion, Hartmann on, 183 Mailaender on, 188

Immortality, Aristotle on, 169 Buddha on, 147 Hartmann on, 184 Meyer-Benfey on, 198 Plato on, 168 Schopenhauer on, 179, 180, 181 Seneca on, 170 Spinoza on, 175 amongst animals, 270 of “cellular soul,” 269 of protozoa, 264 of reproductive cells, 267

Inaudi, the calculator, 58

Infanticide, 103, 104

Infusoria, conjugation of, 231 immortality of, 263, 264 reproduction of, 230 senile degeneration of, 231

Insects, compared with vertebrates, 276 fertilisation of plants by, 21 senile degeneration of, 231

Instinct of death, 281, 282, 283, 298 of family, 108 of life, 129 sexual, 283 of society, 109

Intestines, bacterial flora of, 248, 249 large, degeneration of, 70 large, diseases of, 73, 74 large, excision of, 70 large, function of, 70, 71, 72

Jewish belief in future life, 142

Justice, in relation to humanity, 112

Kant, on future life, 176

Kephir, use of, 255

Khémâ, legend on immortality, 147

Kidney ducts, 80

Koch, on microbe of tuberculosis, 212

Lactic acid, arrests putrefaction, 255

Lady-birds and nectar, 32

Language, as a social band, 297

Lankester, Ray, on centenarians, 259

Lanugo, of human embryo, 62

Larvæ, of ephemerids, 276

Lecky, on natural morality, 8

Lejoncourt, on centenarians, 280

Leucocytes and phagocytes, 240

Liberty, future limitation of, 301

Life, duration of, in Biblical times, 259, 260 modes of lengthening, 257, 258

Light, attractive to insects, 35

Linnæus, on origin of man, 41

Lister, and antisepsis, 209

Listera ovata, figure of, 32

Loeb, on natural death, 266

Longet, on old age, 234

Longevity, in birds, 232 and large intestine, 252 in Old Testament, 259, 260

Love, Guyau on, 196 spreading of, 295

Lubbock, on ancestor-worship, 150 an optimist, 117

Luminous insects, 37

Luther, Martin, on supernatural origin of disease, 164

Luxury, evils of, 293, 294, 301

Macrophags, definition of, 240 functions of, 240 in senile decay, 241

Maeterlinck, on pessimism, 191

Mailaender, on pessimism, 187, 188

Malignant tumours, science and, 214

Mammary glands, rudimentary, 298

Man, destiny of, 286 disharmonies, and harmonies in, 285 origin of, 40, 286 peculiar characters of, 59 rudimentary organs of, 59, 60 Marinesco, on function of phagocytes, 241

Marriage, age at first, 97 Christian views on, 163 early, in primitive races, 86, 90

Martelly, on intestinal putrefaction, 255

Materialism, Büchner on, 220 Haeckel on, 220

307Matriopathy, 6

May-flies and light, 35

Medicine, advance of, 210

Memory, late development of, 78

Ménière, on bees and orchids, 21

Menstruation, in monkeys, 88, 89 origin and significance, 87, 88 origin of, 89 regarded as impure, 92

Merkel, on tissue-changes in old age, 238

Metamorphoses, of ephemerides, 272

Metchnikoff, on blanching of hair, 242 on senile atrophy, 238

Metchnikoff, Madame, on tadpoles reared without microbes, 249

Meyer-Benfey, on happiness, 198 on immortality, 198

Microbes, absence of, in ephemerids, 274 harmful, 256 of the intestines, 248 producing poisons in intestines, 251

Microphags, definition of, 240 functions of, 240

Milk, fermented or soured, beneficent action of, 255 human, 282 secretion of, by males, 298

Monkeys, and choice of food, 75

Morality, based on human nature, 9 true foundation of, 289

Mosaic regulations on diet, 162, 163

Moths and light, 35

Müller, Johannes, on the eye, 78 Hermann, on lady-birds, 32 Max, on meaning of Nirvâna, 155, 158

Mutilations of the body, 9, 15

Naegeli, on natural death, 265

Natural death, 302 cases of, 278, 279, 280 in ephemerids, 27

Nature, Marcus Aurelius on life according to, 173 and morality, early opinions on, 3

Negroes and whites, 109

Nicene Creed, compared with ancestor-worship, 151

Nirvâna, Aurelius and, 175 Hartmann on, 186 Schopenhauer on, 182 meaning of, 155, 156, 157

Nordau, on old age, 234 on optimism, 192; on pain, 193

Nuttall and Thierfelder, on germ-free guinea-pigs, 249

Obstetrics, in ancient times, 300

Old age, Longet on, 234 Nordau on, 234 amelioration of, 254 in birds and mammals, 232, 233 characters of, 229, 230, 278, 294 morbidity of, 244 scientific study of, 228 serums in, 245, 246

Onanism, 35, 95, 96, 99

Optimism, Hammerling on, 191, 192 Nordau on, 192

Optimists generally old men, 117

Origin of man, due to sudden appearance of new characters, 57, 59

Ourangs, old age in, 233

Orchids, and fertilisation, 19, 20

Orthobiosis, the taste of science, 289

Ostwald, on love of humanity, 296

Ova, immortality of, 267

Pain, Nordau on, 193

Palingenia, swarming of, 272

Pantheism, of German poets, 195

Paradise, according to the Talmud, 143 of Chinese Buddhists, 149

Paramecium, conjugation of (figure), 231 division of (figure), 230

Parasites, late evolution of, 18

Parovaria, 80

Parrots, paucity of bacterial flora in, 253

Pasteur, as founder of modern scientific medicine, 209

Pasénadi, legend on immortality, 147

Pathology, of old age, 278

Patriotism, 295

Pelopæus, figure of, 34

Penis, os, in man and apes, 81

Personality, consciousness of, 160

Pessimism, Byron on, 177 Hartmann on, 183 Maeterlinck on, 191 Mailaender on, 187 Schopenhauer on, 177, 178, 179 and Buddhism, 176, 177 and disease, 206 and disharmony, 38 origin of, 176 value of, 194 and youth, 117

Pettenkofer, suicide of, 131

Pfeffer, on chemotaxis in cryptogams, 269

Pflüger, on prolonging life, 258

Pfungst, on meaning of Nirvâna, 156

308Phagocytes, functions of, 239 inhibited by lactic acid, 255 and poisons, 247 sensibility of, 240

Phagocytosis, in old age, 244 in senility, 242

Philosophy, and death, 166 relation of, and religion, 166 tendency of, to become religious, 175

Phenol, production of by microbes, 251

Pithecanthropus, 50

Placenta, of man and apes, 46

Plague, cause of, 208

Plato, and nobility of man, 4 on pleasure, 6 views on death, 166, 167, 168

Pleasure, views of Plato and Aristotle on, 6

Plotin, on immortality, 175

Pollinia of orchids, 21

Politicians, incapacity of young, 295

Politics, compared with savage obstetrics, 300

Post-mortem examinations, 246, 289

Pregnancy, avoidance of, 101

Progress, Hartmann on, 185 Spencer on, 291 not uniform, 18

Protection, means for, amongst animals, 114

Protozoa, absence of death, 263 sensibility of, 268

Purgatory, in Taoism, 146

Putrefaction, in large intestine, 73, 254

Rabbits, and destruction of young, 34, 37

Reformation, 14

Regeneration, in brain, 277 in cells, 271 in vertebrates, 270

Religion, and diet, 163 and disease, 205 and future life, 150 and science, 3 and sexuality, 163 Tolstoi’s return to, 223

Renal tubule, invasion of macrophags (figure), 241

Renan, on death, 195 on Jewish belief in future life, 142, 143 on Marcus Aurelius, 174

Renaissance, art of, 14

Reproduction, not cause of death in ephemerids, 275

Reproductive organs, 79

Resignation, in Buddhism, 159 Guyau on, 199 Hartmann’s system of, 187 Marcus Aurelius on, 174

Resurrection, primitive belief in, 140

Réville, on Chinese belief in immortality, 145, 146

Rhizotrogus and light, 36

Richet, on failure of science, 222

Rousseau, on age and love of life, 117 on failure of science, 216 on fear of death, 118

Rovighi, on utility of milk diet, 255

Rückert, on death, 195

Rudimentary organs, in man, 59, 60

Sacrifice, at burials, 140, 141

Saint-Foix, on sacrifice of horses, 141

St. Matthew, on celibacy, 12

Savage, on old age in apes, 233 on social instincts of apes, 105

Schiller, on death, 195

Schopenhauer, and cholera, 120 on death, 121, 179, 288 on immortality, 179 pessimism of, 117, 177, 178, 179, 207

Schottelius, on rearing of germ-free chicks, 249

Science, advance of, 286 Bacon on, 204 destroys faith, 226 failure of, 215, 216, 217, 218, 222, 223 and immortality, 287 and old age, 228 and pessimism, 207, 286

Sclerosis of arteries, 248 in old age, 236, 237, 243, 244 due to poisons, 247

Scotch clergy on man, 12

Seidlitz, on natural morality, 8

Selenka, on fœtus of man and ape, 47

Self-preservation, 113, 275

Seneca, on death, 171 on human existence, 171 on immortality, 170 on nature as a guide, 7, 10

Senile decay action of macrophags, 241 characters of, 235, 238, 239 importance of phagocytes in, 241

Sensibility, specific, of white blood corpuscles, 160

Serum, alteration of properties, 51 anti-diphtheritic, 211 properties of, as guide to affinity, 51

309Serums, use of, in old age, 245, 246

Sexuality, early appearance of, 94, 95 in the aged, 98 disharmonies of, 100

Sexual cells, immortality of, 268 soul of, 268

Shakespeare, sorrow and knowledge, 227

Shaving, regarded as degrading, 5

Skeleton, of man and apes, 43

Skin, of man, 62

Skoptsy, and emasculation, 9

Social instincts, 105, 109, 113

Societies, of insects, 294

Socrates, and death, 166, 167

Solidarity, of men, 297

Solomon, sorrow and knowledge, 226

Soul of cells, Haeckel on, 269 of protozoa, 268 of sexual cells, 268

Soured milk, benefits of, 255

Spencer, H., on belief in resurrection, 140 on natural morality, 9 on progress, 291

Spermatozoa, immortality of, 267 in old men, 97

Spinoza, on immortality, 175

Sterility, in human life, 295 in social insects, 294

Stoics, summum bonum of, 6 on future life, 169

Strassburger, on microbes of the intestines, 248

Suicide, increase of, 4 of the old, 131 Schopenhauer, Hartmann, and Mailaender on, 190

Supernaturalism, modern craving for, 222

Survival after death, widespread belief in, 149

Sutherland, on morality of expropriation, 109, 296

Syphilis, absence of reference to in Bible, 260 resistance to effects of, 256 and sclerosis, 247

Tadpoles, reared without microbes, 249

Taine, on Christian art, 14

Tait, Lawson, on cysts, 80

Talmud, on paradise, 143

Taoism, and immortality, 146

Teeth, disharmonies of, 63, 64 of man and apes, 41 wisdom, 64

Telepathy, no argument for future life, 161

Tetanus, microbes of, 256

Thanatology, science of death, 297

Thierfelder, and Nuttall, on germ-free guinea-pigs, 249

Tissier, on intestinal putrefaction, 255

Tokarsky, on fear of death, 125, 279

Tolstoi, on fear of death, 115, 122, 299 on failure of science, 217, 223 return to religion, 223, 224

Tombs, burial of weapons and implements, 139

Transfusion of blood serum, 51

Transmigration of souls, in Buddhism, 157 of souls, Jewish belief in, 144

Trees, death of, 265

Tuberculosis, modern science and, 212

Tylor, on ancestor-worship, 150 on animism, 138

Uhlenhuth, on injection of serums, 53

Vanilla, cultivation of, 19 fertilisation of, 20

Vaccination, 301

Vermiform appendage and disease, 66, 68 of man and apes, 44

Virginity, historical importance of, 83, 84

Waitz-Gerland, on primitive customs, 139

Weapons, burial with dead, 139

Weismann, on origin of death, 266 on immortality of protozoa, 264

Wiedersheim, on human characters, 59

Will to live, Mailaender on, 189 Schopenhauer on, 182

Wisdom teeth, degeneration of, 64, 65

Women, views of Buddha on, 9

Wounds, modern success in healing of, 210

Xenocrates, 5

Youth, absence of fear of death, 116, 117 and excesses, 116 ideals of, 263 and pessimism, 117

Zola, on death, 225 on fear of death, 121

Zulu, ancestor-worship, 151

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Page Changed from Changed to

100 Die Welt als Wille und Vorsteilung Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung

111 Traité de Médicine Traité de Médecine

117 Der Werk des Lebens Der Wert des Lebens

126 La Philosophie de la Longevité La Philosophie de la Longévité

133 L’Irreligion de l’Avenir L’Irréligion de l’Avenir

195 Einzler bist. O, fühl’ im ganzen Dich Einzles bist. O, fühl’ im Ganzen dich

195 wünschest unsterblich zu leben? Leb im gazen wünschest, unsterblich zu leben? Leb’ im Ganzen

265 Abhandlungen der k. bayrischen Akademie d. Wissenschaften Abhandlungen der k. Bayerischen Akademie d. Wissenschaften

285 doctrines set forth in hits book doctrines set forth in this book

Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.

Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter.