LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

PLATE I.— 1. The Sacred Beetle. 2. The Sacred Beetle rolling his pill. 3. Rolling the pill to the eating burrow Frontispiece

PLATE II.— Burrow and pear-shaped ball of the Sacred Beetle facing 20

Fig. 1.— Section of the Sacred Beetle’s pill, showing the egg and the hatching-chamber 24

PLATE III.— 1. The Sacred Beetle pushing away and overturning a thieving friend who tries to force his assistance upon him. 2. Crypt in which the Beetle shapes a grub’s provision into a pear facing 36

Fig. 2.— The Sacred Beetle’s pill dug out cupwise to receive the egg 39

Fig. 3.— Grub of the Sacred Beetle 46

Fig. 4.— Digestive apparatus of the Sacred Beetle 47

PLATE IV.— 1 and 2. The Spanish Copris, male and female. 3. The pair jointly kneading the big load, which, divided into egg-shaped pills, will furnish provisions for each grub of the brood. 4. The mother alone in her burrow: five pills are already finished; a sixth is in process of construction facing 72

Fig. 5.— The Copris’s pill: first state 72

Fig. 6.— The Spanish Copris’s pill dug out cupwise to receive the egg 73

Fig. 7.— The Spanish Copris’s pill: section showing the hatching-chamber and the egg 73

Fig. 8.— Phanæus Milo 102

Fig. 9.— Work of Phanæus Milo. A, the whole piece, actual size. B, the same opened, showing the pill of sausage-meat, the clay gourd, the chamber containing the egg and the ventilating-shaft 104

Fig. 10.— Work of Phanæus Milo: the largest of the gourds observed (natural size) 108

PLATE V.— 1. Onthophagus Taurus. 2. Onthophagus Vacca. 3. The Stercoraceous Geotrupe. 4. The Wide-necked Scarab. 5. Cleonus Ophthalmicus. 6. Cerceris Tuberculata. 7. Buprestis Ærea facing 80

Fig. 11.— The Stercoraceous Geotrupe’s sausage 121

Fig. 12.— Section of the Stercoraceous Geotrupe’s sausage at its lower end, showing the egg and the hatching-chamber 122

PLATE VI.— Minotaurus Typhœus, male and female. Excavating Minotaurus’ burrow facing 132

PLATE VII.— The Minotaurus couple engaged on miller’s and baker’s work facing 137

PLATE VIII.— 1. The Common or Garden Scolia. 2. The Two-banded Scolia. 3. Grub of Cetonia Aurata progressing on its back. 4. The Two-banded Scolia paralyzing a Cetonia grub. 5. Cetonia grubs progressing on their backs, with their legs in the air; two are in a resting position, rolled up facing 146

PLATE IX.— 1. Lycosa Narbonensis. 2. The Ringed Calicurgus. 3. Ammophila Hirsuta. 4. Ammophila Sabulosa. 5. Scroll of Rhynchites Vitis. 6. Scroll of Rhynchites Populi facing 162

PLATE X.— The large glass case containing the Scorpions facing 226

PLATE XI.— 1. Nuptial allurements, showing “the straight bend.” 2. The wedding stroll. 3. The couple enter the nuptial dwelling facing 240

PLATE XII.— 1. The Languedocian Scorpion devouring a cricket. 2. After pairing-time: the female feasting on her Scorpion. 3. The mother and her family, with emancipation-time at hand facing 252