Part 3 — INDEX

Abrasion, 39, 114-117

Annual rings, 44

Apparatus, testing, 94, 99, 102, 104, 107, 110-111, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 132, 133, 136

Arborvitæ, 6, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 42, 57

Ash, 15, 22, 44, 48, 51, 66, 78

black, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 56

white, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 45, 56

Aspen, largetooth, 13

Axis, neutral, 23

Basswood, 6, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 44, 56

Beams, 15, 24-37, 92, 94

cantilever, 24

continuous, 24

simple, 24

Beech, 9, 13, 16, 20, 22, 27, 32, 40, 42, 51, 57

Bending large beams, 94-99

small beams, 99-102, 132

strength, 2, 22-37, 26, 75

Bibliography, 145-160

Birch, 22, 44

yellow, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 57

Bird-peck, 59, 72

Black check, 59

Boiling, effect of, 6, 85

Bow, flexure of a, 4

Boxheart, 54, 82

Brash, 6

Breaking strength of beams, 15

Brittleness, 6, 34, 37, 38

Buckeye, 13, 44

Buckling of fibres, 15, 77

Butternut, 13

Cantilever, 24

Calibration of testing machines, 92, 112

Case-hardening, 80

Catalpa, 44

Cedar, Central American, 22

incense, 13, 16, 20, 27, 57

red, 144

white, 22

Checking, 54, 61, 74, 75-84

Chelura, 67

Cherry, black, 13, 22

Chestnut, 15, 22, 44, 49, 50, 51, 66, 78

Cleavability, 2, 41

Cleavage, 41, 118, 133

Coefficient of elasticity (see Modulus of elasticity)

expansion, 84

Cold, effect of, 86

Color, 50, 58-59

Column, long, 12, 14, 144

short, 15, 102-104

Compression across the grain, 94, 104-107, 133

endwise, 12, 92, 94, 102, 132

failure, 34, 104

parallel to grain (see C. endwise)

perpendicular to grain (see C. right angles to grain)

right angles to grain, 94, 133

Compressive strength, 1, 9, 23

Compressometer, 103

Coniferous wood, 44

Cottonwood, 44, 45

Creosote, effect of, 87

Cross-arms, testing, 124

Cross grain, 8, 59-61

Cross-grained tension failure, 34

Crushing strength, 2, 9, 54, 75

formula for, 104

Cucumber tree, 13

Cup shake, 64

Cypress, bald, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 57, 68, 144

Dead Load (see Load)

Definitions, 2-7

Deflection, 25, 30

measuring, 96-97, 100

Deflectometer, 99, 106-107

Deformation, measuring, 103, 107

Density, 54-58

Diffuse-porous, 44, 50

Dogwood, 22

Drying, 75-84

effect of, 75-78, 138-139

Dry rot, 69

Durability, 53, 54, 75

Early Wood, 44, 82

Ease of working, factors affecting, 48, 50

Ebony, 22

Elasticity, modulus of, 6, 25, 89

formulæ for, 98, 102, 104, 114, 123

Elastic limit, 2, 5, 22, 62

resilience, 6

formulæ for, 98, 102, 104

Elm, 8, 38, 44

rock, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 56

slippery, 13, 27, 32, 40, 56

white, 13, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 56

Elongation, 3, 7, 33

Eucalyptus globulus, 54, 78, 82

viminalis, 54

Factor of Safety, 29, 139

Failures, bending, 33-37, 77, 78

compression, endwise, 12, 15-19, 104

cross-grained, 10, 76, 77, 107

shearing, 19

tension, 8

torsion, 38, 39

Fibre-saturation point, 78

Fibre strain, rate of, 92-93

stress, 15

at elastic limit, 54, 62, 75, 123

formulæ, 98, 102, 104, 107, 114

Fir, Alpine, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 57

amabilis, 16, 20, 27, 57

Douglas, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 36, 40, 42, 48, 55, 57, 124, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144

white, 9, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 57

Flexibility, 5, 37

Flexure, 4, 12, 60

Formulæ, 98, 102, 104, 107, 110, 114, 123

Frost splits, 62-64

Fungi 59, 68-70, 75

Grain, cross, 8, 59-61

diagonal, 60

spiral, 60

Growth, in diameter, 43, 44

locality of, effect, 70-73

rate of, effect, 43, 50, 72

rings, 44, 52

measuring, 95-96

Gum 22, 44, 51

red, 27, 45, 56

Hackberry, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 42, 51, 56

Hardness, 2, 39-41, 54, 114-118, 133

Heart break, 65

shake, 64

Heartwood, 50-54, 58, 73, 75

Heat, effect of, 84-86

Hemlock, 9, 13, 15, 16, 20, 22, 27, 32, 40, 42, 44, 45, 56, 78

western, 48, 59, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144

Hickory, 8, 22, 38, 40, 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 55, 59, 65, 66, 72, 124

big shellbark, 13, 16, 20, 27, 56

bitternut, 13, 16, 20, 27, 56

mockernut, 13, 16, 20, 27, 56

nutmeg, 13, 16, 20, 27, 56

pignut, 6, 7, 13, 16, 20, 27, 48, 56

shagbark, 13, 16, 20, 27, 56

water, 13, 16, 20, 27, 56

Hollow-horning, 80

Honey-combing, 54, 80

Impact, 30-33, 110-114, 132

Implement woods, testing, 124

Indentation, 39, 117-118

Injuries, fungous, 52, 59, 68-70

insect, 52, 66-67, 72

marine wood-borer, 67-68

parasitic plant, 70

Kerosene, effect of, 87

Knots, 51, 52, 61-62, 89

Larch, 8

western, 36, 48, 64, 140, 141, 142, 143

Late wood, 44, 59, 82

measuring, 96

relation to strength, 47-49

Limit of elasticity, 5

Limnoria, 67

Live load, 28

Load, application of, 29

concentrated, 28

dead, 28, 144

immediate, 28

kinds of, 26

live, 28

maximum, 29

permanent, 28

safe, 29

uniform, 26

Loading, centre, 97, 100

static, 29

sudden, 29

third-point, 97

vibratory, 29

Locust, 22

black, 13, 40, 44, 51

honey, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 56

Log of tests, 97-98, 100-102, 103-104, 107, 110, 114

Machine for static tests, 90-92 Maple, 22, 44, 51

red, 13, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 56

silver, 13

sugar, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 56

Marking test specimens, 94-95, 100, 129-131

Material for tests, 88-90, 94, 99-100, 102, 106, 107-110, 113, 115-116, 117, 118, 119-120, 121, 122, 123-125, 128-134, 135, 136

Mechanical properties, definition of, 1

factors affecting, 43-87

Medullary rays (see Rays)

Mistletoe, 70

Modulus of elasticity, 6, 25, 89

formulæ, 98, 102, 104, 114, 123

of rupture, 26, 54, 62, 75

formulæ, 98, 102

speed-strength, 94

Moisture, determination, 90, 133-134

effect of, 6, 8, 17, 33, 75-84, 138-139

Mulberry, 44, 51

Natural shape and size, 2

Neutral axis, 23

plane, 23, 33

Oak, 15, 22, 43, 48, 49, 55, 60, 66, 71, 84

black, 40

bur, 13

live, 22

post, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 56

red, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 56, 124

southern, 52, 71

swamp white, 9, 16, 20, 27, 32, 42, 56

tanbark, 56

white, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 54, 56, 72, 144

yellow, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 42, 56

Osage orange, 13, 16, 27, 32, 40, 51, 56

Oven-dry, 57

Packing Boxes, testing, 124

Permanent set, 5

Permeability, 54

Pitch pockets, 65

Pith rays (see Rays)

Pine, 44, 45, 55

Cuban, 71

loblolly, 36, 48, 51, 54, 71, 85, 140, 141, 142, 143

lodgepole, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 57

longleaf, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 20, 27, 32, 36, 40, 42, 46, 57, 59, 65, 71, 78, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144

northern yellow, 22

Norway (see Red pine)

red, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 36, 40, 42, 48, 57, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144

shortleaf, 13, 27, 36, 48, 57, 71, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144

southern yellow, 22, 124

sugar, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 42, 57

western yellow, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 57

white, 13, 15, 16, 20, 22, 27, 32, 40, 42, 51, 57, 144

Plane, neutral, 23, 33

Plasticity, 6

Pliability, 5, 38, 85

Poplar, 22, 44

yellow, 44

Pores, 44

Preservatives, effect of, 86

Rays, 60

effect on compression failure, 17, 18

shrinkage, 81-82

Redwood, 13, 16, 27, 36, 48, 57, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144

Resilience, 2, 5, 49

elastic, 6

formulæ for, 98, 102, 104, 114

Resin, effect of, 59

pockets, 65

Rind-gall, 65

Ring, annual, 44

growth, 44, 52

-shake, 64-65

-porous, 44, 59

Rot, 68, 69

Rupture, modulus of, 26, 54, 62, 75

formulæ, 98, 102

Safe Load, 29

Sap, 73, 74

-stain, 59

-wood, 50-54, 73, 74

Sassafras, 51

Season checks, 61, 78-84

of cutting, effect of, 73-75

Seasoning, 55, 74, 75-84

Second-growth, 49, 50

Set, 5

Shake, 64-66, 72

cup, 64

heart, 64

ring, 64

star, 64

Shear 3, 19-22, 133

across the grain, 19, 21, 22

along the grain, 19, 21, 76, 94, 107-110

formulæ, 98, 102

horizontal, 24

failure, 35-37

longitudinal, 21, 24

oblique, 21, 22

transverse, 23

vertical, 23

Shearing strength, 2, 19

Shipping dry, 57

Shipworms, 67

Shock, 30, 49

Shortening, 3, 33

Shrinkage, 54, 58, 74, 76, 78-82, 135-137

S-irons, 83

Site, effect on wood, 48, 49, 70-73

Size of test specimens, effect of, 89-90, 138-139

Sketching test specimens, 94-95, 100, 102, 106

Softwood, 44, 60

Span, 25

Specific gravity, 55, 135-137

Speed of testing machine, 93-94

-strength modulus, 94

Sphæeroma, 67

Spike-pulling test, 123

Spiral grain, 60

Splintering tension failure, 34

Splitting, 41, 60

Spring wood (see Early wood)

Spruce, 14, 15, 22, 44, 59, 75, 84, 144

Engelmann, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 40, 42, 57

red, 7, 13, 27, 57, 140, 141

white, 13, 27, 57, 140, 140

Static tests, machine for, 90-92

Steaming, effect of, 85, 87

Stiffness, 1, 4, 5, 6, 25, 26, 62, 76

Strain, definition of, 2

unit, 3

Stress, compressive, 3

definition of, 2

due to impact, 31, 32

external, 2, 33

internal, 2

shearing, 3, 21

tensile, 3, 62

torsional, 38

Stress, unit, 3

-strain diagram, 3, 97-98, 100

Structural timbers, strength of, 138-144

Summer wood, (see Late wood)

Sycamore, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 42, 57, 64

Tamarack, 9, 13, 16, 20, 27, 32, 36, 40, 42, 48, 57, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144

Temperature, effect of, 84-86

Tensile strength, 1, 7, 23, 78

parallel to grain, 7, 8

right angles to grain, 8

Tension, 7

failures, 34

tests, 118-122

Teredo, 67

Tests, impact, 31-33

timber, 88-136

Test specimens, size of, 89-90

Timber testing, 88-136

Vehicle woods, testing, 124

Variability of wood, 1, 2, 43

Walnut, black, 22

common, 22

Water content, 55, 73, 74

effect of, 06, 08, 17, 33, 75-84

Wear, resistance to (see Abrasion)

Weight, relation to mechanical properties, 54-55

Willow, 44

black, 13

Work (see Resilience), 30, 54

Working plan, 88, 127-137

Xylotrya, 67

Yellow Poplar, 44

Zinc Chloride, effect of, 87