APPENDIX DETAILED COMMENTS ON THE MAP
Reading edition
Explanation
The following commentary is divided into sections numbered with Roman numerals corresponding to the Roman numerals on the general key map (Fig. 4, at end of book). Each item is given an Arabic numeral which corresponds to the Arabic numerals on the detailed key maps (Figs. 5-10, at end of book).
For each feature which bears a place name and for each longer legend on the Leardo map the transcription is given below in italic. Many of these transcriptions, particularly of names written on edifices (castles, churches, etc.), are mere guesses, owing to the obscurity of the original. Particular difficulty was encountered in distinguishing between the letters a, e, o, c, and t, and between s and f. A clue to the reading of many names, however, was furnished by other maps contemporary with or earlier than that of Leardo. Illegible letters are indicated by dots; doubtful readings by (?); interpolated letters are enclosed in square brackets. Illeg. means “wholly illegible.”
No data beside the transcriptions are given for such names as f. tigris, corsicha, galizia, etc., the meaning of which is obvious.
In the case of the less familiar names, the forms in which they appear on certain other medieval maps are supplied. In general, if a name occurs on the Catalan Atlas of 1375 (CA), on the Catalan map in the Este Library at Modena (CE), or on the Ptolemaic maps (Ptol.), no attempt is made to indicate its occurrence elsewhere.
Each doubtful identification with a medieval name is preceded by ?. For names along the coast of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Atlantic, references are given to the pages in Kretschmer’s Die italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters (= Kret., Port.) where the variant spellings of these names as they are found in the more important portolans and portolan charts are listed and the places identified with modern localities.
32
Identifications with modern localities are indicated by =, or =mod.; with well-known ancient localities by =anct. Suggested but doubtful identifications are preceded by =?, and names for which I have been unable to find or to suggest any identification with a modern locality are indicated by =? standing alone.
With the identification of Ptolemaic and medieval names in the Far East, in Africa, and in Scandinavia, we enter upon a hazardous and controversial field. While in many instances I have indicated identifications that have been made by competent scholars, needless to say, these should not be accepted as final. One cannot but feel that where an identification is based upon mere similarity in sound it is often a case of one man’s guess being as good as another’s. The scope and purpose of the present study does not permit of an exhaustive examination of these questions of detail.
For more complete bibliographical data relating to publications referred to in abbreviated form in the key and for an explanation of the abbreviations, see pp. 63-67. In bibliographical references volume numbers are indicated in lower case Roman, book numbers in upper case Roman, and chapter and page numbers in Arabic type.
On the key maps where there are long rows of place names the first and last numbers only are indicated, with an arrow connecting them. This is done to avoid overcrowding.
The Arabic numerals are in general placed in positions corresponding to those of the legends on the original. This leads in some instances to the separation of the numbers from the symbols to which they relate (e.g., 73).
I. Northern Asia
Mountains
1 Mo. alani: Alani Montes in Scythia intra Imaum Montem, NE of Caspian Sea, Ptol. (VI, 14: 3 (FA 22));=Mugodzhar hills in the Kirghiz steppes, a southern continuation of the Ural Mountains (PW, i, 1281).
33
2 Mo. ripei: Rhipaei Montes, in which the Don rises, between Sea of Azof and Baltic, Ptol. (III, 5:15 (FA 17)). See also 596 and PW, 2nd ser., i, 902-904.
3 Mo. norosus: Norossus Mons, NE of Caspian Sea, Ptol. (VI, 14:5 (FA 22)).
4 Mo. gaspio: Caspii Montes, between Greater Armenia and Media, Ptol. (V, 13:3 (FA20)); transferred to the far northeast as the haunt of Gog and Magog on medieval maps, including CA and CE. See Kret., CE, 202-206.
Rivers
5 f. Tanai: Tanais Fluvius, Ptol. (V, 9:1, etc. (FA17));=Don.
6 f. rumus: ?Rhymmus Fluvius, which enters the Caspian E of the Rha (Volga), Ptol. (VI, 14:2, 4 (FA22));=Volga.
7 f. ras: Rha Fluvius, Ptol. (V, 9:12, etc. (FA22)); see PW, 2nd ser., i, 1-8;=upper Volga.
8 Unnamed eastern tributary of the Ras;=Kama or Viatka.
Other Natural Features
9 zizera: Zizera, shown as an island on CD and CA;=the jazira or island of Peskov in the Volga near Tsaritsin (Yule, Cath., i, 308); Hamy (395) suggests Sizran.
10 dixerto de zornade | trenta (desert of thirty days). Marco Polo’s desert of Lop, said to take one month to cross (Polo, i, 196); a long inscription on CA in the same locality describes this desert and the devils’ voices heard in it. See 33.
11 On this gulf as it is shown on CE appears the legend: “On these islands there are many beautiful griffons and falcons, and the inhabitants of the islands do not venture to seize them without the permission of the Grand Khan, lord of the Tatars” (Kret., CE, 208; from Polo, i, 270).
Edifices
(A) North of the River Ras and its Eastern Tributary
12 zimachi|a(?): ?Sarmatia;=Russia. See also 600.
13 Tomb of the Grand Khan, beneath which an inscription reads thus: q ... li sie El sepulchro del | [gran can] et fano questa | ... che quando El uen | portato a sepelir El uen acom|pagniato da 34 molti homeni | armadi Iquali ozideno queli(?) | Itrouano su le strade et | dicono che le anime de coloro sono Benede|te per che Le aconpa|gniano Lanima del gran | can aunaltra uita. Similar inscription in corresponding position on CE (209-210) from Polo (i, 246, 250-251).
14 Ro. de mas ... (?): ?Moscaor, CD;=Moscow (Hamy, 394).
15 cast. | ra.(?): ?Castrama, CA; Castrema, CE;=Kostroma (Hamy, 395).
16 ezina(?): ?duplicate of 18.
17 alla ... (?): ?Allania, N of Black Sea, CA;=country of the Alans (Hallb., 13, 14). See also 604.
18 etzi|na: Polo (i, 223-225); Cordier (Ser M. P., 53-55) places Polo’s Etzina in SW Mongolia, “on the river Hei-shui, called Etsina [=Etsin Gol] by the Mongols.” See also 16.
(B) Between the Rivers Ras, Rumus, and Tanai
19 trachia: Torachi, CA;=Torjok (Hamy, 395).
20 tufer: Tifer, CA;=Tver, capital of an important Russian principality and seat of a bishop in the Middle Ages.
21 botnia(?):=?Bothnia; ?duplicate of 608.
22 zitere|ae(?): ?[Ar]çetreca, Vat.;=Astrakhan (Pullé, Vat., 8).
23 racoba(?): =?
(C) South Side of East Branch of River Rumus
24 borga: Borgar, CA; Bolgara, Polo (i, 4, 6-8);=med. Bolghar, on the Volga 90 m. below Kazan (Yule, Polo, i, 7).
25 Iornâ: Ioram, CA;=?Churmansk (Shurminsk) on the Viatka (Yule, Cath., i, 307).
26 paschati(?): Pascherti, CA;=Bashkir. See Hallb., 69-70; Yule, Polo, ii, 492.
27 fasa(?): Fachatim, CA; =?Viatka (Yule, Cath., i, 307).
28 sebur(?): Sebur, CA;=?Sibir, Siberia. See Hallb., 465-466; Yule, Cath., i, 307.
(D) North and Northeast of Mt. Gaspio
29 Marm|orea: Marmorea, CA;=? See Yule, Cath., i, 308.
30 la ... |te(?):=?
31 fugur(?): Sugur, CA. See Hallb., 489;=?
32 zin.. |lel(?): Cigicalas, CA; ?Province of Chingintalas, Polo, (i, 212-213);=?region between Lake Baikal and Kamul (Yule, Polo, i, 214-215; Cordier, Ser M. P., 51-52).
33 Lop: On CA Ciutat de Lop N of Lake Yssicol; also a long 35 legend (from Polo, i, 196-197) describing Lop as a city where travelers rest themselves and their beasts and supply themselves with provisions before crossing the desert. See Hallb., 316-318;=vicinity of Lob Nor between Chinese Turkestan and the Gobi. See also 10.
34 findaz|ion: ?Sindachu, Polo (i, 285); Sinacius, CA;=modern Hsüan-hua, not far from Kalgan on the Great Wall (Yule, Polo, i, 295).
(E) Row West and South of the Gulf of the Three Islands
35 canp|iton: Campicion, Polo (Pauthier’s edit., i, 165); Campichu, Polo (Yule’s edit., i, 219); Campicion=Chancjo of CA (Cordier, CA, 35);=?Kan-chou in Kan-su (Yule, Polo, i, 220; Pauthier, l. c.; Cordier, l. c.; see also Hallb., 107).
36 sia ... r(?):?Siacur, CA;=?
37 tand|uc: Tanduch, CA; Tanduc or Tenduc was the name of a plain, a province, and a city belonging to Prester John; in the province was the country of Gog and Magog (Polo, i, 240, 284);=? See Yule, Polo, i, 285-288; Paul Pelliot in Journ. Asiatique, May-June, 1922, pp. 595-596.
38 suchc|hur(?): ?Sukchur in Tangut, Polo (i, 217);=Su-chou in Kan-su (Yule, Polo, i, 218).
39 rabo|.ibi(?):=?
40 tign|infor: ?Chingianfu, Polo (ii, 176-177);=Chinkiang-fu (Yule, Polo, ii, 177-178).
Legend Between Rivers Ras and Tanai
41 Idolatri: On CE a legend applying to city of Castrema (see 15) explains that idolaters there worship a metal idol without head or hands (Kret., CE, 210).
II. Far Eastern Asia
The surface of the map northwest of the Terrestrial Paradise has been rubbed in such a way that many of the names are illegible.
Mountains
The mountain system here corresponds essentially with that of CE; Ptolemaic names have been given to mountains and rivers.
42 sa ... s(?):=?
43 Mo. osmire(?): Asmiraei Montes in 36 Serica, Ptol. (VI, 16: 2 (FA23));=?eastern end of T‘ien Shan with the small low hill chains to the south (PW, ii, 1702).
44 Mo. Tagurus: Tagurus Mons in Serica (Θάγουρον ὄρος), Ptol., l. c.
45 Mo. otorocoras: Ottorocoras Mons in Serica (ibid.).
46 Mo. semantinus: Semanthini Montes in India intra Gangem, Ptol. (VII, 2:8 (FA26));=?coast range of Annam (PW, iv, 2050; see also Gerini, 376).
47 Mo. anibi: Annibi Montes, Ptol. (VI, 16:2 (FA23));=?eastern T‘ien Shan above Qara Shar and Turfan (PW, i, 2258).
48 Mo. Tanacomedo: ?[Mon-]Tana Comedo [rum] (ἣ ὀρεινὴ Κωμηδών) in Sogdiana, Ptol. (VI, 12: 3 (FA22)).
Rivers
No rivers are shown in this region on either CA or CE; Leardo was evidently impelled to add them by the study of Ptolemy’s Geography.
49 f. ocardis: Oechardes Fl. of Serica, Ptol. (VI, 16: 3 (FA23)).
50 f...(?)=?
51 f. danas: Demus Fl. of Sogdiana, a branch of the Jaxartes (see 117), Ptol. (VI, 12: 3 (FA22)).
52 f. bascatis: Bascatis Fl. of Sogdiana, also a branch of the Jaxartes (ibid.).
Lake
53 Illeg.: Lacus Issicol, Leardo, 1448; Yssicol, CA;=?either Lake Balkash or Issiq Köl (Hallb., 563-564).
Edifices
(A) Northwest of the Terrestrial Paradise
54 sachai: ?Sacae, Ptol. (VI, 13 (FA22)).
55 s ... de | iaca(?): =?
56-62 All illeg.
63 PARADIXO TERESTO: The Terrestrial Paradise is placed in Africa on the earlier Leardo maps as well as on CE. See Wright, Lore, 261-263.
(B) West of Terrestrial Paradise
64 sina: ?Sinae, Ptol. (VII, 3 (FA26));=China (see Wright, op. cit., 271).
65 Ro de ...|.ge(?): =?
66 Tango | ... ti(?): ?Tangut, Polo (i, 203-205);=Kansu and southern Mongolia (Hallb., 507-508).
67 Ro Tarse: CA and CE have legends to the 37 effect that from Tarsia came the three Magi (Kret., CE, 197-198; Hallb., 515-517, 267-268);=vicinity of the T‘ien Shan (Hallb., l.c.);=eastern Turkestan (Kret., l.c.).
Place Names
68 pinca(?): ?Pinzu, Mauro (Zurla, 36; name omitted on Santarem’s copy of Mauro map in his Atlas, 45); ?Piju, Polo (ii, 141; see Hallb., 409);=P‘ei-chou (Yule, Polo, l.c.).
69 ruoenci(?):=?
Longer Inscriptions
70 prouinzia de og magog doue | foron(?) serati molti Trib ... de | Judei (province of Gog and Magog where many tribes of Jews were enclosed): Related legends on CA (Buchon and Tastu, 145-146) and CE (Kret., CE, 202-206); see Hallb., 260-265. On legend of Gog and Magog see also Wright, Lore, 287-288.
71 Idolatri: A reflection of the idolaters of the Grand Khan’s domains frequently mentioned by Marco Polo.
72 porte de fero: The iron gates erected by Alexander the Great to enclose Gog and Magog, shown on CE; see 70.
73 statoe de alesandro: The statues of trumpeters set up by Alexander to keep guard over Gog and Magog, shown on CA and CE; see 70.
74 dixerto doue eno | molti grifoni: Griffons were placed in Scythia by many classical and medieval writers; see Hallb., 232-234.
75 qu ... si manza | carne de omo (here they eat the flesh of man); Cannibals were placed in these regions by many classical and medieval writers; they were often associated with Gog and Magog; see Hallb., 30-32.
III. India
Mountain
76 Mo. meandrus: Maeandrus Mons in Farther India, Ptol. (VII, 2:8 (FA26));=?Mahudaung mountains in Upper Burma (Gerini, 51, 832). No corresponding mountain shown on either CA or CE.
Rivers
The river system is more elaborate than, although somewhat analogous in its general pattern to, that of CA and CE. The 38 Indus and its branches seem to be lacking on the Catalan maps. I am unable to trace the origin of several of the river names.
77 f. priolada:=?
78 f. tindarus:=?
79 f. masa|rus:=?
80 f. sumas:=?
81 f. bindas: Bindas Fl. of India intra Gangem Fluvium (Ptol., VII, 1, 6 (FA25)); possibly the name is related to that of Bhiwandi near Bassein, N of Bombay (Tomaschek, in PW, iii, 268-269).
82 f. madus: Namadus Fl. of India intra Gangem Fluvium, Ptol. (VII, 1:5 (FA25)).
83 f. amarus: Amarus is given as another name for the Indus on Vat. (Pullé, Vat., 16-17); no Amarus Fl. in Ptol.
84 f. Indicus: The course of the Indus as Leardo draws it is derived from Ptol. (VII, 1:2 (FA25)).
Edifices
85 predon | corcon(?): =?
86 terisin|ti(?): =?
87 zatin(?): ?Zayton, CA; Zaytom, CE; Zayton, Polo (ii, 234-237), an important medieval Chinese seaport;=? See Yule, Polo, ii, 237-242; Cordier, CA, 48-49.
88 cansai(?): Ciutat de Cansay, CA; Kinsay, Polo (ii, 185-193, 200-208, 215-216);=Hangchow (Yule, Polo, ii, 193; Cordier, CA, 41-42).
89 India.
90 Ro de col|onbi: Pruuinesa Columbo, CA; Coilum, Polo (ii, 375-376); see Hallb., 153-156;=Quilon (Yule, Polo, ii, 377-380).
91 balesan: Balaxan (Polo, Ramusio’s edit., 1583, according to Hallb., 62); Cjutat de Baldassia, CA; Baldacia, CE;=Badakshan (see Yule, Polo, i, 157-163).
92 taseta: ?Rey del Tauris, CA; Rey Tauris, CE;=Tabriz (Hallb., 518-522).
Place Names on Coast
93 penta: Penta, next place E of Bangala, CA; Pentam, an island, Polo (ii, 280); see also Hallb., 411-413;=Bintan (Yule, Polo, ii, 280);=“the Be-Tumah (Island) of the Arab Navigators, the Tamasak Island of the Malays; and, in short, the Singapore Island of our day” (G. E. Gerini, in Journ. Royal Asiatic Soc., July, 1905, p. 509; see also Cordier, Ser M. P., 105); Gerini, 740, suggests that Penta of CA “might have been the historical continuation of the Ptolemaic” Pentapolis (Ptol., VII, 2:2), which he places near the mouth of the Chittagong, at the head of 39 the Bay of Bengal.
94 taine: ‘cjutat de cayna | acj finis catayo,’ CA; see Cordier, CA, 39.
95 bangala: Bangala, CA; Polo (ii, 98-99);=Bengal.
96 ianpa: Janpa, CA; Chamba, Polo (ii, 266-268); see Hallb., 173-174;=Annamite coast (Cordier, in Yule, Polo, ii, 270);=C‘ha-ban, the ancient Cham capital (Gerini, 240).
97 ligo: Lingo, CA; ?Locac, Polo (ii, 276) (this identification suggested by Pullé, CE, 46);=?Siam, Borneo, or Malay Peninsula (see Yule, Polo, ii, 277-280; Hallb., 486; Cordier, Ser M. P., 104-105).
98 macabin: ?Mahabar, Mauro; Maabar, Polo (ii. 331-332);=Coromandel Coast (Hallb., 320-323).
99 gr ... (?): =?
100 darsi: =?
101 caruzia: =?
102 butifilli: Butifilis, CA; Mutfili, Polo (ii, 362);=Motupalli (Yule, Polo., ii, 362).
103 caclur(?): =?
104 coluto: =Quilon (see also 90).
105 cormos: ?Hormuz (see 158) misplaced: “The c is constantly substituted for an aspirate by the Italian travellers (e.g. Polo’s Cormos for Hormuz)” (Yule, Cath., ii, 242). See Hallb., 242-246;=Ormuz.
106 elli: Elly, CA; Ely, Polo (ii, 385-386);=Mt. D’Eli or Delly (Yule, Cath., iv, 74-75).
107 maganor: Manganor, CA;=Mangalore (Yule, Cath. iv, 73).
108 diegei: Diogil in interior of India, CA;=Deogiri, med. name of Daulatabad (see Yule, Cath. i, 310; iv, 21).
109 cora: ?Cory Promontorium, Ptol. (VII, 1:11(FA25));=Cape Calymere (E. H. Bunbury, A History of Ancient Geography (2 vols., London, 1879), ii, 474).
110 pez.mor(?): Pescamor, CA;=“perhaps Barçelor” (Yule, Cath., i, 309; iv, 73).
111 zitabor: Chintabor, CA;=St. John’s Point (Yule, Cath., i, 309; iv, 64-65).
112 parzinar(?): Paychinor, CA;=Barkur (Yule, Cath., i. 309; iv, 73).
Longer Inscriptions
113 qui predico | san Tom|axo (here preached St. Thomas): On the traditions regarding St. Thomas in India see Yule, Polo, ii. 353-359; Wright, Lore, 74, 272, 275, 279.
114 qui nase|le noxe | dindia (here grow the nuts of India): In the Ramusian version of Polo (ii, 354) occurs the following statement in connection with the shrine of St. Thomas: “The Christians who have charge of the church have a great number of Indian Nut trees, whereby they get their living.”
115 India dixer|ta.
40
IV. Central Asia
Mountain
116 Mo. caropanus: Paropanisus Mons, Ptol. (VI, 11:5, etc. (FA25));=Hindu Kush (Hallb., 393). See also 123.
Rivers
117 f. Ixartes: Jaxartis Fl., Ptol. (VI, 12:1, etc. (FA22)); shown but not named on CE; Flum d’Organçi, CA; see Hallb., 280-281. On ancient and medieval knowledge of the Aral Sea, into which the Jaxartes flows, see W. Barthold, Aral, in Encycl. of Islam, Vol. 1, Leiden and London, 1913, pp. 419-420.
118 f. Oxius: Oxus Fl., Ptol. (VI, 9:1, etc. (FA22)); ?Flum Amo, CA; not shown on CE; see Hallb., 24-26.
119 f. rius: Areios or Arius Fl., Ptol. (VI, 17:2 (FA24)); see Hallb., 25, 47; PW, ii, 623;=?Hari Rud.
Edifices
120 organa: ?Dupl. of 121.
121 organ|zia: Flum d’Organçi, CA; see Hallb., 547-549; Yule, Cath., iii, 82;=Urganj, famous medieval city of Khorasmia on the lower Oxus.
122 sagom|oa(?):=?Samarkand (see Hallb., 445-448).
Place Names
123 paraponixa; Paropanisades, Ptol. (VI, 18, etc. (FA24));=northern Afghanistan (Besnier, 573). See also 116.
124 archuxia: Arachosia, Ptol. (VI, 20, etc. (FA24));=Afghanistan (Besnier, 69). See Hallb., 33-34.
125 arzeglia: =? See 129.
126 dragiana: Drangiana, Ptol. (VI, 19, etc. (FA24));=Seistan (Hallb., 192).
127 margana: Margiana, Ptol. (VI, 10, etc. (FA22));=environs of modern Merv (Besnier, 464).
128 archuxia: Dupl. of 124.
129 arzegia: Dupl. of 125.
130 mesagit: Massagitae, Ptol. (VI, 10:2 (FA22)); a people of Scythia mentioned also by Pliny, Solinus, etc. (Hallb., 339-340).
131 bocasan: ?Bocar, CA;=Bukhara (Hallb., 79-80).
132 orcania: Probably a repetition of 120 and 121; might, however, be Hyrcania, Ptol. (VI, 9 (FA22)); see Hallb., 253-254;=part of Mazanderan (Besnier, 376).
41
133 samaria:=?Samarcand (see 122); Hallb., 448, suggests Samaria in Palestine misplaced, but adds: “pourtant la chose n’est pas probable.”
134 zagaspia: Zaraspa, CA; Zariaspa or Zarispa in Bactriana, Ptol. (VI, 11:7 (FA22));=Balkh (Besnier, 117). See also Kret., Walsp., 385.
135 amol: This name is applied to various towns and to a river in central Asia on CA and Mauro. Perhaps it represents a confusion of the name of the town of Amol in Mazanderan with that of the Amu Daria (Oxus). See Hallb., 24-26.
136 seno: ?Sena or Sina in Margiana, Ptol. (VI, 10:3 (FA22)).
137 lidazel:=?
V. Persia
Lake and River
138, 139 Unnamed lake and river. On CA and CE the river rises in two lakes, the eastern and western being named on CA Mar Dargis (=Lake Van) and Mar de Marga (=Lake Urmia) respectively (Hallb., 43-44, 337-338). On Piz. the river is Flum Chexi; if Chexi is Khuzistan (see 164) the river possibly represents the Karun.
Desert
140 Sarmania | dixerta: Carmania Deserta, Ptol. (VI, 6(FA20));=interior of the modern Kerman. See also 153.
Edifices
(A) South Shore of Caspian Sea
141 dise.n(?): Deystam, CA;=?Dehistan, a district of Mazanderan (Hallb., 188).
142 mexa|ndra: Masandra, CA;=Mazanderan.
143 galen: Cap de Cilan, Cillam, Gellam, CA;=Gilan (Hallb., 217-218).
144 aspaur(?): Achdio, CA; Asidio, CE;=?
145 godasp|i: Gudaspu, Con. (59); Codaspi, Piz.;=?
146 Turis: Rey del Tavris in central Persia, CA;=Tabriz (Hallb., 518-522). See also 92.
(B) Interior
147 trachse: ?Dupl. of 67.
148 zarma|tia: ?Sarmatia, misplaced; see, however, 12, 600.
42
149 siria: Ciutat de Ssiras, CA; Siras, CE;=Shiraz (Hallb., 470-471).
150 parthi|a: Parthia, Ptol. (VI, 5 (FA20));=Khurasan (Hallb., 394-395)
151 Ro odmi|n(?): =?
152 Ro de persia: Persis, Ptol. (VI, 4 (FA20));=Persia.
(C) Persian Gulf Coast
153 Sarmania abitada: Carmania, Ptol. (VI, 8 (FA20));=Kerman. See also 140.
Place Names, North Coast of Persian Gulf
154 semenar: Femenat, CA; Semenat, Polo (ii, 398-399);=Somnath (Yule, Polo, ii, 400).
155 demonela: Damonela, CA;=Daibul (Yule, Cath., i, 309).
156 chetimo: Chetimo, CA;=Kij (ibid.).
157 oncon: Nocran, CA (omitted on Choix de doc. reproduction of CA);=Makran (ibid.).
158 ormixon: Hormision, CA;=“Old Hormuz on the Continent” (ibid.). See 105.
159 traman: Creman, CA;=Kerman. See 153.
160 usu: Ussn, CA; “Husn Amarat? (see Edri., 1, 379 [this reference is to P. A. Jaubert, Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite de l’arabe en français (Recueil de voyages et de mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, Vols. 5 and 6, Paris, 1836-1840), i, 363, 390]) Any castle is Husn” (ibid.);=Essina (Lelewel, ii, 55).
161 cadome(?): =?
162 seros: Serans, CA; Sustar, Piz.;=?Siraf (Yule, l.c.); Sustar, Mediceo;=Shushtar (ibid.);=?“rivière Schirin” (Lelewel, l.c.).
163 ... ch ... (?): =?
164 chesi: Chesi, CA;=Khuzistan (Yule, Cath., i, 308); shown as an island on Piz.;=“Scheich”(?Sheikh Shu‘aib Island) (La R., i, 65).
VI. Mesopotamia and Syria
Rivers and Lakes
165-168 The river system is more accurately drawn than on CA and CE, inasmuch as the Euphrates and Tigris join before reaching the Persian Gulf. On CA they enter the Gulf separately; on CE the Euphrates swings around into Egypt, entering the Nile just above Babilonia (Cairo). All three maps show a connection between the Euphrates and Mediterranean through the Orontes, but only Leardo makes the Jordan communicate 43 with the Euphrates. On CA and CD an island, Zizera (see also 9), on CD said to be the site of Nineveh, is shown in the Euphrates, but on CE and Leardo this has become a lake. On CA the three lakes along the Jordan are labeled from N to S: Aquaron (=Lake Hule), Mar de Gallilea (=Sea of Galilee), and Mar Gamora (sea of Gomorrah,=Dead Sea).
165 f. tigris.
166 f. eufrates.
167 f. Jordano.
168 f ... soldi|no: =Orontes (Kret., Port., 670).
Edifices
(A) Along the Tigris
169 moxor: Moror, CA; Moxor, Dalorto map (La R., i, 64);=Mosul (ibid.).
170 apfes: Aipsa, Vat.; Suq al-Ahvaz of the Arabic itineraries (Pullé, Vat., 13, 31, 34).
171 Inporio | asiriorum (empire of the Assyrians); Assyria, Ptol. (VI, 1 (FA20)).
172 seruxia|na: Susiana, Ptol. (VI, 3 (FA20));=Khuzistan (Besnier, 726).
173 babilo ...(?): Babylon or Babylonia. See also 323.
(B) In Syria
174 ga ...| a(?).
175 Jeruxalem: On the placing of Jerusalem at the center of the earth’s surface see Wright, Lore, 259-261.
176 c ...r(?): =?
Place Names
(A) In Mesopotamia
177 baldac: Ciutat de Baldach, CA;=Baghdad.
178 mexapo: =?Mesopo[tamia].
179 birzi: =?Birejik.
180 megan: ?Mogan, Jordanus of Sévérac (Jourdain Catalani de Sévérac, Mirabilia descripta: Les merveilles de l’Asie, edit. by Henri Cordier, Paris, 1925, 93-94; Hallb., 356-357);=plain of Mugan near junction of Araxes and Kur.
181 malaxim: Malasia, CA:=Malatia.
(B) Interior of Syria
182 alepo: =Aleppo.
183 antozia(?): =?Antioch.
(C) Syrian Coast
184 soldin: =Suweidiyeh, near ancient Seleucia (Kret., Port., 670).
185 laliza: =Latakia (ibid.).
186 tortoxa: =Tartus (ibid.).
44
187 tripoli: =Tripoli (ibid., 671).
188 zibele: =Jebeleh (ibid.).
189 baruto: =Beirut (ibid.).
190 achre: =Acre (ibid., 672).
191 gafo: =Jaffa (ibid.).
192 larixa: =El-‘Arish (ibid., 673).
VII. Arabia
Mountains
193 Mo. sinai.
194 Mo. felizis arabie: Montana Arabiae Felicis, which, according to Ptol. (V, 17: 3; V, 19: 1 (FA19)), divides Arabia Petraea and Arabia Deserta on the north from Arabia Felix on the south;=Ash-Shera’ mountains (see Alois Musil, The Northern Heǧâz, New York, 1926, 255; the same, Arabia Deserta, New York, 1927, 502-503).
195 Mo. prionous: Prionotus Mons on S coast of Arabia, Ptol. (VI, 7:10 (FA21));=?
Edifices
(A) On Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean
196 bazar: Bassara, CA;=Basra.
197 golfta|ta: Golfaca, CA; Golfathan, Con. (42);=? See Jiménez de la Espada, 205.
198 Ieita (?): Jepta, CA; Egepta, Con. (42);=?
199 cabat: Cabat, CA; Con. (42); ?Calatu, Polo (ii, 449-451);=Qalhat in ‘Oman (Yule, Polo, ii, 451; Hallb., 97-98).
200 letrob(?): Ietrib, CA;=?Yathrib, the ancient name for Medina, misplaced.
201 arabia.
(B) Red Sea Coast
202 senea: Seneha, CA;=San‘a (Hallb., 468-469).
203 fidom|at: Adromant, CA;=?Hadhramaut.
204 amei: Mey, CA; =?
205 ald.|p(?): Adep, Adem, CA;=Aden (Hallb., 8-10).
206 eta|...(?): =?
207 gaida(?): Guja, CA;=?Jidda.
208 naba|tes: =Nabataeans (Besnier, 509).
209 (?) Illeg.: =?
(C) Interior
210 sabea: Arabia Sebba, CA (which gives an illustration and legend relating to the Queen of Sheba);=Saba or Sheba.
211 La mecha: Ciutat de Mecha, with legend, CA;=Mecca.
45
Regional Names
212 Arabia | dixerta: Arabia Deserta, Ptol. (V, 19 (FA19)).
213 Arabia | petroxa: Arabia Petraea, Ptol. (V, 17 (FA19)).
VIII. Asia Minor
River
214 ff. rosso: Odoric of Pordenone, Palatine version (Yule, Cath., ii, 102, n. 4); Pegalotti, 7 (ibid., iii, 164);=“the tributary of the Araxes, the Kizil Chai which waters Khoi” (Cordier, in the same, iii, 164, n. 1).
Edifice
215 Tr...(?): Troia;=Troy.
Place Names
(A) Interior
216 saustia: Sauasto, CA;=anct. Sebastea, mod. Sivas.
217 Tabaca|san: =?
218 suilia (?): =?
219 sis: Scisia, CA;=Sis.
220 almesia: =Amasia.
221 laranda: =anct. Laranda, mod. Karaman.
222 anguri(?): =Angora.
223 aladachia: =anct. Laodicea Combusta, mod. Ladik.
224 filadelfi|a: =anct. Philadelphia, mod. Ala Shehr.
225 castamena: =Kastamuni.
226 congre: =Changri.
227 achrioteri(?): =?Ak Shehr.
228 Jachrie(?): =?
229 Janisari: =Yeni Shehr.
230 cariacasar: =?Afiun Qarahisar.
231 nicomidia.
232 bursa: =Brusa.
233 lizia: =anct. Lycia.
234 perga|mo: =anct. Pergamum.
235 licn|ia(?): =?anct. Lycaonia, misplaced.
(B) Black Sea Coast
236 Tripoli: =Tireboli (Kret., Port., 648).
237 cirisonda: =Kiresün (ibid.).
238 lauatiza: Lauona, CA;=Vona Bay (ibid.).
239 simiso: =Samsun (ibid.).
240 sinopi: =anct. Sinope, mod. Sinob. (ibid.).
241 do..s..l..(?): Docastelli (ibid., 650);=Kidros (ibid.).
242 borli: =?Boli (which, however, is in the interior).
243 samastro: =Amasra (ibid.).
244 chio: Thio, CA;=anct. Thios Prom. (ibid.).
245 punta rachia: =anct. Heraclea Pontica, mod. Bender Ergli (ibid.).
46
246 algiro: =Anadoli Kawak (ibid.).
(C) Aegean coast
247 lesm|ire: =Smyrna (ibid., 653).
IX. Armenia, Caucasia, and Southeastern Russia
Mountain
248 Mt. Ararat is labeled larche de noe.
Rivers
249 A river connecting the Sea of Azof with the Caspian is shown on CA and CE, but without the branches reaching the Black Sea; on Piz. this river is named Flm’ Cicopo (the Cicopa of CA and other portolan maps being a north branch of the Kuban delta; Kret., Port., 646);=Kuban River (ibid.).
Caspian Sea
250 Mare de Abachu(?) (Sea of Baku): Mar de Sarra e de Bacu, CA; Mar de Sala e de Bacu, CE.
Edifices
(A) West Coast of the Caspian Sea
251 Illeg.: =?
252 famach|i: Siamachi, Vat. (Pullé, 9);=?Shemakha (ibid., 8, n. 4).
253 baram|achi: Barmachu, CA;=?
254 abachu: Bacu, CA;=Baku.
(B) Between the Black and Caspian Seas
255 porte | deuee(?): ?Porte de Fer (see 72 and Hallb., 414).
256 armin|ia.
257 armin|ia: Dupl. of 256.
(C) Coasts of Sea of Azof and Black Sea
258 ..na(?): =?Tana, important medieval commercial city at mouth of the Don;=mod. Azof (Kret., Port., 645; Hallb., 503-504).
259 trab|exon|da: =Trebizond (Kret., Port., 648).
Place Names in Southeastern Russia
260 seuastopoli: =anct. and med. Sebastopolis on coast of Abkhasia (Kret., Port., 647).
261 auogaxi: =Abkhasia (ibid., 646).
47
262 mengreli: Mingrelians or Mingrelia (ibid., 647).
263 zichia: =“regional name of Circassia” (ibid., 646).
264 copa: =Copa (ibid.).
265 matraca: =Matrega, Genoese trading town on Taiman Peninsula (ibid.).
X. Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea
266 Ma....dicho: Mare Indicho.
267 Mare de persia.
268 M.......: Mare rosso.
269 ... Taprobana: Trapobana, CA, CE; the Taprobane of the ancient geographers was Ceylon; in the Middle Ages the name was probably applied to Sumatra (Cordier, CA, 57-58; Kret., CE, 107; for suggested identifications of places shown in Trapobana on CA see Gerini, 646-647).
270 famda|bo(?): ?Regio Femarum (for Feminarum) on island of Iana, CA, which is perhaps a reflection of Polo’s story of the Male and Female Islands (ii, 404-405); see also Gerini, 647, n. 2.
271 Illeg.: =?
272 m...(?): ?Malao, on both Trapobana and Iana, CA; Mallao, on Jaua, CE:=?.
273 leuia: Leroa, on Trapobana, CA;=?
274 y. caina: Caynam, CA, CE;=?Andaman Islands (Buchon and Tastu, p. 137).
275 ixole doue na[se] p | et altre spe[z] ie (islands where pepper and other spices are produced): Legend on CA runs: “In the sea of the Indies are 7548 islands of which we cannot enumerate here the marvelous riches, not only in gold and silver but also in spices and precious stones”; from Polo (ii, 264), who also, like Leardo, mentions pepper.
276 ya de ceridus: Ceredim, CE; ?Serendib, Arabic name for Ceylon.
277 y ..corto(?): ?Setrocha, CE;=?Socotra.
278 Nameless island, corresponds in shape and position to the Iana of CA and Jaua of CE;=Java (Cordier, CA, p. 61);=Sumatra (Gerini, p. 834).
279 Legends on this island illegible; it is, however, similar in shape to Salam or Silan of CE;=?Ceylon.
280 Illeg.: =?
281 y .. siliraoil(?): =?
XI. Southern Africa
Mountains
282 Mo elefans: Elephas Mons on the east coast of Africa, Ptol. (IV, 7:10 (FA15));=Ras el-Fil (Vivien de St. Martin, 288).
48
283 Monti doue se caua m ... ro [molto oro, Leardo, 1448] (mountain where much gold is mined): Pliny (Nat. hist., VI, 189) mentions the abundance of gold in Ethiopia between Napata and the Red Sea.
Edifices
(A) South Shore of the Red Sea
284 gobari: Zobar or Gobar, Leardo, 1448;=?Zanzibar (Santarem, iii, 437).
285 uigie: ?Vuigie, in interior of Prester John’s realm, Mauro;=?
286 tobo|let(?): =?
287 scuendn(?): Stuendi, Mauro;=?Suakin.
288 traged|it(?): Tragoditi, Mauro; Troglodytica Regio, in East Africa, Ptol. (IV, 7: 27 (FA 15));=country along W coast of Red Sea between Egypt and Abyssinia (Vivien de St. Martin, 471-474).
289 satoris(?): Catoris, Mauro;=?
290 basag .. |r(?): =?
(B) Eastern “Horn” of Africa
291 acoan: Aicoum de Afra, Leardo, 1448 (Santarem, iii, 437); Hascum, Mauro;=?Axum in Abyssinia (La R., ii, 115).
292 safola: Sofrala, Mauro;=?Sofala.
293 medi|fola: =?—294 prouinzie | dofir: P. Davaro, Mauro;=?Dawaro in Abyssinia (La R., ii, 113, 132).
295 gfen|uj(?): =?
296 flmodo(?): =?
297 dela .. (?): =?
(C) Central Region
298 milua|s(?): =?
299 Inperio del | presto Jani (Empire of Prester John): Prester John is shown in this part of Africa on CA and CE. On the origins of the legend of Prester John and on the transference of the realm of this mythical potentate from Asia to Africa in popular tradition see Kret., CE, 99-101; Wright, Lore, 283-286.
300 ta . . . |n(?): =?
301 grafai: =?
302 fe . . .(?): =?
303 mesa: Con. (36) says that Prester John always resides at Malsa (Jiménez de la Espada, 222; La R., i, 61).
304 carap(?): =?
Longer Legends
305 DIXERTO DEXABITADO PER CALDO (desert uninhabited on account of heat): Leardo, 1448, Walsperger, 1448, and Borgia, 1452, “all show a similar torrid zone, though the theory 49 was protested against by Fra Mauro, Diogo Gomez, and doubtless by others” (A. Rainaud, Le continent austral: hypothèses et découvertes, Paris, 1893, 199); on the development and history of this theory see especially Rainaud, passim; also Wright, Lore, 18, 157-161.
306 dixerto.
307 qui nase homeni | che ano Il uolto | nel petto (here are born men who have the face in the chest): Such monsters are described by Solinus, 31,5; Isidore, Etym., XI, 3, 17; and shown on the Hereford map (Miller, Mappaemundi, iv, 45).
XII. Middle and Lower Nile Region
Mountains
308 Mo. dimas: Mons dimas, Mauro;=?
309 Mo. libuzio: Montes Libyci, Ptol. (IV, 5: 19 (FA14));=escarpment overlooking Nile Valley on W (PW, xiii, 148).
310 Mo. pilazi: Mons Pollaza, Mauro; ?Pylaei Montes in Ethiopia, Ptol. (IV, 7: 26 (FA15));=?
311 Mo. arazas: Arangas Mons, in Lybia Interior, Ptol. (IV, 6: 12 (FA15));=?
Rivers and Lakes
312 f. nillo: The course of the Nile and its tributaries corresponds essentially with that of CE (Kret., CE, 89-91; see also 338).
313 f. stapus: Astapus Fl. in Ethiopia, Ptol. (IV, 7:24 (FA15));=Bahr al-Azraq, or Blue Nile (PW, ii, 1775-1776; Besnier, 96).
Other Natural Features
314 Etiopia dezito: Ethiopian desert.
315 Libia dixerta; Deserta Libya, Ptol. (IV, 3:27 (FA13)).
316 dixerta arenoxa | qui nase animali quat|rupedi che ano Il uolto | domo (sandy desert where are born quadruped animals which have the face of a man): Possibly refers to the mantichora of Pliny (Nat. hist., VIII, 21; see Wright, Lore, 468).
317 ya. meroe: Island of Meroë, Ptol. (IV, 7 (FA15)).
Edifices
(A) West Coast of Red Sea
318 filistina: =Palestine.
319 aid . p(?): Aydip, CA;=Aidhab.
320 cidor(?): =?
321 climas: Climas, Mauro;=?
50
(B) On the Nile and Stapus
322 alesan|dria: Alexandria, CA.
323 babilonia: Babillonja, CA; Babilonia, CE;=the medieval name of Old Cairo.
324 sacon: Sohan, CA; Soan, CE;=anct. Syene, mod. Aswan.
325 bac .(?): =?
326, 327, 328, 329 Illeg.
(C) On North Shore of West African Gulf
330, 331 Illeg.
Place Name, West Coast of Red Sea
332 tes (or tos): ?Chos, CA; Con.;=?Qoseir
XIII. Upper Nile Region and West Africa
Mountains
333 Mo. Bardtion(?): Bardetus Mons in Ethiopia Interior, Ptol. (IV, 8: 6 (FA15)).
334 Mo. Lune docho | nasitur nillo (Mountains of the Moon from which the Nile rises): According to a long legend on CE these mountains are called “Gibel Camar by the Saracens, which means Mountains of the Moon in our tongue”; they are so high that although they lie on the equator both poles may be seen from them. The famous Mountains of the Moon were first mentioned by Ptolemy (IV, 8: 3); see also Kret., CE. 91-92.
335 Mo. capis: Caphas Mons in Libya Interior, Ptol. (IV, 6: 9 (FA15)); see PW, x, 1892.
336 Mo. deo ue | chulum(?): ?Deorum Currus Mons in Libya Interior, Ptol. (IV, 6:9 (FA15)); farthest point south on W coast of Africa reached by Hanno;=Mt. Sagres in Sierra Leone (Vivien de St. Martin, 394-396);=Cameroons Mountain (see articles by J. de Hart in Journ. African Soc., xxv, 1926, 264-277 (noted in Geogr. Rev., xvi, 1926, 661-662), and by R. Hennig in Geogr. Zeitschr., xxxiii, 1927, 378-392).
Island
337 ya. de prenje: ?Insula Palola, Carignano, Piz. (Fischer, 141);=?
Rivers, Lake, Seacoast
338 The upper course of the Nile with the great lake and its tributaries rising in the Mountains of the Moon (334) corresponds 51 essentially to CE (Kret., CE, 89-91); CE, however, shows a subterranean passage of the river W of Meroe. On ancient and medieval theories regarding the course of the Nile, see Simar, passim; Langenmaier, 47-48; Wright, Lore, 304-306. See also 312, 334.
339 The bay with the red, cross-shaped island is represented on CE by an island in the delta of the West-African river.
Desert
340 mare | arenoxe (Sandy Sea): On CE there are two legends indicating sandy areas in West Africa (Kret., CE, 96).
Edifices
(A) North of Nile-Senegal
341 Ro doga|n .(?): ?Organa, CA; Rey dOrgana, CE;=empire of Ghana or Kanem (La R., i, 136).
342 Ro.....(?): =?
343 almesia: Almesia, CA;=Mzab (La R., i, 136).
344 ma .. (?): =?
(B) South of Nile-Senegal
345-349 Illeg.
350 Ro m...|nel(?): =?.
351 Illeg.
Place Names
(A) Between Mt. Bardtion and the Mountains of the Moon
352 elcor(?): Probably an Arabic name with article, el;=?
353 anesa: =?
354 elundia: see 352;=?
355 dendenie: ?Dendi of Antony Malfant’s narrative of a voyage to Tuat in 1447 (La R., i, 154).
356 dris|na: =?
357 solla: Soll, CE; ?Sala, Idrisi;=?Sele, S of Timbuktu (Miller, Arab., 162).
358 burga: Burga, CE, a mountain in Gotonye, Con. (34);=?Burda, “mountain region of the Sudan E of river Shari, which flows into Lake Chad, and S of town of Kengas” (Jiménez de la Espada, 186).
359 quilan: Quilam, CE;=?
(B) North of Headwaters of the Nile
360 ganugia: ?Geugeu, CA;=Gâo (La R., i, 136).
361 geuene: Ginyia, CA; Guineua, CE;=Ghana (La R., i, 135; Kret., CE, 96-97).
362 atelas: =?
363 ansica: Anzicha, CA;=In Ziza (La R., i, 136, 138).
52
364 tablet: Tabelbelt, CA; Tibalbert, Con. (30);=Tabelbert (La R., i, 118).
365 artixe: =?
366 tocor: Tacort, CA;=Tuggurt (La R., i, 136). See also 368.
(C) Eastern Row of Names N of River Senegal
367 tutega: Tutega, Vilad.;=Tijikja (La R., i, 135).
368 tocor: Dupl. of 366.
369 udam: Sudan, CA;=Sudan (La R., i, 136).
370 tusont: =?
371 tagaza: Tagaza, CA;=Teghaza (La R., i, 136). See also 373.
372 getulla: Gaetulia, Ptol. (IV, 6: 15 (FA15));=desert region S of Morocco.
373 tagase: Dupl. of 371.
374 temenadis: Temenasin, CA;=?Tlemsen.
375 Regnio de belemon: Rex Belmarin, Bianco; “dynasty of Beni Marin which ruled in Fez in the thirteenth century and at Tremcen [Tlemsen] until 1407” (Simar, 295, from Santarem, iii, 368).
(D) Western Row of Names N of River Senegal
376 Fisengan: Ihsengam, Vilad.; “name now used by the negroes to designate the sandy regions on the west bank of the Senegal” (La R., i, 134).
377 uilodesci: This name is so much like that of the map-maker, Mecia de Viladestes, that one is almost tempted to believe that his signature has somehow found its way as a place name to Leardo’s map.
378 tasu: =?
379 mascarota: Mascarota, CA; Masquarota, CE;=Tamgrut (La R., i, 137).
380 agof: =?
381 dunardin: ?Tarudant, Idrisi (Miller, Arab., 177);=?Tarudant.
382 ubêda: Ubaâduch, CA;=?
383 altamar: Alamara, CA; Zichialhamara, Con. (29);=the Saghuiet el-Hamra in northern Rio d’Oro (La R., i, 134).
384 safinet(?): =?
XIV. North Africa
Mountains
To the mountain range of North Africa, a stock feature on medieval maps, Leardo adds at random garbled Ptolemaic names.
385 Mo. Jouis: Dios vel Jovis Mons in Province of Africa (Tunisia), Ptol. (IV, 3: 18 (FA13)), badly out of place;=?Jebel Zaghwan, SW of Tunis (Müller, i, 635).
386 Mo. galcas: Zalacus Mons in Mauretania Caesariensis (Algeria), Ptol. (IV, 2, 14 (FA12));=a part of the Lesser Atlas SW of Algiers (see Müller, i, 601).
53
387 Mo. usalatu|s: Usalaetus Mons in Province of Africa (Tunisia), Ptol. (IV, 3:18 (FA13));=Jebel Usselet near site of Hadrumetum (Müller, i, 635).
388 Mo. masarus: Mampsarus Mons in Province of Africa (Tunisia), Ptol. (l. c.).
389 Mons. bur.ea(?): Buzara Mons where Mauretania Caesariensis, the Province of Africa, and Libya Interior meet, Ptol. (IV, 2:16; IV, 3:16 (FA13));=?Jebel bu-Kahil, S of Bu-Saada, Algeria (PW, iii, 1094).
390 Mo flruxu(?): Phrouraesus Mons in Mauretania Caesariensis (Algeria), Ptol. (IV, 2:16 (FA12));=?Jurjura, SE of Algiers (Müller, i, 602).
391 Mo. garis: Garas Mons in Mauretania Caesariensis, Ptol. (l. c.).
392 Alta mons: Atlas Mons Minor on Atlantic coast of Mauretania Tingitana (Morocco), Ptol. (IV, 1:2 (FA12)); see PW, ii, 2119.—
River
393 A river rising SW of the Atlas Mountains and entering the western Mediterranean is shown on many fourteenth and fifteenth century maps. On CA, instead of rising in a lake with three tributaries, as Leardo represents it, the river encircles the city of Sigilmessa (=Tissimi, in oasis of Tafilet, Miller, Arab., 177), where it is entered by four tributaries from the south; a branch is also shown entering the Atlantic. On CE the river corresponds essentially to that of CA, except that the branch to the Atlantic has been made the main stream and the arm leading to the Mediterranean has been separated from that sea and converted into a doubled-channeled tributary of the main stream.
Edifices
(A) On or Near the Mediterranean Coast
394, 395 Illeg.
396 africa(?): The Roman Province of Africa (Tunisia), Ptol. (IV, 3 (FA13)).
397 tunixi: =Tunis (Kret., Port., 679).
398 bona: =Bône (ibid., 680).
399 se ...(?): Septa of Portolan charts;=Ceuta (ibid., 683).
54
(B) Interior, Along Northern Base of Mountain Range
400 Illeg.
401 bizesta(?): ?Bichest, CA;=?Biskra.
402, 403 Illeg.
Place Names
(A) On Mediterranean Coast
404 lucha: =“A place near Cape Lukka” or Ras el-Melh (Kret., Port., 675).
405 c. bonand|rea: Cape Bonandrea of Portolan charts;=Ras el-Hillil (ibid.).
406 Illeg.
407 bnicho(?): Bernicho of Portolan charts;=anct. Berenice, mod. Benghazi (ibid., 676).
408 Illeg.
409 licodia: =Ras el-Omja (ibid.).
410 siden: ?Sidra, CA;=island of Abu Sheifa (Bu Sceifa of Italian maps) (ibid.).
411 casero sensor: =Sensur (ibid., 677).
412 rasimabaxi: =Ras el-Makhbez (ibid.).
413 stora: =Stora (ibid., 680).
414 ancol: =Collo (ibid.).
415 zizeri: =Jijeli (ibid.).
416 buzia: =Bougie (ibid., 681).
417 titelis: =Cape Tedless (ibid.).
418 arzeia: =Arzeu (ibid., 682).
419 or.m(?): =Oran (ibid.).
420 serem: =?River Senam (ibid.).
421 om.e(?): =Honain, Cape Noe (ibid.).
422 milela: =Mellila (ibid., 683).
423 larandie: Larcudia of the Portolan charts (ibid.);=?
424 molc|mar(?): Molcemar of Portolan charts;=Alhucemas Islands (ibid.).
(B) Interior of Morocco
425 manosa: ?Manora of Portolan charts;=Mehedia (Kret., Port., 684).
426 mosa: ?Messa of Portolan charts;=?Massa (ibid., 685).
427 maran: =?
428 zemar: Zamor of Portolan charts;=Azammur (ibid., 684).
(C) Coast of Morocco
429 ninfe: Niffe of Portolan charts;=Casablanca (ibid.).
430 sofin: =Safi (ibid.).
XV. Black and Mediterranean Seas
Names of Seas
431 [Mare] mauro(?): Unnamed on CA and CE;=Black Sea.
432 [Mare] de adriano: =Adriatic Sea.
433 Mare Me[diterr]ano.
434 Mare de Leone: =Gulf of Lions.
55
Islands
435 Cip[ro]: =Cyprus.
436 rodo: =Rhodes.
437 sio: =Chios (Kret., Port., 660).
438 arcipellago.
439 negropo[nte]: =Euboea.
440 ya de chrete (?): =Crete.
441 crsicha.
442 sardignia.
443 minoricha: =Minorca.
444 Maioricha: =Majorca.
445 Illeg.
XVI. Southwestern Europe
Rivers
446 The Guadalquivir: similar course on CA and CE.
447 f. lizer: =Loire.
448 f. stequana: =Seine.
449 f. rode|nus: =Rhône.
Edifices
450 gr ... (?): =Granada.
451 Illeg.
452 span ... (?): =Spain.
453, 454 Illeg.
455 bart.|nia: =Brittany.
456 fr ... |a: =France.
457 Illeg.
458 . ugn ...(?): =?Avignon.
459 proui|..(?): =?Provence.
Place Names
(A) Atlantic Coast
460 sibilia(?): =Seville.
461 lisbo|na.
462 galizia.
463 astora: =Asturias.
464 ganti|et: =?
(B) Mediterranean Coast
465 malica: =Malaga.
466 sarauignia: =Salobrena (Kret., Port., 581).
467 al(?)meria.
467a carta.(?)enia: =Cartagena.
468 lacantera:= Alicante (ibid., 584-585).
469 denia.
470 toloxa: =Tolosa.
471 ualenza: =Valencia.
472 tortoxa: =Tortosa.
473 sale: =Salou.
474 taragona.
475 barzelona.
476 anpurie: =Ampurias.
477 coliuro: =Collioure
478 narbona.
479 monpolier: =Montpelier.
480 aquemorte: =Aigues Mortes.
Regional Name
481 guascognia: =Gascony.
56
XVII. Atlantic Ocean and Islands
482 Mare de spagnia.
483 Illeg.;=Canary Islands.
484 Ingilterra.
485 Schoz.(?): Scotia;=Scotland.
XVIII. Central Europe
Mountains
486 The Alps run due north from northern Italy.
Rivers and Lake
487 f. renus: =Rhine.
488 The Elbe, unnamed (see, however, 513); similar course on CE, CA, Bianco, and other maps.
489 f. prexant: =?
490 f. sudumr(?): Sudumera, CA;=river of Sandomir, or Vistula (Hamy, 402).
491 lacus senire(?): ?Lacus Alech, CD; Lacus Nerja, CA;=?Bay of Putzig (Hamy, 400).
Edifices
492-497 All illeg.
498 polana: Polonia, CA;=Poland.
499 panon|ia: =?anct. Pannonia.
500 carcou|ia(?): Cracouja, CA;=Cracow.
501 podol|.a: =Podolia.
Place Names
(A) On the Rhine
502 austrua(?): =Austria.
503 colognia.
(B) Between Rhine and Elbe and on Elbe
504 bemia: =Bohemia.
505 praga: =Prague.
506 drensna: =Dresden.
507 misen: =Meissen.
508 guse: Guise, CA;=Würtzen (Hamy, 407).
509 aquis: =?
510 mogropes: Mangobror, CA;=?Magdeburg.
511 argenimon|de: Argent Munde, CA; Tangermünde (Buchon and Tastu, 49).
512 stendar: =Stendal.
513 albia: River name made into a place name;=Elbe.
(C) Between Elbe and Baltic
514 gara gorda(?): Garagona, CA;=Glogau (Hamy, 403).
515 schlauonia: =Sclavania, the name applied to the Slavic frontier region of Germany in the Middle Ages (Spruner-Mencke, Histor. Atlas, Mittelalter, No. 31).
57
516 sasonia: =Saxony.
517 ludus|maior: Ludis Magna, CA; Lundis Magna on Ptolemaic maps of the type called Scandico-Byzantine by Nordenskiöld (Periplus, 88); Bondismaguc, Con. (7; see Jiménez de la Espada 184-185);=?Lüdershagen, near Stralsund (Lelewel, ii, 65; Hamy, 400).
518 dazia: =Denmark.
519 prusia: =Prussia; see 523.
520 colbera: =Kolberg.
521 alec: Alech, CA;=Hela (Lelewel, ii, 65).
522 stetin.
523 pursia: Dupl. of 519.
524 godanse: Godansse, CA;=Danzig.
525 scheipe(?): Scorpe, CA;=?Stolp (Hamy, 400).
526 Sudana: Sudona, CA;=Sandecz (ibid., 402).
527 pante|nia: Prutenja, CA;=Königsberg on the Pregel (ibid., 401).
528 eue(?): =?
529 albig: Albing, CA;=Elbing (ibid., 402).
XIX. Italy
River
530 f. po.
Edifices
531 Illeg.: =?Genoa.
532 Illeg.: =?Florence.
533 Illeg.: =?Rome.
534 Illeg.: =?Naples.
535 Illeg.: Vignette represents St. Mark’s and the Campanile;=Venice.
Place Names
536 . . g . . (?): =?Reggio di Calabria.
537 cotron: =Cotrone (Kret., Port., 618).
538 taranto.
539 o[t]ranto.
540 brandizo: =Brindisi.
541 manfredonia.
542 guasto: =Vasto (ibid., 621).
543 ortona.
544 ancona.
545 fano.
546 pexara: =Pesaro.
547 rimano: =Rimini.
548 zexeno: =Cesenatico (ibid., 623).
549 rauena: =Ravenna.
550 ferara.
551 chioca: =Chioggia (ibid.).
XX. Southeastern Europe
Rivers
The river system corresponds generally with that of CA and CE.
552 f. donoia: =Danube.
553 f. morana: =Morava.
554 f. drina: =Drin.
555 f. moree(?): =?Moldau.
556, 557, 558: Three unnamed islands in the Danube; on CA these are named: Insula de Jaurim, Insula Buda, Insula de Sermona(?).
58
Edifices
559 bu . . .(?): =?Buda.
560 m . . l . .(?): =?
561 ongar|ia: =Hungary.
562 serui|a: =Serbia.
563 bosn|a(?): =Bosnia.
564 ulachia: =Wallachia.
565 bulga|ria.
Place Names
566 dalmazi.
567 albania.
568 modon: =Methone (Kret., Port., 635).
569 coron: =Corone (ibid.).
570 salonichi.
571 filipopoli.
572 sofia.
573 andernopolli: =Adrianople.
574 garipolli: =Gallipoli.
575 pera.
576 costantinopoli.
XXI. Baltic Sea
577 Mar de alemani: =Baltic Sea.
578 ya(?) gotlandia: =Gottland.
579 Illeg.
XXII. Scandinavia
Mountains
580 The mountain system is a simplification of that shown on CE.
Rivers
581 f. netur: Flū Nectir, CE; Fl. Vectur, CD;=Motala, outlet of Lake Vettern (Hamy, 387).
582 f. turontes: Turuntus Fl. in Sarmatia, Ptol. (III, 5:2 (FA9));=Dvina (Müller, i, 412).
Longer Legends
583 in q[uesta par] te si caualca su zervi | tori et montoni et su queli fano le | loro bataie (in this region they ride on deer, bulls, and sheep, and on these they make their battles): Compare legend on CE (Kret., CE, 214).
584 In questa parte sta zente che non uide | Il sole 4 mexe de lano (in this region there are people who do not see the sun for four months of the year): Santarem (iii, 409, note 2) suggests a relation between this and a passage in Jordanis, De 59 rebus Geticis (Monumenta Germaniae historica, Auctorum antiquissimorum, Vol. 5, Part 1, Berlin, 1882, p. 58) descriptive of the Adogitae of Scanzia, who enjoy uninterrupted sunshine for forty days and darkness for an equal period each year (see also Fridtjof Nansen, In Northern Mists, New York, 1911, i, 130-134).
Place Names
585 nouega: =Norway.
586 sechamor: Scamor, CD;=Skanör (Hamy, 426).
587 scarsa: Scarsa, CD:=Skaraborg (Hamy, 383).
588 zedina: ?Andine, CD, which is possibly “nundinae,” with reference to the fairs of Skanör and Valsterbode (Hamy, 385).
589 selandia: =?Zealand, misplaced. See Nansen, Northern Mists, ii, 219.
590 suzia: Suecia, CD;=Sweden (Hamy, 383, 426).
591 stochi: Stocol, CD; Stocoll, CE;=Stockholm (Hamy, 386, 427).
592 Erma: ?Kalma, CD;=Kalmar (Hamy, 386, 427).
593 sadezeflingt(?): Suderpigel, CD; Sudechping, CE;=Söderköping (Hamy, 387, 427).
594 saglat: Asillang, CE; Assingland on fourteenth century map in Museo Borbonico, Naples (Hamy, 427);=?
595 roder|in: Roderin, CD; CE;=Roden, ancient name for the east coast of Sweden;=Rosladen (Hamy, 387, 427).
XXIII. Eastern Europe
Mountains
596 Mo. ripei: Dupl. of 2.
Rivers
597 Leardo’s unnamed river entering E extremity of Baltic is called Flum Nu on CD; Flum de Mi, CE;=Volkhof and Neva, confused (Hamy, 390).
598 f. axiazes: Axiaces Fl. of Sarmatia Europae, Ptol. (III, 5:18 (FA9)).
599 f. turllo: Kretschmer (Port., 642) records Flumen Turle only on an anonymous fifteenth century map in the Museum für Meereskunde, Berlin (ibid., pp. 133-135);=Dniester (ibid., 642).
60
Edifices
(A) North of Neva
600 zimachia Inferior: ?corruption of Sarmatia, Ptol. (passim (FA9)). See also 12.
601 rosia: =Russia.
(B) Between Don, Neva, and Black Sea
602 Lordo, applying to a group of tents;=the Golden Horde of Tatars (Hallb., 318-319).
603 nogard|ia: Nogorado, CD; Nogorodo, CE;=Novgorod (Hamy, 390).
604 alana: Allania, CA;=the Alans (Hallb., 13-14).
605 albana: Albania, NW of Caspian Sea, Ptol. (V, 12 (FA18)); see Hallb., 14-15;=Shirvan and Daghestan (Besnier, 29).
606 br . . ica(?): Branchicha, CA; Brancica, Piz.;=Briansk (Hamy, 392).
607 brachi|at: ?Dupl. of 606.
608 bthnia: =?Bothnia.
609 rossia: Dupl. of 601.
610 transil|uana: =Transylvania, misplaced.
Place Names
(A) Crimean Peninsula
611 gotia: =“A small stretch of land between the Yaila Range and the coast, in the hands of the Genoese after the fourteenth century” (Kret., Port., 643); see also Yule, Polo, ii, 492.
612 soldaia: =Sudak, important trading post in Genoese hands after 1365 (ibid., 644).
613 gafa: =Kafa, Feodosia (ibid.).
614 soronti(?): =?
615 uospe|ro: =Kerch (ibid.).
(B) At Eastern End of the Baltic.
616 piaha(?): =?Pinsk.
617 letefa|n paga|n: Litefanie Pagans, CA;=Lithuania (Hamy, 398-399).
(C) On Lake at Headwaters of Neva, Don, and Volga
618 perana: Perum, CA; CE=Murom (Hamy, 394).
XXIV. Far North
619 DIXERTO DEXABITADO PER FREDO (desert uninhabited because of cold): See 305.
61