TABLE 8

Results for Orang utan in Problem 1

========+===========+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+===+===+===+===+======== | No. | S.1 | S.2 | S.3 | S.4 | S.5 | S.6 | S.7 | S.8 | S.9 | S.10 | | | | | Ratio Date | of | | | | | | | | | | | R | W | R | W | of | trials | 1.2.3 | 8.9 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 7.8.9 | 2.3.4.5.6 | 6.7.8 | 5.6.7 | 4.5.6.7.8 | 7.8.9 | 1.2.3 | | | | | R to W ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | April | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | 1- 10 | 3.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.2 | 7.6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1:1.00 14 | 11- 20 | 3.2.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.4.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 1:0.67 15 | 21- 30 | 3.2.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.5.5.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 1:0.67 16 | 31- 40 | 3.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.2.1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 1:0.67 17 | 41- 50 | 3.2.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 1:0.67 19 | 51- 60 | 3.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 1:0.67 20 | 61- 70 | 2.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 5.3.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 1:0.67 21 | 71- 80 | 3.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 5.4.3.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.2.1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 1:0.67 22 | 81- 90 | 3.1 | 8 | 5.3 | 7 | 6.3.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.2.1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 1:0.67 23 | 91-100 | 3.2.1 | 8 | 5.3 | 7 | 4.3.2 | 6 | 5 | 5.4 | 7 | 3.2.1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1:1.00 24 | 101-110 | 3.2.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.3.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 1:0.67 26 | 111-120 | 3.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.3.2 | 6 | 5 | 5.4 | 7 | 3.1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1:1.00 27 | 121-130 | 3.2.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.3.2 | 6 | 6.5 | 5.8.6.4 | 7 | 3.3.3.1 | 4 | 6 | | | " | 131-140 | 3.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.3.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.2.1 | 6 | 4 |10 |10 | 1:1.00 28 | 141-150 | 3.2.1 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 5.4.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 7 | 3 | | | " | 151-160 | 3.1 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 3.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.2.1 | 7 | 3 |14 | 6 | 1:0.43 29 | 161-170 | 3.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.3.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.2.1 | 6 | 4 | | | " | 171-180 | 3.2.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.2.1 | 6 | 4 |12 | 8 | 1:0.67 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30 | 181-190 | 3.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | {4.5.6.4 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 6 | 4 | | | | | | | | | {5.6.4.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 191-200 | 3.1 | 8 | 4.5.6.7.3 | 7 | 4.5.3.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.2.1 | 6 | 4 |12 | 8 | 1:0.67 May | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 201-210 | 3.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 3.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 6 | 4 | | | " | 211-220 | 3.2.1 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4.2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3.1 | 6 | 4 |12 | 8 | 1:0.67 ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— | | | | 2.3.4.5 | | | | | | | 2.3.4.5 | | | | | | | 1.2.3 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 6.7.8 | 1.2.3 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 4.5.6.7.8.9 | 2.3.4.5 | 1.2.3 | 4.5.6.7.8.9 | 6.7.8.9 | | | | | ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— 3 | 221-230 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 4 | 4.3.2 | 3.1 | 4 | 4.3.2 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1:4.00 ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— | | | | 2.3.4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | | | | | 2.3.4.5 | | | | | | | | 1.2.3 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 6.7.8 | 8.9 | 2.3.4.5 | 3.4.5.6 | 1.2.3 | 4.5.6.7.8 | 6.7.8.9 | 1.2.3 | | | | | ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— 4 | 231-240 | 3.2.1 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4 | 4.3.2 | 4.3 | 3.2.1 | 4 | 3.2 | 3.2.1 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1:4.00 5 | 241-250 | 2.1 | 3 | 3.2 | 4 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 3.2.1 | 4 | 3.2 | 3.2.1 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 1:2.33 6 | 251-260 | 2.1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3.2 | 3 | 2.1 | 4 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1:1.00 7 | 261-270 | 2.1 | 3 | 3.2 | 4 | 3.2 | 3 | 2.1 | 4 | 4.2 | 2.1 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1:1.50 8 | 271-280 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 4.3.2 | 4 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 4 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1:4.00 10 | 281-290 | 1 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 2.1 | 4 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 1:2.33 11 | 291-300 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 |10 | 0 |10 | 0 | 1:0.00 ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.2.3 | 8.9 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 7.8.9 | 2.3.4.5.6 | 6.7.8 | 5.6.7 | 4.5.6.7.8 | 7.8.9 | 1.2.3 | | | | | ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— 12 | 301-310 | 1 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 1 |10 | 0 |10 | 0 | 1:0.00 ========+===========+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+===+===+===+===+========

A series of correct first choices was obtained on May 11, greatly to the surprise of the experimenter, for no indication had previously appeared of this approaching solution of the problem. It seemed possible, however, that the successes were accidental, and it was anticipated that in a control series Julius would again make mistakes. But on the following day, May 12, the presentation of the original series of ten settings, which, of course, differed radically from the settings used from May 4 to May 11 was responded to promptly, readily, and without a single mistake. Julius had solved his problem suddenly and, in all probability, ideationally.

Only three reactive tendencies or methods appeared during Julius's work on this problem: (a) choice of the open door nearest to the starting point (sometimes the adjacent boxes were entered); (b) a tendency to avoid the "nearest" door and select instead one further toward the left end of the group; (c) direct choice of the first door on the left.

The curve of learning plotted from the daily wrong choices and presented in figure 18, had it been obtained with a human subject, would undoubtedly be described as an ideational, and possibly even as a rational curve; for its sudden drop from near the maximum to the base line strongly suggests, if it does not actually prove, insight.

Never before has a curve of learning like this been obtained from an infrahuman animal. I feel wholly justified in concluding from the evidences at hand, which have been presented as adequately as is possible without going into minutely detailed description, that the orang utan solved this simple problem ideationally. As a matter of fact, for the solution he required about four times the number of trials which Sobke required and twice as many as were necessary for Skirrl. Were we to measure the intelligence of these three animals by the number of trials needed in problem 1, Sobke clearly would rank first, Skirrl second, and Julius last of all. But other facts clearly indicate that Julius is far superior to the monkeys in intelligence. We therefore must conclude that where very different methods of learning appear, the number of trials is not a safe criterion of intelligence. The importance of this conclusion for comparative and genetic psychology needs no emphasis.

Problem 2. Second from the Right End

Julius was given four days' rest before being presented with problem 2. He was occasionally fed in the apparatus, but regular continuation of training was not necessary to keep him in good form. During this rest interval, locks were attached to the doors of the apparatus so that the experimenter by moving a lever directly in front of him could fasten either one or both of the doors of a given box by a single movement. On May 13 Julius was given opportunity to obtain food from each of the boxes in turn, and trial of the locks was made in order to familiarize him with the new situation. He very quickly discovered that the doors could not be raised when closed, and after two days of preliminary work, he practically abandoned his formerly persistent efforts to open them. The locks worked satisfactorily from a mechanical point of view as well as from that of the adaptation of the animal to the modified situation.

Problem 2 was regularly presented for the first time on May 17, on which day a single series was given. The period of punishment adopted was twenty seconds, and for each successful choice a small piece of banana was given as a reward. After the first trial in this series, in which Julius repeatedly entered the first box at the left, that is box 7, there was but slight tendency to reënter the first box at the left of the group. Instead, Julius developed the method of moving box by box toward the right end of the group. The choices were made promptly, and their systematic character enabled the animal to obtain his reward fairly quickly, in spite of the large number of mistakes.

In the second series, the orang utan developed the interesting trick of quickly dodging out of the wrong box before the experimenter could lower the door behind him. This he did only after having been punished for many wrong choices to the point of discouragement. The trick was easily broken up by the sudden lowering of the entrance door as soon as he had passed under it.

There appeared on May 21 an unfavorable physical condition which manifested itself, first of all through the eyes which appeared dull and bloodshot. On the following day they were inflamed and the lids nearly closed. Julius refused to eat, and experimentation was impossible. Until June 2 careful treatment and regulation of diet was necessary. He passed through what at the time seemed a rather startling condition, but rapidly regained his usual good health, and on June 3, although somewhat weak and listless, he again worked fairly steadily.

Since it was now possible to lock the doors and confine the animal for any desired period, on June 5 the interval of punishment was made sixty seconds, and a liberal quantity of banana, beet, or carrot was offered as reward. No increase in the number of successful choices appeared, and Julius showed discouragement. Sawdust had been strewn on the floor, and in the intervals between trials as well as during confinement in wrong boxes, he took to playing with the sawdust. He would take it up in one hand and pour it from hand to hand until all had slipped through his fingers, then he would scrape together another handful and go through the same process. Often he became so intent on this form of amusement that even when the exit door was raised, he would not immediately go to get the food.

The reactive tendencies which appeared in the work on problem 2 will now be presented in order, since I shall have to refer to them repeatedly, and the list will be more useful to the reader at this point than at the conclusion of the presentation of daily results. The following is not an exhaustive list but includes only the most important and conspicuous tendencies or methods together with the dates on which they were most apparent.

(a) May 17, choice of first box at left of group or near it, then the next in order, and so on, until the second from the right was reached. This method with irregularities and certain definite skipping was used at various times, sometimes over periods of several days, during the course of the work.

(b) June 3, preference for number 3 and number 4 developed immediately after the orang utan's illness and when he was working rather listlessly.

On June 9 and 10, the original tendency (a) reappeared and persisted for a number of series.

(c) June 14, a tendency to choose the box at or near the right end of a group, and then the one next to it. In connection with this tendency, which of course required only two choices in any given trial, interest in playing with the sawdust on the floor developed.

Again on June 21, the animal returned to the use of tendency (a).

(d) June 29, movement to box at right end of group, hesitation before it, and turning through a complete circle so that the second box from the right was faced. This, the correct box, was often promptly entered. This method, if persisted in, would obviously have yielded solution of the problem.

(e) July 5, approach to and pretense to enter the box next to the right end (right one), and then choice of some other box. This feint is peculiarly interesting, and its origin and persistence are difficult to account for.

(f) In connection with the tendency to pretend that he was going to enter the second box from the right end, Julius developed also the tendency to turn around in front of the box at the right end, starting sometimes to back into it, and then to enter, instead, the box second from the end.

(g) July, 6 and 7, a fairly definite tendency to take the one next in order or, instead, to go directly to the right box.

(h) July 10, direct first choices without approach to other boxes appeared for the first time on this date.

For this problem, it proved impossible to establish and maintain uniform conditions of experimentation. Instead, because of the failure of the animal to improve and the tendency to discouragement, both punishment and reward had to be altered from time to time, and other and more radical changes were occasionally made in the experimental procedure. Below for the sake of condensed and consecutive presentation, the most important conditions from day to day are arranged in tabular form:

CONDITIONS OF EXPERIMENT FROM DAY To DAY FOR PROBLEM 2

Date Punishment Reward

May 17 …………. 20 sec. confinement …….. Food in right box for each (Aid after 10 trials) trial

" 18 to 21 …….. 30 sec. confinement …….. Food (banana) in right box for each trial

" 22 to June 2 …. Illness, no experiments

June 3 …………… 15 sec. confinement …….. Food (banana) in right box for each trial

" 4 …………… 30 " " …………. Food (banana) in right box for each trial

" 5-10 ………… 60 " " …………. Beet, carrot and loquat, in addition to banana

" 11 ………….. 10 to 30 sec. confinement .. Beet, carrot and loquat, in addition to banana

" 12 to 15 …….. 60 sec. confinement …….. Beet, carrot and loquat, in addition to banana

" 16 ………….. 60 " " …………. Banana and sweet corn—former preferred

" 17 (1st series). 60 sec. confinement …….. Food (banana, as in early series)

" 17 (2nd series). No confinement in wrong box; Food only for correct first but instead, return to choices starting point by way of alleys

" 18 to 22 …….. No confinement in wrong box; Food only for correct first but instead, return to choices starting point by way of alleys

" 22 (2nd series). No punishment; allowed to Food for each trial enter boxes until right one was found " 23 ………….. Return to starting point. After five wrong choices of a given box the animal was held for 60 secs. in one of the boxes and was then released by way of the exit door and rewarded when the right one was chosen

" 23 (2nd series). No punishment ………….. Reward for each trial

" 24 (1st series). Return to starting point. .. Food only for correct first choices

" 24 (2nd series). No punishment ………….. Reward for each trial

" 25-30 ……….. Same as on 24th …………

July 1 (1st series). No punishment ………….. " " " "

" 1 (2nd series). Return to starting point … Reward only for correct first choices " 2-8 …………. Same as on July 1 ……….

" 8 (2nd series). No punishment ………….. Reward for each trial

" 8 (3rd series). Return to starting point … Reward only for correct first choices

" 9-10 ………… Same as for July 8 (3rd series)

" 10 (2nd series). Momentary confinement in ….. Reward for each correct choice wrong boxes

" 12 ………….. Return to starting point ….. Reward for correct first choice

" 12 (2nd series). 30 sec. confinement ………. Reward for each correct choice

" 12 (3rd series). 5 " " …………… " " " " "

" 13 ………….. 30 " " …………… " " " " "

" 14-17 ……….. Return to starting point ….. Reward for correct first choices

" 17 (2nd series). 60 sec. confinement ………. Reward for each correct choice

" 19 ………….. 30 " " …………… " " " " "

" 20-26 ……….. 10 " " …………… " " " " "

" 27-30 ……….. Right box indicated by slight Reward in each right box raising of exit door momentarily. No punishment

" 30 (2nd series). Return to starting point ….. Reward for correct first choices

" 31 ………….. " " " " ….. " " " " "

" 31 (2nd series) to Aug. 10 …. 10 to 60 sec. confinement …. Reward for each correct choice

Aug. 10 (2nd series). Threatened with whip ……… " " " " "

" 11 (1st series). " " " ……….. " " " " "

" 11 (2nd series). 10 sec. confinement ………. " " " " "

" 12 ………….. Threatened with whip ……… " " " " "

" 12 (2nd series). 10 sec. confinement ………. " " " " "

" 19 ………….. 10 " " …………… " " " " "

" 19 (2nd series). Threatened with whip ……… " " " " "

With the above reactive tendencies and modifications of method in mind we may continue our description of results. On June 9 there developed a tendency to increase the magnitude of the original error by choosing nearer the left end of the groups. This is odd, since one would naturally suppose that an animal as intelligent as the orang utan would tend to avoid the general region in which success was never obtained and to focus attention on the right, as contrasted with the wrong end of each group. It obviously contradicts the law of the gradual elimination of use less activities. In other words, it is wholly at variance with the principle of trial and error exhibited by many infrahuman organisms. Julius, although making many mistakes, worked diligently and, for the most part, fairly rapidly. The day's work proved most important because of the change in method and also because of the appearance of hesitation, the rejection of certain boxes, and the definite choice of others. My notes record "this is a most important day for Julius in problem 2;" but subsequent results do not clearly justify this prophecy.

The method of choosing the first box at the left and then of moving down the line until the right one was reached was so consistently followed that during a number of days it was possible for me to predict almost every choice. Indeed, to satisfy my curiosity in this matter during a number of series I guessed in advance the box which would be chosen. The percentages of correct guesses ranged from ninety to one hundred. June 10, for example, yielded two series for which the ratio of right to wrong first choices was 0 to 10, and in which the method described above was used consistently throughout.

It was inevitable that punishment by confinement and the discouragement resulting therefrom should interfere with the regularity of work and make it extremely difficult to obtain strictly comparable results from series to series and from day to day. The data for this problem, as presented in table 9, have values quite different from those for the monkeys, chiefly because of the more variable conditions of observation.

It was occasionally noted that the disintegration of a definite method and the disappearance of the tendency on which it depended occurred rather suddenly. Frequently it happened that having used an inadequate method fairly persistently on a given day, the animal would on the following day exhibit a wholly different method. Even over night a new method might develop. In the monkeys, although there was occasionally something comparable with this, it was by no means so evident.

TABLE 9

Results for Orang utan in Problem 2

========+===========+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+===+===+===+===+======== | No. | S.1 | S.2 | S.3 | S.4 | S.5 | S.6 | S.7 | S.8 | S.9 | S.10 | | | | | Ratio Date | of | | | | | | | | 1.2.3.4.5 | | | R | W | R | W | of | trials | 7.8.9 | 1.2.3.4 | 2.3.4.5.6.7 | 1.2.3.4.5.6 | 4.5.6.7.8 | 1.2.3 | 2.3.4.5 | 6.7.8.9 | 1.2.3.4 | 3.4.5.6.7.8 | | | | | R to W ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | May | | {7.7.7.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17 | 1- 10 | {7.7.7.7 | 1.1.3 | 2.4.6 | 2.3.4.5 | 4.5.7 | 3.2 | 2.3.4 | {2.3.4.5 | 1.2.3 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 0 |10 | 0 |10 | 0:10.00 | | {7.7.8 | | | | | | | {6.7.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {4.5.6.8 | | | | | 18 | 11- 20 | 7.8 | 1.3 | 3.4.5.6 | 2.4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | 2 | 2.3.4 | {2.3.4.5 | 1.2.3 | {8.8.8.3 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1: 9.00 | | | | | | | | | {6.7.8 | | {4.5.6.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {2.4.7.7.2 | | | | | | | {5.3.4.5 | | | | | 19 | 21- 30 | 7.8 | 1.3 | {5.7.7.2 | 5 | 4.6.8.4.7 | 1.2 | 2.3.4 | 5.8 | 3 | {6.8.4.5 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1: 4.00 | | | | {3.2.4.6 | | | | | | | {3.5.6.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 20 | 31- 40 | {7.9.7.7 | 3 | 4.5.6 | 4.5 | 5.6.7 | 2 | 4 | 5.6.7.8 | 3 | 5.6.7 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1: 1.50 | | {9.7.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 41- 50 | 7.8 | 3 | 3.4.5.6 | 4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | 2 | 3.4 | 4.5.6.8 | 3 | 4.5.6.7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 1: 2.33 June | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | 51- 60 | 7.8 | 3 | 4.5.6 | 3.4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | 3.1.2 | 3.4 | {3.7.9.7 | 3 | 4.5.6.7 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1: 4.00 | | | | | | | | | {9.7.6.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | 61- 70 | 7.8 | 3 | 4.5.6 | 4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | 3.3.1.2 | 4 | 4.5.6.7.8 | 3 | 4.5.6.7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 1: 2.33 5 | 71- 80 | 7.9.7.8 | 3 | 3.4.5.6 | 3.6.3.4.5 | 4.7 | 3.1.2 | 4 | 3.4.5.6.7.8 | 3 | 4.5.6.7 | 3 | 7 | | | " | 81- 90 | 7.8 | 3 | 3.4.5.6 | 3.4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | 2 | 3.4 | 3.4.5.6.7.8 | 2.3 | 4.5.6.7 | 2 | 8 | 5 |15 | 1: 3.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | 91- 100 | 7.8 | 3 | 4.5.6 | 4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | 1.2 | 3.4 | {3.4.5.6 | 2.3 | {3.4.5.6 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1: 9.00 | | | | | | | | | {7.8 | | {8.5.6.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8 | 101- 110 | 7.8 | 3 | 4.5.6 | 4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | 2 | 3.4 | 4.5.6.7.8 | 3 | 4.5.6.7 | 3 | 7 | | | " | 111- 120 | 7.8 | 3 | 4.5.6 | 3.4.5 | 5.6.7 | 2 | 5.5.2.3.4 | 4.5.6.7.8 | 4.4.1.2.3 | 4.5.6.7 | 2 | 8 | 5 |15 | 1: 3.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9 | 121- 130 | 7.8 | 2.3 | 4.5.6 | 4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | 2 | 3.4 | {2.3.4.5 | 1.2.3 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 1 | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | {6.7.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 131- 140 | 7.8 | 1.2.3 | 2.3.4.5.6 | 5 | 4.5.6.7 | 1.2 | 2.3.4 | 6.7.8 | 2.3 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 1 | 9 | 2 |18 | 1: 9.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | 141- 150 | 7.8 | 1.2.3 | 2.3.4.5.6 | 1.2.3.4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | 1.2 | 2.3.4 | {1.2.3.4 | 1.2.3 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 0 |10 | | | | | | | | | | | | {5.6.7.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 151- 160 | 7.8 | 1.2.3 | 2.3.4.5.6 | 1.2.3.4.5 | 4.5.6.7 | 1.2 | 2.3.4 | {1.2.3.4 | 1.2.3 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 0 |10 | 0 |10 | 0:10.00 | | | | | | | | | {5.6.7.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | 161- 170 | 8 | {4.1.2.4.1 | 2.3.4.5.6 | 5 | 6.7 | {3.1.3.1 | 5.2.3.4 | 2.6.7.8 | 4.1.2.3 | 8.5.6.7 | 2 | 8 | | | | | | {4.1.4.1.3 | | | | {3.1.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 171- 180 | 9.7.8 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 7 | 3.1.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 4.2.3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 5 |15 | 1: 3.00 12 | 181- 190 | 7.9.7.9.8 | 1.2.3 | 3.4.5.6 | 6.4.5 | 5.6.7 | 2 | 5.3.4 | 7.8 | 4.1.2.3 | 4.5.6.7 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1: 9.00 14 | 191- 200 | 9.8 | 3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 6.7.8 | 4.2.3 | 7 | 2 | 8 | | | " | 201- 210 | 8 | 2.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 3.1.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 5 |15 | 1: 3.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 | 211- 220 | {7.9.7.9 | 4.2.3 | 6 | 5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 9.8 | 4.3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | {7.9.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 221- 230 | 9.8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 5.6.7 | 1.2 | 2.3.4 | 3.4.5.6.7.8 | 4.3 | 7 | 1 | 9 | 4 |16 | 1: 4.00 16 | 231- 240 | 7.9.8 | 3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 2 | 5.4 | 5.6.7.8 | 4.1.4.3 | 8.7 | 2 | 8 | | | " | 241- 250 | 9.8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 6.7.8 | 4.3 | 6.7 | 1 | 9 | 3 |17 | 1: 5.67 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17 | 251- 260 | 9.8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | {6.5.4.6 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 6.5.6.7.8 | 3 | 5.6.7 | 1 | 9 | | | | | | | | | {5.4.5.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {6.6.6.5.6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {5.5.5.6.6 | | | | | | | | | | " | 261- 270 | {9.7.7.7 | 4.4.4.4.3 | 6 | 5 | {6.6.6.6.6 | {3.3.3.3 | 4 | {4.5.4.5.4 | 3 | {5.5.5.5 | 4 | 6 | 5 |15 | 1: 3.00 | | {7.7.7.8 | | | | {6.5.4.5 | {3.3.2 | | {5.6.7.8 | | {5.5.8.7 | | | | | | | | | | | {6.5.5.4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {4.5.6.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 18 | 271- 280 | {7.7.7.7 | 4.4.4.4.3 | 5.5.5.5.6 | 5 | {5.5.5.6 | {3.3.3. | 4 | {4.6.5.6 | 4.4.3 | 5.6.4.7 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1: 4.00 | | {7.7.8 | | | | {5.5.6 | {3.3.2 | | {6.7.4.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {7.7.7.9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 19 | 281- 290 | {9.9.9.7 | {4.4.4 | {5.7.7 | 5 | 5.7 | {3.3.3.3 | 4 | 5.8 | {4.4.4.4 | {6.5.6.5 | 2 | 8 | | | | | {7.7.8 | {4.4.3 | {7.4.6 | | | {3.3.2 | | | {4.4.3 | {5.5.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 291- 300 | 7.7.7.7.8 | 4.4.4.4.3 | 5.5.6 | 5 | {5.6.6.5.6 | 3.3.2 | {5.5.5.5 | 5.6.8 | 4.4.3 | 6.6.6.7 | 1 | 9 | 3 |17 | 1: 5.67 | | | | | | {6.6.6.7 | | {3.4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {5.6.6.6.7 | | | | | | | 21 | 301- 310 | 7.7.8 | 4.4.3 | 5.6 | 5 | {6.6.6.5 | {3.3.3.3 | 5.5.5.2.4 | {3.4.3.5.5 | {4.2.2.4 | 5.3.7 | 1 | 9 | | | | | | | | | {5.6.5.7 | {3.2 | | {1.1.2.4.7 | {4.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {2.3.2.2.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 311- 320 | {7.7.7.7 | 1.1.1.2.3 | {5.5.4.2 | 1.1.6.5 | 4.6.7 | 1.3.2 | {2.2.2.2 | {1.1.2.3 | {2.2.2.4 | {6.3.3.8 | 0 |10 | 1 |19 | 1:19.00 | | {7.7.8 | | {2.5.6 | | | | {2.2.3.4 | {6.6.6.8 | {2.3 | {4.8.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 22 | 321- 330 | 7.8 | {2.4.2.1.4 | 6 | 5 | 6.6.8.7 | 3.2 | 5.5.3.3.4 | 3.3.7.7.8 | 4.4.4.2.3 | 6.7 | 2 | 8 | | | | | | {4.4.4.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 331- 340 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 6.7.8 | 3 | 5.6.7 | 4 | 6 | 6 |14 | 1: 2.33 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 23 | 341- 350 | 7.8 | 4.2.4.3 | 6 | 5 | 6.7 | {3.3.3.1 | 5.5.4 | {7.5.4.3 | 4.4.4.3 | {6.6.3.6 | 2 | 8 | | | | | | | | | | {3.3.3.2 | | {6.7.7.8 | | {8.6.8.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 351- 360 | 7.8 | 4.4.3 | 6 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 3.3.2 | 5.4 | {6.7.6.5 | 4.3 | 5.6.7 | 1 | 9 | 3 |17 | 1: 5.67 | | | | | | | | | {7.6.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 24 | 361- 370 | 7.8 | 4.4.2.3 | 7.7.6 | 6.6.4.5 | 7 | {3.3.3.3 | 5.4 | 8 | 4.4.3 | 5.6.7 | 2 | 8 | | | | | | | | | | {3.3.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 371- 380 | 8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.6.8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 6 |14 | 1: 2.33 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 25 | 381- 390 | 8 | 4.4.3 | 7.7.7.6 | {6.6.6.6 | 8.6.7 | 3.1.2 | 5.3.5.4 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | {6.4.6.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 391- 400 | 8 | 4.3 | 6 | 5 | 6.5.8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 3 | 8.7 | 5 | 5 | 9 |11 | 1: 1.22 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 401- 410 | 9.9.9.8 | 3 | {7.7.7.7.3 | {6.6.6.6 | 8.8.8.7 | 3.2 | {5.5.5.5 | 7.8 | {4.4.4.4 | 6.6.8.8.7 | 1 | 9 | | | | | | | {3.7.7.6 | {6.6.5 | | | {5.5.4 | | {4.4.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 411- 420 | 8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 4.3 | 8.7 | 3 | 7 | 4 |16 | 1: 4.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 28 | 421- 430 | 8 | {4.4.4.4 | 7.6 | {6.6.3.6 | 7 | {3.3.3.3 | 5.5.5.4 | 9.7.7.5.8 | 4.4.4.3 | 8.7 | 2 | 8 | | | | | | {4.4.3 | | {6.6.6.5 | | {3.3.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 431- 440 | 8 | 4.3 | 6 | 6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {7.6.5.4 | | | | | | | " | 441- 450 | 8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | {3.2.1.5 | 4.3 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 8 |22 | 1: 2.75 | | | | | | | | | {7.9.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 29 | 451- 460 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 6.6.6.5 | 8.6.7 | {3.3.3.3 | 5.4 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 5 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | {3.3.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 461- 470 | 8 | 4.3 | 6 | 5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 3.2.3.4 | 7.8 | 4.3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | | | " | 471- 480 | 8 | 4.4.3 | 7.7.6 | 6.6.5 | 7 | 2 | 5.5.5.5.5.4 | 7.8 | 4.4.3 | 7 | 4 | 6 |13 |17 | 1: 1.31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30 | 481- 490 | 8 | {4.4.4.4 | 7.7.6 | 6.6.6.5 | 8.6.6.5.7 | {3.1.3.3 | 5.5.5.4 | 8 | 4.4.4.3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | {4.4.3 | | | | {3.3.3.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 491- 500 | 8 | 4.3 | 7.7.7.6 | 6.6.5 | 8.8.7 | 3.3.3.3.2 | 5.4 | {9.9.7.4 | 3 | 8.8.7 | 2 | 8 | 5 |15 | 1: 3.00 | | | | | | | | | {9.6.8 | | | | | | | July | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 501- 510 | 9.7.9.8 | 4.3 | 6 | 6.5 | 8.6.7 | 3.3.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 511- 520 | {9.7.7.7 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 6.4.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 4 | 8 | 4.4.4.3 | 8.6.5.6.7 | 3 | 7 | 6 |14 | 1: 2.33 | | {7.9.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 521- 530 | 9.8 | 3 | 7.5.7.6 | 6.4.5 | 8.7 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 531- 540 | 9.9.7.8 | 3 | 7.4.6 | 5 | 6.6.7 | 3.3.2 | 3.4 | 7.3.5.4.8 | 4.3 | {8.8.6.5 | 2 | 8 | 8 |12 | 1: 1.50 | | | | | | | | | | | {4.5.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | 541- 550 | 8 | 4.3 | 6 | {6.6.6.6 | 6.8.7 | 3.3.3.2 | 5.5.4 | 9.6.9.6.8 | 4.3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | | | {6.6.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 551- 560 | 9.9.7.8 | 4.3 | 6 | 5 | 8.6.5.7 | {3.3.3.3 | 5.4 | {7.6.5.7 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 7 |13 | 1: 1.86 | | | | | | | {3.2 | | {9.7.9.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | 561- 570 | 8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | {8.8.8.8 | {3.3.3.3 | 5.5.5.5.4 | 8 | 4.4.4.3 | 8.8.8.8.7 | 2 | 8 | | | | | | | | | {8.8.7 | {3.3.3.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 571- 580 | 9.8 | 4.4.4.3 | 6 | 6.5 | 8.8.7 | {3.3.3.3.3 | {5.5.5.5.5 | 7.6.8 | 4.4.3 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 4 |16 | 1: 4.00 | | | | | | | {3.3.3.2 | {5.5.5.4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 581- 590 | 9.8 | 4.3 | 7.7.6 | 6.6.5 | 7 | 2 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 4.3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | | | " | 591- 600 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 4.5 | 6.6.6.7 | 2 | 5.3.5.4 | 8 | 4.4.3 | 8.8.8.7 | 5 | 5 | 8 |12 | 1: 1.50 7 | 601- 610 | 8 | 1.3 | 6 | 5 | 6.5.7 | 2 | 5.4 | 5.6.6.6.7.8 | 4.3 | 7 | 5 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 611- 620 | {9.7.7.7.9 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 6.5.6.5.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.9.7.9.8 | {4.4.4.4 | 8.7 | 3 | 7 | 8 |12 | 1: 1.50 | | {7.7.7.8 | | | | | | | | {4.4.4.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8 | 621- 630 | {9.9.9.7.9 | 4.3 | 6 | 6.6.6.5 | {8.8.8.8 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.6.8 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | {9.9.8 | | | | {5.6.5.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {7.6.5.7 | | | | | | | " | 631- 640 | 9.8 | 3 | 6 | 6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 4 | {6.5.4.6 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | {9.7.9.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 641- 650 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 7.9.6.7.9.8 | 3 | 8.6.8.7 | 8 | 2 |17 |13 | 1: 0.76 9 | 651- 660 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 7.6.7.6.8 | 3 | 8.6.8.8.4.7 | 8 | 2 | | | " | 661- 670 | 9.9.8 | 3 | 7.6 | 5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.6.7.6.8 | 4.3 | 5.6.8 | 3 | 7 |11 | 9 | 1: 0.82 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | 671- 680 | 9.8 | 3 | 5.4.5.6 | 5 | 6.4.8.6.7 | 3.2 | {3.5.3.2.3 | {7.6.5.6 | 3 | 5.4.3.7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | {5.3.5.2.4 | {5.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 681- 690 | 8 | 4.3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 5.4 | 8 | 3 | 6.8.7 | 7 | 3 |10 |10 | 1: 1.00 12 | 691- 700 | 7.8 | 3 | 5.6 | 5 | 7 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 7.7.7.7.8 | 4.2.2.3 | 8.7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 701- 710 | 9.8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | {7.6.5.4.3 | 3 | 8.7 | 2 | 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | {2.1.4.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 711- 720 | 8 | 4.3 | 6 | 6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | {7.6.5.4.3 | 3 | {6.5.4.3.6 | 4 | 6 | 9 |21 | 1: 2.33 | | | | | | | | | {2.5.9.8 | | {5.4.3.8.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | 721- 730 | 7.8 | 4.3 | 6 | 4.3.6.5 | 4.6.5.4.7 | 2 | 4 | {6.5.4.3 | 3 | {5.4.3.6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1: 1.50 | | | | | | | | | {2.1.8 | | {8.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {4.7.5.4 | | | | | | | 14 | 731- 740 | 8 | 3 | 5.5.6 | 5 | {5.6.5.5 | 3.2 | 4 | {7.7.4.6 | 3 | 4.6.7 | 5 | 5 | | | | | | | | | {8.8.7 | | | {5.6.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {5.4.5.5.4 | | {4.4.4.5.5 | | | | | " | 741- 750 | 8 | 3 | 5.6 | 5 | {6.5.6.6 | 2 | 4 | {5.6.4.4.4 | 3 | {5.4.8.8.4 | 6 | 4 |11 | 9 | 1: 0.82 | | | | | | {6.8.4.7 | | | {7.6.8 | | {5.5.6.4.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 | 751- 760 | 7.7.9.7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 6.6.7 | 2 | 4 | 6.6.8 | 3 | {6.6.6.8 | 6 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {5.6.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {5.4.6.6.5 | | | | | " | 761- 770 | 8 | 3 | 5.6 | 5 | 6.6.6.6.7 | 2 | 3.4 | 5.4.7.8 | 3 | {5.3.5.8.5 | 5 | 5 |11 | 9 | 1: 0.82 | | | | | | | | | | | {5.5.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {4.6.7.6.9 | | | | | | | 16 | 771- 780 | 7.7.7.8 | 3 | 6 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 2 | 3.4 | {7.7.5.5 | 3 | (5.6.8.5 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | {6.6.6.8 | | {3.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {6.6.7.2 | | | | | | | " | 781- 790 | 7.8 | 3 | {4.5.4.3 | {4.6.4.4 | {4.4.6.8 | 2 | 3.4 | {3.4.4.4 | 3 | 6.7 | 3 | 7 | 7 |13 | 1: 1.86 | | | | {2.6 | {1.4.3.5 | {5.7 | | | {9.9.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17 | 791- 800 | 7.8 | 2.3 | 6 | {4.4.4.3.6 | 4.8.4.6.7 | 2 | 4 | {5.7.6.6.1 | 3 | 5.7 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | {2.4.2.5 | | | | {7.4.4.8 | | | | | | | | | | {2.4.4.4.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 801- 810 | 7.8 | {4.2.4.1.4 | 5.7.6 | 5 | 5.7 | 2 | 3.5.5.4 | 6.8 | {2.4.4.2 | 6.8.7 | 2 | 8 | 6 |14 | 1: 2.33 | | | {2.4.3 | | | | | | | {4.2.4 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 19 | 811- 820 | 7.9.7.8 | 2.4.2.4.3 | 5.7.6 | 3.6.4.6.5 | 7 | 2 | 3.5.4 | 6.8 | 4.4.3 | 6.8.7 | 2 | 8 | | | " | 821- 830 | 7.8 | 2.4.4.3 | 6 | 4.6.6.6.5 | 6.8.7 | 2 | 3.5.5.5.4 | 6.8 | 2.4.3 | 6.5.7 | 2 | 8 | | | " | 831- 840 | 7.9.8 | 2.4.4.2.4.3 | 7.6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 7.6.4.6.8 | 2.4.3 | 6.8.7 | 4 | 6 | 8 |22 | 1: 2.75 20 | 841- 850 | 7.8 | 3 | 5.7.6 | 4.6.5 | 6.8.7 | 2 | 3.5.4 | 3.5.8 | 2.4.3 | 6.8.6.8.7 | 2 | 8 | | | " | 851- 860 | 8 | 2.4.3 | 6 | 3.6.5 | 5.7 | 2 | 2.5.4 | 4.7.8 | 2.4.3 | 4.4.6.7 | 3 | 7 | | | " | 861- 870 | 7.8 | 2.4.3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 2.4 | 6.8 | 2.4.3 | 4.7 | 4 | 6 | 9 |21 | 1: 2.33 21 | 871- 880 | 7.9.8 | 2.4.3 | 5.7.6 | {4.6.4.6 | 4.6.7 | 2 | 3.5.3.5.4 | 5.7.8 | 2.4.3 | 5.7 | 1 | 9 | | | | | | | | {3.2.4.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 881- 890 | 7.8 | 2.4.2.3 | 3.5.7.6 | 3.4.6.4.6.5 | 4.6.5.6.7 | 2 | 4 | 6.8 | 3 | 4.6.5.7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 891- 900 | 7.8 | 2.4.3 | 5.7.6 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 3.3.3.2 | 4 | {4.6.5.7.6 | 2.4.3 | 5.7 | 1 | 9 | 5 |25 | 1: 5.00 | | | | | | | | | {4.2.4.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 22 | 901- 910 | 7.8 | 2.4.3 | 5.7.6 | 4.6.5 | 6.8.7 | 2 | 2.5.4 | 5.6.8 | 2.3 | 6.7 | 1 | 9 | | | " | 911- 920 | 7.8 | 2.3 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 2 | 3.4 | 4.6.8 | 2.3 | 5.6.7 | 1 | 9 | 2 |18 | 1: 9.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 23 | 921- 930 | 7.8 | 2.3 | {3.2.4.4 | 5 | 4.6.5.6.7 | 2 | 3.2.4 | 5.4.6.8 | 2.3 | {4.5.4.3.5 | 2 | 8 | | | | | | | {5.6 | | | | | | | {6.5.6.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 23 | 931- 940 | 7.9.7.8 | 3 | 5.4.6 | 5 | 5.7 | 2 | 4 | 6.7.8 | 3 | 6.8.7 | 5 | 5 | | | " | 941- 950 | 7.8 | 3 | 5.6 | 4.6.5 | 7 | 2 | 3.5.4 | 5.6.8 | 2.3 | 6.7 | 3 | 7 |10 |20 | 1: 2.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 24 | 951- 960 | 7.8 | 2.3 | {2.7.7.4 | 4.6.5 | 5.7 | 2 | 4 | 4.6.8 | 3 | 6.8.7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | | {5.7.4.6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 961- 970 | 7.9.7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | (6.8.6.8 | 2 | 5.5.3.4 | 7.8 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 9 |11 | 1: 1.22 | | | | | | {6.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {4.2.6.4 | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 971- 980 | 7.9.7.8 | 3 | 6 | {6.4.6.4 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 6.8 | 3 | 6.8.7 | 6 | 4 | | | | | | | | {6.1.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 981- 990 | 7.9.7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 7.6.8 | 3 | 6.8.7 | 7 | 3 | | | | 991-1000 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 6.8.5.7 | 2 | 4 | 6.8 | 4.2.3 | 6.5.7 | 5 | 5 |18 |12 | 1: 0.67 ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— In |trials 1001| to 1100 the | right door |was indicated | by being |raised before | the choice | was made. | | | | | | | | ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— 30 | 1101-1110 | 8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 6.6.5 | 7 | 2 | 5.4 | {7.7.7.7.7 | 3 | 6.6.7 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1: 1.50 | | | | | | | | | {7.6.6.7.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {7.7.6.7 | | | | | | | 31 | 1111-1120 | 7.7.8 | 3 | 7.6 | 5 | 6.7 | 3.3.2 | 4 | {7.6.6.7 | 4.4.4.3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | {6.6.8* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 1121-1130 | 8 | 4.3 | 6 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 8 |12 | 1: 1.50 August | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | 1131-1140 | 8 | 4.4.3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3.3.3.2 | 4 | 7.8 | 4.3 | 7 | 6 | 4 | | | " | 1141-1150 | 7.8 | 4.4.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 9 |11 | 1: 1.22 3 | 1151-1160 | 7.9.8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 5 | 6.7 | 2 | 5.4 | 7.6.7.8 | 4.3 | 6.7 | 2 | 8 | | | " | 1161-1170 | 8 | 4.3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 4.3 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 8 |12 | 1: 1.50 4 | 1171-1180 | 8 | 4.3 | 6 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 4.3 | 6.5.6.7 | 2 | 8 | | | " | 1181-1190 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3.3.2 | 4 | 7.8 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 2 |10 |10 | 1: 1.00 5 | 1191-1200 | 7.8 | 4.4.3 | 6 | 5 | 6.7 | 3.3.3.2 | 4 | 6.7.8 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 5 | | | | 1201-1210 | 8 | 4.3 | 6 | 6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 5 | | | " | 1211-1220 | 7.8 | 3 | 7.6.5 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 7.7.6.7.8 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 3 |17 |13 | 1: 0.76 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | 1221-1230 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | {6.5.6.6 | 2 | 4 | {5.6.5.7 | 3 | 6.8.6.7 | 7 | 3 | | | | | | | | | {5.6.5.7 | | | {9.7.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 1231-1240 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 4.5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 6.7.8 | 3 | 6.7 | 6 | 4 |13 | 7 | 1: 0.54 7 | 1241-1250 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 8.7 | 8 | 2 | | | " | 1251-1260 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 3 | | | " | 1261-1270 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.3.4 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 2 |23 | 7 | 1: 0.30 9 | 1271-1280 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 5.4 | 9.7.8 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 2 | | | " | 1281-1290 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3.2 | 4 | 7.8 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 2 |16 | 4 | 1: 0.25 10 | 1291-1300 | 7.8 | 3 | 7.6 | 5 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 4 | 6.7.8 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 5 | | | " | 1301-1310 | 7.8 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 2 | 4 | 6.8 | 3 | 6.8.7 | 3 | 7 | | | " | 1311-1320 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 5.7 | 2 | 4 | 5.7.8 | 3 | 4.6.8.7 | 6 | 4 |14 |16 | 1: 1.14 11 | 1321-1330 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 4 | 4.6.7.8 | 2.3 | 5.7 | 4 | 6 | | | " | 1331-1340 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 2 | 4 | 6.7.8 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 4 |10 |10 | 1: 1.00 12 | 1341-1350 | 9.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 6.7 | 2 | 4 | 6.7.8 | 3 | 6.7 | 6 | 4 | | | " | 1351-1360 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 6.7 | 2 | 4 | 7.8 | 3 | 6.7 | 6 | 4 |12 | 8 | 1: 0.67 19 | 1361-1370 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 6.7 | 2 | 4 | 6.7.8 | 3 | 6.7 | 6 | 4 | | | | 1371-1380 | 9.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3.2 | 4 | 7.9.8 | 3 | 6.8.7 | 6 | 4 |12 | 8 | 1: 0.67 ========+===========+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+===+===+===+===+========

[Footnote *: Aided by experimenter.]

After two hundred and fifty trials on problem 2 had been given Julius, it seemed desirable to introduce a radical change in method in order to stimulate him to maximal effort. It was therefore decided to force him to make a round trip through the apparatus in connection with each choice, and to let this forced labor serve, in the place of confinement, as punishment for mistakes. This new method yielded peculiar and characteristic results. They differ from those previously obtained largely because of the orang utan's remarkably strong tendency to reenter the box through which he had just passed. This occurred so persistently, as may be seen in table 9 (June 17, second series, June 18, etc.), that a further modification of method was introduced in that after the same wrong box had been entered five times in succession, the experimenter on the next choice of the box confined the animal for a stated interval, say sixty seconds, in it, and then allowed it to escape by way of the exit door and choose repeatedly until it finally located the right box. Were it not for this particular feature of the method, the number of choices recorded after June 17 would unquestionably be very much greater than the table indicates.

The new method proved a severe test of the orang utan's patience and perseverance, for he had to work much harder than formerly for his reward, and often became much fatigued before completing the regular series of ten trials. Early in the use of this method, he developed the habit of rolling around from exit door to starting point by a series of somersaults. When especially discouraged he would often bump his head against the floor so hard that I could hear the dull thud. As has been noted, I found it desirable to vary the procedure repeatedly. It proved especially interesting to give one series per day with the round trip as punishment and another series with confinement as punishment.

Day after day, as the experiment progressed, slight or great fluctuations of the ratios of right to wrong choices appeared, but without consistent improvement. There was, to be sure, as the last column of table 9 shows, a radical improvement during the first six hundred and fifty trials, for the number of right choices per series increased from 0 to 8. But, as the observations were continued from day to day, it became more and more evident that the animal was merely passing from tendency to tendency—method to method—mixing tendencies, and occasionally developing new ones, without approach to the solution of the problem. This fact would have led me to discontinue the work much earlier than I actually did had it not been for the peculiarity of the results obtained with problem 1. It seemed not improbable that at any time Julius might succeed in perfectly solving this problem over night precisely as he had solved the first problem.

A curiously interesting bit of behavior appeared for the first time on June 29. Julius had gone to the first box at the right end of the group, and instead of entering, he had wheeled around toward his right, and turning a complete circle, faced the right box, which he promptly entered. Subsequently, the tendency developed and the method was used with increasing frequency. On June 30, it appeared in the first series, four times, in the second series, six times; on July 1, in the first series, three times, and in the second series, four times; on July 2, in the first series, five times, and in the second series, nine times. It was indeed only by accident that the animal failed to fulfill the technical requirement for perfect solution of the problem in this series. Yet, had he done so, his subsequent trials would doubtless have revealed the lack of any other idea than that of turning completely around before entering a box.

This odd bit of behavior proved peculiarly interesting and significant in that the tendency to turn became dissociated from the position (in front of the first box at the right end of the group) in connection with which it originally developed. After a few days, Julius would enter the reaction-chamber and instead of proceeding directly to the right end of the group, would stop suddenly wherever he happened to be, turn toward his right in a complete circle, and hasten into the box nearest to him which, as often as not, proved to be the wrong one. Thus the idea of turning completely about, which had it continued its association with the idea of facing the first box at the right, would have yielded success, instead became useless because of its dissociation. That the orang utan is capable of using free ideas seems clear enough in the light of this behavior. That he proved incapable of getting the idea of second from the right end is as clearly shown by the detailed results of table 9,—the fruits of weeks of experimenting.

Certain other interesting tricks developed in Julius's behavior. Thus, on July 5, there appeared the tendency to move as though about to enter the right box (feint), then to stop suddenly and promptly enter another box, which was, of course, a wrong one. The reason for the development of this tendency could not be discovered, but in connection with it, there appeared another tendency which possibly can be explained. Julius took to backing into the chosen box so that he could face the experimenter. He would then, after a period of hesitation, come out and promptly enter one of the other boxes. This tendency was apparently due to the fact that during one or two series the experimenter growled at the orang utan every time he made a mistake. The growl startled him and caused him to look around. He evidently felt the need of keeping his eyes on the experimenter,—Hence the backing into the open box. The tendency disappeared shortly after the experimenter gave up the use of the growl as a method of punishing the animal for what were suspected to be careless choices.

Curiously enough, it was not until July 10 that direct choice of the right box was made at all frequently. Previously, selection of it had been made almost invariably after approach to other boxes. But in the second series for July 10 there was an extraordinary improvement in method. This developed in the presence of two visitors, and it is therefore all the more surprising. The choices were made not only directly, but with decision and evident certainty that was quite at variance with the previous behavior of the animal.

All the while through variation of methods, I was seeking to discover the best means of holding the orang utan to his maximum effort and care in attempting to select the right box. One day it would seem as though forcing him to make round trips with rewards only for correct first choices proved most satisfactory, and the next it might seem equally clear that punishment by confinement for thirty seconds or sixty seconds, with reward for correct choice in every trial, yielded better results. In the end I had to admit that no best method had been demonstrated and that I had failed to develop conditions which served to compel the animal's attention to the problem and to lead him to work without discouragement. There were, it is true, days on which it seemed practically certain that the problem would be solved, but as it turned out, Julius never succeeded in choosing correctly—throughout a series of ten trials.

As a last resort, in order to make perfectly sure that the orang utan was doing his best, I decided to introduce corporal punishment in a mild form. For this purpose, I placed my assistant in charge of the apparatus and the series of trials, and stationed myself in one corner of the reaction-chamber with a whip in my hand. Whenever Julius entered a wrong box, I approached him with the whip and struck at him, being careful not to injure him and rarely striking him at all, for the threat was more effective than a blow. He was extremely afraid of the whip and would begin to whine and attempt to get out of the way as soon as he saw it.

This method was introduced on August 10, but no improvement resulted, and in the end there was no reason to consider it more satisfactory than the other procedures. I am now wholly convinced that Julius did his best to choose correctly in the majority of the numerous series which were given him in connection with problem 2.

From trials 1001 to 1100, a radical departure from the previous methods was introduced in that the right box was indicated to the animal by the slight and momentary raising of its exit door. Of course no records of the choices for this group of one hundred trials appear in table 9, for the simple reason that the animal inevitably and immediately entered the right box. It was thought that this method might serve to break up the previously developed tendencies toward inadequate forms of response and so encourage the animal that he would later solve the problem when given opportunity to select the right box without aid from the experimenter. But as a matter of fact, while the ratio of right to wrong first choices was 1 to .67 in the series preceding this change of method, it was 1 to 1.50 in the first series following its use. There is no satisfactory evidence that Julius profited by this experience, though as a matter of fact he did succeed in making his best daily record, eight right to two wrong choices, on August 4, after 1190 trials.

The curve of learning for this problem has been plotted and is presented in figure 19. It is of course incomplete and it is offered only to indicate the extreme irregularity in performance.

Problem 1a. First at the Right End

It was decided on August 19 that the further continuation of the work of Julius on problem 2 was not worth while. He had become much discouraged, and although willing to work for food, gave no indications whatever of improvement and seemed to have exhausted his methods. It seemed wise instead of giving up work with him in the multiple-choice method to return to a form of problem 1. We may designate it as problem 1a. The right box is definable as the first at the right end of the series instead of the first at the left end as in the original problem 1. It was thought possible that Julius might quickly solve this problem by a process similar to that used for problem 1.

Work was begun on problem 1a, August 20, and for six successive days two series of trials per day were given, the settings for which as well as the resulting choices are given in table 10. Most notable in these results is the large number of cases in which Julius chose first the second box from the right end of the series, or in other words that box which had been the right one in problem 2. Contrary to expectation, he showed no inclination to abandon this tendency to choose the second from the right end, and the ratio of right to wrong choices changed in the direction opposite from expectation, beginning with 1 to 4 and ending on the sixth day with 0 to 20.

It was obviously useless to continue the experiment further since Julius had given up his attempts to locate the right box in the first choice and was apparently satisfied to discover it by a process of trial and error. He had, it would seem, satisfied himself that the problem was insoluble. These results obtained in problem 1a constitute a most interesting comment on the effects of problem 2 on the orang utan. Behavior similar to that which he developed well might have been obtained from a child of three to four years placed in a like situation and forced to strive, day after day, to solve a problem beyond its ideational capacity.

In many respects the most interesting and to the experimenter the most surprising result of this long series of observations with Julius was the lack of consistent improvement. It seemed almost incredible that he should continue, day after day, to make incorrect choices in a particular setting while choosing correctly in some other setting which from the standpoint of the experimenter was not more difficult.

TABLE 10

Results for Orang utan in problem 1a

========+===========+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+===+===+===+===+======== | No. | S.1 | S.2 | S.3 | S.4 | S.5 | S.6 | S.7 | S.8 | S.9 | S.10 | | | | | Ratio Date | of | | | | | | | | | | 1.2.3.4 | R | W | R | W | of | trials | 5.63 | 1.2.3.4 | 6.7.8.9 | 2.3.4.5 | 3.4.5.6.7 | 1.2.3 | 5.6.7.8 | 1.2 | 2.3.4.5.6 | 5.6.7 | | | | | R to W ————+—————-+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+———————+—-+—-+—-+—-+———— | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | August | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 20 | 1- 10 | 6 | 3.4 | 6.7.8.9 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 3 | 7.8 | 2 | 5.5.6 | 6.7 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 11- 20 | 5.6 | 3.4 | {7.8.7.8 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 2.3 | {7.6.7.7 | 2 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 1 | 9 | 4 |16 | 1: 4.00 | | | | {8.7.8.9 | | | | {6.7.7.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 21- 30 | 5.6 | 3.4 | {7.8.7.6 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 2.3 | 7.8 | 2 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 1 | 9 | | | | | | | {8.7.9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 31- 40 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 7.7.6.8.9 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 3 | 6.7.8 | 2 | 6 | 6.7 | 3 | 7 | 4 |16 | 1: 4.00 23 | 41- 50 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 7.8.9 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 2.3 | 6.7.8 | 2 | 5.6 | 5.6.7 | 1 | 9 | | | " | 51- 60 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 7.8.9 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 2.3 | 6.8 | 2 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 1 | 9 | 2 |18 | 1: 9.00 24 | 61- 70 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 6.8.9 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 2.3 | 6.7.8 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 0 |10 | | | " | 71- 80 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 6.7.8.9 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 2.3 | 5.7.8 | 2 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 1 | 9 | 1 |19 | 1:19.00 25 | 81- 90 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 6.7.8.9 | 5 | 5.6.7 | 2.3 | 7.8 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 4.5.6.7 | 1 | 9 | | | " | 91-100 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 6.7.8.9 | 3.4.5 | 6.6.7 | 2.3 | 6.7.8 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 0 |10 | 1 |19 | 1:19.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 26 | 101-110 | 5.6 | 3.4 | {6.7.8.8 | 3.5 | 5.6.7 | 2.3 | 5.6.7.6.7.8 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 0 |10 | | | | | | | {6.7.6.9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | {6.7.8.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | " | 111-120 | 5.6 | 2.3.4 | {6.7.8.7 | 3.4.5 | 5.6.7 | 2.3 | 7.8 | 1.2 | 5.6 | 4.5.6.7 | 0 |10 | 0 |20 | 0:20.00 | | | | {6.7.9* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ========+===========+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+===+===+===+===+========

[Footnote *: Aided by experimenter.]

The evidence suggests that in this young orang utan ideational learning tended to replace the simpler mode of problem solution by trial and error. Seemingly incapable of solving his problems by the lower grade process, he strove persistently, and often vainly, to gain insight. He used ideas ineffectively. Animals far lower in intelligence (e.g., the pig), surpass him in ability to solve these relational problems because they use the method of elimination by trial consistently and effectively. Julius, in these experiments, made a poor showing because his substitute for trial and error is only slightly developed. Would he have succeeded better with the same problems if mentally mature?

There are many important features of the results which, for lack of space, have not been indicated or discussed. They can be developed from later comparative studies of the data, for in the tables appear all of the essential facts of response apart from those mentioned in the text.

IV

RESULTS OF SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS OF IDEATIONAL BEHAVIOR

1. Julius, Pongo pygmaeus

Box Stacking Experiment

In addition to the multiple-choice experiments which have been described in detail in the previous section, it was possible to conduct certain less systematic tests of ideational behavior in the monkeys and the orang utan. From the technical standpoint these tests were relatively unsatisfactory because only inexactly describable. But their results are in many respects more interesting, if not also more important, in the light which they throw on ideation than are those previously presented. First, in order of time, comes a test which may be designated as the box stacking experiment. The method will now be described in connection with an account of the behavior of Julius as contrasted with that of a child of three years and four months of age.

In the large central cage labelled Z, figure 12, which was twenty-four feet long, ten feet wide, and ten to twelve feet deep, the following situation was arranged. From the center of the wire covering of the cage, a banana was suspended on a string so that it was approximately six feet from the floor, five feet from either side of the cage, and twelve feet from either end. From all approaches it was far beyond the reach of Julius, since it was impossible for him to climb along the wire roof and thus reach the string. Two boxes were placed on the floor of the cage several feet from the point directly under the banana. The one of these boxes was heavy and irregular in shape, as is shown in figures 21, 23 and 24 of plate V. Its greatest height was twenty-one inches; its least height, eighteen inches; its other dimensions, twelve and sixteen inches respectively. The smaller and lighter box measured twenty-two by twelve by ten inches. According to the experimenter's calculations, the only way in which Julius could obtain the banana was by placing the smaller box upon the larger and then climbing upon them.

At 10 a.m. on March 5, Julius was admitted to the large cage, and the banana was pointed out to him by the experimenter. He immediately set about trying to get it, and worked diligently during the whole of the period of observation, which, because of the unfinished condition of some of the cages, was limited to slightly over ten minutes. Within this period he made upward of a dozen fairly well directed attempts to obtain the food. Chief among them were three attempts to reach the banana from different positions on the left wall of the cage (as the experimenter faced the laboratory); two attempts to reach it from different positions on the right wall; two from the large box in positions nearly under the banana; two from the large box with the aid of the experimenter's hand; and one from the distant end of the cage(?). There occurred, also, less definite and easily describable efforts to get at the reward.

On account of the unfinished condition of the cages, the experimenter had to remain in the large cage with Julius during the test. This interfered with the experiment because the animal tended both to try to escape and to get the experimenter to help him with his task. Particularly interesting is the latter sort of behavior. After the orang utan had made two or three futile attempts to obtain the food he came to the experimenter, who was standing in one corner of the cage, took him by the hand, and led him to a point directly under the banana. He then looked up toward the banana, grasped the experimenter's arm, raised it, and then tried to pull himself up. He was not allowed to get the food by climbing up on the experimenter. A few minutes later, he again led the experimenter toward the banana, but receiving discouragement in this activity, he proceeded to devote himself to other methods.

Apart from the distractions which have been mentioned above, Julius's attention to the food was surprisingly constant. Whatever his position with respect to it, he seemed not for an instant to lose his motive, and to whatever part of the cage he went and whatever he did during the interval of observation was evidently guided by the strong desire to obtain the banana. Frequently he would look directly at it for a few seconds and then try some new method of reaching it. His gaze was deliberate and in the handling of the boxes he accurately gauged distances. Several times he succeeded in placing the larger box almost directly under the banana, and repeatedly he located that portion of the side wall from which he could most nearly reach the coveted prize.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V

Orang utan, Julius, obtaining banana by piling boxes or by using pole

FIGURE 21.—Julius in act of setting larger box on end.

FIGURE 22.—Placing smaller box on larger.

FIGURE 23.—Balancing on larger box preparatory to reaching for banana.

FIGURE 24.—Balancing and reaching to the utmost.

FIGURE 25.—Standing on three boxes (after stacking them) and reaching for reward.

FIGURE 26.—Lifting smaller box up toward banana.

FIGURE 27.—The act of stacking the boxes.

FIGURE 28.—Sequel to figure 27.

FIGURE 29.—Box and pole experiment. Pushing the second pole into the box.

FIGURE 30.—Pushing pole into box.

FIGURE 31.—Enjoying the reward of success.

From my notes I quote the following comment on the results of the initial experiment: "Despite all that has been written concerning the intelligent behavior of the orang utan, I was amazed by Julius's behavior this morning, for it was far more deliberate and apparently reflective as well as more persistently directed toward the goal than I had anticipated. I had looked for sporadic attempts to obtain the banana, with speedy discouragement and such fluctuations of attention as would be exhibited by a child of two to four years. But in less than ten minutes Julius made at least ten obvious and well directed attempts to reach the food. There were also wanderings, efforts to obtain aid from the experimenter, and varied attempts to escape from the cage."

Before proceeding further with the description of the behavior of Julius in the box stacking test, I shall describe for contrast the behavior of a boy three years four months of age when confronted with a situation practically identical with that which the ape was given an opportunity to meet. For the child, the banana was suspended, as previously described, from the roof of the cage. The same two boxes were placed on the floor at considerable distances from the banana, and in addition, a light stick, about six feet long, and a piece of board, the latter by accident, were on the floor. The child was asked to get the banana for Julius, and he eagerly and confidently volunteered to do so.

His behavior may best be described by enumeration of the several attempts made. They include (1) placing the larger box nearly under the banana and reaching from it. (2) Standing of the larger box on end with resulting failure because the child could not stand on the sloping edges of the top of the box. (3) The larger box was turned on its side and the lighter box drawn up opposite it and stood on end. The child then mounted the larger box and from it stepped to the top of the smaller. But the boxes had not been placed beneath the banana, and when the child reached for it, he found himself several feet away from his prize. (4) The boxes were moved to a position nearly under the banana and another futile attempt was made to reach it without placing the smaller box on top of the larger one, the only position from which the child could readily obtain it. (5) The piece of board was placed on top of the larger box and from this height the child again reached upward. (6) The six-foot stick was taken up and an attempt was made to strike the banana and thus dislodge it, but it was too securely fastened to be obtained thus. (7) Attention shifted to other things, and the child played for a time with the board. Reminded of the banana by the experimenter, he again tried method (3). (8) He again used the stick on the banana. (9) The effort to knock the prize to the floor having failed, he became discouraged and said that he must go home. (10) When told that Julius was very hungry and wanted the banana, he repeated efforts similar to those described in (3) and (6).

Up to this time the observations had covered a period of twenty minutes. The child was now taken from the cage and allowed to play about for fifteen minutes. Asked then whether he would go back and try to get the banana, he replied, "No, 'cause I don't want to get it," thus indicating his discouragement with the situation. When taken into the cage, he, nevertheless, made the additional attempts indicated below: (11) Use of one of the boxes. (12) He remarked, "Now I know, I'll get it," and after so saying, repeated (3). (13) Failing, he turned to me and said, "I could get it if I was on your head," but he did not, as Julius had done, lead me to the proper place and try to reach the banana by climbing up or by urging me to lift him. (14) Later, he played in the boxes, apparently forgetful of his task. Finally he remarked: "I'll get the banana," but he made no attempt to do so, and instead, watched the monkeys intently. Thereafter, he showed no further interest in the solution of the problem, and the experiment, after a total period of fifty-five minutes, was discontinued.

Comparison of the behavior of the ape with that of the child indicates a greater variety of ideas for the latter. Julius gauged his distances much more accurately than the child, attended more steadily, and worked more persistently to obtain the reward, but he did not so nearly approach the idea of stacking the boxes as did the child, for the latter, in placing the board on one of the boxes, exhibited in ineffective form the idea which should have yielded the solution of the problem.

The child was given no further opportunity to work at the problem, whereas Julius, as I shall now describe, continued his efforts on subsequent days under somewhat different conditions. On Wednesday, March 10, the banana was suspended as formerly, and three boxes, all of them small and light enough to be readily handled by the ape, were placed in distant parts of the cage. The six-foot stick which had been present in the test with the child, but not in the first test with Julius, was also placed in the cage.

Julius was allowed to work for about an hour. As formerly, he was sufficiently hungry to be eager to get the food and evidently tried all of the possible ways which occurred to him. Chief among these were (1) the use of the various boxes separately or in pairs in very varied positions but never with one upon another,—the only way in which the banana could be reached; (2) climbing to various points on the sides of the cage, with infrequent attempts to reach the banana. Usually his eyes saved him the vain effort.

Unlike the child, Julius paid little attention to the six-foot stick. Two or three times he took it up and seemingly reached for the banana, but in no case did he try persistently to strike it and knock it from the string. It is but fair, however, to remark that such an act is very difficult for the young orang utan, as compared with the child, because of the weakness of the legs and the awkwardness of striking from a sitting posture. As previously, the steadiness of attention and the persistence of effort toward the end in view were most surprising. At one time Julius walked to the end of the cage and there happened to see one of the monkeys eating. He watched intently a few seconds and then hastened back to the banana as if his task had been suggested to him by the sight of the feeding animal. Most interesting and significant in this behavior was the suddenness with which he would turn to a new method. It often looked precisely as though a new idea had come to him, and he was all eagerness to try it out.

On March 11, Julius was given another opportunity to obtain the banana by the use of the three boxes. Although he used them together he made no effort to place one upon another. Certain of his methods are shown in plate V, especially by figures 21, 23 and 24.

This experiment was continued on April 2 under yet different conditions, for this time only two boxes were placed in the cage, the one of them the heavy, irregularly-shaped box and the other the smaller, lighter one originally used. On the end of the heavier box had been nailed a two by two inch wooden block in order to increase the difficulty in using this box alone. As previously, Julius made varied attempts to obtain the banana, but on the whole his interest and attention seemed somewhat weaker than previously and there were indications of discouragement because of repeated failures.

He handled the boxes conspicuously well, and it seemed at times that he would certainly succeed in placing the one upon the other and in reaching the food.