INDEX

347[References are to pages.]

A

ACWORTH, W. M., Appendix B.

ALABAMA MIDLAND CASE, 95.

ARMOUR CAR-LINES, 151, 174–207. mileage, 175, 188, 190. speed of cars, 177, 178. passes, 180. exclusive contracts, 177, 180, 182, 190. icing charges, 181–186, 194–196. espionage, 185. fixing rates, 186–189. lax inspection, 188–189. low minimum carload, 189. rebates and profits, 190, 191, 194. cipher code, 197.

AUSTRIA, 315.

B

BACON, E. P., testimony, 111.

BAKER, RAY STANNARD, on Beef Trust, 153.

BALTIMORE, discriminated against, 226.

BARBED WIRE CASE, 88.

BASING-POINT SYSTEM, 98, 208 et seq.

BEEF, billed for export, 225.

348BEEF TRUST. (See Armour.) controls rates, 152. runs private cars, 176. intimidates roads, 177. discriminations, advantages, etc., 176–207. shipments of, 179. favored by rates, 186–187. Boston books destroyed, 250. packer and road director, 76.

BELGIUM, 315.

BIDDLE OF SANTA FE, testimony, 114, 124 et seq. in salt case, 169.

BISMARCK, 316.

BLANCHARD, GEORGE R., quoted, 107. on ticket scalping, 20.

“BLIND BILLING,” Standard’s cars, 75.

BOOKS DESTROYED, 248–250.

BOSTON & ALBANY, 105–107.

BOWIE COMPRESS, 68.

BRICK CASE, New Jersey to North Carolina, 157.

BROKERS, TICKETS, 20.

C

CALEDONIAN COAL CO., 126–129.

CALIFORNIA FRUIT TRANS. CO., 180.

CAMDEN IRON WORKS, rebates, 122.

CANADA, 327.

CANNON FALLS CASE, 212.

CAPITAL CITY GAS COMPANY’S REBATES, 164.

CARLOAD, MINIMUM, 189.

CARLOADS & L. C. L., 156.

CAR-MILEAGE, Pullman cars, express, refrigerator cars, etc., 58. oil, 73. Armour, 175, 188, 190. Mr. Hill on, 178.

349CARS DENIED, 66, 160.

CASSATT, A. J., rebates, 77. testimony, 32–33.

CHAOS OF RATES, 156, 157.

CHARLOTTE, N. C., CASE, 208.

CHATTANOOGA CASE, 97.

CHESAPEAKE & OHIO, discriminations, 64. coal-carrying case, Appendix A.

CINCINNATI MAXIMUM RATE CASE, 218.

CIPHER CODE, Armour, 197.

CITIES, growth of, at expense of country, 219.

CLASSIFICATION, flour and wheat, 70. soap, Pearline, patent medicines, 71. railroad ties and lumber, 72. discrimination by, 70, 155.

COAL, cars denied, 66, 160–162. loading by tipple, 140. Chesapeake & Ohio Case, Appendix A.

COCKRELL, COMMISSIONER, on quantity allowances, 149. appointed to commission, 290.

COLORADO FUEL & IRON CO., rebates, etc., 124–141.

COMMODITY, rates, 70. discriminations, 150.

COMMON LAW, requires impartiality, 1.

CONFISCATION, fears of, ungrounded, 290.

CONTRACTS, Armour’s exclusive, 177, 180, 182, 190.

COOLEY, THOMAS M., 43. as arbitrator, 152.

CORDELE, GA., 100.

CORRIGAN OF CLEVELAND, 34.

350COTTON-SEED-OIL CASE, 162.

COYNE BROS., 183.

CUMMINS, GOVERNOR, 117, 211.

D

DANVILLE, VA., 209.

DAVIES OF CHICAGO, strawberries carried free, 145.

DAVIS, C. WOOD, passes cost $33,000,000, 12.

DEAD-HEAD, passenger cars, 18. passengers, 2–15, 46, 49, 50, 180.

DECADE OF FEDERAL REGULATION, 104–109.

DEFIANCE OF LAW, 238–240.

DEMURRAGE, 143.

DENMARK, 315, 328.

DENVER, discriminated against, 92–94, 212, 297–298.

DEPEW, CHAUNCEY, on pooling, 267.

DEPRECIATION OF LANDS CAUSED BY REBATES, 26.

DISCRIMINATION, motives for, 23. history and investigations, 24, 120. early cases, 25. varieties discovered by I. C. C. first year, 47. H. F. Douseman, 54. passes, 2–15. reasons for, 2. C. & O. coal, 64, Appendix A. great number of, 2. in facilities, 66. by classification, 70, 155. confiscates land values, 26. Hepburn cases, 27 et seq. Standard Oil, 73–76. beef, 76–83. between localities, 87–94. in favor of long hauls, 95–103. Industrial Commission on, 108. 351“all stopped,” etc., 113. under Elkins Bill, 115–118. Colorado F. & I. Co., 124. various other forms, 142–149. commodity, 150. horses, cattle, and Jersey brick, 156–157. to Beef Trust, 151–152. oranges, 153. hay and lumber, 154. routing, 159–160. refusal to furnish cars, 160–161. cotton oil case, 162. division of rates to fake terminals, 166–173. in refrigerator charges, 181–186. against independent oil, 201–205. against non-competitive points, 208–215. against New England, 217. against rural points, 219. against certain cities, 216–217. in favor of foreign commerce, 221–226. summary of methods and results, 228 et seq. $10 apiece for hams? 232. defended, 233. disturbance of business, 236. “cannot be stopped,” 237. difficulties of abolishing, 241–251, 272–273. countries where there is none, 315, 317.

DISTANCE TARIFF, 287, 291, 293, 295.

DIVISION OF RATE. (See Terminal Railways.)

DOLLIVER BILL, 257.

DOLLIVER, SENATOR, on recent rebates, 116. non-competitive points, 219.

DOUGLAS, GOVERNOR, pays his fare, 11.

DOUSEMAN, H. F., 54.

DRESSED MEAT, rates, 151, 186–189. billed for export, 225.

352%center%E

“ELASTICITY” IN RATES, 286.

ELEVATOR ALLOWANCES, 62, 148. Industrial Commission on, 63.

ELKINS ACT, effect, 110. in Wisconsin, 121, 122. discriminations since, 140. opinions as to efficiency, 252, 253. only one case under, 253.

ELKINS, SENATOR, 111–112.

EMPIRE CO., 31.

EMPORIA, KAN., 91.

EMPTIES, returned free for Standard, 33. Armours’, rushed back and paid for, 175.

ENGLAND, 318–327.

EQUALIZATION OF RATES, 291–296.

ERIE ROAD, early cases, 28.

ESCH-TOWNSEND BILL, supporters lost passes, 10. provisions, 260.

ESPIONAGE, ARMOUR, 185.

EXCLUSIVE CONTRACTS, Armour cars, 177, 180, 182, 190.

EXPENSE BILL SYSTEM, 62, 143.

EXPORT RATES, low, 84, 221–226. not fair to all ports, 86. on flour, 86.

F

FACILITIES DENIED, 66, 88, 160.

FALSE BILLING, 61, 144.

FERGUSON, E. M., 199.

FICTITIOUS CLAIMS, 143.

FINK, ALBERT, 267, 271.

353FISH, STUYVESANT, on scalping, 19. discriminations, 237.

FLAT RATES, 291–295.

FLOUR AND WHEAT, 70.

FOLK, GOVERNOR, on passes, 6.

FORAKER BILL, 258.

FOREIGN COUNTRIES, HINTS FROM, 313–330. Austria, Switzerland, Denmark, Hungary, etc., 313–315. Germany, 313. France, 317. England, 318. Canada, 327. Holland, 328. Norway and Sweden, 328. New Zealand, 329. Australia, 329. South Africa, 330.

FOREIGN MANUFACTURES FAVORED, 84.

FRANCE, 317.

FREE CARTAGE, 59. St. Louis cases, 142.

FREE FREIGHT, NO BILLS, 145.

FREE STORAGE, 60.

G

GEORGIA, Railroad Commission cases, 98.

GERMANY, 316.

GLASGOW, 314.

GOVERNMENT, rates not on mileage principle alone, 287, 291–295. ownership of railways, 313–317, 328–332.

GOWAN, FRANKLIN B., on railway favoritism, 235.

GRAIN, price controlled by roads, 63.

GRANGER LAWS, 26.

GRANT CHEMICAL CO., free cartage, 142.

354GROSSCUP, JUDGE, on discrimination, 233.

GULF PORTS, 225.

H

HADLEY, A. T., 14, 219–315. on Hepburn Bill, Appendix B.

HARVESTER CASE, 135. terminal road, 169.

HAZEN’S SWITCH CASE, 141.

HEARST’S BILL, 260.

HEPBURN BILL, 262, Appendix B.

HEPBURN REPORT, 27.

HILL, JAMES J., discrimination, 115, 237. refrigerators, 175, 178.

HINTS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES, 313–330.

HOLLAND, 328.

HOPE COTTON OIL CASE, 162.

HORSES, CHAOS OF RATES, 156.

HUNGARY, 314.

HUTCHINSON SALT CASE, 167–169.

I

ICING CHARGES, 181–186, 194–196.

IMPORT RATE CASE, 85.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, 84.

INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION, on discrimination, 108. on exports, 221. on elevator rebates, 63. on passes, 228.

INGALLS, M. E., 104, 239.

INSPECTION, of Armour cars, lax, 188–189.

INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT, 41. effects of, 49. amendment of, 48, 89. does not cover express companies, etc., 277.

355INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION, created, 41. chapter on, 43. first report, 43–46. on long haul, 96, 102. overruled by Supreme Court, 96. orders disobeyed, 100, 153. rates condemned by, 102. ten years of regulation, 104–109. complaints received since Elkins Act, 117. on effect of Elkins Act, 118. on terminal roads, 170. railways public facility, 234. bill before Congress, 261. criticised, 276. alleged errors of, 279. work of, 280. appointments to, controlled by Senate, 289. on equalization of rates, 293.

INVESTIGATIONS, 24, 120. (See Interstate Commission.)

IOWA LONG AND SHORT HAUL CASES, 211.

J

JAPAN, 328.

JUDSON & HARMON REPORT ON SANTA FE, 133.

K

KANSAS, oil fight, 203, 283.

KAOLIN, 225.

KEARNEY, NEB., 90.

KELLOGG ELEVATOR CASE, 148.

KINDEL OF DENVER, 93, 297.

KNAPP, I. E., 204.

KNAPP, MARTIN A., government officials have passes, 13. on government rates, 287. on distance tariff, 295.

356%center%L

LA FOLLETTE, GOVERNOR, investigations, 120.

LAKE SHORE, cuts beef rates, 80.

LARRABEE, GOVERNOR, 27.

LAW, DEFIANCE OF, 238–240.

LAWSON, THOMAS W., 228.

LINCOLN (NEB.) PACKING CO., 82.

LOCALITY DISCRIMINATIONS, barbed wire, 88. Grinnell factory, 87. Norfolk, Neb., 88. ruining small towns, 89. promoting towns, 89, 90. Kearney & Omaha, 90. St. Cloud, 90. Emporia, 91. Spokane, 91. rails to Colorado, 92. against Denver, 93. (See Chapter on Long-Haul Decision, 95–103.)

LOMBARD, JOSIAH, testimony, 32.

LONG AND SHORT HAUL CASES, 25, 27, 29, 47, 76, 87, 91, 92, 95–103, 208–215.

LONG HAUL, decisions of Supreme Court, 95–103. prohibition of abuse, 270.

M

MAINE, legislators have passes, 8.

MASS. RAILWAY COMMISSION, report on Boston & Albany, 106.

MAXIMUM RATE CASE, 218.

McCABE, A. C., 56, 77.

MEAD, J. D., & CO., 184.

357“MEM. BILL” METHOD, 163.

MESSAGES, President Roosevelt’s, 256.

MIDGLEY, J. W., testimony, 188, 199.

MIDNIGHT TARIFFS, 76, 147.

MILEAGE PAYMENTS ON CARS, Pullman, etc., 58. oil, 73. Armour, 175, 178, 188.

MILK RATES, flat, 294.

MILLING-IN-TRANSIT, 145.

MINER, D. W., 163.

MINNESOTA, investigation, 122.

MISSOURI, eliminating pass evil, 7.

MOFFAT, E. O., elevator allowances, 149.

MONOPOLY ELEMENT IN RAILWAY BUSINESS, 233.

MORAWETZ, VICTOR, 115, 131, 247.

MORGAN, J. PIERPONT, 64.

MORRIS, NELSON, stock yards, 68.

MORTON, PAUL, testimony, 81, 84. reasons for passes, 13. fuel and iron case, 131. letter to Roosevelt, 132. Chicago Daily News, 136. letter from, 138.

N

NEWCOMB, H. T., 104, 282.

NEW ENGLAND, high rates, 217.

NEW YEAR’S RESOLUTIONS, 79.

NEW YORK CENTRAL, early cases, 28.

358NEW YORK, NEW HAVEN & HARTFORD RAILROAD, on peaches, 150. coal, 217.

NEW ZEALAND, 313, 329.

NORFOLK (NEB.) CASE, 88.

NORTHERN GRAIN COMPANY, rebates $30,000 a year, 18. fought La Follette, 122.

O

OIL. (See Standard Oil Company, Texas Oil, Kansas.)

ORANGE, rate, 153. routing case, 160, Appendix A.

OUTLOOK, THE, quoted, 238.

P

PASSENGER REBATES, 17.

PASSES, 2, 15. and politics, 3. Pennsylvania Railroad, 3. reasons for, 2, 9, 10, 13. legislators, congressmen, etc., 3, 5, 8, 10. refused, 5. Governor Folk on, 6. Governor Douglas, 11. jurors, 8. judges, 9. auditors, etc., 9. Missouri, 7. Maine, 8. Stickney’s sheriff story, 11; Washington address, 13. Martin A. Knapp, 13. Paul Morton on, 13. A. T. Hadley, 14. C. Wood Davis, 12. in foreign countries, 14, 15. held unlawful, 46. within a State, 49, 50. owners of private cars, 180.

359PATENT MEDICINE CLASSIFICATION, 71.

PEARLINE CLASSIFICATION, 71.

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, passes, 3. passes in 1906, 4. rebate war, 31. stand by any rate, 56. favors foreign trade, 84. cuts beef rate, 78. milling-in-transit discrimination, 146. sued for failure to accord car service, 160.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE CONSTITUTION, prohibits passes, 3.

PHILADELPHIA, passenger case, 217.

PHILADELPHIA NORTH AMERICAN, passes, 4. stop-overs, 217.

PLACE DISCRIMINATIONS, long hauls, 208–215. against St. Louis and other places, 216.

POOLING, advocated, 265. difficulties of, 266–270.

PRIVATE CARS, to favored individuals, 18. passenger, 58. freight, 118. abuses, 174. advantages, 174–175. increase of, 198.

PROCTOR & GAMBLE CASE, 155.

PROTECTIVE TARIFF, for England, 86. nullifying, 221.

PROUTY, COMMISSIONER, on the Elkins bill, 112. on Santa Fe case, 133. on the Colorado F. & I. case, 139. on free wheat, 145. on train loads, 234. railway officials would not tell truth, 243–247. commission rates, 284.

360PRUSSIAN CABINET STATEMENT, 316.

PUBLIC v. PRIVATE INTEREST, 308.

PULLMAN CARS, mileage rate, 58.

R

RAILWAY OFFICIALS, as law breakers, 238–240.

RATE REGULATION, pros and cons, 253. advocated by President Roosevelt, 256. by Interstate Commission, 261, 274. by 18 States, 275. opposed by railroad men, 276, 278, 285. merits of controversy, 299.

RATE SCHEDULES DECEPTIVE, 148.

RATES, fixed to suit the Standard, 75. condemned by I. C. C., 102. on packing-house products and fruit, 186. fixed by Government not strictly mileage, 287. complexity of, 288. making by “instinct,” 289. all the traffic will bear, 289. equalization of, 291–295.

REAGAN CASE, 285.

REBATES, on tickets, 19. substitutes for, 57. New York investigation of, 27. on beef, 76, 79. Wisconsin investigation, 120. to Armours from “C. & A.” and “U. P.,” 191. Santa Fe car-line, 193–194. cost to railways, 235–236.

RECORDS DESTROYED, 248–250.

REFRIGERATION CHARGES, 181 et seq.

REFRIGERATOR CARS, 174–207.

REFUSAL, to haul goods, 68, 162. to furnish cars, 66, 160.

361REGULATION OF RAILWAYS, work of I. C. C., 104. Texas Railway Commission, 105. efforts at, 254–255. difficulties of, 264–265, 272–273. by State commissions, 254–255. can it succeed? 306. in England, 319–327. in Canada, 327.

REMEDIES, 252, 300.

RICE, GEORGE, story of, 34–36. denied car-mileage, 74, 75.

RIPLEY, PRESIDENT E. P., 135. in Chicago Inter-Ocean, 137. letter from, 137. on packing-house business, 187. discriminations permanent, 237.

RIPLEY, PROFESSOR W. Z., 116, 208.

ROBBINS OF ARMOUR CAR-LINES, 192.

ROGERS COAL COMPANY, denied cars, 66.

ROOSEVELT, PRESIDENT, favors rate regulation, 115. messages, 256. ruling on Paul Morton, 135. letter to Paul Morton, 136.

ROUTING, fees for, 159. orange routing case, 160, Appendix A. by railroads unlawful, 160.

S

SALT LAKE CITY, 212.

SALT TRUST CASE, 167.

SANTA FE, early management, 54. Colorado Fuel Co. case, 124–141. Hutchinson Salt case, 167–169. car-line, 191–194.

SCALPING, 19–20.

SENATE COMMITTEE OF 1885, 37–41.

362SENATE COMMITTEE OF 1905, 111–117.

SIMMONS HARDWARE COMPANY, 142.

SOAP CLASSIFICATION, 71, 155.

SOCIAL CIRCLE CASE, 100.

SOUTH AFRICA, 329.

SPECULATION IN LAND AND TOWN SITES, 90.

SPOKANE, WASHINGTON, 91, 213–215.

SPRINGFIELD REPUBLICAN, Pennsylvania passes, 4.

STAMP MILL FROM CHICAGO TO SAN FRANCISCO VIA CHINA, 223.

STANDARD OIL COMPANY, car-mileage, 73. barrel discrimination, 73. underbilling cars at East Boston, 74. paint out old car-numbers, 75. control of New England, 75. shuts out Western oil, 75. rebate of 1872, 29. ten advantages, 30. secures terminals, 31. private cars, 176. favored by rates, 200–201.

STATE OWNED RAILROADS, comparisons, 308–311, 313–315.

STATE RAILWAY COMMISSIONS, 254–255.

STATE TRAFFIC, 142.

ST. CLOUD, MINNESOTA, 90.

STEEL RAILS, export rates on, 222.

STEEL TRUST TERMINAL RAILROAD, 171.

STEWART, A. T., rebates, 28.

STICKNEY, A. B., quoted, 87. story of passless sheriff, 11. on midnight tariffs, 116. on passes, 13. on rebating, 187.

ST. LOUIS, discriminated against, 216.

STOCK YARD GRAFT, 68.

363STOPPAGE-IN-TRANSIT, 60.

STRAWBERRY CASE, 174–175.

“STRAW MAN” SYSTEM, 142.

STREYCHMANS, H. J., testimony, 195–198.

SUBSTITUTES FOR REBATES, 57.

SUMMARY OF METHODS AND RESULTS, 228.

SUMMERVILLE CASE, 99.

SUWANEE CASE, 208.

SWIFT AND COMPANY, indicted, 76.

SWITCH DENIED, 163.

SWITCHING CHARGES, 140.

SWITZERLAND, 315.

T

TARIFFS, 1000 changes daily, 288.

TAX, Wisconsin roads, 120.

TERMINAL CHARGES, 59.

TERMINAL RAILWAYS, 118, 166. logging allowances, 146. Hutchinson salt case, 167. International Harvester Company, 170. Steel Trust, 171. division of rates, 171. Illinois Glass Company, 172.

TEXARKANA CASE, 162.

TEXAS AND PACIFIC CASE, 84.

TEXAS OIL DISCRIMINATION, 201.

TEXAS RAILWAY COMMISSION, 105.

TICKET SCALPING, 19–22. complaint of, by I. C. C., 50–51.

TIES, shipment prevented, 150. rebate on, 151.

TRAIN LOADS, 234.

TUTTLE, PRESIDENT, on division of rate, 171. 364cargo-of-flour story, 234. on pooling, 267. on the I. C. C., 276. Worcester Wise case, 292. on getting rebates, 303.

U

UNION PACIFIC, steel rail rate, 72.

UNION STOCK YARDS BEATS RIVALS, 68.

UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, Counselman case, 52. discriminations, 59. import rate decision, 85. ruled that I. C. C. cannot fix rates, 92. long-haul decisions, 95. Social Circle case, 100. maximum rates, 218. on pooling, 270. reversals of I. C. C., 283, Appendix A. coal-carrying case, Appendix A. orange routing case, Appendix A.

V

VANDERBILT, W. H., before Hepburn Committee, 28. stockholder in Standard, 31.

W

WATSON OF PORTER BROS., 191.

WILLCOX, DAVID, criticism of I. C. C., 279.

WISCONSIN, railroads give passenger rebates, 17. revelations, 120.

WORCESTER WIRE CASE, 292.

THE RAILWAYS, THE TRUSTS AND THE PEOPLE.

By Prof. FRANK PARSONS, Ph.D.

Edited and Published by C. F. TAYLOR, M.D., Editor and Publisher of Equity Series, 1520 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.

THE CONTENTS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

PART I.

The Relations of the Railroads to the Public, or Vital Facts from the Railway History of the United States.

Chapter

The Railway Empire I.

The Allied Interests II.

Railway Favoritism III.

Railways in Politics IV.

Fostering Monopoly V.

Watered Stock and Capital Frauds VI.

Gambling and Manipulation of Stock VII.

Railroad Graft and Official Abuse VIII.

Railways and the Postal Service IX.

The Express X.

The Chaos of Rates XI.

Taxation without Representation XII.

Railways and Panics XIII.

Railway Strikes XIV.

Railway Wars XV.

Defiance of Law XVI.

Nullification of the Protective Tariff XVII.

Railway Potentates XVIII.

The Failure of Control, How Far and Why XIX.

The Irrepressible Conflict XX.

PART II.

The Railroad Problem in the light of Comparative Railroad History covering the Leading Systems of Three Continents.

Chapter

The Problem XXI.

The Supreme Test XXII.

Lessons from Other Lands XXIII.

The Aim XXIV.

Contrasts in General Policy XXV.

Location.—Construction.—Capitalization, etc.

Management XXVI.

Safety.—Service.—Economy.—Progress.

The Rate Question XXVII.

General Policy.—Rate Level under Public and Private Management.—Zone System.

Employees XXVIII.

Political, Industrial, and Social Effects XIX.

Remedies Proposed XXX.

Pooling.—Consolidation.—Regulation.—Public Ownership.

AMERICAN RAILROAD RATES

By JUDGE WALTER C. NOYES

Author of “The Law of Intercorporate Relations,” etc.

A masterly work, reviewing the most highly controversial economic issue of the day in this country.—New York Commercial.

Judge Noyes is the possessor of a thorough knowledge of the complicated subject of rate-making.—Chicago Record-Herald.

The most intelligent discussion of the subject which has yet appeared.—New York Law Journal.

Judge Noyes’ handling of the question is clear, impressive, and indicative of a mastery of the legal or constitutional side of the subject.—Springfield Republican.

A careful reading will help toward a solution of the problem of federal regulation of railway rates.—Railway Age.

We know of no book which will give the lay reader so clear and so authoritative a statement of the fundamental legal principles which must govern in the determination of the pending question concerning government regulation of railway rates.—Outlook, New York.

It is truly refreshing to turn to the book. Every aspect, historical or actual, of the question is dealt with, including discrimination, pooling, competition.—Chicago Evening Post.

A book covering completely a field heretofore only touched in spots.—Indianapolis News.

A remarkable book, considered from every point of view—economic, practical, legal.—Edgar J. Rich, General Solicitor of the Boston & Maine R. R.

For readers desirous of reaching a clear understanding both of the legal and economic questions involved in the fixing of railroad rates there is probably no better handbook. His whole attitude is eminently judicial, open-minded, and impartial.—St. Paul Pioneer Press.

The author is an expert in railroad management and his opinions are judicial and wholly unbiased.—American Law Review.

PRICE, $1.50 net. Sent Postpaid on Receipt of $1.64 by

LITTLE, BROWN, & CO., Publishers, BOSTON

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling.

Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.

Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter.