CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIII.

Section I.

The Rise and Progress of the Reformation.

⭘ A new point of Departure​—Mechanical Inventions​—Aspiration for Unity and Independence; Modern Languages​—Revival of Classical Literature​—Revival of Art

⭘ Roman Catholic Church of the Middle Ages​—Her vast Organisation, Wealth, and Power​—She controlled Education, and subjected the Human Mind

⭘ Outline of the prevailing Belief of Roman Catholicism​—Angels, Demons, Witchcraft​—Worship of Saints, Images, and Relics​—Ideas of Hell and of Heaven

⭘ Political Power of the Church in different Countries​—The French Nobles; Oppression of the Peasantry​—State of Germany; Rebellions of the Peasantry

⭘ Influence of Literature in Germany; Satirical Attacks upon the Church​—Inquisition in Spain​—State of Italy

⭘ Morals of the Priesthood and the Religious Orders

⭘ Influences sapping the Authority of Catholicism; Dante, Boccaccio, Savonarola​—Influence of the Vernacular Literature

⭘ Printing and Publication of the Bible​—Early Translations of Scripture into the Modern Languages

⭘ Awakening of the Moral Consciousness; Enthusiasm of the early stages of the Movement​—Relation of the Reformation to Philosophy

⭘ Significance of the Revolt from Rome​—Eras of the Reformation in different Nations​—Proceedings of Luther; his Writings​—Early Protestant Literature​—Principle of the Reformation

Section II.

History of the Reformation in Scotland to the Death of Cardinal Beaton.

⭘ Scotland after the Battle of Flodden​—The Duke of Albany assumed the Government​—His Regency

⭘ Henry VIII. interfered with the Government​—The Earl of Angus seized the King, and usurped the Functions of the Crown​—The King escaped; Forfeiture of Angus​—Policy of the King

⭘ The Causes of the Reformation in Scotland​—Position of the Nobles​—Relation of the Catholic Clergy to the People; Exactions of the Church​—State of Clergy and the Religious Orders

⭘ Celibacy and Monasticism​—Assumptions of the Priesthood

⭘ Monogamy​—The Family the Foundation of Society​—Communism

⭘ Inner Causes of the Reformation; Religious Feeling and Moral Sentiments

⭘ Heretical Books; Circulation of the Bible​—Martyrdom of Patrick Hamilton; his Opinions​—Friar Erth’s Sermon​—John Mair, Gavin Logie, John Winram, Alexander Seton

⭘ Policy of the King​—Persecution, Trials, and Executions for Heresy

⭘ Henry VIII. attempted to induce James V. to discard the Authority of the Pope

⭘ Marriage of the King; Mary of Lorraine​—Persecution​—Cardinal Beaton​—Trials and Executions for Heresy​—Can Persecution extinguish Heresy?

⭘ Encroachment by the King upon the Nobles​—Acts against Heresy​—Projected Interview between Henry VIII. and James V.​—Henry resolved on War; Conduct of the Scotch Nobles; Solway Moss; Death of James V.

⭘ The Crown fell to an infant Princess​—Cardinal Beaton aspired to the Regency​—The Earl of Arran elected Regent​—Project of Henry VIII. defeated

⭘ He then orders an Invasion of Scotland; great and wanton ♦destruction of Property​—Henry’s hatred of Cardinal Beaton; a Plot to murder him

⭘ Heresy spreading​—Heretics tried and executed​—George Wishart preaching in various Towns​—He was seized, tried, and burned

⭘ Plot against the Cardinal; Murdered in his Castle

CHAPTER XIV.

History of the Reformation to the Overthrow of the Roman Catholic Church.

⭘ The Conspirators retained the Castle of St. Andrews; Knox joined them​—The new Doctrines spreading​—Arrival of French Troops; the Castle attacked; the Garrison surrendered

⭘ Death of Henry VIII.; the Policy of Aggression continued; the Scots reduced to extremities​—Arrival of a French Army

⭘ The Religious Struggle continued​—Attempts to reform the Catholic Clergy; a new Catechism published​—Trial and Execution of Adam Wallace

⭘ Council of Trent​—Authority of Scripture and Tradition; the Vulgate​—Justification; Diversity of Views; Influence of the Jesuits​—Debates on the Errors of the Heretics, and many other Doctrines​—The Inquisition​—The Jesuits​—Index of Prohibited Books​—Canons and Decrees​—The Christianity of the West assumed three Dogmatic Forms

⭘ The Regency of Arran approaching its termination​—The Queen-mother proclaimed Regent​—Death of Edward VI.​—Return of Knox; summoned before the Church Court; Summons abandoned​—He again departed from Scotland

⭘ The Reformed Doctrines continued to spread​—A new Covenant to advance the Reform Movement​—Policy of the Queen-Regent​—Execution of Water Mill

⭘ Position of the Reform Party; they protested in Parliament​—Succession of Elizabeth to the Throne of England

⭘ The Queen-Regent influenced by France​—The Crisis​—A vehement Sermon by Knox; Destruction of Monasteries​—The Queen-Regent threatened severe Measures​—Manifesto of the Lords of the Congregation

⭘ An Agreement with the Regent; soon broken​—The Demolition of the Monasteries and Images ♦proceeded with

⭘ Arrival of French Troops​—The Lords of the Congregation deposed the Regent​—Skirmishing between the Frenchmen and the Congregation​—The Lords of the Congregation retired from Edinburgh; reduced to extremities

⭘ Negotiations with the English; a Treaty between the English Government and the Lords of the Congregation​—Siege of Leith​—Treaty of Edinburgh; Peace proclaimed​—Energy of the Reformed Preachers​—Meeting of Parliament; Confession of ♦Faith​—Acts abolishing the Authority of the Pope, and the exercise of the Catholic Religion

CHAPTER XV.

The Creed and Organisation of the Reformed Church.

⭘ Confession of Faith​—Belief in one God​—Duty of Civil Magistrates

⭘ Preaching the Gospel; the Bible​—The Sacraments​—Abolition of Idolatry​—Election and Admission of Ministers

⭘ Proposals for the Disposal of the Patrimony of the Church​—Temporary Expedients; Superintendents​—Provision for the Ministry​—National Education​—Relief of the Labourers of the Ground and the Poor

⭘ Form of Discipline​—Election of Elders and Deacons​—Polity of the Church

⭘ Marriage​—Burial​—Contemners of the Word of God

⭘ Book of Common Order​—Intolerance​—The First General Assembly

CHAPTER XVI.

Reign of Queen Mary.

⭘ France declined to confirm the Treaty of Edinburgh​—Death of Francis II.​—State of Parties in Scotland​—Arrival of Mary; Interest of her reign​—Difficulty of her Position; the Nobles and the Preachers

⭘ A Royal Proclamation​—Position of the Reformed Church​—Mary’s first Interview with Knox​—Parliament declined to ratify the Book of Discipline​—Disposal of the Revenue of the Church; Knox denounced it

⭘ Proceedings against the Earl of Huntly

⭘ The Court and the Preachers; Interview between the Queen and Knox​—Precarious State of the Protestant Party

⭘ Earl of Lennox; Lord Darnley​—The Queen preparing for her Marriage; the Earl of Moray opposed it​—Intolerance​—Energy of the Queen; she married Darnley​—Movement of the disloyal Nobles; their Flight

⭘ Character of Darnley​—He becomes the tool of the Nobles​—A Plot to murder Riccio, and restore the banished Nobles​—Murder of Riccio​—Return of the banished Lords​—Escape of the Queen

⭘ An Army rallied round the Queen, and the Disloyal Nobles dispersed​—Birth of James VI.​—Moray restored​—A Series of Stirring Events

⭘ Origin of the Plot to murder Darnley​—He was removed to Edinburgh​—Preparations of the Conspirators​—Murder of Darnley​—The Chief Actor in the Crime​—Was the Queen in any way guilty of the Murder?

⭘ Trial of Bothwell​—Parliament; many Acts granting Lands to the Nobles​—Many of the Nobles recommended Bothwell as a husband for the Queen​—Bothwell conveyed the Queen to Dunbar Castle, thence to the Castle of Edinburgh, and their Marriage was celebrated at Holyrood

⭘ A Royal Proclamation​—Difficulties rapidly encompassed the Queen​—A party of the Nobles seized Edinburgh and assumed the Government​—Mary and Bothwell mustered an Army, but the Nobles faced it​—Mary surrendered and Bothwell fled​—The Nobles imprisoned the Queen

⭘ The Nobles soon developed their Plot​—They deposed the Queen and appointed the Earl of Moray Regent​—Meetings of the General Assembly​—Coronation of the Infant King

CHAPTER XVII.

History of Protestantism in Scotland, and the Conflict of the Clergy with the Crown.

⭘ State of Parties​—Moray’s Interview with the Queen​—He assumed the Government, and endeavoured to restore order​—Ratification of the Acts establishing the Reformation​—Meeting of the General Assembly​—The Regent’s Difficulties

⭘ Mary’s Escape from Prison​—An Army rallied round her; Battle of Langside; Flight of Mary to England

⭘ The Regent struggled to maintain order​—The Preachers petitioned him to punish vice and suppress the Catholics. During Moray’s absence in England his enemies multiplied, when he returned the struggle was desperate​—The Regent shot, his Character

⭘ The Factions of the King and Queen distracted the Kingdom​—Earl of Lennox elected Regent​—Efforts of the Reformed Clergy​—Execution of Archbishop Hamilton​—Both Parties issued proclamations and held Parliaments​—The Regent slain​—Earl of Mar elected Regent

⭘ The Earl of Morton elected Regent​—The Queen’s party reduced​—The Castle of Edinburgh surrendered, and the Governor tried and executed​—Death of Lethington, his Character

⭘ Polity of the Reformed Church​—Leith Concordat touching titles and orders of the Clergy, and Disposal of the patrimony of the Church; opposed by the General Assembly

⭘ Knox resumed Preaching in Edinburgh​—He denounced the Authors of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew​—Knox’s last Public Sermon; his Death, his Work, and Character

⭘ Efforts of the Ministers to improve the Organisation of the Church; difficulties of Reconstruction​—The Struggle between the Clergy and Crown was founded upon Theocratic Ideas

⭘ Morton’s Policy​—The Bishops subjected to the Discipline of the General Assembly​—Discussion of Episcopacy in the General Assemblies​—A Form of Polity to be drawn up​—Episcopacy abolished

⭘ An Address to the King

⭘ Second Book of Discipline contrasted with the First​—This Treatise presented the definite Polity of Presbyterianism

⭘ Difficulty of carrying this Polity into effect​—Scarcity of qualified Ministers; the Reformed Doctrines only partly introduced into the Highlands

⭘ Morton’s enemies pursuing him​—New Court favourites​—The Negative Confession​—Trial and Execution of Morton

⭘ The King’s Favourites Supreme​—A Plot against them​—Attempt to revive Episcopacy​—The Preachers attacked the Favourites and the Court​—The Plot matured; the King and the Earl of Arran taken Prisoners

⭘ The dominant party held a Parliament, and passed a Vote of thanks to themselves; the Clergy also approved of the Enterprise​—Attitude of the Preachers toward the French Ambassadors

⭘ Escape of the King​—Return of Arran​—A new Plot​—Capture of the Earl of Gowrie​—Arran Supreme

⭘ Andrew Melville​—Conflict between the Clergy and the Crown​—A Scheme of Episcopacy​—A series of Acts passed​—Flight of a number of Preachers​—Entire submission of the Clergy to the Required Conditions

⭘ Peculiarities of the History of Scotland​—Lord Maxwell and the banished Lords surprise the King​—Return of the Preachers​—Conceit of the King​—Violent Language of the Clergy​—Meeting of the General Assembly​—French Protestant ministers

⭘ Execution of Queen Mary

⭘ Act of Annexation of Church lands​—Defensive Preparations against the Armada​—Revolt of the Roman Catholic lords​—Vehement Speeches​—Position of the King​—Establishment of the Presbyterian Polity

CHAPTER XVIII.

Continuation of the History of Protestantism.

⭘ Intense zeal of the Reformed Clergy​—Apprehension of Ker​—Execution of Graham​—Policy of the King; the Catholic Earls​—Earl of Bothwell​—Parliament

⭘ The Clergy and the Catholic Earls; Act of Abolition​—Rebellion of the Catholic Earls; Battle of Glenlivet; Advance of the Royal Army; Flight of the Catholic Earls

⭘ A National Fast​—General Assembly​—Vice of all Ranks

⭘ Return of the Catholic Earls; alarm of the Clergy; vehement Sermons​—Black summoned before the Council; declined to recognise its authority​—A Fast proclaimed; the King’s proceedings; a number of Citizens ordered to leave Edinburgh​—A false Alarm; great Tumult

⭘ New move of the King​—The Magistrates imprisoned; tried and convicted, and the Burgesses declared Rebels, and compelled to pay an enormous Fine

⭘ Ideas of the Relation of Church and State​—The King circulated a series of Questions; Meetings of the General Assembly; the Court party carried their Measures​—The Catholic Earls reconciled to the Church

⭘ The King engaged in Recasting the Polity of the Church​—Churchmen in Parliament; debate in the General Assembly​—Conference at Holyrood on the Clergy voting in Parliament

⭘ James and the Court of Session​—General Assembly; a Modified Episcopacy introduced

⭘ The Gowrie Conspiracy​—Accession of James VI. to the Throne of England

⭘ Ultimate Problem of the Reformation in Relation to the development of Civilisation

CHAPTER XIX.

The Social State of the People in the Sixteenth Century.

Section I.

Prior to the Reformation.

⭘ Aim of the Chapter​—The Crown and the Government​—Court of Session and the Privy Council​—Staff of the Executive

⭘ State of the Borders and the Highlands​—Modes of treating the Inhabitants of those quarters of the Kingdom​—Feuds in every part of the country

⭘ State of Crime​—Theft, Robbery, Murder, Rape​—Defective Police Organisation​—Crime in the Burghs; Acts of Violence; Begging; Harlots​—Penance as a Punishment​—Habits of Swearing

⭘ Deplorable Sanitary Condition​—Early mode of Lighting the streets of Edinburgh

⭘ State of the Tenants and Labourers of the Land​—Efforts to relieve the Poor

⭘ Religious feelings of the People​—Altars of Churches​—Processions, Patron Saints, and Altars of the various Craftsmen

⭘ Indications of the novel Doctrines among the People prior to the Reformation​—Heresy in Aberdeen​—Hanging and breaking of Images; Ballads

Section II.

After the Reformation.

⭘ Evidence of the Change of Religious Sentiments​—Disposal of the Ornaments, Images, Vestments, and Silver work of the Churches

⭘ Proceedings against Idolaters, Harlots, and Swearers​—Efforts to suppress Immoralities and Social vice​—Long Struggle to secure the Observance of Sunday

⭘ Reformed Discipline compared with the System which it superseded​—A Treatise on Excommunication; its chief points​—The Order of Fasting; Illustrations of the Sentiments of the Clergy, and the state of Society

⭘ Some of the Customs associated with Roman Catholicism continued by the People

⭘ Relation of the Sexes​—Inconsistency of Celibacy​—Loose habits of the People​—Regulations connected with Marriage; Peculiarities of the Scotch Law of Marriage​—Curious points came before the General Assembly​—Age at which persons might Marry​—Divorce

⭘ Provisions for the Relief of the Poor​—Efforts of the Clergy to assist them​—Difficulty of treating Vagrancy

⭘ A belief in Sorcery, Witchcraft, and Necromancy, has descended from Pre-historic Ages​—By an Act of Parliament in 1563 Witchcraft was punishable by Death​—James VI. a great believer in Witchcraft​—Trials for Witchcraft

⭘ Many of the Witches were accused of Conspiring the Death of the King​—The Earl of Bothwell was accused of trafficking with Witches against the King, and imprisoned, but he escaped​—Euphame MacCalyean tried and executed​—Barbara Napier tried; a speech of the King on Witchcraft​—Richard Graham, a great Sorcerer, Tried and Executed​—Bothwell continued his Exploits against the King​—At last he was driven out of the Country​—The number of Witches executed in Scotland not so great as in other Countries

⭘ Censorship of the Press

⭘ Monopoly and the disturbed condition of Society were inimical to Commerce​—The Coinage​—Relative value of English and Scotch money

⭘ Mining Operations​—Gold, Silver, Lead, Copper, Iron, and Coal

⭘ Commerce of the Kingdom​—Foreign trade comparatively small​—Curious regulations touching the Export of Salt, Coal, and other things​—Trade between the Highlands and the Lowlands

⭘ Laws fixing the price of Ale, Malt, and other goods​—Whisky​—Prices of Boots and Shoes​—Complaint of Bonnet-makers

⭘ Sumptuary Laws​—Dress​—Eating and Drinking at Marriages and Baptisms​—Lent

⭘ Popular Amusements​—Social results of the Reformation

CHAPTER XX.

The Literature of the Nation in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century.

⭘ Relation of Education and Literature​—Introduction of Printing into Scotland; first Printing Press; Chepman and Myllar​—Specimens of their Work​—Other Scottish Printers

⭘ William Dunbar, the Court Poet​—Editions of his Poems​—Causes for his Writings being neglected

⭘ Dunbar’s Writings chiefly consist of short pieces​—The range of his subjects pretty wide​—Allegorical Poems; The Goldyn Targe​—Ballad sung at the Marriage of James IV.​—The Thistle and the Rose​—Merit of his short Poems​—The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy​—Some of Dunbar’s poems supposed to be lost

⭘ Gavin Douglas​—The Palace of Honour; his Imagery; Peculiarities of his language​—King Hart, an Allegory​—His Translation of Virgil; Original Prologues​—Descriptions of Winter and May

⭘ John Mair​—His Career as a Professor​—His Writings, Opinions, and Views

⭘ Boece’s Writings​—John Bellenden​—His Translations; a Specimen of the Vernacular Prose of the Period

⭘ Complaynt of Scotland​—Its Authorship uncertain​—Character and nature of the Work​—The Writer’s Opinions

⭘ State of Scotland​—Discussion of the English Claims; Intention of the Protector, Somerset​—Characteristics of the English and the Scots​—The Complaints of the People against the Nobles and the Clergy​—Shortcomings of the People themselves​—Corruption and Vanity of the Nobles​—Abuses of the Clergy; Heretics should not be Burned​—Internal Strife​—Characteristics of the Style​—Value of the incidental Information in the Work

CHAPTER XXI.

Literature of the Reformation, and the later part of the Sixteenth Century.

⭘ Sir David Lyndsay​—Influence of his Writings on the Reformation movement in Scotland​—He was the most popular Writer of the Period, and wrote for the People

⭘ Lyndsay’s Attack upon the Churchmen and the Religious Orders, specimen of his Sarcasm​—Satire of the Three Estates, its humour​—The Abbot, the Parson​—The Play acted upon the Green​—The Magistrates encouraged Dramatic Representations​—Lyndsay’s other Works

⭘ James Wedderburn, and Robert Wedderburn​—Characteristics of the Gude and Godly Ballads​—Hymns of the Reformation​—Influence of this class of Writings

⭘ Knox’s Writings​—His Style, History of the Reformation, Admonitory Writings​—Letter to the Queen Regent

⭘ Ninian Winzet​—His Attack upon Knox, and the Reformers​—Winzet escaped from Scotland​—His Writings

⭘ Quintin Kennedy​—His Writings​—Discussion with Knox on the Mass​—James Tyrie, a Jesuit​—His attack on the Reformed Church, answered by Knox

⭘ Knox’s Treatise on Predestination​—History of the Doctrine of Eternal Decree​—Theories of the Origin of the Soul​—Views of Augustine, and others​—Calvin’s view of the Eternal Decree, opposed and vehemently disputed​—Knox’s Defence of Predestination unsatisfactory​—The subject is beyond the powers of the Mind​—Knox’s Letters

⭘ George Buchanan​—His Career as a Public Teacher Abroad​—On his return home, he became associated with the Protestant party​—His History of Scotland, Political Writings, Influence of his Views

⭘ Scottish Poets of the later part of the Century​—Sir Richard Maitland, George Bannatyne, Alexander Scott, Alexander Arbuthnot, John Davidson​—Anonymous Poems and Rhymes

⭘ Alexander Montgomery​—Characteristics of his Poetry

⭘ James VI.​—His Writings​—Alexander Hume​—James Melville​—Latin Poetry

⭘ Theological and Religious Literature of the later part of the Century

⭘ Legal Literature​—Dr. Henryson, Sir John Skene, Sir Thomas Craig, William Welwood

⭘ Progress of Science​—John Napier​—A Treatise on Revelations​—His proposed Inventions for the Defence of the Island​—Publication of his great Work on Logarithms​—His minor Inventions

⭘ Progress of Medical Knowledge​—Dr. Skene, Dr. Lowe, Dr. Liddel

⭘ Scientific Conceptions of the Universe met much Opposition in the Sixteenth Century​—Moral and Religious Sentiments were the moving Influences of the Reformation

CHAPTER XXII.

Education and Art in the Sixteenth Century.

⭘ Aim of Education​—Origin and Progress of Parochial Schools, Subjects Taught

⭘ Grammar Schools prior to the Reformation​—After the Reformation, High School of Edinburgh​—Grammar School of Glasgow​—Method of Teaching and Subjects Taught

⭘ Universities of Scotland​—St. Andrews, new Colleges established​—Subjects Taught​—Effect of the Reformation upon the Universities​—State of the University of Glasgow, New Foundation​—Andrew Melville appointed Principal, His method of Teaching

⭘ The Leaders of the Reformation movement made the utmost efforts to reform the Universities​—Reorganisation of the University of St. Andrews, order of Teachers and Subjects Taught​—Andrew Melville appointed Principal of St. Mary’s College​—Reorganisation of the University of Aberdeen

⭘ Origin of the University of Edinburgh, Foundation​—Robert Rollock, Method of Teaching, number of Students

⭘ Aim of a Liberal Education as then conceived​—Method of Examination​—Graduation​—Growing interest in Education, Foundation of Marischal College​—Limited Views of Science and the Universe which prevailed​—Deficiencies of the System​—Lack of Libraries

⭘ Music Taught in the Schools prior to the Reformation​—Act of Parliament touching Music​—Singing in the Reformed Church

⭘ Architecture​—Carving in Oak​—Painting and Sculpture almost a Blank

CHAPTER XXIII.

The Ultimate Problem of the Reformation.

⭘ Primitive Religious Feeling​—Prime characteristic of the Human Mind​—Influence of Cosmic Forces in the Early Stages of the Race, Crude Notions​—Ancestor Worship, and Nature Worship

⭘ Brahmanism founded on a Pantheistic Conception​—It issued in a System of fixed Castes​—A Reaction against It

⭘ Buddha a great Religious Teacher​—Early Stage of His Career​—At last He found a New Light and the Secret of Spiritual Freedom

⭘ Henceforth Buddha proclaimed his doctrine of Salvation, founded a new Religion, and almost effected a Social Revolution in India​—But the Interest of Caste, and Considerations of State, Caused Buddhism to be expelled from India

⭘ Pantheistic Conception of the Universe​—Nirvana

⭘ Religion of the Greeks​—Romans​—and Germans prior to the Introduction of Christianity

⭘ Respect for Honesty, Justice, and Humane Sentiments have been very slowly Developed

⭘ Distinct Character of Christianity​—Roman Hierarchy​—New Testament, Faith in Immortality​—A Region of Belief, and beyond it a Region of Hope

⭘ Conclusion

THE HISTORY OF CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND.