CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTION.

Section I.

The Scope of the Work.

⭘ The Import and Interest of the Subject​—Primary Causes of Civilisation​—Influence of Climate, Soil, and Food on the development of Man​—Origin of Myths

Section II.

Geographical and Physical Features of the Country.

⭘ Position of Scotland, the Islands, and the Coasts​—General Aspect of the Country

⭘ Mountain Ranges: Watershed, Rivers, Valleys, and Plains​—Characteristics of the Central Region​—Lakes​—Soil: Coal and Iron District

⭘ Flora and Fauna​—Aspects of the Country when Man arrived

⭘ The Influence of Climate, Food, and Geographical Features on the Organisation of Society in Early Times​—General Effect of the Features of External Nature on the Mind

Section III.

Historic Interpretation. Ethnological Problem.

⭘ Natural Order of Development​—Thought preceded Language; relation of Thought and Language

⭘ Interpretation of the Phenomena and Relics of the Prehistoric Ages​—Discrimination and Estimation of Historic Evidence​—Human Intelligence in relation to Means

⭘ II. Supposed Cradle of the Human Race​—The Question of the Original Home of the Aryans​—The Early Races of Europe; Fossil Races​—Result of recent Research touching the Aryans

⭘ Ethnology of Scotland​—Aboriginal Race, a long-headed and short-limbed People inhabited the Island alone for a long period​—Migration of the Celtic Race to Britain; they amalgamated with the Earlier Race​—Later Migrations from Gaul​—Irish Ethnology​—Scandinavians​—Constituent Elements of the Ethnology of Scotland

Section IV.

The Stone Age.

⭘ Natural Sequence of Development​—Stone Weapons and Tools: Axes hammers, spear-heads, arrow-heads, knives, saws, scrapers​—The Process of their Manufacture

⭘ Sepulchral Structures​—Chambered Cairns, their External Characteristics, Retaining Walls and Horns; Internal Structure, Entrance Passages and Chambers; Human Remains, Bones of Animals and other Phenomena in the Floors of the Chambers​—The Long Cairns of England resemble those of Caithness: Similarity of their Contents​—Sepulchral Structures of Orkney​—Maeshowe​—Other Groups of Chambered Cairns​—Reference to Unwarranted Inferences​—Condition of the Remains: An Attempt to Explain how the Interments were originally made

⭘ Dwellings of the Stone Age People​—Did they construct the “Earth-houses?” examination of the point​—Description of the “Earth-houses;” Resemblance between them and the Chambered Cairns; probably the “Earth-houses” were originated and constructed by the Men of the Stone Age​—Primitive Boats

Section V.

The Bronze Age.

⭘ Introduction of the use of Bronze: transitional stage​—Hoards of Bronze Weapons and Tools: Bronze swords, daggers, spear-heads, shields, battle-axe, and war-trumpet​—Bronze Tools and Implements: Axe-heads, chisels, anvils, needles, and sickles

⭘ Ornaments: Gold diadems, armlets, and rings; bronze rings, armlets, pins, and jet necklaces

⭘ Traces of the Sites and the Dwellings of the Prehistoric People​—Causes and probable Origin of the Scotch Crannogs and Hill Forts​—Description of the Crannogs; Articles and Tools associated with them​—Three Classes of Hill Forts, their various characteristics, and purpose

⭘ Bronze Age Interments: Cairn burial; Urn interments; Cremation cemeteries​—Stone Circles: Interments within stone circle areas​—Result of recent Investigation

⭘ Probable length of the Prehistoric Period in Scotland​—Social State of the Prehistoric Peoples, their Religion, Culture, and Civilisation

Section VI.

Roman Period.

⭘ Roman Invasion​—Agricola’s Advance; the Native Tribes offered a vigorous resistance​—Battle of Mons Grampius​—Agricola recalled to Rome

⭘ The Roman Legions had an incessant conflict with the Independent Tribes​—Roman Walls​—Severus’ Campaign​—Departure of the Romans

Section VII.

Chief Tribes of the Country from the Fifth Century to the Foundation of the Monarchy.

⭘ New Historic Conditions: the Britons and the Kingdom of Strathclyde​—The Picts, extent of their Territories​—Settlement of the Angles in the south​—Battle of Dunnichen​—Migration of the Scots from Ireland to Argyle and the Isles​—Aidan, King of the Scots​—The Norsemen

⭘ Intermittent Warfare amongst the Chief Tribes; Causes which led to the Foundation of the Historic Monarchy​—Kings of the Picts: Angus, Constantine, Kenneth M‘Alpin​—founded the Historic Kingdom; its extent​—M‘Alpin’s reign

Section VIII.

Introduction of Christianity.

⭘ Christianity an important factor in the Civilisation of Scotland​—Missionary Efforts of St. Ninian; his Miracles and Churches​—St. Kentigern’s; his difficulties with the King of Strathclyde; leaves Strathclyde, but afterwards returned​—His Death, Tomb, and Relics​—St. Cuthbert

⭘ St. Columba; his early life​—His arrival in Iona, and his labour amongst the Picts; He founded many Monasteries​—His encounters with the Magi and evil-spirits

⭘ The form of Christianity introduced​—Columba’s Institution of Iona: the Buildings, and the Monastic Community and its Organisation, Divine Service, Priest’s Orders, Interment of the Dead, Sign of the Cross, Hospitality, Food; Regular Work of the Columban Community

⭘ Death and Character of Columba​—Importance of the Institution of Iona​—Attacked by the Norsemen; Dunkeld the chief Religious Centre​—Influence of the early Saints on the subsequent religious feelings of the People

Section IX.

Gradual Extension of the Kingdom to the End of the Eleventh Century.

⭘ External and Internal Conflicts​—Long Struggle against the Norsemen​—Reign of Constantine II., a Meeting on the Mote Hill of Scone​—Attempts to extend the Kingdom south-westward, and northward​—Malcolm I., Indulf annexed Edinburgh​—A Contest for the Throne​—Reign of Kenneth II.​—Constantine III. and Macduff​—Reign of Malcolm II.; Battle of Carham, and annexation of Lothian; Death of Malcolm

⭘ King Duncan engaged in a struggle with the Chiefs of the North; Duncan slain; Reign of Macbeth​—King Duncan’s sons; Siward’s Expedition against Macbeth unsuccessful​—Macbeth slain

⭘ Reign of Malcolm III. (Canmore); extent of his Kingdom​—His marriage with a Saxon Princess; her influence​—Malcolm invaded Northumberland​—Meeting of William the Conqueror and Malcolm III.​—Death of the Conqueror​—Malcolm again invaded Northumberland; his death​—A Contest for the Crown between Donald Bane and Malcolm’s sons​—Edgar placed on the Throne

Section X.

State of Society from the Seventh Century to the End of the Eleventh.

⭘ Early Forms of Tribal Organisation; Relation of the Tribal Community to the Land; Causes of Social Changes; Origin of Private Property in Land​—Divisible Rights in Land; Tribal Organisation in the Eleventh Century

⭘ Agriculture, Food, and Dwellings of the People​—Trade, Markets

⭘ Crime and Punishment​—Social Morality​—Customs associated with Marriage​—Attempts to place the Institution of Marriage on a proper footing​—State of Religion

Section XI.

Early Architecture. Sculptured Stones.

⭘ Local Area and Number of the Brochs​—The form and characteristics of the Brochs​—Origin of the Brochs​—Indications of the Civilisation of the People who erected and occupied the Brochs

⭘ Early Stone Churches​—Round Towers of Brechin and Abernethy

⭘ Sculptured Stones: the Earliest Class; other Classes having a Cross on them; the Earliest Class having only the peculiar Symbols​—probably of Pre-Christian origin​—The Representations on the Stones treated Historically

⭘ Characteristics of the Art of these Monuments​—Associated with the Art of the Illuminated Manuscripts; Elaborate Decoration​—Ethnic Relations of these Monuments

⭘ Inscribed Monuments: Ogham, Gaelic, debased Roman, and Runic

Section XII.

Characteristics of Early Celtic Art. Fragments of Early Literature.

⭘ Celtic Art as developed on Metal Work​—Mirrors, Rings, Brooches, Chains; Crosier of St. Fillan

⭘ Cummene’s Life of St. Columba​—Adamnan, Abbot of Iona: his Life of St. Columba; its characteristics​—Other fragments of Latin Writings​—Earliest Specimen of Gaelic Writing

⭘ The Ferleiginn: the Monasteries as Schools​—Legends, Stories, and Rhymes common among the People​—Conclusion of the Introduction

CHAPTER II.

Critical Estimate of the Result of Norman Feudalism on the Civilisation of Scotland.

⭘ Statement of the Historical Question​—Commencement of the Plundering Expeditions of the Normans; infested France and threatened Paris; Normandy ceded to Rollo, who became the first Duke​—The succeeding Dukes; Rising of the Peasantry​—Robert the Magnificent; Birth of William the Conqueror​—Robert the Magnificent attempted to invade England

⭘ William the Conqueror ascended the ducal throne; his struggle with the Nobles: He ordered the mutilation of thirty-two of the Citizens of Alençon​—Character of the Feudal Government of Normandy​—William prepared for the Invasion of England; he defeated Harold, and proceeded to subdue the English People​—His Death and Character

⭘ Uncivilised and Savage Characteristics of the Normans; Norman Feudalism almost destitute of the essential elements of Civilisation

⭘ Effects of the Norman Conquest upon the English People; it created new Historic Conditions​—Result of the Introduction of Norman Feudalism into Scotland

CHAPTER III.

Narrative. Introduction of Feudalism.

⭘ Reign of Alexander I., and Earl David​—Election and Consecration of Bishops of St. Andrews

⭘ Accession of David I.​—Commencement of the Introduction of Feudalism​—David misapprehended its Nature and Tendency; Rising against the King; the Province of Moray forfeited to the Crown​—Invasion of England; Battle of the Standard

⭘ Death of Prince Henry; his children; Death of David I.​—Reign of Malcolm IV.; Local Risings​—Accession of William the Lion​—Invasion of England; Capture of the King of Scots; Surrender of the Independence of the Kingdom to Henry II., but restored by Richard I.

⭘ Risings in Galloway and the North; Disaffection of the People​—Progress of Feudalism

⭘ Reign of Alexander II.; Rising in the North​—Alexander and King John​—Argyle subjected to the Crown; Diocese of Lismore erected​—Local Risings​—Policy of the King; his death​—Councils of the Scottish Church

⭘ Coronation of Alexander III.; Policy of the Nobles during his Minority​—Interference of Henry III.

⭘ Alexander III. resolved to subject the Western Isles​—Haco’s great Expedition; its failure and cession of the Isles to Scotland​—Death of Alexander’s children​—Meeting of the Estates; Death of the King

⭘ Guardians appointed; Robert Bruce aspired to the Throne​—Marriage Project of Edward I.​—Treaty of Brigham​—Death of the Maid of Norway

CHAPTER IV.

Social Condition of the Nation in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries.

⭘ Feudal Organisation: the King, Revenue, Crown Officials; King’s Council; Legal Functionaries

⭘ Early Specimens of Charters; Charters made a requisite condition of holding Land, and a test of Freedom and Civil Rights; Thus many of the People were deprived of their Rights​—Powers and Privileges granted by the Kings to the Norman Nobles​—Connection of the Church with Feudalism and the Land​—Hereditary tendency of Feudalism

⭘ Law​​—Crime​​—Forms of Trial and Punishment​​—Compurgators​​—Ordeals​​—Wager of Battle, Hot Iron, and Water​​—Origin of Jury Trial​—Indications of Improvement​​—Sanctuaries

⭘ Early Towns: Royal Burghs; their Relations to the Crown​—Trading Communities to the north of the Grampians​—Court of the Burghs​—Laws of the Burghs​—Government and Organisation of the Burghal Communities; Guild Brethren​—Markets​—Burghs of Regality and Barony​—Church Burghs

⭘ Coinage; Weights and Measures; Commerce of the Kingdom; Commercial Treaty with Flanders​—Home Manufactures; Hand Craftsmen​—Seals of the Kings, Nobles, and Bishops

⭘ Reorganisation of the Church​—Dioceses and Parishes; Monastic Ideal; Celibacy​—Schools

⭘ Literature of the Period: Chronicles; Records

⭘ Architecture: Castles; Churches

⭘ Husbandry; Herds of Cattle; Dairy Produce; Grain Crops; Mills, Brewhouses​—Crown Lands​—Church Lands​—Condition of the Occupiers and the Toilers of the Land​—Bondmen and Serfs​—Conclusion

CHAPTER V.

Disputed Succession. War of Independence.

⭘ Edward I. resolved to decide the fate of Scotland; the Nobles and Clergy admitted his claim of feudal superiority, and the Claimants of the Crown acknowledge him as their Lord Superior; they granted Edward seisin of the Kingdom; he took possession of the Castles, and began the swearing-in process

⭘ Claims of the Competitors for the Crown; Edward’s proceedings; the issue lay between Bruce and Baliol; they argued their Claims at great length, but the Lord Superior gave judgment in favour of Baliol

⭘ Baliol crowned at Scone; his position in Scotland​—The Lord Superior insulted and humiliated the vassal King​—A Parliament at Scone; perilous state of Scotland​—Treaty between France and Scotland​—Position of the Scotch Nobles

⭘ Commencement of the War of Independence​—Edward I. massacred the Citizens of Berwick​—Baliol renounced his allegiance​—The Scots defeated​—Edward’s march through Scotland​—Baliol deposed​—Edward’s Measures for the Government of Scotland

⭘ The Scotch Nobles and the People​—Wallace appeared as the National Leader, attacked parties of the Invaders; Organised an Army and captured Castles​—Battle of Stirling Bridge

⭘ Wallace’s efforts to promote Industry; appointed Guardian of the Kingdom; the Difficulties he had to contend with​—Edward I. again invaded Scotland​—Wallace’s Tactics​—Battle of Falkirk​—Wallace resigned the Guardianship

⭘ New Guardians elected​—Wallace proceeded to France​—Edward continued his efforts to subdue the Scots​—A Papal Bull against his Claims on Scotland​—A Truce

⭘ France and the Pope deserted the Cause of Scotland​—Battle of Roslin​—Another great Invasion​—Edward’s March through the Kingdom; his Negotiations with Comyn and the Nobles; their submission​—Wallace must surrender unconditionally to Edward

⭘ Siege and Surrender of Stirling Castle​—Edward’s efforts to capture Wallace; Menteith seized Wallace​—Execution of Wallace​—Influence of Wallace’s career on the Scots​—Edward’s new form of Government for Scotland

CHAPTER VI.

War of Independence. Robert Bruce.

⭘ Position of Bruce; a Bond between him and Bishop Lamberton​—Bruce’s tragic meeting with Comyn​—Bruce mounted the Throne of Scotland; his adherents few in number​—Edward I. proclaimed severe measures against him; Bruce’s small army defeated, and his followers captured and executed

⭘ Bruce reduced to great extremities; forced to wander in the woods and mountains; he retired to the Island of Rathlin; but the tide turned, and in May 1307, he defeated a body of English Cavalry​—Death of Edward I.

⭘ Bruce defeated the Comyns and broke their power​—The Scottish Clergy recognised Bruce as their King​—Step by step the Castles and the Country were recovered from the Invaders

⭘ Battle of Bannockburn

⭘ Bruce’s Policy after the Battle; Attempts to make Peace; intervention of the Pope; Bruce and his Adherents Excommunicated​—An Address to the Pope

⭘ Attempts to make Peace; invidious Policy of the English Government​—A great Invasion of Scotland resolved on; Bruce’s tactics led to the failure and defeat of the English Army​—Renewal of the Alliance with France

⭘ The English Government sued for Peace​—Independence of Scotland acknowledged; Stipulations of the Treaty

⭘ Closing years of Bruce’s Reign​—Marriage of his Son​—His Residence and Life at Cardross​—Letter to his Son​—His Death

CHAPTER VII.

Narrative to the Return of James I.

⭘ Succession of David II.; Regency of Randolph; his Death​—Edward Baliol claimed the Crown, and invaded the Kingdom; his supporters; Efforts of Andrew Moray and the National Party​—Invasions of Edward III.

⭘ Baliol and his English supporters driven out of the Kingdom​—Return of David II.​—Invasion of England; Battle of Durham, defeat of the Scots, and Capture of the King​—The English seized the Southern Counties

⭘ The Steward elected Regent​—The King’s Ransom; great difficulty of paying it​—Parliamentary Proceedings; Measures adopted​—Position, Action, and Character of David II.​—Arrangements about the payment of the balance of the Ransom

⭘ Death of David II.​—Accession of Robert II.​—Settlement of the Succession to the Throne​—Renewal of the Alliance with France

⭘ Border Warfare​—Arrival of French Troops; a Raid into England; Departure of the French​—Battle of Otterburn

⭘ A Regent appointed​—Death of Robert II.​—Accession of Robert III. The Wolf of Badenoch; Turbulence of the Nobles; Weakness of the Crown​—Duke of Rothesay appointed Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom​—Recommencement of War on the Borders; English Invasions; Henry IV.

⭘ A Plot against the Duke of Rothesay, seized and imprisoned; his Death​—Prince James captured by the English​—Battle of Harlaw​—Death of the Regent; his son succeeded him​—Return of James I.

CHAPTER VIII.

Reign of James I.

⭘ James I. crowned at Scone; his first Parliament; Inquiry concerning Crown Lands; He resolved to reduce the power of the Nobles; Arrest of Sir Walter Stewart, Thomas Boyd, the Earl of Lennox, and Sir Robert Graham​—Proceedings of Parliament​—The Duke of Albany and Thirty Nobles and Knights seized and imprisoned; Trial and Execution of Albany, his Sons, and the Earl of Lennox

⭘ A Parliament at Inverness​—Seizure and Imprisonment of the Lord of the Isles, and a large number of Highland Chiefs; Risings in the Highlands​—Marriage of the King’s Daughter with the Dauphin of France​—The King’s Ransom never paid

⭘ Policy and Legislation of James I.​—Administration of Justice​—His relations with the Church; a Heretic Executed​—James encouraged Industry

⭘ James’ Encroachments upon the Nobles; Forfeiture of the Earl of March, the Earldom of Mar annexed to the Crown​—A Plot formed against the King: Sir Robert Graham and the Earl of Athole; the Plot matured; Murder of James I.​—Capture and Execution of his Murderers

CHAPTER IX.

Narrative to the Battle of Flodden.

⭘ Succession of James II.​—Struggles among the Nobles during the King’s Minority; Execution of the young Earl of Douglas and his Brother​—William, Earl of Douglas, assumed the title of Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, and summoned a Parliament: A Struggle with the Crown became inevitable

⭘ Marriage of the King​—The Livingston Faction crushed, and their Lands forfeited​—Proceedings of Parliament​—The Earl of Douglas and his Allies; Murder of the Earl of Douglas; Civil War; the new Earl of Douglas defied the King; Battle of Brechin; at last the King defeated the Douglas Tribe, and forfeited their Lands

⭘ Siege and Capture of Roxburgh Castle; Death of the King; James III., a boy, Crowned; the Government conducted by Bishop Kennedy and the Earl of Angus; Death of Kennedy; then the Nobles recommence their plotting; the Faction of the Boyds assumed the supreme power​—Relations of Denmark and Scotland; Marriage of the King​—Fall and Forfeiture of the Boyds​—Parliamentary Proceedings

⭘ Character of James III.​—Treaty between the Lord of the Isles and the King of England; Proceedings against the Lord of the Isles; Earldom of Ross annexed to the Crown; the Lord of the Isles created a Peer​—The King incurred the enmity of the Nobles; his brothers​—Death of the Earl of Mar, and Flight of the Duke of Albany; he plotted against the Crown of Scotland​—Menacing attitude of England: the Scottish Parliament and Edward IV.

⭘ Muster of the Scotch Army​—The Nobles seized the King’s Favourites and hanged them, and imprisoned the King; the Duke of Albany assumed the Government, but soon fled​—A Party of the Nobles continued to Plot against the King; induced his Son to join them and rose in Rebellion​—Battle of Sauchie Burn, Death of James III.

⭘ Proceedings of the Dominant Faction​—James IV.​—Church Affairs

⭘ Forfeiture of the Lord of the Isles​—Policy of the Government towards the Celtic People

⭘ Foreign Relations of Scotland​—Characteristics of James IV.; his welcome to Perkin Warbeck; recognising him as Prince Richard​—James mustered an Army and crossed the Tweed in support of Perkin’s claim to the Throne of England, but the Expedition failed, and Perkin was sent away

⭘ A Truce with England was concluded after Perkin’s Departure​—James IV. was popular; and he had several Natural Children​—Marriage Treaty between James and the Princess Margaret of England; celebration of the Marriage

⭘ Foreign Relations: Death of Henry VII.; Henry VIII.​—Sea Fight between the English and Scottish Captains​—War between England and France​—James IV. resolved to support his old Ally, mustered his Army, and invaded England; Battle of Flodden

CHAPTER X.

Social Condition of the Nation in the Fourteenth and ♦Fifteenth Centuries.

⭘ Origin of the Scotch Parliament; admission of the Representatives of the Burghs; import of certain Phrases; Functions assumed by Parliament; the Judicial Committee of Parliament; the Lords of the Articles​—Attempts to establish a Court of Supreme Jurisdiction; Proceedings of the Judicial Committee and of the Lords of Council​—Church Courts

⭘ Power of the Nobles; rise of new Families during the War of Independence, but Robert I. increased the feudal power and privileges of the Nobles; Subsequently they entered into bonds with each other and marriage alliances, which often led to lawless proceedings and anarchy; All the efforts of James I. and the succeeding Kings failed to restrain their oppressive lawlessness

⭘ Deplorable State of the Nation​—The small-landed Proprietors and Tenants greatly oppressed

⭘ State of Agriculture​—The Crown Lands; the Tenants and Occupiers of these Lands​—Church Lands

⭘ Condition of the Tillers of the Soil​—Causes which led to the emancipation of the Bondmen and Serfs

⭘ Burghal Communities; the Border Burghs; Characteristics of the People of the Borders

⭘ The Northern Burghal Communities

⭘ Burghs of the Central Region of the Kingdom; Burgh Rents​—Custom of the Burghs​—Number of Sheep in the Country​—The Earl of Douglas and others evaded the payment of Custom, and often seized the Money in the hands of the Collectors​—Revenue of the Crown

⭘ Commerce of the Kingdom​—Seasons of Dearth​—Description of Imports

⭘ The Coinage; depreciation of the Currency; value of Scots Money at the end of the Fourteenth Century, and at the end of the Fifteenth

⭘ Characteristics of the Daily Life, and the Laws of the Burghal Communities​—The Chamberlain’s Court: Inquisitoral System of Inspection; Ale Tasters, and Official Fixers of the Price of Food and Goods; Forestallers and Regraters​—The Burgesses of Guild

⭘ Position of the Craftsmen; Acts of Parliament touching them; mode of incorporating the Craftsmen, illustrated from the Records of Edinburgh​—State of Mechanical Skill

⭘ Cities and Burghs of the Church

⭘ Defence of the Country; Military Habits of the People; Armour and Weapons; the Organisation of the Army​—Tactics of the Scots​—Introduction of Artillery

⭘ Probable Population of the Nation​—Roads and Inns​—Defective Sanitary Conditions; Pestilence​—Lack of Medical Science

⭘ Drinking Habits; Chief Festivals​—Rural Sports and Games

⭘ Sumptuary Enactments: Dress of the different Ranks of Society; Household Goods; Ornaments and Plate

⭘ Price of the staple Necessaries of Life​—Condition of the Vassals, Tenants, and Labourers on the Crown Lands​—Wages of Workmen

⭘ The State of Crime​—Beggars, Sorners, Oppressors, and Vagabonds were numerous; Modes of Punishing them; Defects in the Administration of Justice​—Functions of the Sheriff: Murder, Robbery, Rape, and Theft; Custom of saving Criminals from Punishment; Various forms of Punishment; Penance​—Crime in the Burghs​—Social Vice

⭘ Architecture​—Castles, Churches

⭘ Wealth of the Church; Monasteries; Nunneries; Friars; Hospitals

⭘ Religious Feeling of the People: Avowed Motives for assigning Money and Property to the Church​—Pilgrimages; Processions; Relics; Sunday​—Conclusion of the Chapter

CHAPTER XI.

Literature of the Nation in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth ♦Centuries.

⭘ The Lowland Scotch Language, influence of the Celtic genius on it​—Early Celtic Ballads and Tales; Celtic Heroes​—Specimen of Gaelic Poetry​—Origin of Rhyme

⭘ Lowland Scotch Ballad Literature​—Thomas the Rhymer​—Early Specimens of the Language​—Ballad on the Battle of Otterburn, Battle of Harlaw; Sir Patrick Spens​—Romantic Rhymes; Fairies and Elves​—Holland’s Howlat; Cockelbie’s Sow

⭘ Barbour: his Life; his Metrical Story of Robert Bruce​—Literary Merits of his Work; its Historical Value​—The Achievements of Bruce celebrated by other Poets

⭘ Andrew Winton’s Chronicle; its Characteristics

⭘ James I.; his Attainments and Energy; his Writings; The King’s Quair

⭘ Blind Henry, the Minstrel; his mode of Life; his Rhymed Book on Sir William Wallace; the Materials from which it was composed; its great popularity

⭘ Robert Henryson; his Life; Characteristics of his Writings

⭘ Sir John Rowll’s Poem​—Fordun’s Chronicle​—Increasing Importance of the National Literature

CHAPTER XII.

Education, Music, and Art of the Period.

⭘ Schools: the First Educational Act​—Origin and Institution of the University of St. Andrews​—The Institution of the University of Glasgow​—Establishment of the University of Aberdeen​—Constitution of the Scottish Universities​—Early Scottish Teachers of Philosophy

⭘ Scottish Music: Singers, Harpers, Fiddlers, and Pipers​—Musical Instruments​—Dramatic Plays

⭘ Painting​—Seal Engraving​—Seals of the Period​—Conclusion

♦INDEX

⭘ Listing

THE HISTORY OF CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND.