Note 39 — Chapter I · RELATION OF JESUS TO THE IDEA OF A SUFFERING AND DYING MESSIAH; HIS DISCOURSES ON HIS DEATH, RESURRECTION, AND SECOND ADVENT.
George Eliot translation
1 His predictions concerning particular circumstances of his passion, uttered shortly before its occurrence, in the last days of his life, can only be considered farther on, in the history of those days. ↑
2 Comp. Olshausen, bibl. Comm., 1, s. 528. ↑
3 Gesenius, Jesaias, iii. 137 ff.; Hitzig, Comm. zu Jes., s. 550. ↑
4 Gesenius, ut sup. s. 158 ff.; Hitzig, s. 577 ff.; Vatke, bibl. Theol. 1, s. 528 ff. ↑
5 De Wette, Comm. zu den Psalmen, s. 514 ff.; 3te Aufl. ↑
6 Ibid. s. 224 ff. ↑
7 Paulus, exeg. Handb. 3, b, s. 677 ff., and De Wette in loc. ↑
8 See this view developed by Fritzsche, Comm. in Marc, p. 381 f. ↑
9 Vid. Fritzsche, ut sup. ↑
10 Paulus, exeg. Handb. 2, s. 415 ff.; Ammon, bibl. Theol. 2, s. 377 f.; Kaiser, bibl. Theol. 1, s. 246. Fritzsche also, ut sup. and Weisse, 1, s. 423, partly admit this. ↑
11 Bertholdt, Einleitung in d. N. T. 1305 ff.; Wegscheider, Einl. in das Evang. Johannis, s. 271 f. ↑
12 Daniel, übersetzt und erklärt von Bertholdt, 2, s. 541 ff., 660 ff.; Rosenmüller, Schol. in V. T. 7, 4, p. 339 ff. ↑
13 De Wette, de morte Christi expiatoria, in his Opusc. Theol., p. 130; Hase, L. J. § 06. ↑
14 Vom Zweck Jesu und seiner Junger, s. 114 ff. 153 f. ↑
15 Ueber den Zweck und die Wirkungen des Todes Jesu, in the Göttingischen Bibliothek, 1, 4, s. 252 ff. ↑
16 See the list in De Wette, ut sup. s. 6 ff. The most important voices for the existence of the idea in question in the time of Jesus, have been noticed by Stäudlin in the above treatise, 1, s. 233 ff., and by Hengstenberg, Christologie des A. T., 1, a, s. 270 ff., b, s, 290 ff; for the opposite opinion, by De Wette, ut sup. p. 1 ff. ↑
17 Comp. De Wette, bibl. Dogm, § 201 f.; Baumgarten Crusius, bibl. Theol. § 54. ↑
18 Vid. De Wette, ut sup. § 189 ff. ↑
19 Comp. De Wette, ut sup. § 193. ↑
20 Gfrörer, Philo, 1, s. 495 ff. ↑
21 A passage to this effect out of the law (νόμος) properly so called, would be difficult to find: De Wette, de morte, p. 72, refers to Isa. ix. 5; Lücke, in loc. to Ps. cx. 4; Dan. vii. 14, ii. 44. ↑
22 Vom Zweck Jesu und seiner Jünger, s. 179 f. ↑
23 Vid. De Wette, de morte Chr. p. 73 f. ↑
24 Comp. Gesenius, Jesaias 2, Th. s. 66; De Wette, Einleitung in das A. T. § 59, 3te Ausg. ↑
25
Literal translation according to Hitzig, lii. 14:—As many were amazed at him, so disfigured, not human, was his appearance, and his form not that of the children of men, etc. Targum of Jonathan: Quemadmodum per multos dies ipsum exspectârunt Israëlitae, quorum contabuit inter gentes adspectus et splendor (et evanuit) e filiis hominum, etc.
liii. 4:—But he bore our infirmities, and charged himself with our sorrows, and we esteemed him stricken, smitten of God and afflicted. Idcirco pro delictis nostris ipse deprecabitur, et iniquitates nostræ propter eum condonabuntur, licet nos reputati simus contusi, plagis affecti et afflicti.
Origen also relates, c. Celsus, i. 55, how a person esteemed a wise man among the Jews, λεγόμενος παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις σοφὸς, maintained, in opposition to his Christian interpretation of the passage in Isaiah, that this was prophesied concerning the whole nation, which had been dispersed and afflicted, in order that many might become proselytes, ταῦτα πεπροφητεῦσθαι ὡς περὶ ἑνὸς τοῦ ὅλου λαοῦ, καὶ γενομένου ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ, καὶ πληγέντος, ἳνα πολλοὶ προσήλυτοι γένωνται. ↑
26 Vid. Schöttgen, 2, s. 182 f.; Eisenmenger, entdecktes Judenthum, 2, s. 758. ↑
27 Ap. Schöttgen, 2 s. 181 f. ↑
28 De Wette, de morte Chr. expiatoria, ut sup. s. 50. ↑
29 vii. 29. ↑
30 Schöttgen, 2, s. 509 ff.; Schmidt, Christologische Fragmente, in his Bibliothek, 1, s. 24 ff.; Bertholdt, Christol. Jud., § 13. ↑
31 Schmidt, ut sup.; Bertholdt, ut sup., § 16. ↑
32 Pesikta in Abkath Rochel, ap. Schmidt, s. 48 f. ↑
33 Sohar, P. II. lxxxv. 2, ap. Schmidt, § 47 f. ↑
34 Gemara Sanhedrin, f. xcviii. 1; ap. De Wette, de morte Chr., p. 95 f., and ap. Hengstenberg, s. 292. ↑
35 Sohar, P. II. f. lxxx. ii. 2; ap. De Wette, s. 94: Cum Israëlitæ essent in terra sancta, per cultus religiosos et sacrificia quæ faciebanto, omnes illos morbos et pœnas e mundo, sustulerunt; nunc vero Messias debet auferre eas ab hominibus. ↑
36 Vid. Bertholdt, ut sup. § 17. ↑
37 De Wette, de morte Chr., p. 112; comp. 53 ff. ↑
38 Hase, L. J. § 108. ↑
39 Ibid. ↑
40 Ibid. and § 109. ↑
41 See his animated and impressive treatise, vom Zweck, u. s. f., s. 121 ff. Comp. Briefe über den Rationalismus, s. 224 ff., and De Wette, exeg. Handb. 1, 1, s. 143. ↑
42 Thus especially Herder, vom Erlöser der Menschen, s. 133 ff. Briefe über den Rationalismus, s. 227. Comp. Kuinöl, Comm. in Matth., p. 444 f. ↑
43 LXX.: ὑγιάσει ἡμᾶς μετὰ δύο ἡμέρας· ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ ἐξαναστησόμεθα, καὶ ζησόμεθα ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ. ↑
44 Comp. Süskind, einige Bemerkungen über die Frage, ob Jesus seine Auferstehung bestimmt vorhergesagt habe? in Flatt’s Magazin, 7, s. 203 ff. ↑
45 Paulus, ut sup. 2, s. 415 ff.; Hase, L. J. § 109. ↑
46 E.g. Lücke, 1, s. 426; comp., on the contrary, Tholuck, in loc. ↑
47 Vid. Tholuck, ut sup. ↑
48 Henke, Joannes apostolus nonnullorum Jesu apophthegmatum in evang. suo et ipse interpres. In Pott’s and Ruperti’s Sylloge Comm. theol. 1, s. 9; Gabler, Recension des Henke’schen Programms im neuesten theol. Journal, 2, 1, s. 88; Lücke, in loc. ↑
49 Thus, besides Henke in the above Programm, Herder, von Gottes Sohn nach Johannes Evang., s. 135 f.; Paulus, Comm. 4, s. 165 f.; L. J. 1, a, s. 173 f.; Lücke, and De Wette, in loc. ↑
50 Storr, in Flatt’s Magazin, 4, s. 199. ↑
51 Tholuck and Olshausen, in loc. ↑
52 Hence Neander remains suspended in indecision between the two, s. 395 f. ↑
53 Thus Kern, die Hauptthatsachen der evang. Gesch., Tüb. Zeitschrift, 1836, 2, s. 128. ↑
54 Thus Olshausen. ↑
55 Kern says, indeed, that a similar doubleness of meaning is found elsewhere in significant discourse; but he refrains from adducing an example. ↑
56 Probab., p. 23 ff. ↑
57 Comp. Neander, s. 396, Anm. ↑
58 Paulus, exeg. Handb. in loc. ↑
59 Comp. Fritzsche and Olshausen, in loc. ↑
60 Paulus, exeg. Handb. 2, s. 97 ff. Schulz, über das Abendm., s. 317 f. ↑
61 Süskind, ut sup. s. 184 ff. ↑
62 Vid. Lücke, in loc. ↑
63 Vid. de Wette, Comm. über die Psalmen, s. 178. ↑
64 Compare, on the import and connexion of this discourse, Fritzsche, in Matth., p. 695 ff; De Wette, exeg. Handb., 1, 1, s. 197 ff; Weizel, die unchristliche Unsterblichkeitslehre, in the theol. Studien und Kritiken, 1836, s. 599 ff.—In agreement with these commentators I append the following division of the passage in Matthew:
I. Signs of the end, τέλος, xxiv. 4–14. a. More remote signs, the beginning of sorrows, ἀρχὴ ὠδίνων, 4–8. b. More immediate signs, the actual sorrows, 9–14.
II. The end, τέλος, itself, xxiv. 15–25, 46. a. Its commencement with the destruction of Jerusalem, and the great tribulation θλῖψις which accompanies it, 15–28. b. Its culminating point: the advent of the Messiah, together with the assembling of his elect, 29–31. (Here follow retrospective observations and warnings, xxiv. 32-xxv. 30.) c. Close of the τέλος with the messianic judgment, 31–46.
↑
65 Vom Zweck Jesu und seiner Jünger, s. 184, 201 ff., 207 ff. ↑
66 The former adv. hæres. v. 25; the latter, Comm. in Matth. in loc. Compare on the different interpretations of this passage the list in Schott, Commentarius in eos J. Chr. sermones, qui de reditu ejus ad judicium—agunt, p. 73 ff. ↑
67 Bahrdt., Uebersetzung des N. T., 1, s. 1103, 3te Ausg.; Eckermann, Handb. der Glaubenslehre, 2, s. 579, 3, s. 427, 437, 709 ff; and others in Schott, ut sup. ↑
68 This is the opinion of Lightfoot, in loc., Flatt, Comm. de notione vocis βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν, in Velthusen’s und A. Sammlung 2, 461 ff.; Jahn, Erklärung der Weissagungen Jesu von der Zerstörung Jerusalems u. s. w., in Bengel’s Archiv. 2, 1, s. 79 ff., and others, cited in Schott, s. 75 f. ↑
69 Thus especially Jahn, in the treatise above cited. ↑
70 Kern, Hauptthatsachen der evang. Geschichte, Tüb. Zeitschr. 1836, 2, s. 140 ff. ↑
71 Thus Storr, Opusc. acad. 3, s. 34 ff.; Paulus, exeg. Handb. 3, a, s. 346 f. 402 f. ↑
72 Ut sup. s. 188. ↑
73 Storr, ut sup. s. 39, 116 ff. ↑
74 Paulus, in loc. ↑
75 Vid. Kuinöl in Matt., s. 649. ↑
76 Comp. the Wolfenbüttel Fragmentist, ut sup. s. 190 ff. Schott, ut sup. s. 127 ff. ↑
77 Kern, ut sup. s. 141 f. That Jesus conceived the epoch at which he spoke to be separated from the end of the world by a far longer interval than would elapse before the destruction of Jerusalem, Kern thinks he can prove in the shortest way from v. 14, of the 24th chapter of Matthew, where Jesus says, And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations, and then shall the end come. For such a promulgation of Christianity, he thinks, it is “beyond contradiction” that a far longer space of time than these few lustrums would be requisite. As it happens, the apostle Paul himself presents the contradiction, when he represents the gospel as having been already preached to that extent before the destruction of Jerusalem, e.g. Col. i. 5: τοῦ εὐαγγελίου, (6) τοῦ παρόντος—ἐν παντὶ τῷ κόσμῳ—(23)—τοῦ κηρυχθέντος ἐν πάσῃ τῇ κτίσει τῇ ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανὸν. Comp. Rom. x. 13. ↑
78 The former is chosen by Süskind, vermischte Aufsätze, s. 90 ff.; the latter by Kuinöl, in Matth., p. 653 ff. ↑
79 See his Commentarius, in loc. ↑
80 Ueber das Abendmahl, s. 315 f. ↑
81 Ueber den Ursprung des ersten kanon. Evangel., s. 119 ff. Also Weisse, ut sup. ↑
82 Ueber den Lukas, s. 215 ff., 265 ff. Here also his opinion is approved by Neander, s. 562. ↑
83 Olshausen, bibl. Comm. 1, s. 865; Kern, ut sup. s. 138 ff. Comp. Steudel Glaubensl. s. 479 ff. ↑
84 [“Die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht:” Schiller. Tr.] ↑
85 Comp. especially Weizel, die Zeit des jüngsten Tags u. s. f. in den Studien der evang. Geistlichkeit Würtembergs, 9, 2, s. 140 ff., 154 ff. ↑
86 According to Kern, the appearing of the Son of Man in the clouds, signifies “the manifestation of everything which forms so great an epoch in the development of the history of mankind, that from it, the agency of Christ, who is the governing power in the history of mankind, may be as clearly recognised as if the sign of Christ were seen in the heavens. The mourning of all the tribes of the earth is to be understood of the sorrow with which men will be visited, owing to the judgment, κρίσις, which accompanies the propagation of the kingdom of Christ, as consisting in an expulsion of ungodliness out of the world, and the annihilation of the old man.” Still further does Weisse allow himself to be carried away by the allegorizing propensity: Christ “commiserates those who are with child and who give suck, i.e. those who would still labour and produce in the old order of things; he further pities those whose flight falls in the winter, i.e. in a rude, inhospitable period, which bears no fruit for the spirit.” (Die evang. Gesch. 2, s. 592.) ↑
87 Hengstenberg, Christologie des A. T., 1, a, s. 305 ff. ↑
88 Exeg. Handb. 3, a, s. 403. Comp. also Kern, Hauptthatsachen, ut sup. s. 137. ↑
89 Bibl. Comm. 1, s. 865 ff. ↑
90 Ueber den Ursprung u. s. f., s. 119. Weisse advances a similar opinion, ut sup. ↑
91 Compare also my Streitschriften, 1, 1, conclusion. ↑
92 Comp. e.g. Gratz, Comm. zum Matth. 2, 444 ff. ↑
93 Antiq. xx. viii. 6 (comp. bell. jud. ii. xiii. 4.): And now these impostors and deceivers persuaded the multitude to follow them into the wilderness, and pretended that they would exhibit manifest wonders and signs that should be performed by the providence of God. And many that were prevailed on by them, suffered the punishments of their folly; for Felix brought them back, and then punished them. ↑
94 Bell. jud. v. xii. 1, 2. ↑
95 More ample comparisons of the results mentioned by Josephus and others, with the prophecy, see in Credner, Einleit. in das N. T. 1, s. 207. ↑
96 Bertholdt, Daniel übersetzt und erklärt, 2, s. 668 ff.; Paulus, exeg. Handb. 3, a, s, 340 f.; De Wette, Einleit. in das A. T., § 254 ff. ↑
97 Kaiser, bibl. Theol. 1, s. 247; Credner, Einl. in das N. T. 1, s. 206 f. ↑
98 De Wette, Einl. in das N. T., § 97, 101. Exeg. Handb. 1, 1, s. 204, 1, 2, s. 103. ↑
99 Paulus, Fritzsche, De Wette in loc. ↑
100 B. j. V. xii. 1: To encompass the whole city round with his army, was not very easy, by reason of its magnitude and the difficulty of the situation; and on other accounts dangerous. ↑
101 B. j. V. xi. 1 ff, xii. 1. ↑
102 Vid. Schöttgen, 2, s. 509 ff.; Bertholdt, § 13; Schmidt, Biblioth. 1, s. 24 ff. ↑
103 Vid. Schöttgen, 2, s. 525 f. ↑
104 Antiq. X. xi. 7. After having interpreted the little horn of Antiochus, he briefly adds: In the very same manner Daniel also wrote concerning the government of the Romans, and that our country should be made desolate by them. He doubtless supposed that the fourth, iron monarchy, Dan. ii. 40, represented the Romans, since, besides attributing it to a dominion over all the earth, he explains its destruction by the stone as something still future, Ant. X. x. 4: Daniel did also declare the meaning of the stone to the King; but I do not think proper to relate it, since I have only undertaken to describe things past or things present, but not things that are future. Now Daniel ii. 44 interprets the stone to mean the heavenly kingdom, which would destroy the iron one, but would itself endure for ever,—a messianic particular, on which Josephus does not choose to dilate. But that, correctly interpreted, the iron legs of the image signify the Macedonian empire, and the feet of iron mixed with clay, the Syrian empire which sprang out of the Macedonian, see De Wette, Einleit. in das N. T., § 254. ↑
105 Vid. Joseph., Antiq. xii. v. ↑
106 Vid. Hase, L. J., § 130. ↑
107 The passages bearing on this subject are collected and explained in Schott, Commentarius, etc., p. 364 ff. Comp. Lücke, in loc. and Weizel, urchristl. Unsterblichkeitslehre, in the Theol. Studien, 1836, s. 626 ff. ↑
108 Vid. Tholuck, in loc. ↑
109 Comp. Tholuck, ut sup. ↑
110 Thus Lücke, and also Tholuck, in loc.; Schott, p. 409. ↑
111 Olshausen, 1, s. 870. ↑
112 Fleck, de regno divino, p. 483. ↑