Book 4 — INDEX

Abaelard, Peter, career of, ii. 342-5; at Paris, ii. 343, 344, 383; popularity there, ii. 119; love for Heloïse, ii. 4-5, 344; love-songs, ii. 13, 207; Heloïse’s love for, i. 585; ii. 3, 5, 8, 9, 15-16; early relations with Heloïse, ii. 4-5; suggestion of marriage opposed by her, ii. 6-9; marriage, ii. 9; suffers vengeance of Fulbert, ii. 9; becomes a monk at St. Denis, ii. 10; at the Paraclete, ii. 10, 344; at Breton monastery, ii. 10; St. Bernard’s denunciations of, i. 229, 401; ii. 344-5, 355; letters to, from Heloïse quoted, ii. 11-15, 17-20, 23, 24; letters from, to Heloïse quoted, ii. 16-17, 21-3, 24-5; closing years at Cluny, ii. 25, 26, 345; death of, ii. 27, 345; estimate of, ii. 4, 342; rationalizing temper, i. 229; ii. 298-9; skill in dialectic, ii. 303, 345-6, 353; not an Aristotelian, ii. 369; works on theology, ii. 352-5; De Unitate et Trinitate divina, ii. 10, 298-9, 352 and n. 3; Theologia, ii. 303-4, 395; Scito te ipsum, ii. 350-1; Sic et non, i. 17; ii. 304-6, 352, 357; Dialectica, ii. 346 and nn., 349-50; Dialogue between Philosopher, Jew, and Christian, ii. 350, 351; Historia calamitatum, ii. 4-11, 298-9, 343; Carmen ad Astralabium filium, ii. 192; hymns, ii. 207-9; otherwise mentioned, ii. 134, 283 and n. Abbo, Abbot, i. 294 and n., 324 Abbots: Armed forces, with, i. 473 Cistercian, position of, i. 362-3 and n. Investiture of, lay, i. 244 Social class of, i. 473 Accursius, Glossa ordinaria of, ii. 262, 263 Adalberon, Abp. of Rheims, i. 240, 282-3, 287 Adam of Marsh, ii. 389, 400, 487 Adam of St. Victor, editions of hymns of, ii. 87 n. 1; examples of the hymns, ii. 87 seqq.; Latin originals, ii. 206, 209-15 Adamnan cited, i. 134 n. 2, 137 Adelard of Bath, ii. 370 Aedh, i. 132 Agobard, Abp. of Lyons, i. 215, 232-3; cited, ii. 247 Aidan, St., i. 174 Aimoin, Vita Abbonis by, i. 294 and n. Aix, Synod of, i. 359 Aix-la-Chapelle: Chapel at, i. 212 n. School at, see Carolingian period—Palace school Alans, i. 113, 116, 119 Alanus de Insulis, career of, ii. 92-4; estimate of, ii. 375-6; works of, ii. 48 n. 1, 94, 375 n. 5, 376; Anticlaudianus, ii. 94-103, 192, 377, 539; De planctu naturae, ii. 192-3 and n. 1, 376 Alaric, i. 112 Alaric II., i. 117; ii. 243 Alberic, Card., i. 252 n. 2 Alberic, Markgrave of Camerino, i. 242 Alberic, son of Marozia, i. 242-3 Albertus Magnus, career of, ii. 421; estimate of, ii. 298, 301, 421; estimate of work of, ii. 393, 395; attitude toward Gilbert de la Porrée, ii. 372; compared with Bacon, ii. 422; with Aquinas, ii. 433, 438; relations with Aquinas, ii. 434; on logic, ii. 314-15; method of, ii. 315 n.; edition of works, ii. 424 n. 1; De praedicabilibus, ii. 314 and n., 315, 424-5; work on the rest of Aristotle, ii. 420-1; analysis of this work, ii. 424 seqq.; attitude toward the original, ii. 422; Summa theologiae, ii. 430, 431; Summa de creaturis, ii. 430-1; De adhaerendo Deo, ii. 432; otherwise mentioned, i. 17; ii. 82 n. 2, 283, 312, 402, 541 n. 2 Albigenses, i. 49; persecution of, i. 366-7, 461, 481, 572; ii. 168 Alboin the Lombard, i. 115 Alchemy, ii. 496-7 Alcuin of York, career of, i. 214; works of, i. 216-21 and n. 2; extracts from letters of, ii. 159; stylelessness of, ii. 159, 174; verses by, quoted, ii. 136-7; on urbanitas, ii. 136; otherwise mentioned, i. 212, 240, 343; ii. 112, 312, 332 Aldhelm, i. 185 Alemanni, i. 9, 121, 122, 145 n. 2, 174, 192 Alemannia, Boniface’s work in, i. 199 Alexander the Great, Pseudo-Callisthenes’ Life of, ii. 224, 225, 229-230; Walter of Lille’s work on, ii. 230 n. 1 Alexander II., Pope, i. 262 n., 263 and n. 1 Alexander de Villa-Dei, Doctrinale of, ii. 125-7, 163 Alexander of Hales—at Paris, i. 476; ii. 399; Bacon’s attack on, ii. 494, 497; estimate of work of, ii. 393, 395, 399; Augustinianism of, ii. 403-4 Alfred, King of England, i. 144 and n. 2, 187-90 Allegory (See also Symbolism): Dictionaries of, ii. 47-8 and n. 1, 49 Greek examples of, ii. 42, 364 Metaphor distinguished from, ii. 41 n. Politics, in, ii. 60-1, 275-6, 280 Roman de la rose as exemplifying, ii. 103 Scripture, see under Scriptures Two uses of, ii. 365 Almsgiving, i. 268 Alphanus, i. 253-4 Amadas, i. 565 Ambrose, St., Abp. of Milan, on miracles, i. 85-6; attitude toward secular studies, i. 300; ii. 288; Hexaëmeron of, i. 72-4; De officiis, i. 96; hymns, i. 347-8; otherwise mentioned, i. 70, 75, 76, 104, 186, 354; ii. 45 n., 272 Anacletus II., Pope, i. 394 Anchorites, see Hermits Andrew the Chaplain, Flos amoris of, i. 575-6 Angels: Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 324-5, 435, 457 seqq., 469, 473-5 Dante’s views on, ii. 551 Emotionalizing of conception of, i. 348 n. 4 Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 68, 69 Symbols, regarded as, ii. 457 Vincent’s Speculum as concerning, ii. 319 Writings regarding, summary of, ii. 457 Angilbert, i. 234-5 Angles, i. 140 Anglo-Saxons: Britain conquered by, i. 141 Characteristics of, i. 142, 196 Christian missions by, i. 196, 197 Christian missions to, i. 172, 174, 180 seqq. Customs of, i. 141 Poetry of, i. 142-4 Roman influence slight on, i. 32 Aniane monastery, i. 358-9 Annals, i. 234 and n. 1 Anselm (at Laon), ii. 343-4 Anselm, St., Abp. of Canterbury, dream of, i. 269-70; early career, i. 270; at Bec, i. 271-2; relations with Rufus, i. 273, 275; journey to Italy, i. 275; estimate of, i. 274, 276-7; ii. 303, 330, 338; style of, i. 276; ii. 166-7; influence of, on Duns Scotus, ii. 511; works of, i. 275 seqq.; Cur Deus homo, i. 275, 277 n. 1, 279; ii. 395; Monologion, i. 275-7; Proslogion, i. 276-8; ii. 166, 395; Meditationes, i. 276, 279; De grammatico, i. 277 n. 2; otherwise mentioned, i. 16, 19, 301-2; ii. 139, 283, 297, 340 Anselm of Besate, i. 259 Anthony, St., i. 365-6; Life of, by Athanasius, i. 47, 52 and n. Antique literature, see Greek thought and Latin classics Antique stories, themes of, in vernacular poetry, ii. 223 seqq. Apollinaris Sidonius, ii. 107 Apollonius of Tyana, i. 44 Apollonius of Tyre, ii. 224 and n. Aquinas, Thomas, family of, ii. 433-4; career, ii. 434-5; relations with Albertus Magnus, ii. 434; translations of Aristotle obtained by, ii. 391; Vita of, by Guilielmus de Thoco, ii. 435 n.; works of, ii. 435; estimate of, and of his work, i. 17, 18; ii. 301, 436-8, 484; completeness of his philosophy, ii. 393-5; pivot of his attitude, ii. 440; present position of, ii. 501; style, ii. 180; mastery of dialectic, ii. 352; compared with Eriugena, i. 231 n. 1; with Albertus Magnus, ii. 433, 438; with Bonaventura, ii. 437; with Duns, ii. 517; Dante compared with and influenced by, ii. 541 n. 2, 547, 549, 551, 555; on monarchy, ii. 277; on faith, ii. 288; on difference between philosophy and theology, ii. 290; on logic, ii. 313; Summa theologiae, i. 17, 18; ii. 290 seqq.; style of the work, ii. 180-1; Bacon’s charge against it, ii. 300; Peter Lombard’s work contrasted with it, ii. 307-10; its method, ii. 307; its classification scheme, ii. 324-9; analysis of the work, ii. 438 seqq., 447 seqq.; Summa philosophica contra Gentiles, ii. 290, 438, 445-6; otherwise mentioned, i. 69 n. 2; ii. 283, 298, 300, 312, 402 Aquitaine, i. 29, 240, 573 Arabian philosophy, ii. 389-90, 400-1 Arabs, Spanish conquest by, i. 9, 118 Archimedes, i. 40 Architecture, Gothic: Evolution of, i. 305; ii. 539 Great period of, i. 346 Argenteuil convent, ii. 9, 10 Arianism: Teutonic acceptance of, i. 120, 192, 194 Visigothic abandonment of, i. 118 nn. Aristotle, estimate of, i. 37-8; works of, i. 37-8; unliterary character of writings of, ii. 118, 119; philosophy as classified by, ii. 312; attitude of, to discussions of final cause, ii. 336; the Organon, i. 37, 71; progressive character of its treatises, ii. 333-4; Boëthius’ translation of the work, i. 71, 91-2; advanced treatises “lost” till 12th cent., ii. 248 n., 334; Porphyry’s Introduction to the Categories, i. 45, 92, 102; ii. 312, 314 n., 333, 339; Arabian translations of works, ii. 389-90; introduction of complete works, i. 17; Latin translations made in 13th cent., ii. 391; three stages in scholastic appropriation of the Natural Philosophy and Metaphysics, ii. 393; Paris University study of, ii. 391-2 and n.; Albertus Magnus’ work on, ii. 420-1, 424 seqq.; Aquinas’ mastery of, i. 17, 18; Dominican acceptance of system of, ii. 404; Dante’s reverence for, ii. 542 Arithmetic: Abacus, the, i. 299 Boëthius’ work on, i. 72, 90 Music in relation to, ii. 291 Patristic treatment of, i. 72 Scholastic classification of, ii. 313 Arnold of Brescia, i. 401; ii. 171 Arnulf, Abp. of Rheims, i. 283-4 Art, Christian (For particular arts, see their names): Demons as depicted in, ii. 540 n. 2 Early, i. 345 n. Emotionalizing of, i. 345-7 Evolution of, i. 19-20 Germany, in (11th cent.), i. 312 Symbolism the inspiration of, i. 21; ii. 82-6 Arthur, King, story of youth of, i. 568-569; relations with Lancelot and Guinevere, i. 584; with Parzival, i. 592, 599-600, 612 Arthurian romances: Comparison of, with Chansons de geste, i. 564-5 German culture influenced by, ii. 28 Origin and authorship of, question as to, i. 565-7 Universal vogue of, i. 565, 573, 577 otherwise mentioned, i. 531, 538 Arts, the (See also Latin classics): Classifications of, ii. 312 seqq. Course of, shortening of, ii. 132, 384 Dictamen, ii. 121, 129, 381 Grammar, see that heading Masters in, at Paris and Oxford, ii. 384-5; course for, ii. 388 Seven Liberal, see that heading Asceticism: Christian: Carthusian, i. 384 Early growth of, i. 333-5 Manichean, i. 49 Women’s practice of, i. 444, 462-3 Neo-Platonic, i. 43, 44, 46, 50, 331, 334 Astralabius, ii. 6, 9, 27; Abaelard’s poem to, ii. 191-2 and n. 1 Astrology, i. 44 and n.; ii. 374: Bacon’s views on, ii. 499-500 Astronomy: Chartres study of, i. 299 Gerbert’s teaching of, i. 288-9 Patristic attitude toward, i. 72 Ataulf, i. 112, 116 Athanasius, St., estimate of work of, i. 54, 68; Life of St. Anthony by, i. 47, 52 and n., 84; Orationes, i. 68 Atlantis, i. 36 Attila the Hun, i. 112-13; in legend, i. 145-7 Augustine, Abp. of Canterbury, i. 6, 171, 180-2; Gregory’s letters to, cited, i. 102 Augustine, St., Bp. of Hippo, Platonism of, i. 55; personal affinity of, with Plotinus, i. 55-7; barbarization of, by Gregory the Great, i. 98, 102; compared with Gregory the Great, i. 98-9; with Anselm, i. 279; with Guigo, i. 385, 390; overwhelming influence of, in Middle Ages, ii. 403; on numbers, i. 72 and n. 2, 105; attitude toward physical science, i. 300; on love of God, i. 342, 344; allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 44-5; modification by, of classical Latin, ii. 152; Confessions, i. 63; ii. 531; De Trinitate, i. 64, 68, 74, 96; Civitas Dei, i. 64-65, 69 n. 2, 81-82; De moribus Ecclesiae, i. 65, 67-8; De doctrina Christiana, i. 66-7; classification scheme based on the Doctrina, ii. 322; De spiritu et littera, i. 69; De cura pro mortuis, i. 86; De genesi ad litteram, ii. 324; Alcuin’s compends of works of, i. 220; otherwise mentioned, i. 5, 53, 71, 75, 82, 87, 89, 104, 186, 225, 340, 354, 366, 370; ii. 107, 269, 297, 312 Augustus, Emp., i. 26, 29 Aurillac monastery, i. 281 Ausonius, i. 126 n. 2; ii. 107 Austrasia: Church organization in, i. 199 Feudal disintegration of, i. 240 Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174 Rise of, under Pippin, i. 209 Authority v. reason, see Reason Auxerre, i. 506-7 Averroes, ii. 390 Averroism, ii. 400-1 Averroists, ii. 284 n., 296 n. 1 Avicenna, ii. 390 Avitus, Bp. of Vienne, i. 126 n. 2 Azo, ii. 262-3 Bacon, Roger, career of, ii. 486-7 tragedy of career, ii. 486; relations with Franciscan Order, ii. 299, 486, 488, 490-1; encouragement to, from Clement IV., ii. 489-90 and n. 1; estimate of, ii. 484-6; estimate of work of, ii. 402; style of, ii. 179-80; attitude toward the classics, ii. 120; predilection for physical science, ii. 289, 486-7; Albertus Magnus compared with, ii. 422; on four causes of ignorance, ii. 494-5; on seven errors in theological study, ii. 495-8; on experimental science, ii. 502-8; on logic, ii. 505; on faith, ii. 507; editions of works of, ii. 484 n.; Greek Grammar by, ii. 128 and n. 5, 484 n., 487, 498; Multiplicatio specierum, ii. 484 n., 500; Opus tertium, ii. 488, 490 and nn., 491, 492, 498, 499; Opus majus, ii. 490-1, 492, 494-5, 498, 499-500, 506-8; Optics, ii. 500; Opus minus, ii. 490-1, 495-8; Vatican fragment, ii. 490 and n. 2, 505 n. 1; Compendium studii philosophiae, ii. 491, 493-4, 507-8; Compendium theologiae, ii. 491; otherwise mentioned, ii. 284 n., 335 n., 389, 531-2 Bartolomaeus, De proprietatibus rerum of, ii. 316 n. 2 Bartolus, ii. 264 Baudri, Abbot of Bourgueil, ii. 192 n. 1 Bavaria: Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174 Merovingian rule in, i. 121 Otto’s relations with, i. 241 Reorganization of Church in, 198-9 Bavarians, i. 145 n. 2, 209, 210 Beauty, love of, i. 340 Bec monastery, i. 262 n., 270-2 Bede, estimate of, i. 185-6; allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 47 n. 1; Church History of the English People, i. 172, 186, 234 n. 2; De arte metrica, i. 187, 298; Liber de temporibus, 300; otherwise mentioned, i. 184, 212 Beghards of Liége, i. 365 Belgae, i. 126 Belgica, i. 29, 32 Benedict, Prior, i. 258 Benedict, St., of Nursia, i. 85 and n. 2, 94, 100 n. 4; Regula of, see under Monasticism Benedictus, Chronicon of, ii. 160-1 Benedictus Levita, Deacon, ii. 270 Benoit de St. More, Roman de Troie by, ii. 225, 227-9 Beowulf, i. 141, 143-4 and n. 1 Berengar, King, i. 256 Berengar of Tours, i. 297, 299, 302-3; ii. 137 Bernard, Bro., of Quintavalle, i. 502 Bernard, disciple of St. Francis, i. 425-6 Bernard of Chartres, ii. 130-2, 370 Bernard, St., Abbot of Clairvaux, at Citeaux, i. 360, 393; inspires Templars’ regula, i. 531; denounces and crushes Abaelard, i. 229, 401; ii. 344-5, 355; denounces Arnold of Brescia, i. 401; ii. 171; relations with Gilbert de la Porrée, ii. 372; Lives of, i. 392 n., 393 n. 1; appearance and characteristics of, i. 392-3; estimate of, i. 394; ii. 367-8; love and tenderness of, i. 344, 345, 394 seqq.; ii. 365; severity of, i. 400-1; his love of Clairvaux, i. 401-2; of his brother, i. 402-4; Latin style of, ii. 169-71; on church corruption, i. 474; on faith, ii. 298; unconcerned with physics, ii. 356; St. Francis compared with, i. 415-16; extracts from letters of, i. 395 seqq.; ii. 170-1; Sermons on Canticles—cited, 337 n.; quoted, i. 409-13; ii. 169, 368-9; De consideratione, ii. 368; otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 20, 279, 302, 472, 501; ii. 34, 168 Bernard Morlanensis, De contemptu mundi by, ii. 199 n. 3 Bernard Silvestris, Commentum ... of, ii. 116-17 and n. 2; De mundi universitate, ii. 119, 371 and n. Bernardone, Peter, i. 419, 423-4 Bernward, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312 and n. 1 Bible, see Scriptures Biscop, Benedict, i. 184 Bishops: Armed forces, with, i. 473 Francis of Assisi’s attitude toward, i. 430 Gallo-Roman and Frankish, position of, i. 191-2, 194 and nn., 198, 201 n. Investiture of, lay, i. 244-5 and n. 4; ii. 140 Jurisdiction and privileges of, ii. 266 Papacy’s ascendancy over, i. 304 Reluctance to be consecrated, i. 472 Social class of, i. 473 Vestments of, symbolism of, ii. 77 n. 2 Blancandrin, i. 565 Bobbio monastery, i. 178, 282-3 Boëthius, death of, i. 89, 93; estimate of, i. 89, 92, 102; Albertus Magnus compared with, ii. 420; works of, i. 90-3; Gerbert’s familiarity with works of, i. 289; works of, studied at Chartres, i. 298-9; their importance, i. 298; De arithmetica, i. 72, 90; De geometria, i. 90; commentary on Porphyry’s Isagoge, i. 92; ii. 312; translation of the Organon, i. 71, 91-2; “loss” of advanced works, ii. 248 n., 334; De consolatione philosophiae, i. 89, 188, 189-90, 299; mediaeval study of the work, i. 89; ii. 135-6 Bologna: Clubs and guilds in, ii. 382 Fight of, against Parma, i. 497 Law school at, ii. 121, 251, 259-62, 378 Medical school at, ii. 121, 383 n. University, Law, inception and character of, ii. 121, 381-3; affiliated universities, ii. 383 n. Bonaventura, St. (John of Fidanza), career of, ii. 403; at Paris, ii. 399, 403; estimate of, ii. 301; style of, ii. 181-2; contrasted with Albertus, ii. 405; compared with Aquinas, ii. 405, 437; with Dante, ii. 547; on faith, ii. 298; on Minorites and Preachers, ii. 396; attitude toward Plato and Aristotle, ii. 404-5; toward Scriptures, ii. 405 seqq.; De reductione artium ad theologiam, ii. 406-8; Breviloquium, ii. 408-13; Itinerarium mentis in Deum, ii. 413-18; otherwise mentioned, ii. 283, 288 Boniface, see Winifried-Boniface Boniface VIII., Pope, Sextus of, ii. 272; Unam sanctam bull of, ii. 509 Books of Sentences, method of, ii. 307 (See also under Lombard) Botany, ii. 427-8 Bretons, i. 113 Breviarium, i. 117, 239, 243-4 Britain: Anglo-Saxon conquest of, i. 141 Antique culture in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 10-11 Celts in, i. 127 n. Christianity of, i. 171-2 Romanization of, i. 32 Brude (Bridius), King of Picts, i. 173 Brunhilde, i. 176, 178 Bruno, Abp. of Cologne, i. 309-10, 383-4; Ruotger’s Life of, i. 310; ii. 162 and n. 1 Burgundians: Christianizing of, i. 193 Church’s attitude toward, i. 120 Roman law code promulgated by (Papianus), ii. 239, 242 Roman subjects of, i. 121 otherwise mentioned, i. 9-10, 113, 145 Burgundy, i. 175, 243 n. 1 Byzantine architecture, 212 n. Byzantine Empire, see Eastern Empire Cædmon, i. 183, 343 Caesar, C. Julius, cited, i. 27-9, 138, 296 Caesar of Heisterbach, Life of Engelbert by, i. 482-6 and n.; Dialogi miraculorum, cited, i. 488 n., 491. Canon law: Authority of, ii. 274 Basis of, ii. 267-9 Bulk of, ii. 269 Conciliar decrees, collections of, ii. 269 Decretals: Collections of, ii. 269, 271-2, 275 n. False, ii. 270, 273 Gratian’s Decretum, ii. 268-9, 270-1, 306 Jus naturale in, ii. 268-9 Lex romana canonice compta, ii. 252 Scope of, ii. 267 Sources of, ii. 269 Supremacy of, ii. 277 Canossa, i. 244 Cantafables, i. 157 n. 1 Canticles, i. 350; Origen’s interpretation of, 333; St. Bernard’s Sermons on, i. 337 n., 409-13; ii. 169, 368-9 Capella, Martianus, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii of, i. 71 and n. 3; ii. 553 Caritas, ii. 476-8; in relation to faith, ii. 479-81; to wisdom, ii. 481 Carloman, King of Austrasia, i. 199-200 and n., 209 Carloman (son of Pippin), i. 209-10 Carnuti, i. 296 Carolingian period: Breviarium epitomes current during, ii. 244, 249 Continuity of, with Merovingian, i. 210-12 Criticism of records non-existent in, i. 234 Definiteness of statement a characteristic of, i. 225, 227 Educational revival in, 218-19, 222, 236; ii. 122, 158; palace school, i. 214, 218, 229, 235 First stage of mediaeval learning represented by, ii. 330, 332 History as compiled in, i. 234-5 King’s law in, ii. 247 Latin poetry of, ii. 188, 194, 197 Latin prose of, ii. 158 Originality in, circumstances evoking, i. 232-3 Restatement of antique and patristic matter in, i. 237, 342-3 Carthaginians, i. 25 Carthusian Order, origin of, i. 383-4 Cassian’s Institutes and Conlocations, i. 335 Cassiodorus, life and works of, i. 93-7; Chronicon, i. 94; Variae epistolae, i. 94; De anima, 94-5; Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum, i. 95-6; ii. 357 n. 2; otherwise mentioned, i. 6, 88-9, 115; ii. 312 Cathari, i. 49; ii. 283 n. Catullus, i. 25 Cavallini, i. 347 Celsus cited, ii. 235, 237 Celtic language, date of disuse of, i. 31 and n. Celts: Gaul, in, i. 125 and n., 126-7, 129 n. 1 Goidelic and Brythonic, i. 127 n. Ireland, in, see Irish Italy invaded by (3rd cent. B.C.), i. 24 Latinized, i. 124 Teutons compared with, i. 125 Champagne, i. 240, 573 Chandos, Sir John, i. 554-5 Chanson de Roland, i. 12 n., 528 and n. 2, 559-62 Chansons de geste, i. 558 seqq.; ii. 222 Charlemagne, age of, see Carolingian period; estimate of, i. 213; relations of, with the Church, i. 201, 239; ii. 273; relations with Angilbert, i. 234-5; educational revival by, i. 213-14; ii. 110, 122, 158, 332; book of Germanic poems compiled by order of, ii. 220; Capitularies of, ii. 110, 248; open letters of, i. 213 n.; Einhard’s Life of, ii. 158-9; poetic fame of, i. 210; false Capitularies ascribed to, ii. 270; empire of, non-enduring, i. 238; otherwise mentioned, i. 9, 115, 153, 562; ii. 8 Charles Martel, i. 197, 198, 209; ii. 273 Charles II. (the Bald), King of France, i. 228, 235 Charles III. (the Simple), King of France, i. 239-40 Charles IV., King of France, i. 551 Chartres Cathedral, sculpture of, i. 20, 297; ii. 82-5 Chartres Schools: Classics the study of, i. 298; ii. 119 Fulbert’s work at, i. 296-7, 299 Grammar as studied at, ii. 129-30 Medicine studied at, ii. 372 Orleans the rival of, ii. 119 n. 2 Trivium and quadrivium at, i. 298-9; ii. 163 mentioned, i. 287, 293 Chartreuse, La Grande, founding of, i. 384 (See also Carthusian) Chaucer, ii. 95 Childeric, King, i. 119, 122 Chivalry: Literature of: Arthurian romances, see that heading Aube (alba) poetry, i. 571; ii. 30 Chansons de geste, i. 558 seqq. Nature of, i. 20 Pastorelle, i. 571 Pietistic ideal recognized in, ii. 288, 533 Poems of various nations cited, i. 570 n. Religious phraseology in love poems, i. 350 n. 2 Romans d’aventure, i. 564-5, 571 n. 2 Three branches of, i. 558 Nature of, i. 522, 570 n. Order of, evolution of, i. 524 seqq. (See also Knighthood) Chrétien de Troies, romances by, i. 566-7; Tristan, i. 567; Perceval, i. 567, 588-9; Erec (Geraint), i. 567, 586; ii. 29 n.; Lancelot or Le Conte de la charrette, i. 567, 569-70, 582-5; Cligés, i. 567, 586 n. 2; Ivain, i. 571 n. 2, 586 n. 3; ii. 29 n.; translation of Ovid’s Ars amatoria, i. 574 Christianity: Appropriation of, by mediaeval peoples, stages in, i. 17-18 Aquinas’ Summa as concerning, ii. 324 Art, in, see Art Atonement doctrine, Anselm’s views on, i. 279 Basis of, ii. 268 Britain, in, i. 171-2 Buddhism contrasted with, i. 390 Catholic Church, see Church Completeness of scheme of, ii. 394-5 Dualistic element in, i. 59 Eleventh century, position in, i. 16 Emotional elements in: Fear, i. 103, 339, 342, 383 Hate, i. 332, 339 Love, i. 331, 345 Synthetic treatment of, i. 333 Emotionalizing of, angels as regarded in, i. 348 n. 4 Eternal punishment doctrine of, i. 65, 339, 486 Faith of, see Faith Feudalism in relation to, i. 524, 527-9 and n. 2, 530 Fifth century, position in, i. 15 Gallo-Roman, i. 191-2 German language affected by, i. 202 Greek Fathers’ contribution to, i. 5 Greek philosophic admixture in, i. 33-4 Hell-fear in, i. 103, 339, 342, 383 Hymns, see that heading Ideal v. actual, i. 354-5 Incarnation doctrine of, ii. 369 Irish missionaries of, see under Irish Latin as modified for expression of, ii. 152, 154, 156, 164, 171 Marriage as regarded by, ii. 8, 529 Martyrs for, see Martyrs Mediaeval development in relation to, i. 11, 170 Mediation doctrine of, i. 54, 59-60 Militant character of, in early centuries, i. 69-70, 75 Miracles, attitude toward, i. 50-1 Monasticism, see that heading Neo-Platonism compared with, i. 51 Pagan ethics inconsistent with, i. 66 Pessimism of, toward mortal life, i. 64 Saints, see that heading Salvation: Master motive, as, i. 59, 61, 79, 89 Scholasticism’s main interest, as, ii. 296-7, 300, 311 Standard of discrimination, as, ii. 530, 533, 559 Scriptures, see that heading Teutonic acceptance of, see under Teutons Trinity doctrine of: Abaelard’s works on, ii. 10, 298-9, 352-3, 355 Aquinas on, ii. 449-50, 456 Bonaventura on, ii. 416-17 Dante’s vision, ii. 551 Peter Lombard’s Book on, ii. 323 Roscellin on, ii. 340 Vernacular presentation of, ii. 221 Visions, see that heading Chronicles, mediaeval, ii. 175 Chrysostom, i. 53 Church, Roman Catholic: Authority of, Duns’ views on, ii. 516 Bishops, see that heading British Church’s divergencies from, 171-2 Canon Law, see that heading Charlemagne’s relations with, i. 201, 239; ii. 273 Classical study as regarded by, i. 260; ii. 110 seqq., 396-7 Clergy, see that heading Confession doctrine of, i. 489 Constantine’s relations with, ii. 266 Creation of, i. 11, 68, 86-7 Decretals, etc., see under Canon Law Denunciations of, i. 474-5; ii. 34-5 Diocesan organization of, among Germans, i. 196 Doctrinal literature of, i. 68-70 Duns’ attitude towards, ii. 513 East and West, solidarity of development of, i. 55 Empire’s relations with, see under Papacy Eternal punishment doctrine of, i. 65, 339, 486; ii. 550 Eucharistic controversy, see that heading Fathers of the, see Greek thought, patristic; Latin Fathers; and chiefly Patristic thought Feudalism as affected by, i. 524, 527-9 and n. 2, 530 Feudalism as affecting, i. 244, 473 Frankish, see under Franks Gallo-Roman, i. 191-2, 194 Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. 457 Intolerance of, see subheading Persecutions Investiture controversy, see under Bishops Irish Church’s relations with, i. 172-4 and n. 1 Isidore’s treatise on liturgical practices of, i. 106 Knights’ vow of obedience to, i. 530 Mass, the: Alleluia chant and Sequence-hymn, ii. 196, 201 seqq. Symbolism of, ii. 77-8 Nicene Creed, i. 69 Papacy, Popes, see those headings Paschal controversy, see Eucharistic Penance doctrine of, i. 101, 195 Persecutions by, i. 339; of Albigenses, i. 366-7, 461, 481, 572; ii. 168; of Jews, i. 118, 332; of Montanists, i. 332 Popes, see that heading Predestination, attitude toward, i. 228 Property of, enactments regarding, ii. 266 Rationalists in, i. 305 Reforms in (11th cent.), i. 304 Roman law for, ii. 265 and n. 2 Sacraments: Definition of the word, ii. 72 and n. 1 Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 64, 66, 68-9, 71, 72-4, 90 n. 2 Origin of, Bonaventura on, ii. 411-13 Pagan analogy with, i. 53, 59-60 Secularization of dignities of, i. 472 Simony in, i. 244, 475 Spain, in, see under Spain Standards set by, ii. 528-9 Suspects to, estimate of, ii. 532 Synod of Aix (817), i. 359 Theodosian Code as concerning, ii. 266-7 and n. 1 Transubstantiation doctrine of, i. 226-227 “Truce of God” promulgated by, i. 529 n. 2 Churches: Building of, symbolism in, ii. 78-82 Dedication of, sequence designed for, ii. 210-11 Cicero, i. 26 n. 3, 39, 78, 219 Cino, ii. 264 Cistercian Order: Charta charitatis, i. 361-3 Clairvaux founded, i. 393 Cluniac controversies with, i. 360 Citeaux monastery: Bernard at, i. 360, 393 Foundation and rise of, i. 360-3 Cities and towns: Growth of, in 12th cent., i. 305; ii. 379-80 Italian, see under Italy Cities (civitates) of Roman provinces, i. 29-30 Clairvaux (Clara Vallis): Founding of, i. 360, 393 Position of, i. 362 St. Bernard’s love of, i. 401-2 Classics, see Latin classics Claudius, Bp. of Turin, i. 215, 231-2 and n. 1 Claudius, Emp., i. 30 Clement II., Pope, i. 243 Clement IV., Pope, ii. 489-91 Clement V., Pope, Decretales Clementinae of, ii. 272 Clement of Alexandria, ii. 64 Clergy: Accusations against, false, penalty for, ii. 266 Legal status of, ii. 382 Regular, see Monasticism Secular: Concubinage of, i. 244 Francis of Assisi’s attitude toward, i. 430, 440 Marriage of, i. 472 n. 1 Reforms of, i. 359 Standard of conduct for, i. 471; ii. 529 Term, scope of, i. 356 Clerval, Abbé, cited, i. 300 n. 1 Clopinel, Jean, see De Meun Clovis (Chlodoweg), i. 114, 117, 119-21, 122, 138, 193-4; ii. 245 Cluny monastery: Abaelard at, ii. 25, 26, 345 Characteristics of, i. 359-60 Monastic reforms accomplished by, i. 293, 304 Cologne, i. 29, 31 Columba, St., of Iona, i. 133-7, 173 Columbanus, St., of Luxeuil and Bobbio, i. 6, 133, 174-9, 196; Life and works of, 174 n. 2 Combat, trial by, i. 232 Commentaries, mediaeval: Boëthius’, i. 93 Excerpts as characteristic of, i. 104 General addiction to, ii. 390, 553 n. 4 Originals supplanted by, ii. 390 Raban’s, i. 222-3 Compends: Fourteenth century use of, ii. 523 Mediaeval preference for, i. 94 Medical, in Italy, i. 251 Saints’ lives, of (Legenda aurea), ii. 184 Conrad, Duke of Franconia, i. 241 Conrad II., Emp., i. 243 Constantine, Emp., ii. 266; “Donation” of, ii. 35, 265, 270 Constantinus Africanus, i. 251 and n.; ii. 372 Cordova, i. 25 Cornelius Nepos, i. 25 Cornificiani, ii. 132, 373 Cosmogony: Aquinas’ theory of, ii. 456 Mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. 65 seqq. Patristic attitude toward, i. 72-4 Cosmology, Alan’s, in Anticlaudianus, ii. 377 Cremona, i. 24 Cross, Christian: Magic safeguard, as, i. 294-5 Mediaeval feeling for, ii. 197 Crusades: Constantinople, capture of, as affecting Western learning, ii. 391 First: Chansons concerning, i. 537-8 Character of, i. 535-7 Guibert’s account of, ii. 175 Hymn concerning, quoted, i. 349 and n. Italians little concerned in, ii. 189 Joinville’s account of, quoted, i. 546-9 Language of, i. 531 Results of, i. 305 Second, i. 394 Spirit of, i. 535-7 Cuchulain, i. 129 and nn. 2, 3 Cynewulf’s Christ, i. 183 Cyprian quoted, i. 337 n. Cyril of Alexandria, i. 227 Cyril of Jerusalem, i. 53 Da Romano, Alberic, i. 515-16 Da Romano, Eccelino, i. 505-6, 516 Dacia, Visigoths in, i. 112 Damiani, St. Peter, Card. Bp. of Ostia, career of, i. 262-4; attitude of, to the classics, i. 260; ii. 112, 165; on the hermit life, i. 369-70; on tears, i. 371 and n.; extract illustrating Latin style of, ii. 165 and n. 3; works of, i. 263 n. 1; writings quoted, i. 263-7; Liber Gomorrhianus, i. 265, 474; Vita Romualdi, i. 372 seqq.; biography of Dominicus Loricatus, i. 381-2; De parentelae gradibus, ii. 252; otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 19, 20, 260, 343, 345, 391; ii. 34 Damianus, i. 262, 265 Danes, i. 142, 153 Dante, estimate of, ii. 534-5; scholarship of, ii. 541 n. 2; possessed by spirit of allegory, ii. 552-5; compared with Aquinas and influenced by him, ii. 541 n. 2, 547, 549, 551, 555; compared with Bonaventura, ii. 547; attitude to Beatrice, ii. 555-8; on love, ii. 555-6; on monarchy, ii. 278; De monarchia, ii. 535; De vulgari eloquentia, ii. 219, 536; Vita nuova, ii. 556, 559; Convito, ii. 537-8, 553; Divina Commedia, i. 12 n.; ii. 86, 99 n. 1, 103, 219; commentaries on this work, ii. 553-4; estimate of it, ii. 538, 540-1, 544, 553-4; Inferno cited, ii. 42, 541-3, 545-7; Purgatorio cited, ii. 535, 542-3, 548-9, 554, 558; Paradiso cited, i. 395; ii. 542-3, 549-51, 558 Dares the Phrygian, ii. 116 and n. 3, 224-5 and nn., 226-7 De bello et excidio urbis Comensis, ii. 189-90 De Boron, Robert, i. 567 De casu Diaboli, i. 279 De consolatione philosophiae, see under Boëthius De Lorris, Guillaume, Roman de la rose by, i. 586-7; ii. 103 and n. 1, 104 De Meun, Jean (Clopinel), Roman de la rose by, ii. 103 and n. 1, 104, 223 Denis, St., i. 230 Dermot (Diarmaid, Diarmuid), High-King of Ireland, i. 132-3, 135, 136 Desiderius, Bp. of Vienne, i. 99 Desiderius, Pope, i. 253, 263 Devil, the: Mediaeval beliefs and stories as to, i. 487 seqq. Romuald’s conflicts with, i. 374, 379-80 Dialectic (See also Logic): Abaelard’s skill in, ii. 118, 119, 345-6, 353; his subjection of dogma to, ii. 304; his Dialectica, ii. 346 and nn., 349-50 Chartres study of, i. 298 Duns Scotus’ mastery of, ii. 510, 514 Grammar penetrated by, ii. 127 seqq. Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67 Raban’s view of, i. 222 Thirteenth century study of, ii. 118-20 Diarmaid (Diarmuid), see Dermot Dictamen, ii. 121, 129, 381 Dictys the Cretan, ii. 224, 225 and n. 1 Dies irae, i. 348 Dionysius the Areopagite, ii. 10, 102, 344 Divina Commedia, see under Dante Divination, ii. 374 Dominic, St., i. 366-7, 497; ii. 396 Dominican Order: Aristotelianism of, ii. 404 Founding of, i. 366; ii. 396 Growth of, i. 498; ii. 398 Object of, ii. 396 Oxford University, at, ii. 387 Papacy, relations with, ii. 398, 509 Paris University, position in, ii. 386, 399 Dominicus Loricatus, i. 263, 381-3 Donatus, i. 71, 297; Ars minor and Barbarismus of, ii. 123-4 Donizo of Canossa, ii. 189 and n. 2 Druids: Gallic, i. 28, 296 Irish, i. 133 Du Guesclin, Bertrand, Constable of France, i. 554-6, 557 n. Duns Scotus, education of, ii. 511; career of, ii. 513; estimate of, ii. 513; intricacy of style of, ii. 510, 514, 516 n. 2; on logic, ii. 504 n. 2; Occam’s attitude toward, ii. 518 seqq.; editions of works of, ii. 511 n. 1; estimate of his work, ii. 509-10, 514 Dunstan, St., Abp. of Canterbury, i. 323-4 Durandus, Guilelmus, Rationale divinorum officiorum of, ii. 76 seqq. Eadmer, i. 269, 273, 277 Eastern Empire: Frankish relations with, i. 123 Huns’ relations with, i. 112-13 Norse mercenaries of, i. 153 Ostrogoths’ relations with, i. 114 Roman restoration by, i. 115 Ebroin, i. 209 Eckbert, Abbot of Schönau, i. 444 Ecstasy: Bernard’s views on, ii. 368 Examples of, i. 444, 446 Eddas, ii. 220 Education: Carolingian period, in, i. 213-14, 218-19, 222, 236; ii. 110, 122, 158, 332 Chartres method of, ii. 130-1 Grammar a chief study in, ii. 122 seqq., 331-2 Italy, in, see under Italy Latin culture the means and method of, i. 12; ii. 109 Schools, clerical and monastic, i. 250 n. 2, 293 Schools, lay, i. 249-51 Seven Liberal Arts, see that heading Shortening of academic course, advocates of, ii. 132, 373 Edward II., King of England, i. 551 Edward III., King of England, i. 550-1 Edward the Black Prince, i. 554-6 Einhard the Frank, i. 234 n. 1; Life of Charlemagne by, i. 215; ii. 158-9 Ekkehart family, i. 309 Ekkehart of St. Gall, Waltarius (Waltharilied) by, ii. 188 El-Farabi, ii. 390 Eleventh century: Characteristics of, i. 301; in France, i. 301, 304, 328; in Germany, i. 307-9; in England, i. 324; in Italy, i. 327 Christianity in, position of, i. 16 Elias, Minister-General of the Minorites, i. 499 Elizabeth, St., of Hungary, i. 391, 465 n. 1 Elizabeth, St., of Schönau, visions of, i. 444-6 Emotional development, secular, i. 349-50 and n. 2 Empire, the, see Holy Roman Empire Encyclopaedias, mediaeval, ii. 316 n. 2; Vincent’s Speculum majus, ii. 315-22 Eneas, ii. 225, 226 Engelbert, Abp. of Cologne, i. 481-6; estimate of, i. 482 England (See also Britain): Danish Viking invasion of, i. 153 Eleventh century conditions in, i. 324 Law in, principles of, i. 141-2; Roman law almost non-existent in Middle Ages, ii. 248 Norman conquest of, linguistic result of, i. 324 English language, character of, i. 324 Epicureanism, i. 41, 70; ii. 296, 312 Eriugena, John Scotus, estimate of, i. 215, 228-9, 231; ii. 330; on reason v. authority, ii. 298, 302; works of, studied at Chartres, i. 299; De divisione naturae, i. 230-1; ii. 302; otherwise mentioned, i. 16; ii. 282 n., 312 Essenes, i. 334 Ethelbert, King of Kent, i. 180-1 Etymologies of Isidore, i. 33, 105 and n. 1, 107-9; ii. 318; law codes glossed from, ii. 250 Eucharistic (Paschal) controversy: Berengar’s contribution to, i. 302-3 Paschasius’ contribution to, i. 225-7 Eucherius, Bp. of Lyons, ii. 48 n. 1 Euclid, i. 40 Eudemus of Rhodes, i. 38 Eunapius, i. 47, 52 Euric, King of the Visigoths, i. 117 and n. 1 Eusebius, i. 81 n. 2 Evil or sin: Abaelard’s views concerning, ii. 350 Eriugena’s views concerning, i. 228 Original sin, realism in relation to, ii. 340 n. Peter Lombard and Aquinas contrasted as to, ii. 308-10 Experimental science, Bacon on, ii. 502-8 Fabliaux, i. 521 n. 2; ii. 222 Facts, unlimited actuality of, i. 79-80 Faith: Abaelard’s definition of, ii. 354 Bacon’s views on, ii. 507 Bernard of Clairvaux’s attitude toward, ii. 355 Caritas in relation to, ii. 479-81 Cognition through, Aquinas’ views on, ii. 446 Occam’s views on, ii. 519 Proof of matters of, Aquinas on, ii. 450 Will as functioning in, ii. 479 False Decretals, i. 104 n., 118 n. 1 Fathers of the Church (See also Patristic thought): Greek, see Greek thought, patristic Latin, see Latin Fathers Faustus, ii. 44 Felix, St., i. 86 Feudalism (See also Knighthood): Anarchy of, modification of, i. 304 Austrasian disintegration by, i. 240 Chansons regarding, i. 559 seqq., 569 Christianity in relation to, i. 524, 527-9 and n. 2, 530 Church affected by, i. 244, 473 Italy not greatly under, i. 241 Marriage as affected by, i. 571, 586 Obligations of, i. 533-4 Origin of, 522-3 Principle and practice of, at variance, i. 522 Fibonacci, Leonardo, ii. 501 Finnian, i. 136 Flamenca, i. 565 Flore et Blanchefleur, i. 565 Florus, Deacon, of Lyons, i. 229 and n. Fonte Avellana hermitage, i. 262-3, 381 Forms, new, creation of, see Mediaeval thought—Restatement Fortunatus, Hymns by, ii. 196-7 Fourteenth century: Academic decadence in, ii. 523 Papal position in, ii. 509-10 France (For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names): Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9-10 Arthurian romances developed in, i. 566 Cathedrals of, ii. 539, 554-5 Church in, secularization of, i. 472-3 Eleventh century conditions in, i. 301, 304, 328 History of, in 11th century, i. 300 Hundred Years’ War, i. 550 seqq. Jacquerie in (1358), i. 556 Language modifications in, ii. 155 Literary celebrities in (12th cent.), ii. 168 Monarchy of, advance of, i. 305 North and South, characteristics of, i. 328 Rise of, in 14th century, ii. 509 Town-dwellers of, i. 495, 508 Francis, St., of Assisi, birth of, i. 415; parentage, i. 419; youth, i. 420-3; breach with his father, i. 423-4; monastic career, i. 427 seqq.; French songs sung by, i. 419 and n. 2, 427, 432; Lives of, i. 415 n.; style of Thomas of Celano’s Life, ii. 182-3; Speculum perfectionis, i. 415 n., 416 n., 438 n. 3; ii. 183; literal acceptance of Scripture by, i. 365, 406-7; on Scripture interpretation, i. 427 n. 1; ii. 183; universality of outlook, i. 417; mediaevalism, i. 417; Christ-influence, i. 417, 418, 432-3; inspiration, i. 419 n. 1, 441; gaiety of spirit, i. 421, 427-8, 431-2; poetic temperament, i. 422, 435; love of God, man, and nature, i. 366, 428, 432-3, 435-7; simplicity, i. 429; obedience and humility, i. 365 n., 429-30; humanism, i. 495; St. Bernard compared with, i. 415-16; St. Dominic contrasted with, ii. 396; Fioretti, ii. 184; Canticle of Brother Sun, i. 433-4, 439-40; last testament of, i. 440-1; otherwise mentioned, i. 20, 21, 279, 344, 345, 355-6; ii. 302 Franciscan Order: Attractiveness of, i. 498 Augustinianism of, ii. 404 Bacon’s relations with, ii. 486, 488, 490-1 Characteristics of, i. 366 Founding of, i. 427; ii. 396 Grosseteste’s relations, ii. 487, 511 Object of, ii. 396 Oxford University, at, ii. 387, 400 Papacy, relations with, ii. 398, 509 Paris University, in, ii. 386, 399 Rise of, ii. 398 Franconia, i. 241 Franks (See also Germans): Christianity as accepted by, i. 193 Church among: Bishops, position of, i. 194 and nn., 198, 201 n. Charlemagne’s relations with, i. 201, 239; ii. 273 Clovis, under, i. 194 Lands held by, i. 194, 199-200; immunities of, i. 201 and n. Organization of, i. 199 Reform of, by Boniface, i. 196; ii. 273 Roman character of, i. 201 Division of the kingdom a custom of, i. 238-9 Gallo-Roman relations with, i. 123 Language of, i. 145 n. 2 Law of, ii. 245-6 Missi dominici, i. 211 Ripuarian, i. 119, 121; ii. 246 Romanizing of, partial, i. 9-10 Salian, i. 113, 119; Code, ii. 245-6 Saracens defeated by, i. 209-10 n. 1 Trojan origin of, belief as to, ii. 225 and n. 1 Frederic, Count of Isenburg, i. 483-6 Frederick I. (Barbarossa), Emp., i. 448 Frederick II., Emp., under Innocent’s guardianship, ii. 32-3; crowned, ii. 33; estimate of, i. 497; otherwise mentioned, i. 250 n. 4, 417, 481, 505, 510, 517 Free, meaning of term, i. 526 n. 3 Free Companies, i. 556 Free will: Angelic, ii. 473 Duns Scotus on, ii. 515 Human, ii. 475 Richard of Middleton on, ii. 512 Freidank, i. 475; ii. 35 Frescoes, i. 346-7 Friendship, chivalric, i. 561-2, 569-70, 583 Frisians, i. 169, 174; missionary work among, i. 197, 200, 209 Froissart, Sir John, Chronicles of, i. 549 seqq.; estimate of the work, i. 557 Froumund of Tegernsee, i. 312-13; ii. 110 Fulbert, Bp. of Chartres, i. 287, 296-7, 299 Fulbert, Canon, ii. 4-6, 9 Fulco, Bp. of Toulouse, i. 461 Fulda monastery, i. 198, 221 n. 2 Fulk of Anjou, ii. 138 Gaius, Institutes of, ii. 241, 243 Galahad, i. 569-70, 583, 584 and n. 2 Galen of Pergamos, i. 40, 251 Gall, St., i. 6, 178, 196 Gallo-Romans: Feudal system among, i. 523 Frankish rule over, i. 120, 123 Literature of, i. 126 n. 2 Gandersheim cloister, i. 311 Gaul (For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names): Celtic inhabitants of, i. 125 and n., 126-7, 129 n. 1 Druidism in, i. 28, 296 Ethnology of, i. 126 Heathenism in, late survival of, i. 191 n. 1 Latinization of, i. 9-10, 29-32 Visigothic kingdom in south of, i. 112, 116, 117, 121 Gauls, characteristics and customs of, i. 27-8 Geoffrey of Beaulieu, Life of St. Louis by, i. 539-42 Gepidae, i. 113, 115 Geraldus, St., i. 281 Gerard, brother of St. Bernard, i. 402-4 Gerbert of Aurillac, see Sylvester II. German language: Christianity as affecting, i. 202 High and Low, separation of, i. 145 n. 2 Middle High German literature, ii. 168, 221 Old High German poetry, ii. 194, 220 Germans (Saxons) (See also Franks): Characteristics of, i. 138-40, 147, 151-2 Language of, see German language Latin as studied by, i. 307-9; ii. 123, 155 Literature of, ii. 220-1 (See also subheading Poetry) Marriage as regarded by, ii. 30 Nationalism of, in 13th cent., ii. 28 Poetry of: Hildebrandslied, i. 145-7 Kudrun (Gudrun), i. 148, 149-52; ii. 220 Nibelungenlied, i. 145-6, 148-9, 152, 193, 203 n. 2; ii. 220 Waltarius, i. 147 and n., 148 otherwise mentioned, i. 113, 115, 119, 174, 209, 210 Germany: Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 10-11 Art in (11th cent.), i. 312 Church in, secularization of, i. 472 Italy contrasted with, as to culture, i. 249-50 Merovingian supremacy in, i. 121 Papacy as regarded by, ii. 28, 33, 34-5 Sequence-composition in, ii. 215 Gertrude of Hackeborn, Abbess, i. 466 Gilbert de la Porrée, Bp. of Poictiers, ii. 132, 372 Gilduin, Abbot of St. Victor, ii. 62 and n. 2 Giraldus Cambrensis, ii. 135 and n. Girard, Bro., of Modena, i. 498 Glaber, Radulphus, Histories of, i. 488 n. Glass-painting, ii. 82-6 Gnosticism, i. 51 n. 1 Gnostics, Eriugena compared with, i. 231 and n. 1 Godehard, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312 Godfrey of Bouillon, i. 535-8 Godfrey of Viterbo, ii. 190 and n. 4 Gondebaud, King of the Burgundians, ii. 242 Good and the true compared, ii. 441, 512 Goths (See also Visigoths): Christianity of, i. 192, 194 Roman Empire invaded by, i. 111 seqq. Gottfried von Strassburg, i. 567; ii. 223; Tristan of, i. 577-82 Gottschalk, i. 215, 221 n. 2, 224-5, 227-8; verses by, ii. 197-9 Government: Church v. State controversy, ii. 276-7 (See also Papacy—Empire) Ecclesiastical, see Canon Law Monarchical, ii. 277-8 Natural law in relation to, ii. 278-9 Representative assemblies, ii. 278 Grace, Aquinas’ definition of, ii. 478-9 Grail, the, i. 589, 596-7, 607, 608, 613 Grammar: Chartres studies in, i. 298; ii. 129-30 Current usage followed by, ii. 163 and n. 1 Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67 Importance and predominance of, in Middle Ages, i. 109 and n., 292; ii. 331-2 Italian study of, ii. 129, 381 Language continuity preserved by, ii. 122-3, 151, 155 Law studies in relation to, ii. 121 Logic in relation to, ii. 127 seqq., 333-4; in Abaelard’s work, ii. 346 Raban’s view of, i. 222 Scholastic classification of, ii. 313 Syntax, connotation of term, ii. 125 Works on—Donatus, Priscian, Alexander, ii. 123 seqq. Grammarian, meaning of term, i. 250 Gratianus, Decretum of, ii. 268-9, 270-1, 306, 380-2; dicta, ii. 271 Greek classics, see Greek thought, pagan Greek language: Oxford studies in, ii. 120, 391, 487 Translations from, direct, in 13th cent., ii. 391 Greek legends, mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. 52, 56-9 Greek novels, ii. 224 and n. Greek thought, pagan: Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 492-3 Breadth of interest of, ii. 109 Christian standpoint contrasted with, i. 390; ii. 295-6 Church Fathers permeated by, i. 33-4 Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. 394 Limitless, the, abhorrent to, i. 353-4 Love as regarded by, i. 575 Metaphysics in, ii. 335-7 Scholasticism contrasted with, ii. 296 Summa moralium philosophorum, ii. 373 Symbolism in, ii. 42, 56 Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. 4 Greek thought, patristic (See also Patristic thought): Comparison of, with Latin, i. 68 Pagan philosophic thought contrasted with, ii. 295-6 Symbolism in, ii. 43 Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. 5, 34 and n. Gregorianus, ii. 240, 243 Gregory, Bp. of Tours, i. 121; Historia Francorum by, i. 234 n. 2; ii. 155 Gregory I. (the Great), Pope, family and education of, i. 97; Augustine of Hippo compared with, i. 98-9; Augustinianism barbarized by, i. 98, 102; sends mission to England, i. 6, 33, 180-1 and n. 1; estimate of, i. 56, 89, 102-3, 342; estimate of his writings, i. 354; on miracles, i. 100, 182; on secular studies, ii. 288; letter to Theoctista cited, i. 102 n. 1; editions of works of, i. 97 n.; works of, translated by King Alfred, i. 187; Dialogues on the Lives and Miracles of the Italian Saints, i. 85 and n. 2, 100; Moralia, i. 97, 100; ii. 57; Odo’s epitome of this work, ii. 161; Commentary on Kings, i. 100 n. 1; Pastoral Rule, i. 102, 187-8; otherwise mentioned, i. 16 and n. 4, 65, 87, 104, 116 Gregory II., Pope, i. 197-8; ii. 273 Gregory III., Pope, i. 198; ii. 273 Gregory VII., Pope (Hildebrand), claims of, i. 244-5; ii. 274; relations with Damiani, i. 263; exile of, i. 244, 253; estimate of, i. 261; otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 174 n. 1, 243, 304 Gregory IX., Pope, codification by, of Canon law, ii. 272; efforts of, to improve education of the Church, ii. 398; mentioned, i. 476; ii. 33 Gregory of Nyssa, i. 53, 80, 87, 340 Grosseteste, Robert, Chancellor of Oxford University and Bp. of Lincoln, Greek studies promoted by, ii. 120, 391, 487; estimate of, ii. 511-12; Augustinianism of, ii. 403-4; attitude toward the classics, ii. 120, 389; relations with Franciscan Order, ii. 487, 511; Bacon’s relations with, ii. 487 Gudrun (Kudrun), i. 148, 149-52; ii. 220 Guigo, Prior, estimate of, i. 390-1; relations with St. Bernard, i. 405; Consuetudines Carthusiae by, i. 384; Meditationes of, i. 385-90 Guinevere, i. 569, 584 and n. 1, 585 Guiot de Provens, “Bible” of, i. 475-6 and n. 1 Guiscard, Robert, ii. 189 n. 2 Gumpoldus, Bp. of Mantua, Life of Wenceslaus by, ii. 162 n. 1 Gundissalinus, Archdeacon of Segovia, ii. 312 and n. 4, 313 Gunther, Ligurinus of, ii. 192 and n. 4 Gunzo of Novara, i. 257-8 Harding, Stephen, Abbot of Citeaux, i. 360, 361, 393 Harold Fairhair, i. 153 Hartmann von Aue, i. 348-9 and n., 567; ii. 29 n. Harun al Raschid, Caliph, i. 210 Heinrich von Veldeke, i. 567; ii. 29 n. Heliand, i. 203 and nn., 308 Helias, Count of Maine, ii. 138 Hell: Dante’s descriptions of, ii. 546-7 Fear of, i. 103, 339, 342, 383 Visions of, i. 454-5, 456 n. Heloïse, Abaelard’s love for, ii. 4-5, 344; his love-songs to, ii. 13, 207; love of, for Abaelard, i. 585; ii. 3, 5, 8, 9, 15-16; birth of Astralabius, ii. 6; opposes marriage with Abaelard, ii. 6-9; marriage, ii. 9; at Argenteuil, ii. 9, 10; takes the veil, ii. 10; at the Paraclete, ii. 10 seqq.; letters of, to Abaelard quoted, ii. 11-15, 17-20, 23, 24; Abaelard’s letters to, quoted, ii. 16-17, 21-3, 24-5; Peter the Venerable’s letter, ii. 25-7; letter of, to Peter the Venerable, ii. 27; death of, ii. 27; intellectual capacity of, ii. 3 Henry the Fowler, i. 241 Henry II., Emp., i. 243; dirge on death of, ii. 216 Henry IV., Emp., i. 244; ii. 167 Henry VI., Emp., ii. 32, 190 Henry I., King of England, ii. 139, 146, 176-8 Henry II., King of England, ii. 133, 135, 372 Henry of Brabant, ii. 391 Henry of Ghent, ii. 512 Henry of Huntington cited, i. 525 Henry of Septimella, ii. 190 and n. 3 Heretics (For particular sects, see their names): Abaelard’s views on coercion of, ii. 350, 354 Insignificance of, in relation to mediaeval thought, ii. 283 and n. Theodosian enactments against, ii. 266 Twelfth century, in, i. 305 Herluin, Abbot of Bec, i. 271 Hermann, Landgraf of Thüringen, i. 589; ii. 29 Hermann Contractus, i. 314-15 and n. 1 Hermits: Irish, i. 133 Motives of, i. 335, 363 Temper of, i. 368 seqq. Hermogenianus, ii. 240, 243 Herodotus, i. 77 Hesse, Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8 Hilarion, St., i. 86 Hilary, Bp. of Poictiers, i. 63, 68, 70 Hildebert of Lavardin, Bp. of Le Mans and Abp. of Tours, career of, ii. 137-40; love of the classics, ii. 141-2, 146, 531; letters of, quoted, ii. 140, 143, 144-5, 146-7; Latin text of letter, ii. 172; Latin elegy by, ii. 191; otherwise mentioned, ii. 61, 134, 373 n. 2 Hildebrand, see Gregory VII. Hildebrandslied, ii. 220 Hildegard, St., Abbess of Bingen, dedication of, i. 447; visions of, i. 267, 449-59; affinity of, with Dante, ii. 539; correspondence of, i. 448; works of, i. 446 n.; Book of the Rewards of Life, i. 452-6; Scivias, i. 457-9; otherwise mentioned, i. 20, 345, 443; ii. 302, 365 Hildesheim, bishops of (11th cent.), i. 312 Hilduin, Abbot, i. 230 Hincmar, i. 215, 230, 233 n. 1 Hipparchus, i. 40 Hippocrates, i. 40 History: Carolingian treatment of, i. 234-5 Classical attitude toward, i. 77-8 Eleventh century treatment of, i. 300 Historia tripartita of Cassiodorus, i. 96-7 Patristic attitude toward, i. 80-4 Seven Books of Histories adversum paganos by Orosius, i. 82-3 Holy Roman Empire: Burgundy added to, i. 243 n. 1 German character of, ii. 32 Papacy, relations with, see under Papacy Refounding of, by Otto, i. 243 Rise of, under Charlemagne, i. 212 Honorius II., Pope, i. 531 Honorius III., Pope, i. 366, 482, 497; ii. 33, 385 n., 398 Honorius of Autun—on classical study, ii. 110, 112-13; Speculum ecclesiae of, ii. 50 seqq.; Gemma animae, ii. 77 n. 1 Hosius, Bp. of Cordova, i. 118 n. 1 Hospitallers, i. 531 Hrotsvitha, i. 311 and n. 2, ii. 215 n. 2 Huesca (Osca), i. 25 Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, ii. 137 Hugh Capet, i. 239-40 and n. Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, i. 241 Hugh of Payns, i. 531 Hugo, Archdeacon of Halberstadt, ii. 62 Hugo, Bro., of Montpellier, i. 510-14 Hugo, King, i. 242 Hugo of St. Victor, estimate of, ii. 63, 111, 118, 301, 356; allegorizing by, ii. 367; on classical study, ii. 110-11; on logic, ii. 333; pupils of, ii. 87; works of, ii. 61 n. 2; Didascalicon, ii. 48 n. 2, 63, 111, 312, 357 and nn. 2-5; De sacramentis Christianae fidei, ii. 48 n. 2, 64 seqq., 365, 395, 540; Expositio in regulam beati Augustini, ii. 62 n. 2; De arca Noë morali, ii. 75 n., 365-7; De arca Noë mystica, ii. 367; De vanitate mundi, ii. 75 n., 111-12; Summa sententiarum, ii. 356; Sermons on Ecclesiastes, ii. 358-9; otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 20, 457; ii. 404 Humanists, ii. 126 Humiliati of Lombardy, i. 365 Hungarians, i. 241-2 Huns, i. 112, 119, 193 Huon de Bordeaux, i. 564 Hy (Iona) Island, i. 136, 173 Hymns, Christian: Abaelard, by, ii. 25, 207-9 Estimate of, i. 21 Evolution of, i. 347-9 and n.; ii. 196, 200 seqq. Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. 459 Hugo of St. Victor, by, ii. 86 seqq. Sequences, development of, ii. 196, 201-6; Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-15 Iamblicus, i. 42, 47, 51, 56-7; ii. 295 Iceland, Norse settlement in, i. 153 Icelanders, characteristics and customs of, i. 154 Icelandic Sagas, see Sagas Ideal v. actual, i. 353 seqq. Innocent II., Pope, i. 394; ii. 10 Innocent III., Pope, i. 417, 481, 497; ii. 32, 274, 384, 398 Innocent IV., Pope, i. 506 Intellectus agens, ii. 464, 507 n. 2 Iona (Hy) Island, i. 136, 173 Ireland: Celts in, see Irish Church of, missionary zeal of, i. 133, 136, 172 seqq. Danish settlements in, i. 153 Monasteries in, i. 153 n. 1, 173 Norse invasion of, i. 134 Scholarship in, i. 180 n., 184-5 Irenaeus, Bp. of Lyons, i. 225 Irish: Art of, i. 128 n. 1 Characteristics of, i. 128, 130, 133, 179 History of, i. 127 and n. Influence of, on mediaeval feeling, i. 179 and n. Literature of, i. 128 and n. 2, 129 seqq., 134; poetry, ii. 194 Missionary labours of, i. 133, 136, 172 seqq.; defect of, i. 179, 196 Norse harryings of, i. 133-4; intercourse with, i. 152 n. 3 Oxford University, at, ii. 387 Irnerius, ii. 121, 260, 380-1; Summa codicis of, ii. 255-9 Irrationality (See also Miracles): Neo-Platonic teaching as to, i. 42-4, 48, 52 Patristic doctrine as to, i. 51-3 Isabella, Queen, wife of Edward II., i. 550-1 Isidore, Abp. of Seville, estimate of, i. 89, 103, 118 n. 1; Bede compared with, i. 185-7; False Decretals attributed to, i. 118 n. 1; ii. 270, 273; works of, i. 104-9; Etymologiae, see Etymologies of Isidore; Origines, i. 236, 300; otherwise mentioned, i. 6, 88; ii. 46, 312 Italian people in relation to the antique, i. 7-8 Italy (For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names): Celtic inroads into (3rd cent. B.C.), i. 24 Church in, secularization of, i. 472 Cities in: Continuity of, through dark ages, i. 248, 494-5; ii. 381 Fighting amongst, i. 497-8 Importance of, i. 241, 326, 494-5 Continuity of culture and character in, i. 326, 495; ii. 120-2 Dante as influenced by, ii. 534-5 Education in—lay, persistence of, i. 249-51; clerical and monastic, i. 250 n. 2 Eleventh-century conditions in, i. 327 Feudalism not widely fixed in, i. 241 Feuds in, i. 515-16 Grammar as studied in, i. 250 and n. 2; ii. 129 Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174 Literature of, mediaeval, lack of originality in, ii. 189; eleventh-century verse, i. 251 seqq.; ii. 165 n. 1, 186 Lombard kingdom of (6th cent.), i. 115-16 Medicine studied in, i. 250 and n. 4, 251; ii. 121 Unification of, under Rome, i. 23 Jacobus à Voragine, Legenda aurea by, ii. 184 Jacques de Vitry, Bp. and Card. of Tusculum, i. 461 and n.; Exempla of, i. 488 n., 490 Jerome, St., estimate of, i. 344, 354; letter of, on asceticism, i. 335 and n. 1; love of the classics, ii. 107, 112, 531; modification by, of classical Latin, ii. 152, 171; two styles of, ii. 171 and n. 4; Life of Paulus by, i. 84, 86; Life of Hilarion, i. 86; Contra Vigilantium, i. 86; otherwise mentioned, i. 56, 75, 76, 104 Jerome of Ascoli (Pope Nicholas IV.), ii. 491 Jews: Agobard’s tracts against, i. 232-3 Gregory the Great’s attitude toward, i. 102 Louis IX.’s attitude toward, i. 545 Persecution of, i. 118, 332 Joachim, Abbot of Flora, Evangelicum eternum of, 502 n., 510, 512-13, 517 John, Bro., of Vicenza, i. 503-4 John X., Pope, i. 242 John XI., Pope, i. 242 John XII., Pope, i. 243; ii. 160-1 John XIII., Pope, i. 282 John XXII., Pope, Decretales extravaganes of, ii. 272 John of Damascus, ii. 439 n. 1 John of Fidanza, see Bonaventura John of Parma, Minister-General of Franciscans, i. 507, 508, 510-11 John of Salisbury, estimate of, ii. 118, 373-4; Chartres studies described by, ii. 130-2; attitude of, to the classics, ii. 114, 164, 173, 531; Latin style of, ii. 173-4; Polycraticus, ii. 114-15, 174-5; Metalogicus, ii. 173-4; Entheticus, ii. 192; De septem septenis, ii. 375 John the Deacon, Chronicon Venetum by, i. 325-6 Joinville, Sire de, Histories of St. Louis by, i. 539, 542-9 Jordanes, compend of Gothic history by, i. 94 Jordanes of Osnabrück cited, ii. 276 n. 2 Joseph of Exeter, ii. 225 n. 2 Jotsaldus, Life of Odilo by, i. 295-6 Judaism, emotional elements in, i. 331-2 Julianus, Epitome of, ii. 242, 249, 254 Jumièges cloister, ii. 201 Jurisprudence (See also Roman law): Irnerius an exponent of, ii. 256, 259 Mediaeval renaissance of, ii. 265 Roman law, in, beginnings of, ii. 232 Justinian, Codex, Institutes, Novellae of, see under Roman law; Digest of, see Roman law—Pandects Jutes, i. 140 Jutta, i. 447 Keating quoted, i. 136 Kilwardby, Richard, Abp. of Canterbury, De ortu et divisione philosophiae of, ii. 313 Kilwardby, Robert, ii. 128 Knighthood, order of: Admission to, persons eligible for, i. 527 Code of, i. 524 Hospitallers, i. 531 Investiture ceremony, i. 525-8 Love the service of, i. 568, 573 Templars, i. 531-5 Virtues and ideals of, i. 529-31, 567-8 Knowledge: Cogitation, meditation, contemplation (Hugo’s scheme), ii. 358 seqq. Forms and modes of, Aquinas on—divine, ii. 451-5; angelic, ii. 459-62; human, ii. 463 seqq. Grades of, Aquinas on, ii. 461, 467 Primacy of, over will maintained by Aquinas, ii. 440-1 La Ferté Monastery, i. 362 Lambert of Hersfeld, Annals of, i. 313; ii. 167 Lambertus Audomarensis, Liber Floridus of, ii. 316 n. 2 Lancelot of the Lake, i. 567, 569-70, 582-5; Old French prose version of, i. 583 seqq. Land tenure, feudal, i. 523-4 Lanfranc, Primate of England, i. 174 n. 1, 261 n., 273 Langue d’oc, ii. 222, 248 Langue d’oil, ii. 222, 248 Languedoc, chivalric society of (11th and 12th centuries), i. 572 Latin classics: Abaelard’s reference to, ii. 353 Alexandrian antecedents of the verse, ii. 152 n. 1 Artificial character of the prose, ii. 151 n. Breadth of interest of, ii. 109 Characteristics of, ii. 153 Chartres a home of, i. 298; ii. 119 Common elements in, ii. 149, 157 Dante’s attitude toward, ii. 541, 544; his quotations from, ii. 543 n. 1 Ecclesiastical attitude toward, i. 260; ii. 110 seqq., 396-7 Familiarity with, of Damiani, i. 260; ii. 165; Gerbert, i. 287-8; ii. 110; John of Salisbury, ii. 114, 164, 173, 531; Bernard of Chartres, ii. 132-3; Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4; Hildebert, ii. 141-2, 146, 531 Knowledge-storehouses for the Middle Ages, as, ii. 108 Mastery of, complete, as affecting mediaeval writings, ii. 164 Reverential attitude of mediaevals toward, ii. 107-9 Scripture study as aided by study of, ii. 110, 112, 120 Suggestions of new ideas from, for Northern peoples, ii. 136 Themes of, in vernacular poetry, ii. 223 seqq. Twelfth-century study of, ii. 117-18 Latin Fathers (See also their names and Patristic thought): Comparison of, with Greek, i. 68 Style and diction of, ii. 150, 152 seqq. Symbolism in, ii. 43-6 Transmutation by, of Greek thought, i. 5, 34 and n. Latin language: Britain, position in, i. 10, 32 Children’s letters in, ii. 123 n. Christianity as modifying, ii. 152, 154, 156, 164, 171 Continuity of, preserved by universal study of grammar, ii. 122-3, 151, 155 “Cornificiani” in regard to, ii. 132, 373 Educational medium as, ii. 109 Genius of, susceptible of change, ii. 149 German acquisition of, i. 10, 32, 307-8, 313; ii. 123, 155 Grammar of, see Grammar Mediaeval modifications in, ii. 125, 164 Patristic modifications of, ii. 150, 152 seqq.; Jerome’s, ii. 152, 171 Spelling of, mediaeval, i. 219 Sphere of, ii. 219-20 Supremacy of (during Roman conquest period), i. 4, 23-4 and n. 1, 25, 30-1 Translations from, scanty nature of, ii. 331 n. 2 Translations into, difficulties of, ii. 498 Universality of, as language of scholars, ii. 219, 331 n. 2 Vernacular, developments of, ii. 151 Vitality of, in relation to vernacular tongues, ii. 219 Latin prose, mediaeval: Antecedents of, ii. 151 seqq. Best period of, ii. 167-8 Bulk of, ii. 157 n. Carolingian, ii. 158-60 Characteristics of, ii. 156 Estimation of, difficulties of, ii. 157 and n. Influences upon, summary of, ii. 156 Prolixity and inconsequence of, ii. 154 Range of, ii. 154 Simplicity of word-order in, ii. 163 n. 1 Stages of development of, ii. 157 seqq. Style in, beginnings of, ii. 164 Stylelessness of, in Carolingian period, ii. 158-60 Thirteenth-century styles, ii. 179 Value of, as expressing the mediaeval mind, ii. 156, 164 Latin verse, mediaeval: Accentual and rhyming compositions, ii. 194; two kinds of, ii. 196 Antecedents of, ii. 187 n. 1 Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. 203, 217-19 and n. Development of, stages in, ii. 187 Leonine hexameters, ii. 199 and n. 3 Metrical composition, ii. 187 seqq.; elegiac verse, ii. 190-2 and n. 1; hexameters, ii. 192; Sapphics, ii. 192-3 and n. 1 Modi, ii. 215-16 Rhyme, development of, ii. 195, 206 Law: Barbarian, Latin codes of, ii. 244 seqq. Barbaric conception of, ii. 245, 248-9 Breviarium, see under Roman law Canon, see Canon law English, principles of, i. 141-2 Grammar in relation to, ii. 121 Lombard codes, i. 115; ii. 242, 246, 248, 253; Concordia, ii. 259 Natural: Gratian on, ii. 268-9 Jus gentium in relation to, ii. 234 and n., 268 Occam on, ii. 519 Sacraments of, ii. 74 and n. 1 Supremacy of, ii. 269, 279 Roman, see Roman law Salic, ii. 245-6 Territorial basis of, i. 123; ii. 247 Tribal basis of, i. 123; ii. 245-7 Visigothic codification of, in Spain, i. 118 Leander, Bp. of Seville, i. 118 n. 1 Légonais, Chrétien, ii. 230 and n. 2 Leo, Brother, Speculum perfectionis by, ii. 183-4 Leo I. (the Great), Pope, i. 113, 116 Leo IX., Pope, i. 243 Leon, Sir Guy de, i. 552-3 Leon, Sir Hervé de, i. 552-3 Leowigild, i. 117 n. 2, 118 n. 1 Lerins monastery, i. 195 Lewis, Lord, of Spain, i. 552-3 Liberal arts, see Seven Liberal Arts Liutgard of Tongern, i. 463-5 Liutprand, Bp. of Cremona i. 256-7; ii. 161 n. 1 Liutprand, King of Lombards, i. 115-16 Logic (See also Dialectic): Albertus Magnus on, ii. 313-15, 504, 506 Aristotelian, mediaeval apprehension of, ii. 329 (See also Aristotle—Organon) Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 505 Gerbert’s preoccupation with, i. 282, 289, 292 Grammar in relation to, ii. 127 seqq., 333-4; in Abaelard’s work, ii. 346 Importance of, in Middle Ages, i. 236; ii. 297 Nature of, ii. 333; schoolmen’s views on, ii. 313-15, 333 Occam’s views on, ii. 522 Patristic attitude toward, i. 71 Raban’s view of, i. 222 Scholastic classification of, ii. 313 seqq. Scholastic decay in relation to, ii. 523 Second stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. 332-4 Specialisation of, in 12th cent., ii. 119 Theology in relation to, ii. 340 n., 346 Twofold interpretation of, ii. 333 Universals, problem of, ii. 339 seqq.; Abaelard’s treatment of, ii. 342, 348 Lombard, Peter, estimate of, ii. 370; Gratian compared with, ii. 270; Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 497; Books of Sentences by, i. 17, 18; ii. 134, 370; method of the work, ii. 306; Aquinas’ Summa contrasted with it, ii. 307-10; its classification scheme, ii. 322-4; Bonaventura’s commentary on it, ii. 408 Lombards: Italian kingdom of (6th cent.), i. 115-16 Italian influence on, i. 7, 249 Law codes of, see under Law Louis of Bavaria, Emp., ii. 518 Louis I. (the Pious), King of France, i. 233, 239, 359; false capitularies ascribed to, ii. 270 Louis VI. (the Fat), King of France, i. 304-5, 394, 400; ii. 62; Hildebert’s letter on encroachments of, ii. 140, 172 Louis IX. (the Saint), King of France, Geoffrey’s Vita of, i. 539-42; Joinville’s Histoire of, i. 542-9; Testament of, i. 540 n. 1; otherwise mentioned, i. 476, 507-9, 515 Love, Aquinas on distinguishing definitions of, ii. 475-6 Love, chivalric: Antique conception of love contrasted with, i. 575 Chansons de geste as concerned with, i. 564 Code of, by Andrew the Chaplain, i. 575-6 Dante’s exposition of, ii. 555-6 Estimate of, mediaeval, i. 568, 570 Literature of, see Chivalry—Literature Marriage in relation to, i. 571 and n. 2 Minnelieder as depicting, ii. 30 Nature of, i. 572-5, 582-7 Stories exemplifying—Tristan, i. 577 seqq.; Lancelot, 582 seqq. Love, spiritual: Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 472-3, 476 Bernard of Clairvaux as exemplifying, i. 394 seqq. Lupus, Servatus, Abbot of Ferrières, i. 215; ii. 113 Luxeuil, i. 175-7 Lyons: Diet of the “Three Gauls” at, i. 30 Law studies at, ii. 250 Macrobius, Saturnalia of, ii. 116 and n. 4 Magic, i. 46-8; ii. 500 and n. 1 Majolus, Abbot of Cluny, i. 359 Manichaeism, i. 49; ii. 44, 283 Manny, Sir Walter, i. 552-4 Mapes (Map), Walter, i. 475, 567; ii. 219 n. Marie, Countess, de Champagne, i. 566, 573, 576 Marie de France, i. 566, 567, 573; Eliduc by, i. 571 n. 2 Marinus (hermit), i. 373 Marozia, i. 242 Marriage: Christian attitude toward, ii. 8; ecclesiastical view, ii. 529 Feudalism as affecting, i. 571, 586 German view of, ii. 30 Marsilius of Padua, ii. 277 n. 2 Martin, St., of Tours, i. 334; Life of, i. 52 and n., 84, 85 n. 2, 86 Martyrs: Mediaeval view of, i. 483 Patristic attitude toward, i. 86 Mary, St., of Ognies, i. 462-3; nature of visions of, i. 459 Massilia, i. 26 Mathematics: Bacon’s views on, ii. 499-500 Gerbert’s proficiency in, i. 282, 288 Mathew Paris cited, ii. 487 Matthew of Vendome, Ars versificatoria by, ii. 190 and n. 5 Maurus, Rabanus, see Rabanus Mayors of the palace, i. 240 Mechthild of Magdeburg, i. 20, 345; ii. 365; Book of, i. 465 and n. 2-70 Mediaeval thought: Abstractions, genius for, ii. 280 Characteristics of, i. 13 Commentaries characteristic of, ii. 390, 553 n. 4 Conflict inherent in, i. 22; ii. 293-4 Deference of, toward the past, i. 13; ii. 534 Emotionalizing by, of patristic Christianity, i. 345 Metalogics rather than metaphysics the final stage of, ii. 337 Moulding forces of, i. 3, 5, 12; ii. 293-4 Orthodox character of, ii. 283 and n. Political theorizing, ii. 275 seqq. Problems of, origins of, ii. 294-5 Restatement and rearrangement of antique matter the work of, i. 13-15, 224, 237, 292, 342; ii. 297, 329, 341: Culmination of third stage in, ii. 394 Emotional transformations of the antique, i. 18 seqq. Intellectual transformations of the antique, i. 14 seqq. Salvation the main interest of, i. 58-9, 334; ii. 296-7, 300 Scholasticism, see that heading Superstitions accepted by, i. 487 Symbolism the great influence in, ii. 43, 102, 365 Three stages of, ii. 329 seqq. Ultimate intellectual interests of, ii. 287 seqq. Medicine: Relics used in, i. 299 Smattering of, included in Arts course, ii. 250 Study of—in Italy, i. 250 and n. 4, 251; ii. 383 n. at Chartres, i. 299; ii. 372 Mendicant Orders, see Dominican and Franciscan Merovingian Kingdom: Character of, i. 208 Church under, i. 194 Extent of, i. 210 n. 3 German conquests of, i. 121, 138 Merovingian period: Barbarism of, i. 9 Continuity of, with Carolingian, i. 210-12 King’s law in, ii. 247 Merovingians, estimate of, i. 195 Metaphor distinguished from allegory, ii. 41 n. (See also Symbolism) Metaphysics: Final stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. 335-7 Logic, mediaeval, in relation to, ii. 334 Theology dissociated from, by Duns, ii. 510, 516, 517 Michelangelo quoted, ii. 113 Middle Ages (See also Mediaeval thought): Beginning of, i. 6 Extremes characteristic of, i. 355 Milan, lawyers in, ii. 251 n. 2 Miles, signification of word, i. 525-6 and n. 2 Minnelieder, ii. 28-31 Minorites, i. 430 (See also Franciscan Order) Miracles (See also Irrationality): Devil, concerned with, i. 488 seqq. Nostre Dame, Miracles de, i. 491-2 Patristic attitude toward, i. 85-6, 100, 182 Roman Empire aided by, belief as to, ii. 536 Salimbene’s instance of, i. 516 Universal acceptance of, i. 74, 182 Vitae sanctorum in regard to, i. 85 and n. 2 Mithraism, i. 49 Modena (Mutina), i. 24 Modi, ii. 215-16 Monasteries: Immunities granted to, i. 523 and n. Regula of, meaning of, ii. 62 Monasticism (For particular Monasteries, Orders, etc., see their names): Abuses of, i. 357-8; Rigaud’s Register quoted, i. 477-481 Benedictine rule: Adoption of—in England, i. 184; among the Franks, i. 199, 201; generally, i. 358 Papal approval of, i. 335 Cassiodorus a pioneer in literary functions of, i. 94 General mediaeval view regarding, i. 472; ii. 529 Ideal v. actual, i. 355 Ireland, in, i. 135 n. 1 Lament over deprivations of, ii. 218-19 Modifications of, by St. Francis, i. 366 Motives of, i. 357 Nature of, i. 336-7 Nuns, see Women—monastic life Origin of, i. 335 Pagan literature condemned by, i. 260 Popularity of, in 5th and 6th centuries, i. 195-6 Poverty—of monks, i. 365; of Orders, i. 366, 425, 430 Reforms of, i. 358 seqq. Schools, monastic, in Italy, i. 250 n. 2 Sex-relations as regarded by, i. 338 Studies of, in 6th cent., i. 94, 95 Subordinate monasteries, supervision of, i. 361 Uncloistered, see Dominican and Franciscan Vita activa accepted by, i. 363-6 Vita contemplativa, see that title Women vilified by devotees of, i. 354 n., 521 n. 2, 532, 533; ii. 58 Montanists, 332 Monte Cassino, i. 250 n. 2, 252-3 Montfort, Countess of, i. 552-4 Moorish conquest of Spain, i. 9, 118 Morimond monastery, i. 362 Mosaics, i. 345-7 Music: Arithmetic in relation to, ii. 291 Chartres studies in, i. 299 Poetry and, interaction of, ii. 195-6, 201-2 Scholastic classification of, ii. 313 Mysticism: Hugo’s strain of, ii. 361-3 Nature of, i. 443 n. 1; ii. 363 and n. 4 Symbolism as expressing, see Symbolism Narbo, i. 26 Narbonensis, see Provincia Narbonne, law studies at, ii. 250 Natural history and science, see Physical science Nemorarius, Jordanus, ii. 501 Neo-Platonism: Arabian versions of Aristotle touched with, ii. 389 Augustinian, i. 55; ii. 403 Christianity compared with, i. 51; Patristic habit of mind compared, ii. 295 Ecstasy as regarded by, i. 331 Metaphysics so named by, ii. 336 Pseudo-Dionysian, i. 54 and n. 1 Tenets and nature of, i. 41-9; a mediatorial system, i. 50, 54, 57-8, 70 Trinity of, ii. 355 Neustria, i. 200, 209, 239 Nibelungenlied, i. 145-6, 148-9, 152, 193, 203 n. 2; ii. 220 Nicholas II., Pope, i. 243 n. 2 Nicholas III., Pope, i. 504 Nicholas IV., Pope (Jerome of Ascoli), ii. 491 Nicholas, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 213-15 Nicolas of Damascus, ii. 427 Nilus, St., Abbot of Crypta-Ferrata, i. 374 n. Nithard, Count, i. 234-5 Nominalism, i. 303 Norbert, ii. 344 Normandy, Norse occupation of, i. 153 Norsemen (Scandinavians, Vikings): Characteristics of, i. 138, 154-5 Continental and insular holdings of, i. 153 Eddic poems of, i. 154-5 and n. 3 Irish harassed by, i. 133-4; later relations, i. 152 n. 3 Jumièges cloister sacked by, ii. 201 Metal-working among, i. 152 n. 3 Ravages by, in 8th and 9th centuries, i. 152-3 Sagas of, i. 155 seqq. Settling down of, i. 240 Notker, i. 308-9 and n. 1; sequences of, ii. 201-2 Numbers, symbolic phantasies regarding, i. 72 and nn. 1, 2; ii. 49 n. 3 Oberon, fairy king, i. 564 and n. Occam, William of, career of, ii. 518; estimate of his work, ii. 522-3; attitude toward Duns, ii. 518 seqq.; on faith and reason, ii. 519; on Universals, ii. 520-1 Odilo, Abbot of Cluny, i. 294-5, 359; Jotsaldus’ biography of, quoted, i. 295-6 Odo, Abbot of Cluny, i. 343 and n. 3, 359; Epitome by, of Gregory’s Moralia, i. 16 n. 4; ii. 161 and n. 2; Latin style of Collationes, ii. 161-2 Odo of Tournai, ii. 340 n. Odoacer, i. 114, 145 Olaf, St., i. 156, 160-1 Olaf Tryggvason, King, i. 156, 161-2 Old French: Formation of, ii. 155 Latin as studied by speakers of, ii. 123 Poetry, ii. 222, 225 seqq. Ontology, see Metaphysics Ordeal, trial by, i. 232-3 and n. 1 Ordericus Vitalis, i. 525; Historia ecclesiastica by, ii. 176-8 Organon, see under Aristotle Origen, estimate of, i. 51, 62-3; on Canticles, i. 333; ii. 369; De principiis, i. 68; otherwise mentioned, i. 53, 76, 80, 87, 104, 411; ii. 64 Orleans School: Classical studies at, ii. 119 n. 2, 127 Law studies at, ii. 250 Rivalry of, with Chartres, ii. 119 n. 2 Orosius, i. 82 and n. 1, 188 Ostrogoths, i. 7, 113, 114-15, 120 Otfrid the Frank, i. 203-4, 308 Other world: Irish beliefs as to, i. 131 and n. 2 Voyages to, mediaeval narratives of, i. 444 n. 1 Othloh, i. 315; visions of, i. 443; Book concerning the Temptations of a certain Monk, i. 316-23 Otric, i. 289-91 Otto I. (the Great), Emp., i. 241-3, 256-7, 309 Otto II., Emp., i. 243, 282-3, 289 Otto III., Emp., i. 243, 283, 284; Modus Ottinc in honour of, ii. 215-216 Otto IV. (of Brunswick), Emp., i. 417; ii. 32-3 Otwin, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312 Ovid, Ars amatoria of, i. 574-5; mediaeval allegorizing of, and of Metamorphoses, ii. 230 Oxford University: Characteristics of, ii. 388-9 Curriculum at, ii. 387-8 Foundation of, ii. 380, 386-7 Franciscan fame at, ii. 400 Greek studies at, ii. 120, 391, 487 Palladius, Bp., i. 172 Pandects, see under Roman law Papacy (See also Church and Popes): Ascendancy of, over prelacy, i. 304 Character of, ii. 32 Denunciations against, i. 475; ii. 34-5, 218 Empire’s relations with: Concordat of Worms, i. 245 n. 4 Conflict (11th cent.), i. 244; (12th cent.), i. 245 n. 4; ii. 273; (13th cent.), ii. 33, 34-5; (14th cent.), ii. 518; allegory as a weapon in, ii. 60 Recognition of ecclesiastical authority, ii. 265-7, 272-3 Reforms by Otto I., i. 243 Gregory VII.’s claims for, i. 245; ii. 274 Mendicant Orders’ relations with, ii. 398, 509 Nepotism of, i. 504-5, 511 Schisms of popes and anti-popes, i. 264 Temporal power of, rise of, i. 116; claims advanced, i. 245; realized, ii. 274, 276-7 Papinian cited, ii. 235 Paraclete oratory: Abaelard at, ii. 10, 344 Heloïse at, ii. 10 seqq. Paradise: Dante’s Paradiso, see under Dante Hildegard’s visions of, i. 455-6 Paris: Schools: Growth of, ii. 380 Notre Dame and St. Geneviève, ii. 383 St. Victor, ii. 61-3, 143, 383 University: Aristotle prohibited at, ii. 391-2 Authorities on, ii. 381 n. Bacon at, ii. 488 Bonaventura at, ii. 403 Curriculum at, ii. 387-8 Dominicans and Franciscans at, ii. 399 Prominence of, in philosophy and theology, ii. 283, 378-9 Rise, constitution, and struggles of, ii. 119-20, 383-6 Viking sieges of, i. 153 Parma, i. 497, 505-6 Parsival: Chrétien’s version of, i. 567, 588-9 Wolfram’s version of, i. 12 n., 571 n. 2, 589-613; ii. 29 Paschal controversy, see Eucharistic Paschasius, Radbertus, Abbot of Corbie i. 215, 225-7 Patrick, St., i. 172-3 Patristic thought and doctrine (See also Greek thought, patristic, and Latin Fathers): Abaelard’s attitude toward, ii. 305 Achievement of exponents of, i. 86-7 Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 492 Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. 394 Emotion as synthesized by, i. 340-2 Intellectual rather than emotional, i. 343-4; emotionalizing of, by mediaeval thinkers, i. 345 Latin medium of, i. 5 Logic as regarded by, i. 71 Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 16 Miracle accepted by, i. 51-3, 85-6 Natural knowledge as treated by, i. 61 seqq., 72-3, 76-7, 99; ii. 393 Pagan philosophy permeating exponents of, i. 33-4, 58, 61 Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312 Rearrangement of, undertaken in Carolingian period, i. 224, 237 Symbolism of, see under Symbolism Paulinus of Aquileia, i. 215 Paulinus, St., of Nola, i. 86, 126 n. 2 Paulus—on jus, ii. 237: Sententiae of, ii. 243 Paulus, St., i. 84, 86 Paulus Diaconus, i. 214-15, 252 Pavia, law school at, ii. 251, 259 Pedro, Don, of Castille, i. 554-5 Pelagians, i. 225 Pelagius, i. 172 n. Peripatetic School, i. 38-9 (See also Aristotle) Peter, Bro., of Apulia, i. 512-14 Peter, disciple of St. Francis, i. 426 Peter Damiani, see Damiani Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4 Peter of Ebulo, ii. 190 Peter of Maharncuria, ii. 502-4 Peter of Pisa, i. 214 Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny, i. 360; letter of, to Heloïse, ii. 25-7 Petrarch, ii. 188, 219 Petrus Riga, Aurora of, ii. 127 Philip VI., King of France, i. 551 Philip Augustus, King of France, ii. 33 Philip Hohenstauffen, Duke of Suabia, i. 481; ii. 32, 33 Philo, i. 37, 231; allegorizing of, ii. 42, 364 Philosophy: Division of, schemes of, ii. 312 seqq. End of: Abaelard’s and Hugo’s views on, ii. 352, 361 John of Salisbury on, ii. 375 Philosophy, antique: Divine source of, Bacon’s view as to, ii. 507 n. 2 “First” (Aristotelian), ii. 335 Position of, in Roman Empire (3rd-6th cent.), i. 34 (See also Greek thought) Philosophy, Arabian, ii. 389-90, 400-1 Philosophy, scholastic: Completeness of, in Aquinas, ii. 395 Divisions of, ii. 312 seqq. Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8 Physical sciences included in, see Physical science Theology as the end of (Abaelard’s and Hugo’s view), ii. 352, 361 Theology distinguished from, ii. 284, 288; by Aquinas, ii. 290, 311; by Bonaventura, ii. 410 and n.; considered as superior to, by Aquinas, ii. 289-90, 292; dominated by (Bacon’s contention), ii. 496; dissociated from, by Duns and Occam, ii. 510, 517, 519 Physical science: Albertus Magnus’ attitude toward, ii. 423; his works on, ii. 425-9 Bacon’s predilection for, ii. 486-7 Classifications of, ii. 312 seqq. Experimental science or method, ii. 502-8 Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 300 Oxford school of, ii. 389 Patristic attitude toward, i. 63, 66-7, 72-3, 76-7, 99; ii. 393 Theology as subserved by, ii. 67, 111, 289, 486, 492, 496, 500, 530; denial of the theory—by Duns, ii. 510; by Occam, ii. 519-20 Physiologus, i. 76-7 and n., 300; ii. 83 Pippin of Heristal, i. 208-9; ii. 197 Pippin of Neustria, i. 115, 200, 209, 210 and n. 1; ii. 273 Pippin, son of Charlemagne, ii. 197 Placentia (Piacenza), i. 24 Placentinus, ii. 261-2 Plato, supra-rationalism of, i. 42; allegorizing by, i. 36; ii. 364; doctrine of ideas, i. 35; ii. 339-340; Aquinas on this doctrine, ii. 455, 465; Augustine of Hippo as influenced by, ii. 403; “salvation” suggestion in, ii. 296 n. 2; Republic, i. 36; Timaeus, i. 35-6, 291; ii. 64, 69, 118, 348, 370, 372, 377 Platonism: Alanus’ Anticlaudianus, in, ii. 100 n. 2 Augustinian, i. 55 Nature of, i. 35-6, 57, 59 Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312 Pliny the Elder, Historia naturalis by, i. 39-40, 75 Plotinus, estimate of, i. 43, 45; personal affinity of Augustine with, i. 55-7; philosophic system of, i. 42-6, 50, 51; Enneads of, i. 55; otherwise mentioned, i. 50, 51; ii. 64 Plutarch, i. 44 Poetry, mediaeval: Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. 203, 217-19 and n. Chivalric, see Chivalry—Literature Hymns, see that heading Italian, of 11th cent., i. 251 seqq.; ii. 186 Latin, see Latin verse Modi, ii. 215-16 Music and, interaction of, ii. 195-6, 201-2 Old High German, ii. 194 Popular verse, see sub-headings Carmina and Modi; also Vernacular Prosody, Alexander de Villa-Dei on, ii. 126 Vernacular: Germanic, Norse, and Anglo-Saxon, ii. 220-1 Romance, ii. 221-3, 225 seqq. Pontigny monastery, i. 362 Poor of Lyons (Waldenses), i. 364, 365 n.; ii. 34 Popes (See also Papacy; and for particular popes see their names): Avignon, at, ii. 510 Decretals of, see under Canon law Degradation of (10th cent.), i. 242 Election of, freed from lay control, i. 243 n. 2 Popular rights, growth of, in 12th cent., i. 305 Porphyry, i. 42, 44-7, 50, 51, 56; ii. 295; Isagoge (Introduction to the Categories of Aristotle), i. 45, 92, 102; ii. 312, 314 n., 333, 339 Preaching Friars, see Dominican Order Predestination, Gottschalk’s controversy as to, i. 224-5, 227-8 Priscianus, i. 71; ii. 119 n. 2; Institutiones grammaticae of (Priscianus major and minor), ii. 124-5 Prosper of Aquitaine, i. 106 n. 1 Provençal literature, i. 571; ii. 168; Alba (aube) poetry, i. 20, 571; ii. 30 Provincia (Narbonensis): Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9 Latinization of, i. 26-7 and n. 1 Ligurian inhabitants of, i. 126 Teutonic invasion of, i. 125 Prudentius, ii. 63; Psychomachia of, ii. 102-4 Pseudo-Callisthenes, Life and Deeds of Alexander by, ii. 224, 225, 229-230 Pseudo-Dionysius, ii. 302; Celestial Hierarchy by, i. 54 and n. 1 Pseudo-Turpin, ii. 319 Ptolemy of Alexandria, i. 40 Purgatory: Dante’s Purgatorio, see under Dante Hildegard’s visions as to, i. 456 n. Popular belief as to, i. 486 Quadrivium, see under Seven Liberal Arts Rabanus Maurus, Abp. of Mainz, allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 46-7; interest in the vernacular, i. 308; works of, i. 222-41; De universo, i. 300; ii. 316 n. 2; Allegoriae in universam sacram scripturam, ii. 48-9; De laudibus sanctae crucis, ii. 49 n. 3; otherwise mentioned, i. 16, 100, 215; ii. 302-303, 312, 332 Race, tests for determining, i. 124 n. Radbertus, see Paschasius Raoul de Cambrai, i. 563-4 Ratherius, i. 309 and n. 2 Ratramnus of Corbie, i. 215, 227; ii. 199 Ravenna: Gerbert’s disputation in, i. 289-91 Grammar and rhetoric studies at, ii. 121 Law studies at, ii. 251, 252 S. Apollinaris in Classe, i. 373, 377 Raymond of Agiles quoted, i. 536 Realism, Duns’ exposition of, ii. 514 and n. Reason v. authority controversy: Berengar’s position in, i. 302-3 Eriugena’s contribution to, i. 229-30 Reccared, i. 118 nn. Reinhard, Bp. of Halberstadt, ii. 62 Relics of saints and martyrs: Arms enshrining, i. 528 Curative use of, i. 299 Patristic attitude toward, i. 86, 101 n. Renaissance, misleading nature of term, i. 211 n. Renaud de Montaubon, i. 564 Rheims cathedral school, i. 293 Rhetoric: Chartres study of, i. 298 Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67 Predominance of, i. 109 and n. Richard, Abbot of Jumièges, i. 480-1 Richard of Middleton, ii. 512 Richard of St. Victor, ii. 80, 87 and n. 2, 367 n. 2, 540 Richer, Abbot of Monte Cassino, i. 252, 300 n. 2; history of Gerbert by, quoted, i. 287-91 Ricimer, Count, i. 113 Riddles, didactic, i. 218-19 and n. 1 Rigaud, Eude (Oddo Rigaldus), Abp. of Rouen, i. 476, 508, 509; Register of, quoted, i. 476-81 Robert, cousin of St. Bernard, i. 395-7 Robert of Normandy, ii. 139 Rollo, Duke, of Normandy, i. 153, 239-40 Roman de la rose, i. 586-7; ii. 103 and nn., 104, 223 Roman de Thebes, ii. 227, 229 n. Roman Empire: Barbarization of, i. 5, 7, 111 seqq. Billeting of soldiers, custom as to, i. 114 n., 117 Christianity accepted by, i. 345 Church, relations with, ii. 265-7, 272-3 Cities enjoying citizenship of—in Spain, i. 26 and n. 2; in Gaul, i. 30 City life of, i. 27, 326 Clientage system under, i. 117 n. 2 Dante’s views on, ii. 536 Decadence of, i. 84, 97, 111 Eastern, see Eastern Empire Enduring nature of, conditions of, i. 238 n. Greek thought diffused by, i. 4 Italian people under, i. 7 Jurisconsults of, authority and capacity of, ii. 232-3 and n., 236 Latinization of Western Europe due to, i. 23 seqq., 110 Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 11 Scandinavians under influence of, i. 152 n. 3 Roman law: Auditory, Imperial or Praetorian, ii. 233 n., 235 n. 1 Bologna famed for study of, ii. 121, 251, 259-62, 378 Brachylogus, ii. 254-5 Breviarium and its Interpretatio, i. 117; ii. 243-4; Epitomes of, ii. 244, 249-50; Brachylogus influenced by, ii. 254 Burgundian tolerance of, i. 121; code (Papianus), ii. 239, 242 Church under, ii. 265 and n. 2 Codes of: Barbaric, nature of, ii. 244 (See also sub-headings Breviarium and Burgundian) Gregorianus’, ii. 240, 243 Hermogenianus’, ii. 240, 243 Nature of, ii. 239-40 Theodosian, ii. 240 and n. 2, 241 n. 2, 242-3, 249, 266-7 and n. 1 Codex of Justinian, ii. 240, 242, 253: Azo’s and Accursius’ work on, ii. 263-4 Glosses to, ii. 249-50 Placentinus’ Summa of, ii. 262 Summa Perusina an epitome of, ii. 249, 252 Constitutiones and rescripta principum, ii. 235 and n. 1, 239, 240 Custom recognized by, ii. 236 Digest of, by Justinian, see subheading Pandects Elementary education including smattering of, ii. 250 Epitomes of, various, ii. 249-50; Epitome of Julianus, ii. 242, 249, 254 Glosses: Accursius’ Glossa ordinaria, ii. 263-4 Irnerius’, ii. 261 and n. 1 Justinian’s Codex, to, ii. 249-50 Gothic adoption of, i. 114 Institutes of Gaius, ii. 241, 243 Institutes of Justinian, ii. 241, 243, 254: Azo’s Summa of, ii. 263 Placentinus’ Summa of, ii. 262 Jurisprudential element in early stages of, ii. 232 Jus identified with aequitas, ii. 235 Jus civile, ii. 237, 257 Jus gentium: Jus naturale in relation to, ii. 234 and n. Origin of, ii. 233-4 Popular rights as regarded by, ii. 278 Jus praetorium, ii. 235 Lex romana canonice compta, ii. 252 Lombard attitude toward, i. 115 Novellae of Justinian, ii. 240, 242 Pandects (Justinian’s Digest), ii. 235 and n. 2, 236-8, 241-2, 248, 253, 255: Accursius’ Glossa on, ii. 264 Glossators’ interpretation of, ii. 265 Permanence of, ii. 236 Petrus (Petri exceptiones), ii. 252-4 Placentinus’ work in, ii. 261-2 Principles of, examples of, ii. 237-8; possession and its rights, ii. 256-8 Principles of interpretation of, ii. 256 Provincia, in, i. 27 n. 1 Responsa or auctoritas jurisprudentium, ii. 235-6 Sources of, multifarious, ii. 235 Sphere of, ii. 248 Study of, centres for—in France, ii. 250; in Italy, ii. 121, 251 and n. 2, 259-62, 378 Summa codicis Irnerii, ii. 255 Theodosian Code, see under subheading Codes Treatises on, mediaeval, ii. 252 seqq. Twelve Tables, ii. 232, 236 Visigothic code of, see subheading Breviarium Romance, spirit of, i. 418 Romance languages (See also Old French): Characteristics of, ii. 152 Dante’s attitude toward, ii. 537 Latin as modified by, ii. 155 Literature of, ii. 221-3 (See also Provençal literature) Strength of, i. 9 Romance nations, mediatorial rôle of, i. 110-11, 124 Romans d’aventure, i. 564-5, 571 n. 2 Rome: Bishops of, see Popes Factions in (10th cent.), i. 242 Law School in, ii. 251, 255 Mosaics in, i. 347 Verses to, i. 348; ii. 200 Romualdus, St., youth of, i. 373; austerities of, i. 374, 379, 381; relations with his father, i. 374-5; harshness and egotism of, i. 375-7; at Vallis de Castro, i. 376-7, 380; at Sytrio, i. 378-9; death of, i. 372 n. 3, 380; Commentary of, on the Psalter, i. 379 Romulus Augustulus, Emp., i. 114 Roncesvalles, battle of, i. 559 n. 2-62 Roscellinus, i. 303-4; ii. 339-40 Rothari, King of Lombards, i. 115; ii. 251 Ruadhan, St., i. 132-3 Ruotger, Life of Abp. Bruno by, i. 310; ii. 162 and n. 1 Sacra doctrina, see Theology Sacraments, see under Church Sagas, Norse: Character of, i. 12 n., 155 seqq. Egil, i. 162-4 Gisli, i. 158 Heimskringla, i. 160-2 and n. 2 Njala, i. 157 and n., 159, 164-7 Oral tradition of, ii. 220 St. Denis monastery, ii. 10, 344 St. Emmeram convent (Ratisbon), i. 315, 316 St. Gall monastery, i. 257-8; Notker’s work at, ii. 201-2 St. Victor monastery and school, ii. 61-3, 143, 383 Saints: Austerities of, i. 374 and n., 375 Interventions of, mediaeval beliefs as to, i. 487-8, 490 Irish clergy so called, i. 135 n. 2 Lives of: Compend. of (Legenda Aurea), ii. 184 Conventionalized descriptions in, i. 393 n. 1 Defects of, i. 494 Estimate of, i. 84-5 and nn. otherwise mentioned, i. 298, 300 Relics of, see Relics Visions of, i. 444-5 Worship of, i. 101 Salerno medical school, i. 250 n. 4, 251; ii. 121 Salian Franks, see under Franks Salimbene, i. 496-7, 499-500; Chronica of, quoted and cited, i. 498 seqq.; editions and translations of the work, i. 496 n. Salvation, see under Christianity Salvian, De gubernatione Dei by, i. 84 Saracens: Crusades against, see Crusades Frankish victories against, i. 209-10 n. 1 Wars with, necessitating mounted warriors, i. 525 otherwise mentioned, i. 239, 252, 274, 332 Saxons, see Anglo-Saxons and Germans Scandinavians, see Norsemen Scholasticism: Arab analogy with, ii. 390 and n. 2 Aristotle’s advanced works, stages of appropriation of, ii. 393-5 Bacon’s attack on, ii. 484, 493-4, 496, 509 Classification of topics by: Schemes of, various, ii. 312 seqq. Twofold principle of, ii. 311 Conceptualism, ii. 520-1 Content of, i. 301 Deference to authority a characteristic of, ii. 297, 300 Disintegration of—through Duns, ii. 510, 516; through Occam, ii. 522-3 Elementary nature of discussions of, ii. 347 Evil, problem of, see Evil Exponents of, ii. 283 and n. Final exposition of, by Aquinas, ii. 484 Greek thought contrasted with, ii. 296 Humour non-existent in, ii. 459 Method of, ii. 302, 306-7, 315 n.; prototype of, i. 95 Nominalism, ii. 340 Philosophy of, see Philosophy, scholastic Phraseology of, untranslatable, ii. 348, 483 Praedicables, ii. 314 n. Present interest of, ii. 285 Realism, ii. 340; Pantheism in relation to, ii. 370 Salvation a main interest of, ii. 296-7, 300, 311 Scriptural authority, position of, ii. 289, 291-2 Secular studies as regarded by, ii. 349, 357 Stages of development of, ii. 333 seqq. Sympathetic study of, the key to contradictions, ii. 371 Theology of, see Theology Universals, problem of: Aquinas’ treatment of, ii. 462 Duns’ treatment of, ii. 515 Occam’s contribution toward, ii. 520-1 Roscellin’s views on, i. 303-4 Sciences, classifications of, ii. 312 seqq. (See also Physical science) Scotland, Christianizing of, i. 173 Scriptures, Christian: Allegorizing of: Examples of: David and Bathsheba episode, ii. 44-6 Exodus, Book of, ii. 47 Good Samaritan parable, ii. 53-6, 84, 90 Hannah, story of, ii. 47 n. 1 Pharisee and Publican parable, ii. 51-2 Hugo of St. Victor’s view of, ii. 65 n. Writers exemplifying—Philo, ii. 42-43; the Fathers, ii. 43 seqq., 68-9 and n. 2; Rabanus, ii. 46-50; Bede, ii. 47 n. 1; Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 seqq.; Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 67 seqq. Anglo-Saxon version of, i. 142 n. 2, 183 Authority of—in patristic doctrine, ii. 295; acknowledged by Eriugena, i. 231; by Berengar, i. 303; in scholasticism, ii. 280, 291-2 Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 491-2, 497 Bonaventura’s attitude toward, and writings on, ii. 405 seqq. Canon law based on, ii. 267-9 Classical studies in relation to, see subheading Secular Classification of topics based on, ii. 317, 324 Commentaries on—Alcuin’s, i. 220-1; Raban’s, i. 222-3 Duns’ attitude toward, ii. 516 Francis of Assisi’s literal acceptance of, i. 365, 426-7; his realization of spirit of, i. 427 n. 1; ii. 183 Gothic version of, i. 143 n. Heliand, i. 203 and nn., 308 Hymns based on, ii. 88 seqq. Interpretation of—by the Fathers, i. 43 seqq., 68-9 and n. 2; by Eriugena, i. 231; by Berengar, i. 303 Isidore’s writings on, i. 104-5 Love, human, as treated in Old Testament, i. 332-3 Scenes from, in Gothic art, ii. 82 seqq. Secular knowledge in relation to, i. 63, 66; ii. 110, 112, 120, 499 Song of Songs, see Canticles Study of, by monks, i. 94; Cassiodorus’ Institutiones, i. 95-6 Theology identified with, ii. 406, 408 Vulgate, the: Corruption in Paris copy of, ii. 497 Language of, ii. 171 Sculpture, Gothic: Cathedrals, evolution of, ii. 538-9 Symbolism of, i. 457 n. 2; ii. 82-6 Sedulius Scotus, i. 215 Seneca, i. 26, 41 Sentences, Books of: Isidore’s, i. 106 and n. 1 Paulus’ Sententiae, ii. 243 Peter Lombard’s, see under Lombard Prosper’s, i. 106 n. 1 Sequence-hymns, development of, ii. 196, 201-6; Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-215 Serenus, Bp. of Marseilles, i. 102 Sermons, allegorizing: Bernard of Clairvaux, by, i. 337 n., 409-13; ii. 169, 368-9 Honorius of Autun, by, ii. 50 seqq. Seven Liberal Arts (See also separate headings Grammar, Logic, etc.): Alanus de Insulis on functions of, ii. 98 n. 1 Carolingian study of, i. 236 Clerical education in, i. 221-2 Compend of, by Cassiodorus, i. 96 De nuptiis as concerned with, i. 71 n. 3 Hugo of St. Victor on function of, ii. 67, 111 Latin the medium for, ii. 109 Law smattering included with, ii. 250 Quadrivium: Boëthius on, i. 90 and n. 2 Chartres, at, i. 299 Thierry’s encyclopaedia of, ii. 130 Trivium: Chartres, at, i. 298-9; ii. 163 Courses of, as representing stages of mediaeval development, ii. 331 seqq. otherwise mentioned, i. 217; ii. 553 Severinus, St., i. 192 Severus, Sulpicius, i. 126 n. 2; Life of St. Martin by, i. 52, 84, 85 n. 2, 86 Sidonius, Apollinaris, i. 126 n. 2; cited, i. 117 n. 1, 140 Siger de Brabant, ii. 401 and n. Sippe, i. 122 Smaragdus, Abbot, i. 215 Socrates, i. 34-5; ii. 7 Songs, see Poetry Sophists, Greek, i. 35 Sorbon, Robert de, i. 544-5 Sorcery, i. 46 Spain: Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9 Arabian philosophy in, ii. 390 Church in, i. 9, 103, 118 and n. Latinization of, i. 25-6 and n. 2 Moorish conquest of, i. 9, 118 Visigoths in, i. 113, 116-17 and n. 2, 118 Stabat Mater, i. 348 Statius, ii. 229 n. Statius Caecilius, i. 25 Stephen IX., Pope, i. 263 Stephen, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 211-13 Stephen of Bourbon quoted, i. 365 n. Stilicho, i. 112 Stoicism: Emotion as regarded by, i. 330 Nature of, i. 41, 57, 59 Neo-Platonism contrasted with, ii. 296 Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312 Roman law as affected by, ii. 232 otherwise mentioned, i. 40, 70 Strabo, Walafrid, see Walafrid Suevi, i. 116-17 and n. 2, 139 Summae, method of, ii. 306-7 (See also under Theology) Summum bonum, Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 438 seqq., 456 Switzerland, Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174 Sylvester II., Pope (Gerbert of Aurillac), career of, i. 281-4; disputation with Otric, i. 289-91; estimate of, i. 281, 285-7; love of the classics, i. 287-8; ii. 110; Latin style of, ii. 160; logical studies of, ii. 332, 338, 339, 345; letters of, quoted, i. 283-7; estimated, i. 284-5; editions of works of, i. 280 n.; Libellus de rationali et ratione uti, i. 292 n., 299; otherwise mentioned, i. 249; ii. 35 Symbolism: Alanus’ Anticlaudianus as exemplifying, ii. 94-103 Angels as symbols, ii. 457 Art, mediaeval, inspired by, i. 21 Augustine and Gregory compared as to, i. 56-7 Carolingian, nature and examples of, ii. 46-50 Church edifices, of, ii. 78-82 Dante permeated with, ii. 534, 552-5 Greek, nature of, ii. 56-7 Hildegard’s visions, in, i. 456 seqq. Marriage relationship, in, i. 413-14 Mass, of the, ii. 77-8 Mediaeval thought deeply impressed by, ii. 43, 50 n. 1, 102, 365 Mysticism in relation to, ii. 364 Neo-Platonic, i. 52 Ovid’s works interpreted by, ii. 230 Patristic, i. 37, 43-6, 52, 53, 58, 80 Platonic, i. 36 Raban’s addiction to, i. 223 and n. 2 Signum et res classification, ii. 322-3 Twelfth century—in Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 seqq.; in Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 64 seqq. Universal in mental processes, ii. 41, 552 n. Universe explained by, ii. 64, 66 seqq. otherwise mentioned, i. 15, 22 Sytrio, Romualdus at, i. 378-9 Tacitus, i. 78; ii. 134 Tears, grace of, i. 370-1 and n., 462, 463 Templars, i. 531-5 Tenth century, see Carolingian period Tertullian, i. 5, 58, 87, 99, 171, 332, 344, 354 n.; ii 152; paradox of, i. 51; ii. 297; Adversus Marcionem, i. 68 Teutons (See also Anglo-Saxons, Danes, Germans, Norsemen): Celts compared with, i. 125 Characteristics of, i. 138 Christianizing of: Manner of, i. 181-3, 196-7, 193; results of, i. 5, 170-1 Motives of converts, i. 193 Customs of, i. 122, 139, 141, 523 Law of, early, tribal nature of, ii. 245-7 Rôle of, in mediaeval evolution, i. 125 Roman Empire permeated by, i. 111 seqq. Theodora, i. 242 Theodore, Abp. of Canterbury, i. 184 Theodoric of Freiburg, ii. 501 n. Theodoric the Ostrogoth, i. 89, 91 n. 2, 93, 114-15, 120-1, 138, 249; in legend, i. 145-6; Edict of, ii. 244 n. Theodosius the Great, Emp., i. 112; ii. 272; Code of, ii. 240 and n. 2, 241 n. 2, 242, 249, 266-7 and n. 1 Theodulphus, Bp. of Orleans, i. 9, 215; Latin diction of, ii. 160 Theology, scholastic: Abaelard’s treatises on, see under Abaelard Aquinas’ Summa of, see under Aquinas Argumentative nature of, ii. 292-3 Augustinian character of, ii. 403 Course of study in, ii. 388 Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8 Logic in relation to, ii. 340 n., 346 Mysticism of, ii. 363-4 Natural sciences, etc., as handmaids to, ii. 67, 111, 289, 486, 492, 496, 500, 530; denial of the theory—by Duns, ii. 510; by Occam, ii. 519-520 (See also Physical science—Patristic attitude toward) Paris the centre for, ii. 283, 379 Philosophy in relation to, see under Philosophy Practical, not speculative, regarded as, ii. 512, 515, 519 Scientific nature of, as regarded by Albertus, ii. 291, 430 Scripture identified with, ii. 406, 408 Summae of—by Alexander of Hales, ii. 399; by Bonaventura, ii. 408; by Albertus Magnus, ii. 430-1; by Aquinas, see under Aquinas Thirteenth-century study of, ii. 118-120 Theophrastus, i. 38 Theresa, St., i. 443 n. 1 Theurgic practice, i. 46-8 Thierry, Chancellor of Chartres, ii. 119, 370-1; Eptateuchon of, ii. 130 and n. Thirteenth century: Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287 Latin prose styles of, ii. 179 Papal position in, ii. 509 Personalities of writers emergent in, ii. 436 Theology and dialectic the chief studies of, ii. 118-20 Three phenomena marking, ii. 378 Thomas à Kempis, De imitatione Christi by, ii. 185 Thomas Aquinas, see Aquinas Thomas of Brittany, Tristan fragment by, i. 582 Thomas of Cantimpré, ii. 428-9 Thomas of Celano, Life of St. Francis by, quoted, i. 435, 436-8; style of the work, ii. 182-3 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War by, i. 77-8 Thuringia: Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8 Merovingian rule in, i. 121 Thuringians, language of, i. 145 n. 2 Torriti, i. 347 Trance, see Ecstasy Trèves, i. 30, 31, 192 Tristan: Chrétien’s version of, i. 567 Gottfried von Strassburg’s version of, i. 577-82 Trivium, see under Seven Liberal Arts Troubadours (trouvères), i. 572-3 and nn. Troy, tales of, in mediaeval literature, ii. 200, 224-5 and n. 2, 227-9 True and the good compared, ii. 441, 512 Truth, Guigo’s Meditationes as concerning, i. 385-6 Twelfth century: Classical studies at zenith in, ii. 117-118 Growth in, various, i. 305-6 Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287 Literary zenith in, ii. 168, 205-6 Mobility increased during, ii. 379 Ulfilas, i. 192; ii. 221 Ulpian—on jus naturale and jus gentium, ii. 234 and n.; on justitia, jus and jurisprudentia, ii. 237 Ulster Cycle, Sagas of, i. 128 and n. 2, 129 seqq. Universals, see under Scholasticism Universities, mediaeval (For particular universities see their names): Increase in (14th cent.), ii. 523 Rise of, ii. 379, 381 seqq. Studies at, ii. 388 and n. Urban II., Pope, ii. 175 Urban IV., Pope, ii. 391-2, 434 Utrecht, bishopric of, i. 197 Vallombrosa, i. 377 Vandals, i. 112, 113, 120 Varro, Terentius, i. 39, 71, 78 Vercingetorix, i. 28 Vernacular poetry, see under Poetry Verse, see Poetry Vikings, see Danes and Norsemen Vilgard, i. 259-60 Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum majus of, ii. 82 and n. 2, 315-22 Virgil, Bernard Silvestris’ Commentum on, ii. 116-17 and n. 2; Dante in relation to, ii. 535, 536, 539, 543 Virgin Mary: Dante’s Paradiso as concerning, ii. 551 Hymns to, by Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 86-7, 92 Interventions of, against the devil, i. 487, 490-2 Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 53, 54 and n. 2; ii. 431, 551, 558 Virtues: Aquinas’ classification of, ii. 326-8 Odilo’s Cardinales disciplinae, i. 295 Virtues and vices, poetic treatment of—by Alanus, ii. 102 n.; by De Lorris and De Meun, ii. 103 Visigoths: Arianism of, i. 120 Dacian settlement of, i. 112 Gaul, Southern, kingdom in, i. 7, 112, 116; Clovis’ conquest of, i. 121 Roman law code promulgated by, see Roman law—Breviarium Spain, in, i. 9, 113, 116-17 and n. 2, 118 Visions: Examples of, i. 444-6, 451, 452-9 Monastic atmosphere in, i. 184 and n. 2 Nature of, i. 443, 449 and n. 3, 450, 451 and n. Vita contemplativa: Aquinas’ views on, ii. 443, 481-2 Hildebert on, ii. 144-5 Vitae sanctorum, see Saints—Lives of Walafrid Strabo, i. 100, 215; ii. 332; Glossa ordinaria of, i. 16, 221 n. 2; ii. 46; De cultura hortorum, ii. 188 n. 2 Waldenses, i. 365 n.; ii. 34 Walter of Lille (of Chatillon), Alexandreis of, ii. 192 and n. 3, 230 n. 1 Walther von der Vogelweide, political views of, ii. 33; attitude of, toward Papacy, ii. 34-6; piety and crusading zeal of, ii. 36; melancholy, ii. 36-7; Minnelieder of, ii. 29-31; Sprüche, ii. 29, 32, 36; Tagelied, ii. 30; Unter der Linde, ii. 30; otherwise mentioned, i. 475, 482, 589; ii. 223 Wergeld, i. 122, 139; ii. 246 Will, primacy of, over intellect, ii. 512, 515 William, Abbot of Hirschau, i. 315 William II. (Rufus), King of England, i. 273, 275; ii. 138-9 William of Apulia, ii. 189 and n. 3 William of Champeaux—worsted by Abaelard, ii. 342-3; founds St. Victor, ii. 61, 143; Hildebert’s letter to, quoted, ii. 143 William of Conches, ii. 132; studies and works of, ii. 372-3; Summa moralium philosophorum, ii. 134-5, 373 and n. 2 William of Malmsbury cited, i. 525 William of Moerbeke, ii. 391 William of Occam, see Occam William of St. Thierry, ii. 300, 344 Willibrord, St., i. 197 Winifried-Boniface, St., i. 6, 197-200, 308; ii. 273 Wisdom, Aquinas on, ii. 481 Witelo, Perspectiva by, ii. 501 n. Witiza of Aquitaine, i. 358-9 Wolfram von Eschenbach, ii. 223; Parzival by, i. 12 n., 149 n. 1, 152, 567, 571 n. 2, 589-613; ii. 36; estimate of the work, i. 588; ii. 29 Women: Emotion regarding, i. 349-50 Emotional Christ-love experienced by, i. 442, 459 seqq. Fabliaux’ tone toward, i. 521 n. 2 German prae-mediaeval attitude toward, i. 139, 150; mediaeval, ii. 31 Monastic life, in: Abuses among, i. 491-2; Rigaud’s Register as concerning, i. 479-480 Consecration of, i. 337 and n. Gandersheim nuns, i. 311 Visions of, i. 442 seqq., 463 seqq. Monkish vilification of, i. 354 n., 521 n. 2, 532, 533; ii. 58 Romantic literature as concerned with, i. 564 Romantic poems for audiences of, i. 565 Walther von der Vogelweide on, ii. 31 Worms, Concordat of (1122), i. 245 n. 4 Xenophon’s Cyropaedia, i. 78 Year-books (Annales), i. 234 and n. 1 Yves, Bp. of Chartres, i. 262 n.; ii. 139 Zacharias, Pope, i. 199 Zoology: Albertus Magnus’ works on, ii. 429 Aristotle’s work in, i. 38 Physiologus, i. 76-7 and n., 300; ii. 83