INDEX

Acre: siege of 130; defence of by Templars 171.

Alaric: served in Roman army 61.

Alexander, Emperor of Russia: breach with Napoleon 324.

Alexis: treats with crusaders 139; death of 143.

Anastasius: wealth of 51; builds long wall 51.

Anglicanism, see Church of England.

Antwerp: rise of 201; centre of exchanges 201; sack of 287.

Architecture: Italian 88; Gothic 89; Byzantine 89; Saracenic 90; crusading 100; Greek and Roman 372; Byzantine 375 et seq.; Gothic 378; modern 382; see Ogive.

Armada: defeated by yeomen 256; loss of 287.

Army, see Police.

Art: decline of 380, 381; see Architecture.

Articles, ecclesiastical: Six 232, 268; Forty-two 262; Lambeth 268.

Attila: ransoms Constantinople 50; vision of 63.

Aureus: depreciation of 27; passes by weight 31.

Baldwin, Count of Edessa: 105; King of Jerusalem 105.

Baldwin, Emperor of the East: 146; reproved by Innocent 147.

Bank of England: incorporated 303; early issues of 319; suspends cash payments 327; policy of prior to 1810 327; resumes specie payments 330; hoards gold 331–333; paper in panic of 1825 335; Bank Act of 1844 336; suspension of Bank Act 344.

Bank of Genoa: 168.

Bank of Venice: 168, 169.

Bankers: mediæval 168; increase of English country after 1760 319; poor credit of 320; increase issues in 1823 333; rise of great modern houses 321; policy of 328; supremacy of 344; absolute government by 353.

Barbarians: imported by Roman emperors 39; lack of in modern times 363; formed strength of Roman armies 363; want of weakness in modern civilization 364; see Coloni.

Boadicea: revolt of 37.

Boleyn, Anne: 212; sweating sickness 226; crowned 230.

Boleyn, Thomas: character and rise of 213.

Boniface VIII.: character of 172; quarrel with Philip 173; bulls of 174, 175; seized at Anagni 177.

Bosra: retreat from 119; miracle at 119, 120.

Boulton, Matthew: rise of 314; partnership with Watt 316; debts of 316.

Bullion Committee: 328, 329.

Burleigh, Lord: rise of 213; hostile to adventurers 256; family of typical landlords 267.

Cæsar: army of 363.

Capital: centres at Constantinople 28; Mill’s definition of 313; accelerates movement 314; accumulates at London 319; see England and London.

Carthusians: martyrdom of 221.

Cecil, see Burleigh.

Champagne: fairs of 158; centres of Eastern trade 158; decline of 201.

Chantries: confiscation of 259.

Child, Sir Josiah: rise of 294; estimates England’s wealth 295.

Church, Catholic: see Early Christian; becomes dominant in Italy 63; secular character of mediæval clergy of 71; secular clergy of 73; claims of under Hildebrand 75; makes papacy self-perpetuating 75; emancipates itself from civil power 76, 77; schism of with Constantinople 78; character of clergy of at Reformation 264, 265; miracles of, see Miracles, Cluny, Convents.

Church, Early Christian: socialistic 60; acquires wealth in third century 60; officially recognized 61; favours barbarians 62; subservient to Roman emperors 62; based on miracles 63 et seq.; imaginative 373; poverty of 373; art of 374.

Church, Eastern: remains subject to the emperors 78–88; architecture of 89; plundered 145; art of 376.

Church of England: an economic phenomenon 228; Henry supreme head of 228; robbed by landlords 230; orthodox under Henry VIII. 232; spoiled by Edward VI. 259, 260; Calvinistic 262; docile to lay dictation 264; faith of regulated by statute 266; without fixed faith 268; ruled by Elizabeth 269; hated by Puritans and Catholics 270; divine right distinctive doctrine of 271; organized as police by landlords 272; mercenary 273; types of clergy of 275; great bishops of 276 et seq.; upheld by James I. 284; persecutes Puritans under Bancroft 285.

Clairvaux: foundation of 109; appeals to pope against Philip the Fair 172; see Saint Bernard.

Claudius, Appius: a usurer 7; enslaves Virginia 8; enforces usury laws 9.

Clement V.: election of 178; bargain with Philip 178; entices Molay to Paris 180; persecutes Templars 181; tries Molay 184; death of 185.

Clermont: council of 83.

Clive, Lord: birth of 306; campaigns of 307; Plassey 308; wealth of 309; attacked by landlords 310.

Cluny: founded 72; growth of 73; controls papacy 75.

Cobden: attacks landlords 341; origin of 341.

Cobham, Lord: trial of 193; attempts conventual confiscation 195.

Cœur-de-Lion: leads crusade 130; treats with Saladin 131.

Coinage, Roman: copper 15; silver 20; debasement of 26; becomes gold monometallic 27, 30; passes by weight 31; of Constantinople 55; debasement of coinage of Constantinople 56; becomes silver under Charlemagne 129; Venetian 129; gold of thirteenth century 129; debasement of French pound 170; debasement of English penny 195; base money of Henry VIII. 206; standard restored by Elizabeth 300; recoinage by William III. 302; depreciation in eighteenth century 303; English gold of nineteenth century 330; passes by weight 326, 330; see Gold standard.

Coloni: debtors 33; barbarians settled as 39; predecessors of mediæval serfs 244.

Commerce: see Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving, West Indies.

Commons: rights of tenants in 244; enclosure of, in sixteenth century 245; cause of Kett’s rebellion 250; final absorption of 317.

Communes: rise of 157; character of 160; hostile to clergy 162; not martial 164; insolvency of 169.

Constantine: built Constantinople 28; vision of 60; victory of Milvian Bridge 61.

Constantinople: becomes the economic centre of the world 28; prosperity of after fall of Western Empire 49, 50; colonized by Roman capitalists 49; taxation of 49; poverty of under Theodosius II. 50; prosperity of under Justinian I. 51; population changes under Heraclius 52; becomes an Asiatic city 52; declines in eleventh century 53; civilization of economic 53; description of by Rabbi Benjamin 53; population of economic and cowardly 54; economic condition of in twelfth century 87; army of 88; sack of 144; see Coinage and Architecture.

Convents: mediæval founders of 68; efficacy of intercession of 69; Benedictine 72; early discipline of 72; consolidation of 72; Cluny 73; control papacy 78; armies organized by 99; fortresses built by 99; patronized for miracles 109; wealth of 154; attacked by feudal nobles 155; hostile to communes 160, 161; taxed by Philip the Fair 172; revenues seized by Edward I. 195; attacked by Lollards 196; bill to suppress 231; visitation of 235; visitors of 235–238; spoliation of 239.

Corn: price of at Rome 17; distribution of at Rome 18; price of in 1849 345; Corn Laws 340; repeal of 340.

Councils of the Church: Hildebrand’s propositions at council of 1076 75; of Clermont 83; of Troyes 98; of Étampes 110; Néelle 136; Vienne 184.

Cranmer: rise of 278; character of 279; death of 280.

Credit: dawn of in thirteenth century 167; rise of modern system of 303; extension of after Plassey 319; regulated by Bank Act of 1844 336; prices dependent on 337; weapon of the creditor class 349.

Cromwell, Oliver: raises Ironsides 252; attacks Spanish America 301; intercepts plate fleet 301.

Cromwell, Thomas: rise of 208; arrest of 224; vicar general 231; proceeds against convents 233: prosecutes Abbot of Glaston 240; death of 242.

Cross: miracle worked by at Bosra 119; see Relics.

Crusade: first 84; takes Jerusalem 85; second, preached by Saint Bernard 112; suffers before Atalia 115; defeat of 118; crusading becomes commercial 124; third, led by Cœur-de-Lion 129; takes Acre 130; of Constantinople, preached 132; reaches Venice 134; diverted by Dandolo 139; attacks Zara 138; sacks Constantinople 145; of Damietta 150; defeated in Egypt 151.

Currency: regulated by Charlemagne 129; mediæval 168; contraction of in thirteenth century 169; debasement of English 194; depreciation of in Middle Ages 204; under Henry VIII. 207; paper 303; management of by producers 326; by bankers 330; see Coinage, Bank of England, Bankers.

Dalhousie, Lord: administration of 356.

Damietta, see Crusade.

Dandolo, Henry: character of 132; treats with Franks 133; takes command of crusade 137; diverts crusade 139; excommunicated 139; assaults Constantinople 141; shriven 147.

Darcy, Thomas, Loid: character of 216; declines to betray Aske 217; execution of 219; dying speech to Cromwell 219.

Denarius: depreciation of at Rome 26; repudiation of 26; of Charlemagne 128; of Venice 129; see Penny.

Diocletian: a slave 27; established capital at Nicomedia 27; returns to silver coinage 30.

Divine right: defined 272; see Church of England.

Divorce: see Domestic relations.

Domestic relations: ancient and modern 365 et seq.

Dovercourt: rood of 200.

Drake: rise of 255; death of 256; cruises of 288.

Dudley, John, Duke of Northumberland: rise of 251; suppresses Kett’s rebellion 252; supersedes Seymour 261; quarrel with Knox 262.

East India Companies: organized 292; English company commercial up to 1757 306; administration of 309.

Eastern Empire, see Constantinople.

Eastern trade: in Rome 23, 24; centres at Constantinople 28; migrates to Italy 126; early routes of 128; character of in twelfth century 128; brings bullion to Europe 129; centres in Champagne 159; centres at Antwerp 201; at Amsterdam 287; at London 291; drains silver from Europe 299; effect of Plassey on 310.

Edessa: position of 86; capture of 103; occupied by Baldwin 105.

Egypt: cheap labour of 19; grain ships of 19; architecture of 90; conquered by Saladin 103; slave trade with Venice of 126; crusaders defeated in 151.

Elizabeth: greed of 257; severe to clergy 269; letter about Ely House 270.

England: Lollardy in 186; Reformation in, an economic phenomenon 190; debasement of currency in 194; martyrdoms in 199; condition of in Middle Ages 202; new nobility of 212 et seq.; convents suppressed in 233 et seq.; population of in Middle Ages 243; social revolution in, in sixteenth century 245, 246; not originally maritime 254; seamen of 255; prosperity of in seventeenth century 292; industrial revolution in 315; distress in after 1815 332; ruin of aristocracy of 341, 348; money-lenders autocratic in 344; see Bank, and Church of England, and Yeomen.

Exchanges: see Rome, Constantinople, Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Venice.

Fairs, see Champagne.

Fetish, see Relics.

Fisher: temperament of 277.

Flotte: chancellor of Philip the Fair 165.

France: convents of in tenth century 72; Cluny 73; decentralization of in eleventh century 80; money of 80; barbarian invasions of 80; seat of Gothic architecture 89; ogive introduced into 95; emotional in eleventh century 107; disintegration of in tenth century 152; kings of enjoy supernatural powers 153; alliance of crown with clergy 154; consolidation of under Philip Augustus 158; centralization of under Saint Louis 165; depreciation of coinage of 170; estates of sustain Philip the Fair 174; castles of 202.

Frumentariæ Leges, see Corn.

Gardiner, Stephen: on True Obedience 265; rise of 276; death of 277.

Germans: hunted by Romans for slaves 39; used as recruits 40; invade the Empire 46; character of in fourth century 48; adopt the gold standard 347.

Glastonbury: suppression of 240.

Godfrey de Bouillon: elected King of Jerusalem 85; his kingdom 86; his alliance with Venice 127.

Gold: ratio of to silver in Roman Empire 30; fall of value of in sixth century 48; ratio of to silver in thirteenth century 169.

Gold standard: in Rome 31; under the Merovingians 80; in England 330; Overstone’s views on 337; in Germany 347; elsewhere 348; effect of 347.

Gunther: chronicle of 137; sails with Dandolo 138.

Hanse of London: organization of 158; trades at fairs of Champagne 159; Italian merchants frequent 159.

Hastings: Governor-General 310; policy of 311.

Hattin: battle of 123.

Hawkins, John: a slaver 289.

Héloïse, hymn of 368.

Henry IV., Emperor: breach with Hildebrand 75; penance at Canossa 77; death of 77.

Henry VIII.: court of 212; character of 220; Lambert’s trial 226; supreme head 228; orthodox 229; suppresses convents 233; revises Formularies of Faith 266; helpless without landlords 267.

Heraclius: disasters under 52.

Hildebrand: prior of Cluny 74; propositions presented by in council of Rome 75; excommunicates Henry IV. 76; Canossa 77.

Holland: decay of 318.

Hospital, see Knights of.

Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk: family of 214; character of 215; commands against Pilgrims of Grace 215; tries to corrupt Darcy 217; arrests Cromwell 224.

Hugh Capet: elected by clergy 153.

Hugh du Puiset, see Louis the Fat.

Hun, Richard: death of 198.

Imagination: basis of mediæval Church 60; gives power to priesthood 63; cause of relic worship 64; vivid in age of decentralization 69; most intense in tenth century 72; evolves Cluny 73; cause of Hildebrand’s power 78; cause of crusades 82; inspires Gothic architecture 89; strong in Saint Bernard 108; weakness of Louis VII. 117: lacking in Venetians 126; its power in France in thirteenth century 136; strength of in Church up to 1200 148; a weakness in war 151; economic mind lacks 162; cause of Templars’ martyrdom 183; lacking in English reformers 191; Anglican clergy without 259; Tudor aristocracy without 268; strong in early Christians 373; in contempt in nineteenth century 380, 381.

India: failure of Romans to conquer 12; hoards in 305; conquered by England 307 et seq.; spoliation of 309–311; influx of treasure from 313; flow of silver to 320; value of bullion exported to in 1810 321; in 1840 339; centralization of 356; mutiny in 356; money-lenders of 357; fate of warlike tribes in 358; see Eastern trade.

Industrial revolution: begins 313; caused by Indian treasure 314.

Innocent III.: incites crusade 132; excommunicates Philip Augustus 135; Dandolo 138; absolves Dan dolo 147; reproves Baldwin 147.

Inquisition: organized 191.

Jacques de Vitry: hates bourgeoisie 163.

Jerusalem: capture of 85; kingdom of 86; conquest of kingdom by Saracens 123.

Joscelin de Courtney, Count of Edessa: 105; death of 106; son’s death 118.

Justification by faith: corner stone of Protestantism 187; economic device 188; taught by Cranmer 231; included in Forty-two Articles 262.

Justinian I.: prosperity of 51; army of 51; taxation by 52; architecture under 53.

Karak: castle of 86, 121.

Kett, see Rebellion.

Knights of Temple and Hospital: origin of 97, 98; manors owned by in Europe 98; castles of 99; Knights of the Temple: possessions of 170; faith of 171; arrested 180; tortured 181; defence of 181; burned 183; disposition of property of 185.

Knox, John: appointed royal chaplain 262; offered bishopric 262; breach with Dudley 263.

Krak des Chevaliers: 100.

Lambert: martyrdom of 281.

Landlords: Roman 21; enslave their tenants 33; form aristocracy of Empire 41; not martial 42; English mercenary 212; rise of 227; confiscate Church property 230; evict yeomen 245; despoil chantries 259, 200; control Crown 267; without faith 268; organize Church 272; fear army 273; not martial 227, 245, 254, 255, 256, 267, 268, 283; persecute Nonconformists 295; persecute adventurers 295; conquered in 1688 297; jealous of Clive and Hastings 309; suffer after 1815 332; distressed in 1841 340; attacked by Cobden 341; ruined 348; of Oude 356.

Latimer: describes his father’s farm 247; martyrdom of 282.

Leo the Great: visits Attila 63.

Leo IX.: election of 75.

Licinian Laws 10; effect of 11.

Lollards: description of 187; Book of Conclusions of 193; policy of toward monks 195.

London: hot-bed of Lollardism 197; population of in 1500 203; power of 293; population of in 1685 295; economic centre of the world 322; art of 381–383; see Eastern trade and Hanse of London.

Louis the Fat: defeats Hugh du Puiset 155; obtains Montlhéri 157.

Louis VII.: character of 112; leads second crusade 114; quarrels at Antioch 117; superstition of 117; repulsed at Damascus 117; see Crusade.

Madre-de-Dios: capture of 257.

Mahrattas: conquest of 358; disappearance of 350.

Margat: castle of 101.

Marriage: see Domestic relations.

Martin, Abbot: sails with Dandolo 138; steals relics 148.

Marwaris: 357; destroy Mahrattas 359.

Milo, Archbishop of Rheims: 71.

Miracles: early Christian 63; mediæval 64 et seq.; see Bosra, Relics.

Molay, Grand Master: lured to Paris 180; burned 184.

Monasticism: see Convents.

Money: Rome depleted of 23; centres at Constantinople 28; rises in value under Empire 35; falls in value under Charlemagne 129; rises in value in thirteenth century 169; rises in fifteenth century 194; rises under Henry VIII. 206; falls after opening of Potosi 207; abundant stimulates movement 299; a form of energy 304; hoarded in India 304; falls at close of eighteenth century 320; rises in nineteenth century 337, 360; see Capital, Coinage, Currency, Prices.

Mons Sacer: secession to 9.

Monte Casino: founded 72.

Montfort, Simon de: joins crusade 132; leaves Dandolo 138.

Montlhéri: lords of 156; castle 157.

Nantes: revocation of Edict of 318.

Napoleon: decline of 324; lacking soldiers 364; column erected to 381.

Nobility: feudal French 154; English 216, 243; Tudor, see Landlords.

Nogaret: captures Boniface 176, 177.

Northumberland: see Dudley.

Nour-ed-Din: Sultan of Aleppo 103; occupies Cairo 103; repulses Louis VII. 117; kills Raymond de Poitiers 118.

Ogive: of Eastern origin 95; appears in transition architecture 96.

Overstone, Lord: rise of 336; conceives Bank Act 336; financial policy of 337 et seq.

Panic: under Tiberius 25; of thirteenth century 169, 170; of 1810 325; of 1825 334; allayed by paper money 335; of 1847 342.

Passive obedience: see Divine right.

Patricians: usurers 7; not martial 7; sanction Licinian Laws 10; see Usury.

Pauperism: under Henry VII I. 249; in 1848 345.

Peel, Sir Robert: represents Lombard Street 330; separates from his father on money issue 330; his Resumption Act 331; effect of 331; repeals Corn Laws 340; parentage 342.

Pelagius, Cardinal: commands crusade 150.

Penny: the Roman, see Denarius; of Charlemagne 129; depreciation of Venetian 129; depreciation of English in fourteenth century 195; under Henry VIII. 206, 207.

Philip Augustus: regal of France vowed for recovery of 65; belief in intercession 69; commands crusade 129; returns to Fiance 130; divorced from Ingeburga 135; excommunicated 135.

Philip the Fair: character of 171; quarrel with Boniface 172; defeated at Courtray 175; seizes Boniface 177; makes Clement V. pope 178; arrests Templars 180; tortures Templars 182; death of 185.

Pilgrimage of Grace: see Rebellion.

Plassey: battle of 308; effect of 313.

Plebeians: farmers 6; form infantry 6; sold for debt 7; secede to Mons Sacer 9; favoured by Licinian Laws 10; overthrow patricians 10; suffer from Asiatic competition 11; suffer from slave labour 12; insolvent 22; become coloni 33; disappear 44, 45.

Police, a paid: lack of, causes defeat of patricians 39; an effect of money 45; organized by Augustus 45; makes capital autocratic at Rome 46; impossible when the defence in war is superior to the attack 79; lack of, causes weakness of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 99, 121, 122; the weapon of an economic community 164; an effect of wealth and the basis of centralization 165; in England under Henry VIII. 245; destroys martial type 245; drives adventurers from England 254; resistless in nineteenth century 353.

Pompey: defeat of 364.

Potosi: discovery 207.

Prices: fall of, under Trajan 33; rise of in thirteenth century 167; fall of in fifteenth century 203; rise of in sixteenth century 207, 283; rise of after Plassey 319; culminate in 1809 324; fall of in England after 1815 330; depressed by gold standard 337; fall of after Bank Act 339; rise of after 1849 345; fall of since 1873 349.

Producers: predominance of 321; currency system of 328, 329; weakness of modern 349; Indian 360.

Puritans: reject royal supremacy 264; resist ecclesiastical confiscation 270; eviction of clergy 285; emigration of 285; foes of Spaniards 289.

Pyrrhus: admires Roman infantry 11; defeat of 11.

Raleigh: family of 255; captures Madre-de-Dios 257; death of 257.

Raymond de Poitiers: at feud with de Courtney 107; breach with Louis VII. 117; death of 118.

Rebellion: of Pilgrimage of Grace 216; suppression of 222; Kett’s 250; in West of England 250, 252.

Reformation: an economic movement 188; in England 230; under Edward VI. 259, 260; see Church of England, Convents, Lollards.

Reginald de Chatillon 121.

Regulus: poverty of 15.

Relics: magical 64; gifts to 65; list of English 66; worship of cause of crusades 81; true cross 119; plunder of at Constantinople 148; despised 151; relic worship costly 192–196; desecrated in England 200.

Rent: rise of money value of in Rome 32; effect of 33, 34; substitution of for military service 245; rises in sixteenth century 247; effect of rise 248; rise of in seventeenth century 283; fall of after 1815 causes insolvency of landlords 332; dependent on Corn Laws 340; fall of after 1873 ruins gentry 348.

Ridley: doctrine concerning sacrament 261; burned 282.

Robinson, John: congregation of 285.

Rome: early society of 1; classes in 2; law of debt in 2–4; early army of 9; not maritime 12; slavery in 13; economic revolution in 14; a plutocracy 15; annexes Egypt 17; senators land-owners 21; great domains of 21; conquests of 23; unable to compete with Asia 23; foreign exchanges unfavourable to 23; insolvent 28; decline of 37; ceases breeding soldiers 40; later emperors of foreign adventurers 40; governed by a monied oligarchy 41; economic type autocratic in 42; women of emancipated 43; paid police of 45; barbarian invasions 46, 47; domestic relations in 369; art of 372; architecture of 381; see Coinage, Slaving, Usurers, Usury.

Rothschilds: rise of 322; establish house in London 323.

Russell, John, Earl of Bedford: conducts trial of Abbot of Glaston 241.

Saint Bernard: birth of 108; enters Citeaux 108; founds Clairvaux 109; recognizes Innocent II. 110; preaches second crusade 112; miracles of 113; declines to lead crusade 114; remarks on defeat of crusade 118.

Saint Cuthbert: plunder of shrine of 239.

Saint Denis: Abbey of 154.

Saint Riquier: sacrilege at 162.

Saint Sophia: architecture of 89, 377; desecration of 145.

Saint Thomas à Becket: shrine of 65.

Saint Thomas Aquinas: veneration of for Eucharist 67.

Saladin: sends physician to Richard 94; crowned Sultan 104; kills Reginald de Chatillon 121; Hattin 122; campaign against Richard 130; treats with Richard 131.

Saracens: architecture of 89, 90; household decorations of 90; philosophy of 93; sciences of 94; see Crusades, Nour-ed-Din, Saladin, Zenghi.

Schism: Greek 78.

Seymour, Protector: confiscations under 261; executed 261.

Sicily: cheap labour in 16; servile war in 16; cheap grain of 17.

Silver: Roman standard 26; discarded in Rome 31; restored by Charlemagne 128; ratio of to gold in Rome 30; to gold in thirteenth century 169; Potosi 204; Spaniards plundered of 288; brought to England by piracy 291; ratio to gold in seventeenth century 300; standard in England 300; exported to India in eighteenth century 299–302; in 1810 320; discarded by England 330; by Germany 347; relation to Asiatic competition 360; see Coinage, Currency, Denarius, Gold standard.

Slavery: for debt in Rome 5; plebeians sink into 33; Roman population exhausted by 36; in West Indies 289, 290.

Slaving: part of Roman fiscal system 34; by Roman emperors 39; Venetian 126; English 291; see Hawkins.

Smith, Captain John: career of 295.

Solidus: see Aureus.

Somerset: Duke of, see Seymour.

Spain: empire of 286; war with Flanders 287; plundered by Drake 288; attacked by Cromwell 301; see Armada, West Indies.

Spanish America: revolution of 324.

Suez Canal: effect of 355.

Sylvester II.: thought a sorcerer 81; proposes a crusade 83.

Syria: industrial 25; see Architecture, Crusades, Eastern trade, Saracens.

Temple, see Knights of the.

Tenures: primitive Roman 1; servile Roman 33; English military 244; the manor 244; modern economic 245; Indian peasant 356.

Thompson, Charles Andrew: petition of 332.

Tiberias: battle of, see Hattin.

Tortosa: fortress of 101; surrender of 171.

Trade, see Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving.

Urban II.: preaches at Clermont 83.

Usurers: form Roman aristocracy 2; checked by Licinian Laws 10; absolute in Rome 46; rise of in England 321; absolute in Europe 353; Indian 357; see Bankers.

Usury: a patrician privilege 2; stronghold of in Roman fiscal system 5; ruins Roman provinces 35; basis of Roman slaving 36; see Usurers.

Vagrant Acts: English 248.

Venice: rise of 125; slave trade of 126; illicit trade of with Saracens 126; population unimaginative 126; navy of 127; co-operates with Godfrey de Bouillon 127; holds Syrian ports 127; coinage of 129; participates in crusade of Constantinople 137; see Crusade; packet service to Flanders 201; decline of 298.

Vézelay: second crusade preached at 112; feud with Counts of Nevers 161.

Ville-Hardouin: chronicle of 132.

Virginia: story of 8.

War: see Police.

Watt, James: invents engine 314; partnership with Boulton 316.

West Indies: Spanish revenue drawn from 287; trade of lucrative 291; Cromwell attacks 301.

Whiting, Abbot of Glaston: martyrdom of 241.

Wickliffe: begins his agitation 192.

William of Tyre: describes origin of Temple 97; defeat of Louis VII. in Cadmus Mountains 115; breach between Louis and Prince Raymond 117; the collapse of Kingdom of Jerusalem 118.

Wiltshire: Earl of, see Boleyn.

Yeomen: form British infantry 243; small farmers 244; decline of under Henry VIII. 245; form Ironsides 252; weaker become agricultural labourers 253; become merchants 254; become adventurers 254; form English martial type 255; extinction of 317; migration to towns of 317; descendants of become manufacturers and usurers 341, 342.

Zara: attack on 134; stormed 138.

Zenghi: rise of 103; captures Edessa 103.