CITATIONS IN GENERAL.
Reading edition
36. Books. See paragraphs 22, 27, 52. Here is a standard form: Macaulay’s 2 History, iv, 14. This means the second volume of the work, the fourth chapter, the fourteenth page. The iv should be set in lower-case.
Law Books. In citing law books abbreviate as follows: Briggs vs. Ewart, 51 Ala., 576; 78 Fed. Rep., 398, etc.
37. Paragraphs. Paragraphs, pages, verses, and sections of books are marked in arabic, but cantos of poetry should be set in lower-case roman.
38. Pages. Pages 145, 168, 172, and never p 145 or pp 145, 168, 172. Spell out all such references.
39. Publications. In citing such publications as periodicals and newspapers it is not necessary to use a capital for the in the New York Herald. In The Life of Christ or the title of any other book capitalize The. See paragraph 52.
40. Scriptural Citations. Unless many citations are made it is best to spell out the names of books of Scripture, but when the references are numerous they should be as follows:
Old Testament.
Gen. xi, 17
Ex.
Lev.
Num.
Deut.
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 Sam.
2 Sam.
1 Kings
2 Kings
1 Chron.
2 Chron.
Ezra
Neh.
Esther
Job
Ps.
Prov.
Eccles.
Cant. or Song of Sol.
Jonah
Isa.
Jer.
Lam.
Ezek.
Dan.
Hos.
Joel
Amos
Obad.
Mic.
Nahum.
Hab.
Zeph.
Hag.
Zech.
Mal.
New Testament.
Matt.
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Rom.
1 Cor.
2 Cor.
Gal.
Eph.
Phil.
Col.
1 Thess.
2 Thess.
1 Tim.
2 Tim.
Titus
Philem.
Heb.
Jas.
1 Pet.
2 Pet.
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Rev.
The Apocrypha.
1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Tobit
Judith
Rest of Esth.
Wisd. of Sol.
Ecclus.
Baruch
Song of Three Childr.
Susanna
Bel and Dragon
Pr. of Manasses
1 Macc.
2 Macc.
Scriptural Citations. Scriptural citations of chapter and verse should be thus: Chapter in lower-case roman numerals, and verse in figures, as: Acts vii, 16.
41. Compounds. See also paragraphs 10 and 27. As stated in the introduction, the Standard Dictionary seems to be the only one that gives the compounding of words. By its system both solidified and hyphenated words of the compound type are shown. Teall’s book on this subject is really a codification of the compounds appearing in the Standard Dictionary. Since Teall’s list was made there have been some changes in the system preferred by good writers. Every change has been in the direction of solidifying. Teall gives bookkeeper as one word, but make proof-reader two. He makes postmaster one word, post-office a compound. The Chicago Proofreaders’ Association is more consistent in such cases, printing all words of this type in the solidified form.
The following list is believed to be more consistent than the Standard-Teall handling of the same words, and is therefore preferred:
42. Some Examples. (a) Words denoting an occupation or calling, as baggagemaster, bagmaker, watchmaker, proofreader, bricklayer.
(b) Words denoting a connecting use, as barnyard, crosshead, carwheel, footboard, gaspipe.
(c) Words denoting a state of being, as motherhood, fatherhood, widowhood.
(d) Words that are pronounced as one word and usually printed as such, as claptrap, crackerjack, daredevil, haphazard.
43. Approved Consolidations. Words like steamboat, railroad, fishline, firearms, pineapple, catfish, bluebird, blackboard, quartermaster are best as here printed. It is proper to consolidate all words denoting a species, kind or class of birds, animals or plants, as kingfisher, meadowlark, bulldog, bloodhound, wildcat, goldenseal.
(a) Anybody, anything, anywhere, evermore, everybody, everything, everywhere, forevermore, somewhere, nobody, something, nowhere, nothing, afterpiece, crossexamine, crossquestion, countermarch, antislavery, antedate, schoolboy, schoolmate, schoolmistress, but school teacher, school children and school teaching.
(b) Other approved solidifications are words denoting tools, materials, and implements, as: Strawboard, halftone, guidebook, screwdriver, rosewater, typewriter, handbook.
44. Compounds and Solids. The following list of compound words should be used with hyphens or in the solidified form, as indicated:
afterthought
after-years
agateware
aide-de-camp
air-brake
air-castle
air-cushion
air-faucet
air-filter
air-dried
alarm-clock
alcohol-engine
ale-bench
ale-brewer
ale-drinker
ale-drinking
alepot
alevat
alleyway
apple-moth
apple-seed
apple-peel
alehouse
almshouse
anglebar
angleworm
antechamber
baggagemaster
bakeshop
ballroom
barn-yard
bartender
baseball
bath-house
bathroom
bearskin
bedchamber
billboard
billposter
birdhouse
birdseye
blackboard
blackmail
blacktail
blockhouse
bloodroot
bluebird
bluefish
bluestone
bluewing
bobtail
boilermaker
bondholder
bookbindery
bookkeeper-ing
bookmaker
bookmaking
bookman
bookmark
bookroom
bookstore
brakebeam
brakeshoe
brassfounder
brickyard
brownstone
bulldog
bullseye
cakewalk
candlelight
cardboard
carwheel
casehardened
cashbook
catbird
catchline
catchword
catfish
churchyard
clambake
claptrap
clingstone
clockmaker
clockwork
clubhouse
clubroom
coalhod
coalmine
coalyard
coonskin
copperplate
cornerstone
cornfield
cornmeal
cornstalk
cottontail
cottonwood
countershaft
countersunk
countinghouse
countingroom
courthouse
courtyard
cowbell
cowboy
crackerjack
crosshatch
crosshead
crosspiece
cutthroat
daredevil
darkroom
daybook
deathbed
deerhound
dewdrop
dockyard
doorkeeper
doormat
downpour
drawbar
dreamland
drugstore
drumfish
dugout
dustproof
dyewood
earmark
eggcase
electroplate
eyebolt
eyepiece
facewise
facsimile
fairyland
farmhouse
farmyard
feedlot
fencerow
fieldbook
filmholder
firearm
firefly
fireplace
fireproof
fishplate
fishoil
flagship
flagstaff
flintlock
flourmill
flywheel
foodstuffs
football
footboard
footbridge
foothills
footnote
footplate
footrace
footsore
footstool
fourfold, etc.
fourscore (80)
foxhound
foxskin
Freemason
freestone
gagewheel
gamebag
gamedealer
gamekeeper
gaspipe
gatepost
glassblower
glassworks
goldenrod
goldenseal
goldmine
grandam
granddaughter
greenhouse
greenstone
gristmill
guidebook
gunmaker
hailstorm
hairbreadth
halftone
handbook
handcar
handrail
haphazard
harbormaster
hardtack
headband
headboard
hilltop
homemade
horsecar
horseshoe
hothouse
indoor
inkmaker
inkmaking
ironclad
ironfounder
ironware
jackscrew
jacksnipe
jellyfish
jobroom
junkshop
keelboat
kennelman
keyboard
knifebar
ladylike
lambskin
landholder
landowner
lawbreaker
lawmaker
lawsuit
lifelong
lifetime
lighthouse
lockout
loophole
manhole
mantelpiece
meadowlark
milestone
milldam
millpond
millstone
mockingbird
moldboard
mopboard
mouthpiece
mudhen
multicolor
multiphase
nailhole
newsdealer
notebook
nowadays
oatmeal
Oddfellowship
officeholder
officeseeker
oilcloth
onlooker
outbuilding
outdoor (a.)
outhouse
oxgall
packhorse
packmule
payroll
pinkroot
plateholder
platemaker
pocketbook
pokeroot
poolroom
portemonnaie
postoffice
postmaster
pressroom
proofreader-ing
proofroom
prorate
racecourse
racehorse
racetrack
rainfall
rainstorm
rattletrap
redbird
ricebird
redhead
redwing
reedbird
roadbed
rollermaker
ropewalk
rosewater
roundhouse
rowboat
runway
sagebrush
sagehen
sailboat
saloonkeeper
salthouse
sandbar
sandhill
sandstone
sawmill
scalebeam
scattergun
schoolbook
schoolboy
schooldame
schoolfellow
schoolgirl
schoolhouse
schoolmaster
schoolmate
schoolmistress
schoolroom
scorecard
scrapbook
screwdriver
seagirt
sealskin
seashore
sedgefield
sheepdog
sheepskin
sheetwise
shipbuilding
shipchandler
shotgun
showcase
sidenote
signboard
skylark
slavepen
slidemaker
slugcasting
smokestack
snowdrift
snowflake
snowstorm
spaceband
spacebar
sprigtail
staghound
standpoint
statehouse
staybolt
stockholder
stockhouse
stockyard
stonecutter
stonedresser
storehouse
storeroom
storekeeper
strawboard
subhead
sunburned
switchboard
tablecloth
tablespoonful
tailpiece
tapeworm
taxpayer
teaspoon
telltale
textbook
thoroughbred
threefold
thumbscrew
thunderstorm
tidewater
tieplate
tinware
tiptoe
to-day
to-morrow
trademark
transshipment
triphase
turnout
turnover
twofold, etc.
twoscore (40, etc.)
typefounder
typefoundry
typemaking
voltmeter
walkover
warehouse
washstand
wastepipe
watchcase
watercourse
watermark
watershed
waterworks
waterproof
wayfaring
weakfish
weekday
wellwisher
whitefish
windrow
windstorm
wirehaired
wolfskin
woodyard
workaday
workbag
workday
workingman
yellowlegs
45. Interrupted Compounds. Benjamin Drew says, in Pens and Types: When two words connected by a conjunction are severally compound parts of a following word, the hyphen is omitted, as:
We use cast and wrought iron pillars.
I have pruned my peach and apple trees.
Some authors follow the German style, inserting the hyphens, thus:
We use cast- and wrought-iron pillars.
I have pruned my peach- and apple-trees.
The style in the last example is known as the interrupted compound. It is gaining ground rapidly in the best printing-houses, and is recommended by De Vinne, who uses it in his books. Here are some examples: Foot-, top-, and side-notes; quarter-, eighth-, and half-kegs; base- and foot-ball, foot- or side-note. This is good usage. See the Century magazine for examples, or see any books published by the Century Company. There seems to be no other way to signify that both words in such examples are compounds.
46. No Fixed Rules. There are no hard and fast rules regarding compounds. It is, in fact, almost impossible to hold to a uniform, consistent style. Here are some of De Vinne’s compoundings:
(a) Subject-matter, lower-case, making-up, memorandum-book, proof-reader, fault-finding, type-setting, style-card, letter-writing, printing-house, quote-marks, quotation-marks, piece-compositors, five-to-em body, book-making, book-work, pre-historic, pre-raphaelite, ill-bred, well-formed, good-looking, composing-room, dining-table, canal-boat, ferry-house, dwelling-house [See list on page 74 of De Vinne’s Composition], over-wide, spelled-out, title-page, table-work, old-style, bold-faced, hymn-book, to-morrow, to-day, head-lines, type-writing, catch-lines, hair-space, thin-space, type-founders, side-heading, type-setting, foot-note, letter-writer, side-notes, six-point, cut-in note, center-note, shoulder-note, three-em indention, wide-leaded, double-leaded, every-day world. Note that they do not agree with the Chicago Proofreaders’ Association list.
(b) The following are approved forms: Fine-tooth saw, six-bit machine, six-foot pole, two-year-old horse, but six-months-old baby. Bluewing, whitefish, bricklayer, gaspipe, footboard, motherhood, widowhood.
47. Specials. The following list is for use in trade-journals: Hopvine, hopyard, hop-picker, labor-union, labor-saving, liquordealer, liquorseller, liquor-saloon, liquor-store, liquor-bottle, wine-merchant, wineroom, winedealer, wine-taster, wine-press, wine-party, wine-vault, wine-vinegar, wineglass, wineglassful, wine-stone, vine-disease, trade-union, trade-mark, trade-journal, trade-name, trade-wind, street-car, street-railroad, street-sweeper, street-sprinkler, street-walker, pastepot, paperknife, papercutter, saloonmen, saloonkeeper, barkeeper, barkeep, wood-alcohol.
(a) Many words that might be solidified, under the rules of logic, are set with hyphens because they present an unsightly appearance as one word. These things are largely matters of fancy.
(b) There are some such expressions as, Italian and Chinese American citizens, which are very puzzling. The question arises whether hyphens should be used in such expressions, and how. Such sentences are sometimes erroneously written with one hyphen, as, Italian and Chinese-American citizens. The sentence is proper enough as first written, but a somewhat more discriminating use would be, Italian- and Chinese-American citizens. In expressions like these the interrupted compounds are properly written with hyphens. See paragraph 45.
48. Dashes. Avoid dashes in side-headings, as in this Style-code. They are not needed at the end of a quotation, between it and the credit. See paragraph 22.
Also see De Vinne’s Correct Composition, page 273.
49. De Vinne Rules Violated. Though the Century Company, the Century Magazine, and editors high in authority follow the simple rules laid down by De Vinne, there are many violations of these rules in the Century itself, as well as in its publications. Sometimes names of newspapers are quoted, and sometimes they are set in italic. The system of capitals is not closely followed. In a letter to the editor of this work, Mr. De Vinne thus explained the failure of the publications of the Century Company to show uniformity: “The Century Company has many editors, and each editor has notions of his own that printers are directed to follow. Though most of these editors abide by the rules expounded by me in my works on typography, a study of some of our books shows that the neglect to capitalize Bay, City, Island, etc., when the word refers distinctly to a proper name, is a common error—so common that the proofreaders find it a waste of time to suggest to editors and authors the need of a capital. Yet I hold stoutly to the correctness of the capital. Even careful editors are often overruled by authors. The Century printing-house can not be held responsible, with justice, for some of the eccentricities of our printing. It should be borne in mind that a printer’s business is to do what he is told.”
50. Division of Words. De Vinne says the system most approved now authorizes the division of a word, when consistent with pronunciation, on the vowel at the end of the syllable. The system is defective in its inability to make provision for the syllables that end with consonants. Divisions of all kinds should be prevented as often as possible. The Chicago Proofreaders’ Association offers the following rules concerning divisions. The reprint ‘follows copy’ as published by the Association:
The proper division of words is an important matter. An improper division is as much an error as a misplaced letter, and is oftentimes more misleading.
Follow the American rule of dividing words at the end of the line according to pronunciation rather than the British rule of dividing on the vowel or to show derivation. The dictionary in use in any particular office should be followed, unless otherwise directed.
Where a vowel constitutes a syllable in the middle of a word, place this vowel in the first line, as promi-nent is preferable to prom-inent, quali-ties to qual-ities, particu-lar to partic-ular, dili-gence to dil-igence, sepa-rate to sep-arate, etc. Exceptions: In words ending in -able or -ible, the single vowel should be carried into the second line.
There are frequent instances where a particular division of a word will aid the reader in its pronunciation at first sight, obviating a faltering or repetition, as pro-gress, verb, and prog-ress, noun; distrib-ute, verb, and distri-bution, noun; pre-fer, verb, and pref-erable, adjective.
Never divide a word pronounced as one syllable, as “changed,” “drowned,” “dipped,” etc.
Avoid all two-letter divisions except in very narrow measures or where very large types are used.
Avoid having three or more successive divisions at the ends of lines.
Divide En-gland and En-glish as pronounced and as they are here printed.
The addition of s to form the plural of a word—as horses, fences, etc.—does not justify a division on the last portion so formed, as, circumstan-ces, etc. Avoid all such divisions.