TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.

If excuse be needed for presenting a translation of Dr. Bersch’s book at so long an interval after the publication of the original (1893), it must be sought in the paucity of the English literature on the subject. It is hoped that the practical nature of the work will make it acceptable to the English reader.

The subject-matter of the original has been preserved in the translation without alteration or addition, with the exception of an unimportant change in the order of arrangement.

The metric system of weights and measures has been used throughout; for the convenience of those who are not familiar with this system, directions are given in an appendix for converting into English weights and measures.

The section on paint grinding (Chapter LXIX.) is perhaps somewhat incomplete; for a more detailed and modern account of this branch of the subject the reader is referred to Practical Paint Grinding, by Mr. J. Cruickshank Smith, B.Sc., shortly to be issued by the same publishers.

A. C. WRIGHT.

Hull, January, 1901.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

Chapter I. Introduction 1

Chapter II. The Physico-chemical Behaviour of Pigments 8

Chapter III. Raw Materials Employed in the Manufacture of Pigments 14

Chapter IV. Assistant Materials 16

Water—Chlorine—Ammonia—The Hydrometer —Sal Ammoniac or Ammonium Chloride—Ammonium Sulphide.

Acids.—Hydrochloric Acid—Sulphuretted Hydrogen —Sulphuric Acid: Oil of Vitriol, Nordhausen Sulphuric Acid—Nitric Acid—Aqua Regia—Carbon—Carbonic Acid Gas.

Organic Acids.—Acetic Acid—Oxalic Acid—Tartaric Acid.

Chapter V. Metallic Compounds 32

Alkalis.—Potassium Compounds—Potassium Carbonate —Potassium Hydroxide—Potassium Nitrate—Potassium Bitartrate—Potassium Bichromate—Potassium Sodium Chromate—Chrome Alum—Potassium Ferrocyanide —Potassium Ferricyanide—Sodium Salts—Sodium Carbonate —Sodium Hydroxide—Sodium Thiosulphate—Sodium Chloride—Salts of the Alkaline Earth Metals.

Calcium Compounds.—Calcium Oxide—Calcium Hydroxide —Calcium Carbonate—Calcium Sulphate—Calcium Phosphate —Magnesium Carbonate—Barium Compounds—Barium Chloride.

Aluminium Compounds—Aluminium Sulphate.

The Alums.—Potassium Aluminium Alum—Roman Alum—Soda Alum—Ammonia Alum—Alumina and Hydrate of Alumina.

Compounds of the Heavy Metals.—Zinc Compounds—Cadmium Compounds—Iron Compounds—Ferrous Sulphate—Ferrous Chloride—Manganese Compounds—Nickel Compounds—Cobalt Compounds—Chromium Compounds—Molybdenum, Tungsten and Vanadium Compounds—Antimony Compounds—Bismuth Compounds—Tin Compounds—Arsenic Compounds—Lead Compounds—Lead Sulphate—Lead Nitrate—Lead Acetate —Basic Lead Acetate—Lead Chloride—Copper Compounds —Copper Sulphate—Copper Nitrate—Copper Acetate —Mercury Compounds—Mercurous Nitrate—Mercuric Nitrate —Mercurous Chloride—Mercuric Chloride—Silver Compounds —Gold Compounds.

Chapter VI. The Manufacture of Mineral Pigments 71

White Mineral Pigments—White Lead.

Chapter VII. The Manufacture of White Lead 77

Manufacture of White Lead from Metallic Lead.—Dutch Process: Casting the Lead into Sheets—Building up the Stacks—Removal and Grinding of the White Lead—White Lead Mills—Hard White Lead—Soft White Lead.—German Process.—French Process: Preparation of the Solution of Basic Lead Acetate—Preparation of the Carbonic Acid and Precipitation of the White Lead—Manufacture of White Lead by Means of Natural Carbonic Acid.—English Process.—Other Methods. —Oxychloride White Lead: Lead Sulphite—Lewis & Bartlett’s White Lead Pigment.—White Lead-Antimony Pigments: Lead Antimonite—Lead Antimonate.

Chapter VIII. Enamel White 116

Lithopone.

Chapter IX. Washing Apparatus 120

Filter Presses.

Chapter X. Zinc White 126

Griffith’s Zinc White—Tungsten White—White Antimony Pigments: Antimony Trioxide—Antimony Oxychloride —Bismuth White—Tin White—Manganese White —Magnesia White or Mineral White—Annaline.

Chapter XI. Yellow Mineral Pigments 133

Chapter XII. Chrome Yellows 134

Lead Chrome Yellow—Preparation of the Lead Solution —Precipitation of the Chrome Yellow—The Pale Chrome Yellows.

Chapter XIII. Lead Oxide Pigments 143

Red Lead, Minium.

Chapter XIV. Other Yellow Pigments 148

Cassel Yellow—Montpellier Yellow—Turner’s Yellow or English Yellow—Naples Yellow—Antimony Yellow —Calcium Chrome Yellow—Barium Yellow, Yellow Ultramarine or Permanent Yellow—Zinc Chrome Yellow —Cadmium Chrome Yellow—Cadmium Yellow—Lead Iodide—Mars Yellow—Siderin Yellow—Aureolin —Tungsten Yellow—Nickel Yellow—Mercury Yellow or Turpeth Mineral—Yellow Arsenic Pigments—Lead Arsenite—Thallium Pigments.

Chapter XV. Mosaic Gold 160

Chrysean.

Chapter XVI. Red Mineral Pigments 163

Vermilion—Black Mercuric Sulphide—Red Mercuric Sulphide.

Chapter XVII. The Manufacture of Vermilion 166

Dry Method: Chinese Vermilion.—Wet Method: Firmenich’s Method—Liebig’s Process—Infusible White Precipitate —Electrolytic Process—Mercuric Iodide.

Chapter XVIII. Antimony Vermilion 178

Appendix—Antimony Blue.

Chapter XIX. Ferric Oxide Pigments 180

Vogel’s Iron Red—Macay’s English Red—Indian Red.

Chapter XX. Other Red Mineral Pigments 186

Chrome Red or Chrome Vermilion—Cobalt Red—Cobalt Magnesia Red—Cobalt Arsenate—Chromium Stannate —Silver Chromate.

Chapter XXI. Purple of Cassius 190

Magnesia Gold Purple—Alumina Gold Purple.

Chapter XXII. Blue Mineral Pigments—Iron-Cyanogen Pigments 194

Chinese Blue—Prussian Blue—Mineral Blue—Soluble Prussian Blue—Special Processes for the Manufacture of Chinese Blue—Turnbull’s Blue—Antwerp Blue.

Chapter XXIII. Ultramarine 204

Chapter XXIV. The Manufacture of Ultramarine 211

Preparation of Mixtures for Ultramarine—Ultramarine Violet—Chlorine and Steam Process—Hydrochloric Acid and Air Process—Ammonium Chloride Process —Pale Blue Ultramarine—Ultramarine Red.

Chapter XXV. Blue Copper Pigments 226

Bremen Blue and Green—Neuberg Blue—Lime Blue —Payen’s Mountain Blue—Oil Blue—Copper Hydroxide.

Chapter XXVI. Blue Cobalt Pigments 230

Cobalt Blue, Thénard’s Blue, Cobalt Ultramarine, King’s Blue, Leyden Blue—Cæruleum—Cobalt Zinc Phosphate.

Chapter XXVII. Smalts 233

Preparation of the Charge—Fusion of the Charge —Grinding the Fused Mass—Tungsten Blue —Tessié du Motay’s Blue—Molybdenum Blue.

Chapter XXVIII. Green Mineral Pigments—Green Copper Pigments 240

Green Copper Pigments: Copper Carbonate—Copper Arsenite —Scheele’s Green—Swedish Green—Brunswick Green —Green Verditer—Neuwied Green—Copper Oxychloride.

Chapter XXIX. Emerald Green 244

Manufacture of Emerald Green from Verdigris—Manufacture of Emerald Green from Copper Sulphate—Mitis Green or Vienna Green—Copper Stannate—Kuhlmann’s Green—Elsner’s Green—Casselmann’s Green—Lime Green—Patent Green—Copper Borate—Copper Silicate (Egyptian Blue).

Chapter XXX. Verdigris 252

Blue Verdigris—Distilled or Crystallised Verdigris —German Verdigris.

Chapter XXXI. Chromium Oxide 260

Chapter XXXII. Other Green Chromium Pigments 264

Guignet’s Green—Emerald Green—Chrome Green Lake —Turkish Green—Leaf Green.—Chromium Phosphate Pigments: Arnaudan’s Green—Plessy’s Green—Schnitzer’s Green—Chromaventurine—Chrome Blue (Garnier).

Chapter XXXIII. Green Cobalt Pigments 268

Cobalt Green.

Chapter XXXIV. Green Manganese Pigments 270

Manganese Green—Rosenstiehl’s Green—Böttger’s Barium Green—Manganous Oxide—Manganese Blue.

Chapter XXXV. Compounded Green Pigments 273

Chrome Green—Elsner’s Chrome Green—Silk Green —Natural Green—Non-arsenical Green.

Chapter XXXVI. Violet Mineral Pigments 276

Chromic Chloride—Manganese Violet—Tin Violet, Mineral Lake—Copper Violet, Guyard’s Violet.

Chapter XXXVII. Brown Mineral Pigments 279

Lead Brown—Manganese Brown—Pyrolusite Brown —Prussian Brown—Iron Brown—Copper Brown —Chrome Brown—Cobalt Brown.

Chapter XXXVIII. Brown Decomposition Products 283

Humins—Bistre.

Chapter XXXIX. Black Pigments 285

Charcoal Blacks: True Charcoal Black—Vine Black —Vine Black from Wine Lees—Vine Black from Pressed Grapes—Bone Black or Ivory Black.

Chapter XL. Manufacture of Soot Pigments 294

Chapter XLI. Manufacture of Lamp Black 307

Calcination of the Soot—Pine Black.

Chapter XLII. The Manufacture of Soot Black without Chambers 313

Chapter XLIII. Indian Ink 316

Neutral Tint Black—Appendix: Black Mineral Pigments —Chrome Copper Black—Chrome Black.

Chapter XLIV. Enamel Colours 319

White Enamels—Coloured Enamels: Yellow Enamels—Red Enamel—Blue Enamels—Green Enamel—Violet Enamel —Black Enamel.

Chapter XLV. Metallic Pigments 326

Shell-Gold—Shell-Silver—Imitation Silver.

Chapter XLVI. Bronze Pigments 329

Electrolytic Copper Bronze—Tungsten Bronze Pigments.

Chapter XLVII. Vegetable Bronze Pigments 339

Appendix: The Brocade Pigments.

PIGMENTS OF ORGANIC ORIGIN.

Chapter XLVIII. Lakes 343

Chapter XLIX. Yellow Lakes 348

Dutch Pink—Weld Lake—Gamboge Lake—Prepared Gamboge—Fustic Lake—Quercitron Lake—Purree or Indian Yellow—The Colouring Matter of Saffron —Colouring Matter of Gardinia Grandiflora.

Chapter L. Red Lakes 354

Cochineal and Carmine

Chapter LI. The Manufacture of Carmine 357

Cenette’s Method—Munich, Vienna, Paris or Florentine Lake—Ammonia-Cochineal.

Chapter LII. The Colouring Matter of Lac 363

Lac Dye.

Chapter LIII. Safflower or Carthamine Red 366

Safflower Carmine—Alkanet.

Chapter LIV. Madder and its Colouring Matters 370

Garancin—Garanceux—Madder Extract—The Constituents of Madder.

Chapter LV. Madder Lakes 375

Madder Carmine.

Chapter LVI. Manjit (Indian Madder) 378

Chica Red, Curucuru, Carajuru—Bigonia Chica.

Chapter LVII. Lichen Colouring Matters 380

Archil—French Purple—Cudbear—Litmus.

Chapter LVIII. Red Wood Lakes 384

Chapter LIX. The Colouring Matters of Sandalwood 388

and Other Dye-woods

Chapter LX. Blue Lakes 390

Indigo—The Constituents of Indigo.

Chapter LXI. Indigo Carmine 394

Indigo Mills—Blue Lake.

Chapter LXII. The Colouring Matter of Logwood 398

Logwood Extract—Kohlrausch’s Process for Obtaining Concentrated Extracts of Colouring Matters and Tannins.

Chapter LXIII. Green Lakes 409

Chlorophyll—Sap Green—Chinese Green, Lokao —Charvin’s Green.

Chapter LXIV. Brown Organic Pigments 414

Asphaltum—Sepia.

Chapter LXV. Sap Colours 416

Chapter LXVI. Water Colours 419

Moist Water Colours.

Chapter LXVII. Crayons 423

Crayons for Earthenware.

Chapter LXVIII. Confectionery Colours 427

Chapter LXIX. The Preparation of Pigments for Painting 429

Paint Mills.

Chapter LXX. The Examination op Pigments 434

Mineral Pigments—Examination with the Blowpipe —Reactions of the White Pigments—Reactions of the Yellow Pigments—Reactions of the Red Pigments—Reactions of the Blue Pigments —Reactions of the Green Pigments—Reactions of the Brown Pigments—Reactions of the Black Pigments.

Chapter LXXI. Examination of Lakes 445

Reactions of the Organic Colouring Matters.

Chapter LXXII. The Testing of Dye-Woods 449

The Colorimeter.

Chapter LXXIII. The Design of a Colour Works 457

Chapter LXXIV. Commercial Names of Pigments 460

APPENDIX.

The Conversion of Metric into English Weights and Measures—Centigrade and Fahrenheit Thermometer Scales 469

INDEX.