CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXIV.

Influence of the Union of the Crowns upon Scotland.

⭘ Attitude of James VI. to the Reformed Church of Scotland​—The Government of Scotland after the Union of the Crowns

⭘ Measures and Proceedings for securing Order upon the Borders

⭘ A Union of the two Kingdoms proposed​—The King determined to establish Episcopacy in Scotland, a Meeting of the Clergy dissolved by the Government, ministers imprisoned, tried, and banished from the kingdom​—Parliament recognised the absolute power of the King​—Restoration of the Bishops

⭘ The King attempted to stifle the leaders of the Presbyterians, Andrew Melville imprisoned, other ministers banished

⭘ Meeting of the Clergy and Nobles, permanent moderators of Presbyteries and synods​—Courts of High Commission established​—Acts of the General Assembly and Parliament​—Episcopacy restored​—The King recommended more Ceremonies, proceedings of the General Assembly​—The King’s Five Articles

⭘ The King’s visit to Scotland, his proceedings, the Five Articles adopted by the General Assembly and Parliament, and the King commanded the Bishops to enforce their observance​—Death of the King

⭘ Policy of Charles I.​—His Act of Revocation, feeling of the nobles against it; a compromise affected, adjustment of the Tithes

⭘ Charles’ visit to Scotland​—The organisation of the Church, a book of Canons and a new Liturgy to be introduced​—The Canons promulgated, their characteristics​—The new Liturgy published, and the people commanded to observe it

⭘ Rise of the national feeling​—Position of the Bishops and the Authorities​—Preparations for introducing the new Liturgy, great tumults in the Churches of Edinburgh​—Excitement rapidly spreading

CHAPTER XXV.

The Covenanting Struggle.

⭘ Charles I. misunderstood the state of Scotland​—The agitation spreading; the Government powerless​—Petitions against the Liturgy; Meeting at Edinburgh; the King’s Answer to the Petitions; tumultuous proceedings

⭘ A complaint against the Bishops​—Energy of the Opposition party; four Committees formed​—Action of the King; Royal proclamation​—Demands of the Covenanters; the Government perplexed; the King resolved to adhere to the Liturgy; Royal proclamations; Protests by the Covenanters

⭘ The Crisis; the Covenant framed and adopted, and the Covenanters assumed a new position​—Signing of the Covenant; copies of it circulated throughout the kingdom; great efforts of the leading Covenanters

⭘ Embarrassment of the Government; the King informed of the state of the nation​—Repressive measures sanctioned; Marquis of Hamilton’s mission to Scotland; Proceedings and demands of the Covenanters; Hamilton’s instructions useless​—Charles’ policy

⭘ Hamilton returned to Court; the King issued new instructions​—The Covenanters demanded a free General Assembly; the King’s policy

⭘ Preparations for the General Assembly; trial of the Bishops; Meeting of the Assembly at Glasgow; Proceedings of the Assembly​—Its Conclusion

⭘ Relation of the Covenanters with the disaffected party in England​—The Scots prepare for war; mustered an army; the King at the head of his army advanced to meet them; a Treaty concluded

⭘ Proceedings of the General Assembly​—All the people commanded to subscribe the Covenant​—Causes of dissension continued​—Charles’ quarrel with the English Parliament​—Proceedings of the Scotch Parliament​—General Assembly

⭘ The Covenanting army cross the Tweed and defeat the Royal troops​—The King’s difficulties​—Negotiates with the Scots; Charles’ visit to Scotland; he sanctioned the proceedings of Parliament​—The King’s difficulties with his English subjects

⭘ Aims of the Covenanters​—Intimate relations of the Covenanters and the English Parliamentary Party; a Solemn League and Covenant concluded; Signing of the Covenant in England​—Theocratic ideas of the Covenanters

⭘ Westminster Assembly of Divines​—Westminster Confession of Faith adopted by the General Assembly

⭘ Government of Scotland​—Royalist party in Scotland; Montrose campaigns and victories; at last he was defeated

⭘ The King’s Cause falling in England; he fled to the Scottish army; the English Parliament demanded his surrender but the Scots declined​—Episcopacy extinguished in England​—Haggling between the English and Scots about the pay of the Scottish army; final settlement

⭘ The Long Parliament demanded possession of the King’s person; the Scots were compelled to let him go​—The Presbyterians opposed to the Independents​—The Scots treating with the captive King​—The engagement​—The Royalists defeated at Preston​—Cromwell at Edinburgh​—Execution of Charles I.​—Import of the Covenanting Struggle

CHAPTER XXVI.

Charles II.​—The Kingdom under Cromwell.

⭘ Charles II. proclaimed King; the Scots in favour of a limited monarchy​—The Estates enacted that the King should sign the Covenants before admission to the exercise of his functions​—Patronage abolished​—The Marquis of Huntly executed​—Act of Classes​—Powers and functions of Magistrates​—Election of Ministers

⭘ Montrose’s last effort on behalf of the Royal cause; he was defeated, captured, and executed

⭘ Treating with the King; he signed the Covenant and landed in Scotland​—The Scots opposed the Commonwealth, and Cromwell invaded Scotland and defeated the Scots at Dunbar​—Divisions among the Scots​—Charles II. crowned at Scone​—The Royalists defeated; the King escapes​—Scotland subdued​—The General Assembly dispersed​—Resolutioners and Protesters

⭘ Cromwell’s government of Scotland​—Free Trade between England and Scotland​—State of the people​—New religious sects in Scotland​—Death of Cromwell; struggle for power; departure of the English army from Scotland​—The King recalled

CHAPTER XXVII.

The Conflict from the Restoration to the Revolution.

⭘ Aim of the Chapter​—Sentiments associated with the Restoration​—Scotland suffered more from the Restoration than England​—Sharp’s Mission to England touching the Church of Scotland; the King’s Letter

⭘ State of the Scottish nobles​—The Committee of Estates resumed the Government​—Public meetings prohibited; Books ordered to be burned​—A number of ministers, the Marquis of Argyle and others, imprisoned

⭘ Meeting of Parliament; its proceedings​—The Rescissory Act; all opposition stifled​—Trial and execution of the Marquis of Argyle and the Rev. James Guthrie; Reconstruction of the Privy Council; Reconstitution of the Court of Session

⭘ Reintroduction of Episcopacy; the new Bishops; the people commanded to obey them

⭘ Second Session of Parliament; the Bishops resumed their seats​—The preservation of the King’s person and authority​—The Covenants condemned​—Patronage restored​—The Universities purged and religious meetings prohibited​—An explicit declaration against the Covenants to be tendered to any one​—The New Hierarchy​—Act of Indemnity

⭘ Meeting of diocesan synods​—Three hundred ministers ejected from their churches​—Proceedings of the Privy Council

⭘ Contest between the heads of the Government; fall of Middleton​—Parliament reassembled; mode of electing the Lords of the Articles​—Oppressive Acts; the people commanded to attend the parish churches; the ejected ministers prohibited from preaching; Origin of Conventicles​—Oppressive Acts of the Privy Council

⭘ Persecution; soldiers enforcing religious conformity; fining the people and cruelly oppressing them​—Court of High Commission established​—Severe persecution; the limit of endurance passed

⭘ Rising of 1666; the Insurgents defeated; treatment of the prisoners; torture; military execution

⭘ An indemnity offered​—Attempt to assassinate Archbishop Sharp; escape of the assassin; renewal of the persecution; a temporising measure tried

⭘ Meeting of Parliament; statement of the King’s supremacy in all cases; the Privy Council invested with full legislative power​—Protection of the Episcopal clergy

⭘ Conventicles increasing; severe Acts against them​—An Act commanding the observance of the Anniversary of the Restoration​—An indulgence offered to the ejected ministers​—A petition from the Ladies to the Council

⭘ Persecution continued; the Bond and other oppressive measures; Garrisons placed in private mansions; Letters of intercommuning​—Meeting of Presbyterian ministers​—Sir George Mackenzie on Conventicles; Proclamation against them

⭘ Mitchell apprehended for attempting to shoot the Primate; irregularly tried and executed

⭘ Highland army quartered upon the disaffected people; the Bond tendered; the soldiers ordered to kill all who resisted​—A special Commission to suppress the opposition to the Church​—Murder of the Primate

⭘ A reward offered for the apprehension of the murderers​—A public testimony against the Government​—A Conventicle at Loudon Hill; A skirmish with the Royal troops; Spread of the Insurrection; Battle of Bothwell Bridge; defeat of the Insurgents; Treatment of the prisoners

⭘ Indemnity​—The presbyterian parties​—Persecution continued​—Manifesto against the King and Government​—A party of the Cameronians surprised and slain​—Cargill and others seized and executed

⭘ Duke of York in Scotland​—Meeting of Parliament, Act of Succession​—New penalties to be inflicted upon the disaffected​—Test Act​—Trial and escape of Argyle

⭘ Declaration of the Society people, a series of sanguinary acts intended to crush them​—Violence of the Army​—Death of Charles II.

⭘ Accession of the Duke of York​—Ideas associated with the English Crown​—Persecution continued​—Meeting of Parliament, speeches of the Royal Commissioner and Lord Chancellor​—Cruel enactments​—Failure of Argyle’s attempt against the Government, his execution​—The prisons full of Non-Conformists

⭘ The King’s project of re-introducing Roman Catholicism, he assumed the power of suspending and repealing the laws​—Execution of Renwick

⭘ The Crisis; the Prince of Orange’s Declaration; Meeting of the Scotch bishops​—Tumults in Edinburgh; Attack on Roman Catholic Chapel​—Alarming rumours​—The Curates in the Western counties ejected

⭘ Meeting of Presbyterians; Address to the Prince of Orange​—Meeting of the Scotch nobles, the Prince assumed the Government of Scotland​—Preparations for the Meeting of the Convention

⭘ Meeting of the Convention of Estates, election of a President​—Letters from the Prince of Orange and King James​—Excitement in Edinburgh​—Flight of Dundee to the North; intense excitement in the Convention; the Covenanters called out​—The Throne declared vacant, and the Crown offered to William and Mary​—The Claim of Right​—Adjournment of the Convention

CHAPTER XXVIII.

The Revolution and the Union.

⭘ Difficulties of the new Government, opposite parties​—William Carstairs​—The Duke of Hamilton; other members of the Government; an opposition party

⭘ Convention re-assembled; the opposition harassed the Government​—Abolition of the Lords of the Articles demanded​—War in the Highlands; General Mackay and Viscount Dundee; Battle of Killiecrankie; the royal army utterly defeated; consternation of the Government

⭘ Difficulties of the King; his opinion of the Scottish aristocracy​—The Lords of the Articles abolished; Act of Supremacy repealed​—The ejected ministers restored, and the Presbyterian polity re-established​—Patronage abolished​—A Commission to visit the Universities and Schools​—Parties dissatisfied with the arrangements

⭘ Meeting of Presbyterians​—General Assembly, the King’s letter​—Cameronian ministers​—Acts of the Assembly

⭘ Proceedings of the Commission of Visitation; Interference of the King​—Meeting of the General Assembly; a proposal by the King to admit Episcopal ministers

⭘ The Highlands; means used for the pacification of the Clans; their submission to the Government​—Massacre of Glencoe

⭘ Oath of Allegiance and Declaration of Assurance to be subscribed​—An Act permitting the Episcopal clergy to remain in their churches under certain conditions; those who declined were considered Jacobites

⭘ Rise of a commercial spirit; the Darien project sanctioned by Parliament​—Outline of the scheme; a company formed and capital subscribed. In July, 1698, one thousand and two hundred persons sailed from Leith to establish the new Colony; their privations soon began, they were forced to abandon the colony, though a second and a third expedition was despatched, the enterprise ended in a complete failure, which caused great indignation in Scotland

⭘ The King declined to receive an Address from the Darien Company​—Meeting of Parliament; stormy debates on the Darien Colony​—An Address sent to the King; the King’s letter​—Parliament overwhelmed with addresses and petitions​—Resolutions passed by Parliament touching the Darien Colony, and embodied in an Address to the King

⭘ Attempt to form a union of the two Kingdoms​—Death of the King​—Accession of Queen Anne​—Another attempt to frame a union​—Elections for the new ♦Parliament; meeting of Parliament, a series of alarming acts passed; the Act of Security twice passed, and the nation prepared for battle

⭘ The English Parliament authorised a Treaty of Union to be negotiated; this was placed before the Scottish parliament, and after a vehement debate, an act was passed authorising the appointment of Commissioners to treat with the English for a Union. The number of Commissioners equal on both sides​—Their proceedings​—A copy of the Treaty presented to the Queen

⭘ The Scotch Parliament re-assembled to consider the Treaty; great opposition to the Union; efforts to arouse the national feeling against it​—The Articles of the Treaty were read and debated in Parliament one by one​—Efforts of the opposition; a vehement debate on the first article of the Treaty​—The articles touching commerce satisfactory to the Scots​—The last effort of the Jacobites to defeat the Union​—The Treaty finally carried​—Mode of electing the Representatives from Scotland to the first Parliament of Great Britain

CHAPTER XXIX.

Causes of Disaffection​—Risings of 1715 and 1745.

⭘ Advantages of the Union; some of its disadvantages​—Fiscal and Excise arrangements​—Malt Tax; determined opposition to it; caused disturbance​—Smuggling

⭘ The Jacobites​—Toleration Act​—Patronage restored​—Death of Queen Anne; Accession of George I.

⭘ The Earl of Mar and the Rising of 1715​—Movements of the insurgent army​—Arrival of the Pretender​—Collapse of the Rising​—Treatment of the prisoners; forfeitures​—the Episcopal clergy

⭘ Measures of the Government to secure order in the Highlands; disarming acts; forts and military roads

⭘ Causes of the Rising of 1745; hereditary customs; jurisdiction and power of the local chiefs and nobles​—Prejudice against the Union, and disaffection to England

⭘ Arrival of Prince Charles; a number of the Highland chiefs joined him​—Advance of his army southward; took Edinburgh​—Battle of Preston​—His march into England; his retreat​—Battle of Culloden​—Suffering inflicted on the people after the battle​—Service which the Celtic people have rendered to the Empire

CHAPTER XXX.

Social State of the People in the Seventeenth Century.

⭘ Circumstances unfavourable to social progress​—Administration of Justice​—Lord Stair​—The Question of Appeals​—Sir John Dalrymple​—Corruption of the fountain of Justice​—Some attempts of reform​—Lord Stair re-appointed President of the Court of Session

⭘ State of crime​—Feuds​—Crimes of violence​—The Earls of Caithness and Orkney; their proceedings

⭘ Social state of the Highlanders; modes of treating them​—Efforts of the Government​—“The Statutes of Icolmkill”​—Old feuds were difficult to extinguish​—Contempt of the law was often manifested throughout the Kingdom

⭘ Crime in the towns; assaults and breaches of the peace​—Offences against property

⭘ The poor and vagrant class numerous​—The manner of treating the poor and helpless​—Acts of Parliament for suppressing vagrancy and idle vagabonds; attempts to compel them to work​—Proposal to erect Correction-houses​—Great privation among the lower classes in the closing years of the century​—Causes of the enormous number of vagrant people in Scotland

⭘ Religious feeling; vivid sense of the supernatural​—Severe laws against Roman Catholics​—Persecution of the Quakers

⭘ Witchcraft​—Trials and executions of witches; curious notions and incidents​—The witch pricker​—The belief in witchcraft faded with the diffusion of education and civilisation

⭘ Social morality of the people; proceedings of the Church Courts​—The people not always submissive

⭘ Exertions to secure the observance of Sunday; efforts of the local authorities and Church Courts

⭘ Religious exercises on week days​—The national and local Fast days

⭘ Drunkenness​—Cursing and swearing; manner of punishing these offences

⭘ Relation of the different sexes; irregular marriages; Acts of Parliament and efforts of the Church to suppress them​—Survival of old customs associated with marriages and funerals

⭘ Sumptuary enactments; regulation of the dress of the different ranks of society: a constant fashion of dress proposed​—Dress of the people

⭘ Defective sanitary condition of the towns; deficient supply of pure water; efforts to remedy this​—The arrangements for cleansing the towns extremely defective

⭘ Trade in the burghs under restrictions; fixing the price of the common necessaries of life​—Price of boots and shoes​—Disputes arising from Corporation privileges

⭘ Wages​—State of Agricultural labourers​—Justices of Peace empowered to fix the rate of wages​—Compulsory labour; semi-slavery of the workmen in collieries and salt-works

⭘ Mining operations comparatively limited

⭘ Means of Communication​—Acts of Parliament touching repairing of the Roads, Bridges, and Ferries​—Condition of the Roads

⭘ Origin and progress of Postal communication in Scotland​—Rates charged for carrying letters and parcels​—The Post Office at the end of the century

⭘ Introduction of Coaches and Carriages

⭘ Shipping of the Kingdom

⭘ State of agriculture; system of farming; implements​—State of the tenants and labourers

⭘ Attempts to introduce improvements in tanning leather

⭘ Efforts to improve the manufacture of Cloth​—Foreigners employed​—Home-made cloth​—Acts of Parliament for encouraging manufactories and companies​—Foreign workmen encouraged to settle in Scotland​—The home-made goods protected by prohibiting the importation of foreign goods​—Woollen manufactories in operation​—Cloth for the dress of the army

⭘ Linen Manufacture​—Commercial relations of England and Scotland unsatisfactory; Leading aim of the Commercial Policy of the Period​—Ways of promoting the Linen Manufacture; A Company formed for the Manufacture of Linen in Scotland

⭘ Introduction of the Manufacture of Soap​—Act of Parliament encouraging the erection of Soap Works

⭘ Introduction of Glass-making, Progress of Glass-making in the Kingdom​—A Proposal to erect a Work for making Earthenware

⭘ Introduction of Paper-making; Trade of Collecting Rags​—A Paper Work in Operation; A Joint-Stock Company established for making Writing and Printing Paper

⭘ Introduction of Tobacco, and Tobacco Spinning​—Price of Tobacco Pipes fixed by Parliament

⭘ Coinage, the use of a Mill in Minting the Coins Introduced​—Complaints about the Scarcity of Money​—System of Collecting Bullion for the Mint​—Toward the end of the reign of Charles II. the Mint had fallen into a deplorable state; New Regulations enacted by Parliament​—At the Union it was settled that there should be only one Standard of Money for the United Kingdom

⭘ Introduction of a Paper Currency, establishment of the Bank of Scotland; The early operations of the Bank

⭘ A marked and rapidly spreading interest in Trading and Commercial Enterprise, as shown by the many Commercial Projects, Trade Adventures, and Notices of Inventions, which were originated in the closing years of the Seventeenth Century and the opening years of the Eighteenth​—Conclusion of the Chapter

CHAPTER XXXI.

Ballad, and Jacobite Literature of Scotland.

⭘ Influence of Ballad Literature on the National Character​—Ballads relating to the Civil War

⭘ Satirical Rhymes and Lampoons referring to the Opposing Parties in the Covenanting Struggle

⭘ Ballads relating to the Risings during the Period of the Persecution

⭘ Satirical Rhymes, and Pasquils, referring to the Government from the Restoration to the Revolution

⭘ Origin and Characteristics of the Jacobite Ballads​—Rhymes and Ballads relating to the Events flowing from the Revolution​—Rhymes touching the Union

⭘ Popular Jacobite Ballads and Songs, a higher strain attained after the battle of Culloden

⭘ Characteristics of Lowland Scottish Ballad Literature​—Conclusion of the Chapter

CHAPTER XXXII.

Literature of the Nation in the Seventeenth Century.

⭘ Religious and Theological Literature of the Century​—Calderwood, Character of his Writings; his History of the Church of Scotland​—Archbishop Spottiswood’s History of the Church and State of Scotland​—Baillie’s Writings

⭘ Boyd, his Sermon on Cromwell​—Style of his Writings​—Durham, Dickson, Rutherford, Gillespie

⭘ Dr. Forbes; Bishop Forbes; Leighton; Burnet, his Historical Works

⭘ Sir William Alexander; Drummond, Characteristics of his Poetry

⭘ Legal Literature​—Sir Thomas Hope​—Lord Stair​—Sir George Mackenzie

⭘ Medical Science, the Royal College of Physicians​—Dr. Balfour​—Sir Robert Sibbald​—Dr. Morison​—Dr. Pitcairn

⭘ Progress of Science​—Dr. James Gregory​—David Gregory​—John Keill

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Education and Art in the Seventeenth Century.

⭘ Growing Interest in Education​—Efforts to establish Parish Schools​—Legislative enactments

⭘ Grammar Schools​—English and Scotch Schools in Burghs​—French was taught from an early period

⭘ The Church Claimed a Right of Visiting and Examining all the Schools, Form and Manner of these Visitations

⭘ Course of Instruction and Subjects taught in the Grammar Schools of Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen

⭘ Local Authorities often encouraged the Schoolmasters by Special Marks of Respect​—Music Schools

⭘ Universities, the Citizens of Glasgow and Aberdeen manifested much interest in University Education​—Each Dominant Party in the Government sought to impose certain views upon the Universities, and the Revolutions in the Government also affected the Funds of the Universities; after the Revolution they were purged​—A proposal to introduce a uniform course of Philosophy​—Difference between the Regenting and Professional Methods of Teaching

⭘ Art​—George Jamesone, a Portrait-painter​—It appears that he executed much work; his merit​—Thomas Murray​—Sir William Bruce

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Outline of European Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century, and the early part of the Eighteenth.

⭘ Aim of the Chapter​—Efforts of the human mind to attain freedom, veneration for the opinions of antiquity: Power of the Mind

⭘ Bruno a bold thinker; Reconstruction of the Universe, the unity of being his fundamental principle​—His system pantheistic​—Influence of his views on subsequent speculation

⭘ Influence of the Jesuits in France​—Montaigne​—Gassendi, the reviver of Materialism: Atomism

⭘ Descartes, his achievements in Mathematics​—Principles and method of his Philosophy​—His peculiar views touching the organisation of man and the lower animals

⭘ His Meditations​—a discussion of the fundamental principles of Philosophy, the grounds on which we may doubt of all things: The Mind itself more clearly known than any external object​—An idea of God in the Mind, the will the cause of error, all clear and distinct conceptions are true, as God cannot be the cause of error​—All truth depends on the knowledge of God

⭘ His theory of the Universe, conception of God, and definition of substance; Doctrine of continuous creation​—Criterion of Truth

⭘ His Psychology​—Relation of the Mind to the objects of its knowledge, theory of mediate perception​—Innate Ideas​—His Ethical views​—Influence of his Philosophy on subsequent speculation

⭘ Spinoza​—Chief characteristics of his Philosophy​—His Ethics, method of his system, definitions and axioms; conclusions touching God and the Universe

⭘ The Human Mind and Body; three degrees of cognition​—opinion, reason, and intuition; reason considers things as necessary under a form of Eternity: There is no Free-will

⭘ Affections and Emotions, Desire and Appetite​—The Primary Affections​—Man unable to restrain his passions​—There is no final causes, as God exists of necessity, so does He act​—Good and Evil: The highest virtue, and the supreme good is to know God​—All that tends to the order and amity of society is good

⭘ Relation of Emotion and Reason​—The Love of God ought chiefly to fill the Mind​—The Essence of the Mind Eternal​—The Knowledge of God and the Intellectual Love of God the highest Virtue​—The understanding an eternal mode of thought​—Result of his system, its defects​—Its influence on subsequent speculation

⭘ Leibnitz wrote on many Subjects​—His Method of Philosophising​—Theory of Monads​—Pre-established Harmony​—Bayle

⭘ English Philosophy​—Bacon’s Method, his Merit; Influence of his Writings

⭘ Lord Herbert of Cherbury​—His Speculations on Mental Philosophy and Religion

⭘ Hobbes’ views influenced by the struggles of his time​—His conception of Philosophy, Reasoning, the use and value of words

⭘ His idea of motion, Psychology​—origin of sensation, ideas and thought, connection of ideas, trains of thought​—The will, emotions and passions

⭘ Hobbes’ political and ethical views​—Original state of mankind; Origin of Government​—Powers of the Sovereign and the State​—The Civil Law the Standard of Right and Wrong

⭘ Milton’s Political Writings, defence of the Commonwealth​—James Harrington’s Writings

⭘ Bishop Cumberland’s Ethical Theory​—Cudworth’s Intellectual System of the Universe​—More’s Moral Views

⭘ Locke​—Fundamental principles of his Psychology​—Refutation of the doctrine of innate Ideas, no innate idea of God

⭘ Origin of ideas, simple and complex ideas, no clear idea of substance​—Relations, true and false ideas​—Association of ideas

⭘ Language as the medium of expressing thought​—The degrees and limits of human knowledge​—Knowledge consists in the perception of the agreement or disagreement of ideas​—The existence of God​—The provinces of faith and reason​—Locke’s main inconsistency​—Value of his Essay​—Causes of the success of Locke’s views

⭘ English Deism​—Toland, Collins, Tindal

⭘ Shaftesbury’s conception of God​—Disinterested affection​—Influence of his views​—His style

⭘ Dr. Clarke’s Moral Theory​—Berkeley’s Idealism​—His style​—Conclusion

THE HISTORY OF CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND.