Front matter (continued 3)

3 6 8 5

a m a sh a f a 1

e e j e v e

i i ch i i

o o g o o

u u u u

h h h h

w w w w

x x x x

y y y y

You can make out "image of law," "my shuffle," "matchville," etc., etc., as far as you like to work it out. Now, suppose you wished to memorize the fact that $1,000,000 in gold weighs 3,685 pounds, you go about it in this way, and here is the kernel and crux of Loisette's system: "How much does $1,000,000 in gold weigh?" "Weigh-scales." "Scales--statue of justice." "Statue of Justice--image of law." The process is simplicity itself. The thing you wish to recall, and that you fear to forget, is the weight; consequently you cement your chain of suggestion to the idea which is most prominent in your mental question. What do you weigh with? Scales. What does the mental picture of scales suggest? The statue of Justice, blindfolded and weighing out award and punishment to man. Finally, what is this statue of Justice but the image of law? And the words "image of law," translated back from the significant letters m, g soft, f and 1, give you 3--6--8--5, the number of pounds in $1,000,000 in gold. You bind together in your mind each separate step in the journey, the one suggests the other, and you will find a year from now that the fact will be as fresh in your memory as it is today. You cannot lose it. It is chained to you by an unbreakable mnemonic tie. Mark that it is not claimed that "weight" will of itself suggest "scales," and "scales" "statue of Justice," etc., but that, having once passed your attention up and down that ladder of ideas, your mental tendency will be to take the same route, and get to the same goal again and again. Indeed, beginning with the weight of $1,000,000, "image of law" will turn up in your mind without your consciousness of any intermediate station on the way, after some iteration and reiteration of the original chain. Again, so as to fasten the process in the reader's mind even more firmly, suppose that it were desired to fix the date of the battle of Hastings (A. D. 1066) in the memory; 1066 may be represented by the words "the wise judge" (th--1, s--0, j--6, dg--6; the others are non-significants); a chain might be made thus: Battle of Hastings--arbitrament of war. Arbitrament of war--arbitration. Arbitration--judgment. Judgment--the wise judge. Make mental pictures, connect ideas, repeat words and sounds, go about it any way you please, so that you will form a mental habit of connecting the "battle of Hastings" with the idea of "arbitrament of war," and so on for the other links in the chain, and the work is done. Loisette makes the beginning of his system unnecessarily difficult, to say nothing of his illogical arrangement in the grammar of the art of memory, which he makes the first of his lessons. He analyzes suggestion into-- 1. Inclusion. 2. Exclusion. 3. Concurrence. All of which looks very scientific and orderly, but is really misleading and badly named. The truth is that one idea will suggest another: 1. By likeness or opposition of meaning, as "house" suggests "room" or "door," etc.; or, "white" suggests "black"; "cruel," "kind," etc. 2. By likeness of sound, as "harrow" and "barrow"; "Henry" and "Hennepin." 3. By mental juxtaposition, a peculiarity different in each person, and depending upon each one's own experiences. Thus, "St. Charles" suggests "railway bridge" to me, because I was vividly impressed by the breaking of the Wabash bridge at that point. "Stable" and "broken leg" come near each other in my experience, as do "cow" and "shot-gun" and "licking." Out of these three sorts of suggestion it is possible to get from anyone fact to another in a chain certain and safe, along which the mind may be depended upon afterwards always to follow. The chain is, of course, by no means all. Its making and its binding must be accompanied by a vivid, methodically directed attention, which turns all the mental light gettable in a focus upon the subject passing across the mind's screen. Before Loisette was thought of this was known. In the old times in England, in order to impress upon the mind of the rising generation the parish boundaries in the rural districts, the boys were taken to each of the landmarks in succession, the position and bearing of each pointed out carefully, and, in order to deepen the impression, the young people were then and there vigorously thrashed--a mechanical method of attracting the attention which was said never to have failed. This system has had its supporters in many of the old-fashioned schools, and there are men who will read these lines who can recall, with an itching sense of vivid impression, the 144 lickings which were said to go with the multiplication table. In default of a thrashing, however, the student must cultivate as best he can an intense fixity of perception upon every fact or word or date that he wishes to make permanently his own. It is easy. It is a matter of habit. If you will, you can photograph an idea upon your cerebral gelatine so that neither years nor events will blot it out or overlay it. You must be clearly and distinctly aware of the thing you are putting into your mental treasure-house, and drastically certain of the cord by which you have tied it to some other thing of which you are sure. Unless it is worth your while to do this, you might as well abandon any hope of mnemonic improvement, which will not come without the hardest kind of hard work, although it is work that will grow constantly easier with practice and reiteration. You need, then: 1. Methodic suggestion. 2. Methodic attention. 3. Methodic reiteration. And this is all there is to Loisette, and a great deal it is. Two of them will not do without the third. You do not know how many steps there are from your hall door to your bedroom, though you have attended to and often reiterated the journey. But if there are twenty of them, and you have once bound the word "nice," or "nose," or "news" or "hyenas," to the fact of the stairway, you can never forget it. The Professor makes a point, and very wisely, of the importance of working through some established chain, so that the whole may be carried away in the mind--not alone for the value of the facts so bound together, but for the mental discipline so afforded. Here, then, is the "President Series," which contains the name and date of inauguration of each President from Washington to Cleveland. The manner in which it is to be mastered is this: Beginning at the top, try to find in your mind some connection between each word and the one following it. See how you can at some future time make one suggest the next, either by suggestion of sound or sense, or by mental juxtaposition. When you have found this dwell on it attentively for a moment or two. Pass it backward and forward before you, and then go on to the next step. The chain runs thus, the names of the President being in capitals, the date words or date phrases being inclosed in parentheses: President Chosen for the first word as the one most apt to occur to the mind of anyone wishing to repeat the names of the Presidents. Dentist President and dentist. Draw What does a dentist do? (To give up) When something is drawn from one it is given up. This is a date phrase meaning 1789. WASHINGTON. Associate the quality of self-sacrifice with Washington's character. Morning wash Washington and wash. Dew Early wetness and dew. Flower beds Dew and flowers. (Took a bouquet) Flowers and bouquet. Date phrase (1797), Garden Bouquet and garden. Eden The first garden. Adam Juxtaposition of thought. ADAMS Suggestion by sound. Fall Juxtaposition of thought. Failure Fall and failure. (Deficit) Upon failure there is usually a deficit Date word (1801). Debt The consequence of a deficit. Confederate bonds Suggestion by meaning. Jefferson Davis Juxtaposition of thought. JEFFERSON. Now follow out the rest for yourself, taking about ten at a time, and binding those you do last to those you have done before, each time, before attacking the next bunch. JEFFERSON Judge Jeffreys (bloody assize) bereavement (too heavy a sob) parental grief mad son MADISON Maderia frustrating first-rate wine (defeating) feet toe the line row MONROE row boat steamer side-splitting (divert) annoy harassing HARRISON Old Harry the tempter (the fraud) painted clay baked clay tiles TYLER Wat Tyler poll tax compulsory (free will) free offering burnt offering poker POLK end of dance termination "ly" (adverb) part of speech part of a man TAYLOR measurer theodoilte (Theophilus) fill us FILLMORE more fuel the flame flambeau bow arrow PIERCE hurt (feeling) wound soldier cannon BUCHANAN rebuke official censure (to officiate) wedding linked LINCOLN civil service ward politician (stop 'em) stop procession (tough boy) Little Ben Harry HARRISON Tippecanoe tariff too knapsack war-field (the funnel) windpipe throat quinzy QUINCY ADAMS quince fine fruit (the fine boy) sailor boy sailor jack tar JACKSON stone wall indomitable (tough make) oaken furniture bureau VAN BUREN rent link stroll seashore take give GRANT award school premium examination cramming (fagging) laborer hay field HAYES hazy clear (vivid) brightly lighted camp-fire war-field GARFIELD Guiteau murderer prisoner prison fare (half fed) well fed well read author ARTHUR round table tea cup (half full) divide cleave CLEVELAND City of Cleveland two twice (the heavy shell) mollusk unfamiliar word dictionary Johnson's JOHNSON son bad son (thievish bay) dishonest boy (back) Mac McKINLEY kill Czolgosz (zees) seize ruffian rough rider rouse ROOSEVELT size heavy fat TAFT It will be noted that some of the date words, as "free will," only give three figures of the date, 845; but it is to be supposed that if the student knows that many figures in the date of Polk's inauguration he can guess the other one. The curious thing about this system will now become apparent. If the reader has learned the series so that he can say it down from President to Taft, he can with no effort, and without any further preparation, say it backwards from Taft up to the commencement! There could be no better proof that this is the natural mnemonic system. It proves itself by its works. The series should be repeated backward and forward every day for a month, and should be supplemented by a series of the reader's own making, and by this one, which gives the numbers from 0 to 100, and which must be chained together before they can be learned: 0--hoes 1--wheat 2--hen 3--home 4--hair 5--oil 6--shoe 7--hook 8--off 9--bee 10--daisy 11--tooth 12--dine 13--time 14--tower 15--dell 16--ditch 17--duck 18--dove 21--hand 19--tabby 20--hyenas 22--nun 23--name 24--owner 25--nail 26--hinge 27--ink 28--knife 29--knob 30--muse 31--Mayday 32--hymen 33--mama 34--mare 35--mill 36--image 37--mug 38--muff 39--mob 40--race 41--hart 42--horn 43--army 44--warrior 45--royal 46--arch 47--rock 48--wharf 49--rope 50--wheels 51--lad 52--lion 53--lamb 54--lair 55--lily 56--lodge 57--lake 58--leaf 59--elbow 60--chess 61--cheat 62--chain 63--sham 64--chair 65--jail 66--judge 67--jockey 68--shave 69--ship 70--eggs 71--gate 72--gun 73--comb 74--hawker 75--coal 76--cage 77--cake 78--coffee 79--cube 80--vase 81--feet 82--vein 83--fame 84--fire 85--vial 86--fish 87--fig 88--fife 89--fib 90--piles 91--putty 92--pane 93--bomb 94--bier 95--bell 96--peach 98--beef 97--book 99--pope 100--diocese [Transcriber's note: Items 21, 19, 20, 22 are shown as printed.] By the use of this table, which should be committed as thoroughly as the President series, so that it can be repeated backward and forward, any date, figure or number can be at once constructed, and bound by the usual chain to the fact which you wish it to accompany. When the student wishes to go farther and attack larger problems than the simple binding of two facts together, there is little in Loisette's system that is new, although there is much that is good. If it is a book that is to be learned as one would prepare for an examination, each chapter is to be considered separately. Of each an epitome is to be written in which the writer must exercise all of his ingenuity to reduce the matter in hand to its final skeleton of fact. This he is to commit to memory both by the use of the chain and the old system of interrogation. Suppose after much labor through a wide space of language one boils a chapter or an event down to the final irreducible sediment: "Magna Charta was exacted by the barons from King John at Runnymede." You must now turn this statement this way and that way; asking yourself about it every possible and impossible question, gravely considering the answers, and, if you find any part of it especially difficult to remember, chaining it to the question which will bring it out. Thus, "What was exacted by the barons from King John at Runnymede?" "Magna Charta." "By whom was Magna Charta exacted from King John at Runnymede?" "By the barons." "From whom was," etc., etc.? "King John." "From what king," etc., etc.? "King John." "Where was Magna Charta," etc., etc.? "At Runnymede." And so on and so on, as long as your ingenuity can suggest questions to ask, or points of view from which to consider the statement. Your mind will be finally saturated with the information, and prepared to spill it out at the first squeeze of the examiner. This, however, is not new. It was taught in the schools hundreds of years before Loisette was born. Old newspaper men will recall in connection with it Horace Greeley's statement that the test of a news item was the clear and satisfactory manner in which a report answered the interrogatories, "What?" "When?" "Where?" "Who?" "Why?" In the same way Loisette advises the learning of poetry, e. g.: "The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold." "Who came down?" "How did the Assyian come down?" "Like what animal did?" etc. And so on and so on, until the verses are exhausted of every scrap of information to be had out of them by the most assiduous cross-examination. Whatever the reader may think of the availability or value of this part of the system, there are so many easily applicable tests of the worth of much that Loisette has done, that it may be taken with the rest. Few people, to give an easy example, can remember the value of the ratio between the circumference and the diameter of the circle beyond four places of decimals, or at most six--3.141592. Here is the value to 108 decimal places: 3.14159265.3589793238.4626433832.7950288419.7169399375.1058209749.- 4459230781.6406286208.9986280348.2534211706.7982148086 plus. By a very simple application of the numerical letter values these 108 decimal places can be carried in the mind and recalled about as fast as you can write them down. All that is to be done is to memorize these nonsense lines: Mother Day will buy any shawl. My love pick up my new muff. A Russian jeer may move a woman. Cables enough for Utopia. Get a cheap ham pie by my cooley. The slave knows a bigger ape. I rarely hop on my sick foot. Cheer a sage in a fashion safe. A baby fish now views my wharf. Annually Mary Ann did kiss a jay, A cabby found a rough savage. Now translate each significant into its proper value and you have the task accomplished. "Mother Day," m--3, th--l, r--4, d--l, and so on. Learn the lines one at a time by the method of interrogatories. "Who will buy any shawl?" "Which Mrs. Day will buy a shawl?" "Is Mother Day particular about the sort of shawl she will buy?" "Has she bought a shawl?" etc., etc. Then cement the end of each line to the beginning of the next one, thus, "Shawl"--"warm garment"--"warmth"--"love"--"my love," and go on as before. Stupid as the work may seem to you, you can memorize the figures in fifteen minutes this way so that you will not forget them in fifteen years. Similarly you can take Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and turn fact after fact into nonsense lines like these which you cannot lose. And this ought to be enough to show anybody the whole art. If you look back across the sands of time and find out that it is that ridiculous old "Thirty days hath September" which comes to you when you are trying to think of the length of October--if you can quote your old prosody, "O datur ambiguis," etc., with much more certainty than you can serve up your Horace; if, in fine, jingles and alliterations, wise and otherwise, have stayed with you, while solid and serviceable information has faded away, you may be certain that here is the key to the enigma of memory. You can apply it yourself in a hundred ways. If you wish to clinch in your mind the fact that Mr. Love lives at 485 Dearborn Street, what is more easy than to turn 485 into the word "rifle" and chain the ideas together, say thus: "Love--happiness--good time-- picnic--forest--wood--rangers--range--rifle range--rifle fine weapon--costly weapon--dearly bought--Dearborn." Or if you wish to remember Mr. Bowman's name and you notice he has a mole on his face which is apt to attract your attention when you next see him, cement the ideas thus: "Mole, mark, target, archer, Bowman." MEMORY RHYMES. The Months. Thirty days hath September, April, June and November; All the rest have thirty-one, But February, which has twenty-eight alone. Except in leap-year; then's the time When February's days are twenty-nine. Birthdays. Monday for health, Tuesday for wealth, Wednesday best of all, Thursday for crosses, Friday for losses, Saturday no luck at all. The lines refer to the days of the week as birthdays. They are, in idea, the same as the more familiar lines: Monday's child is fair of face, Tuesday's child is full of grace; Wednesday's child is merry and glad, Thursday's child is sorry and sad; Friday's child is loving and giving; Saturday's child must work for its living; While the child that is born on the Sabbath day Is blithe and bonny and good and gay. Short Grammar. Three little words you often see Are Articles, a, an, and the. A Noun's the name of any thing, As school, or garden, hoop, or swing. Adjectives tell the kind of noun, As great, small, pretty, white, or brown. Instead of Nouns the Pronouns stand-- His head, her face, your arm, my hand. Verbs tell something to be done-- To read, count, laugh, sing, jump or run. How things are done the Adverbs tell-- As slowly, quickly, ill or well. Conjunctions join the words together-- As men and women, wind or weather. The Preposition stands before The noun, as in or through the door. The Interjection shows surprise-- As Oh! how pretty, Ah! how wise. The whole are called nine parts of speech, Which reading, writing, speaking teach. To Tell the Age of Horses. To tell the age of any horse, Inspect the lower jaw, of course; The six front teeth the tale will tell, And every doubt and fear dispel. Two middle "nippers" you behold Before the colt is two weeks old, Before eight weeks will two more come; Eight months the "corners" cut the gum. The outside grooves will disappear From middle two in just one year. In two years, from the second pair; In three, the corners, too, are bare. At two the middle "nippers" drop; At three, the second pair can't stop. When four years old the third pair goes; At five a full new set he shows. The deep black spots will pass from view At six years from the middle two. The second pair at seven years; At eight the spot each "corner" clears. From middle "nippers" upper jaw, At nine the black spots will withdraw. The second pair at ten are white; Eleven finds the "corners" light. As time goes on, the horsemen know, The oval teeth three-sided grow; They longer get, project before, Till twenty, when we know no more. Bees. A swarm of bees in May Is worth a load of hay; A swarm of bees in June Is worth a silver spoon; A swarm of bees in July Is not worth a fly. The Cuckoo. May--sings all the day; June--changes his tune; July--prepares to fly; August--go he must. Rules for Riding. Keep up your head and your heart, Your hands and your heels keep down, Press your knees close to your horse's side, And your elbows close to your own. HAPPINESS DEFINED. Wanting nothing and knowing it. The mental sunshine of content. A "will-o'-the-wisp" which eludes us even when we grasp it. Excelsior! The ever-retreating summit on the hill of our ambition. The prize at the top of a greasy pole which is continually slipping from one's grasp. The only thing a man continues to search for after he has found it. The bull's-eye on the target at which all the human race are shooting. The goal erected for the human race, which few reach, being too heavily handicapped. A wayside flower growing only by the path of duty. A bright and beautiful butterfly, which many chase but few can take. The interest we receive from capital invested in good works. The birthright of contentment. A treasure which we search for far and wide, though oft-times it is lying at our feet. The summer weather of the mind. APPALLING DEPTHS OF SPACE. Distances that Stun the Mind and Baffle Comprehension. "The stars," though appearing small to us because of their immense distance, are in reality great and shining suns. If we were to escape from the earth into space, the moon, Jupiter, Saturn, and eventually the sun would become invisible. Mizar, the middle star in the tail of the Great Bear, is forty times as heavy as the sun. To the naked eye there are five or six thousand of these heavenly bodies visible. Cygni is the nearest star to us in this part of the sky. Alpha Centauri, in the constellation of Centaur, in the Southern Hemisphere, is the nearest of all the stars. The sun is off 93,000,000 miles; multiply this by 200,000, and the result is, roughly speaking, 20,000,000,000,000; and this is the distance we are from Alpha Centauri. At the speed of an electric current, 180,000 miles per second, a message to be sent from a point on the earth's surface would go seven times around the earth in one second. Let it be supposed that messages were sent off to the different heavenly bodies. To reach the moon at this rate it would take about one second. In eight minutes a message would get to the sun, and allowing for a couple of minutes' delay, one could send a message to the sun and get an answer all within twenty minutes. But to reach Alpha Centauri it would take three years; and as this is the nearest of the stars, what time must it take to get to the others? If, when Wellington won the battle of Waterloo, in 1815, the news had been telegraphed off immediately, there are some stars so remote that it would not yet have reached them. To go a step further, if in 1066 the result of the Norman Conquest had been wired to some of these stars, the message would still be on its way. SENATOR VEST'S EULOGY ON THE DOG. "Gentlemen of the Jury: The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son and daughter that he has reared with loving care may become ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has he may lose. It flies away from him when he may need it most. Man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees and do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our head. The one absolutely unselfish friend a man may have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is the dog. "Gentlemen of the jury, A man's dog stands by him in prosperity and poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground, when the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he may be near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer, he will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounter with the roughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as if he were a prince. "When all other friends desert, he remains, when riches take wings and reputation falls to pieces he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journey through the heavens. If fortune drives the master forth an outcast into the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him, to guard him against danger, to fight against his enemies, and when the last scene of all comes and death takes his master in its embrace and his body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there by his graveside will the noble dog be found, his head between his paws and his eyes sad, but open in alert watchfulness, faithful and true even to death." HEALTH AND BEAUTY WOULD YOU BE BEAUTIFUL? In womanly beauty the excellences expected and looked for are faultless symmetry of form and feature and a complexion varying in hue as the mind is affected by internal emotion, but with an expression of purity, gentleness, sensibility, refinement and intelligence. Moore, the poet, has given expression to his ideal of beauty in the following lines: "This was not the beauty--Oh, nothing like this, That to young Nourmahal gave such magic bliss; But that loveliness, ever in motion, which plays Like the light upon autumn's shadowy days. "Now here and now there, giving warmth as it flies From the lips to the cheek, from the cheek to the eyes; Now melting in mist, and now breaking in gleams Like the glimpses a saint has of heavenly dreams." Wordsworth expressed himself in the following lines: "He was among the prime in worth, An object beauteous to behold; Well born, well bred; I sent him forth Ingenuous, innocent, and bold." Perhaps you ask how you can attain beauty if you do not possess it; or, if you have some of its qualities, how you may get those you are lacking. If you will practice the following rules you will grow more and more beautiful in the eyes of others, even if age does bring gray hair and a wrinkled skin: First.--Cleanliness is next to godliness. Practice it in every feature of your daily life. Second.--Have some purpose to achieve and steadfastly work to attain it. Third--Cultivate self-discipline; be master of your passions, under all circumstances. Fourth.--Study to know the laws of life that yield harmony and good health and obey them. Look on the bright side of life always. Fifth.--Avoid intemperance in all things. Sixth.--Cultivate every mental and bodily quality that will make you firm in goodness, strong and physically able to be useful to your kind, generous and broad-minded, self-sacrificing, and you will daily and hourly be lovely and grow into the beautiful. CARE OF THE SCALP AND HAIR. Beautiful hair, beautiful skin and a beautiful form are the three graces which are the birthright of every woman, but which, through lack of good judgment and common sense, or through thoughtlessness on the part of mothers of growing children, comparatively few possess. Beautiful hair is one of nature's greatest gifts, and yet we never seem to appreciate it until there is danger of losing it, or until it becomes faded and lusterless because we have not used the right means for preserving it. The beauty and continuance of the hair depend upon its proper nourishment, gained by the circulation of blood through the scalp, and this must be maintained to keep the hair in good condition. The structure of the hair is very beautiful, and each hair is contained in a delicate sheath which fits into a slight depression in the skin called the follicle, and around the base of the hair nature has provided glands to secrete oily matter, the purpose of which is to keep the hair glossy. In early maturity the hair reaches the state of greatest beauty, and at this time the greatest care should be given it, feeding and nourishing it as we would a plant--giving it plenty of air and sunlight, carefully shampooing at least once in ten days. Massage the scalp to keep it loose and flexible. Use electricity, a good tonic, and occasionally singe the split ends. If this process is commenced at the right time, the result will be fewer cases of baldness in men and thin, poor hair in women. The hair should also be worn loosely, forming a soft frame for the face, which is always more becoming than tightly drawn hair. Many women drag their hair out by the roots by tying back too firmly. CARE OF THE SKIN. A beautiful skin is smooth, soft and clear; the color varies in different individuals. In perfect health it is moist and with the delicate shading of a flower--climate, hair and eyes, of course, determining the color, and the continued beauty of it depending upon pure blood, fresh air and sunlight, also perfect cleanliness and care. The pores should always be kept free from obstruction and extremes of heat and cold avoided as much as possible. In health, the care of the skin is a simple matter, massage being a great factor, assisted always by the use of pure creams. A good cleansing cream is a great necessity, as it enters the pores and frees them from dirt, leaving the skin soft and pliable, in which condition it is ready to absorb the skin food when the finger massage is given, making it possible for the gentle electric current to force the ointment into the deeper layers of the skin, thus effecting the removal of moth patches, tan, freckles and other discolorations and imperfections. The vibratory massage should follow, the purpose of which is to stimulate the tissues, throwing off worn-out particles and increasing the circulation of the blood by giving proper exercise to the facial muscles, thereby restoring and preserving the color and contour, making the skin beautiful, clear, eradicating and preventing wrinkles. The use of a pure face powder is absolutely necessary. Best results are obtained by using a blended powder, as the skin tint is thus assured. TO DEVELOP THE BUST. A beautiful bust is the desire and admiration of every woman. If nature has not been kind in this respect, any woman can develop a beautiful bust by exercise, bathing and gentle massage with a good bust ointment or skin food. Electric massage is very beneficial, and if properly given, brings quick and sure results. Swimming and deep breathing are great aids. CARE OF THE HANDS. A study of the hand is very interesting, and if mothers understood more of its beautiful construction many of the little accidents which result in deformed finger nails could be avoided. Mothers should attend most carefully to the early cultivation of their children's finger nails, as the habit of biting them is so easily formed and is sure to permanently destroy their beauty. A perfect hand is rounded and plump, soft, white and dimpled, with tapering finger tips and filbert-shaped nails, snowing the little half-moon. It is possible for any woman to have such a hand if she is willing to take time once a week to have the nails treated and to give them a little personal attention each day. Great care should be taken in washing the hands. A mild soap should be used, and particular attention paid to the thorough drying of them, after which a good cuticle cream should be applied and well rubbed in. The same cream may be used to loosen the cuticle at the base of the nail, when it can be gently pushed back, thus keeping the half-moon exposed. An orange-wood stick should always be used to clean the nails. Massaging the hands at least once a month aids wonderfully in making them symmetrical and keeping the joints flexible and the skin free from dark spots and wrinkles. INFANT FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT. It is of prime importance in feeding an infant to do this at regular intervals, since during the first three months of its life the feeding habits of the child should be established, and if care be used in this regard the child will wake of its own accord at the proper time. The last meal at night should be at 11 p. m., and if the child is healthy and will sleep it need not be fed until 3 to 5 a. m. the following morning. In both breast and artificial feeding the above applies, and the same method should be employed; namely, the child should be held in the arms during the meal, which should last from ten to fifteen minutes. Both in breast and artificial feeding it is possible to overfeed the child. Many infants are systematically overfed. The young mother should understand how small an infant's stomach is. At birth it will hold a little more than an ounce of fluid, or two tablespoonfuls, and at the end of two months only three ounces. If, therefore, the mother persists in trying to give the child four ounces of food, the child will suffer from an excess. Many children during the first few mouths of life bring up their food, and the mother fears that there is some inherited tendency to weak digestion. It is wrong to feed a child simply because it cries, as very frequently it is not a cry of hunger, but one caused by indigestion from overfeeding. If the child is being fed with the bottle it is important that the food be given at a temperature of 100 deg. F., or as nearly that as possible; never over; and if the child be fed out of doors in its carriage it is well to have a flannel bag of some kind to slip over the bottle to keep it at the same temperature until the meal is finished. Many cases of colic are caused by inattention to this point. It is a common mistake that when a child cries it needs additional food. There are many cases where a little drink of water is the prime need of the child, and great care should be taken that this is heated to the proper temperature, and especially that no water be given to the child except that which has been boiled. A few teaspoonfuls should be given to the child, therefore, several times a day, but aside from that he should have nothing but his regular food until he is at least a year old. For the same reason, therefore, if a child be fed by the bottle, the water used in preparing the food should have been previously boiled, and care should be exercised not to expose the food to the air during or after its preparation. It should be remembered that the food of a child must be nutritious, and that in this food, especially when at the proper temperature for the infant, bacteria from the air will flourish wonderfully fast, and therefore the food should not be exposed to possible contamination. It is of very great importance that the feeding-bottles be always clean and sweet. It is an advantage to have several bottles on hand, and also two or three brushes for cleaning. Keep a special vessel, with water in which there is a little bicarbonate of soda, so that the moment the bottle is used it may be thoroughly washed and kept in the water. Do not use a nipple with a rubber tube, but the short, black rubber nipples, which fit over the mouth of the bottle. Do not enlarge the hole in the nipple, so as to make it too easy for the baby to draw its food, otherwise the food being taken so rapidly into the stomach will often cause pain or vomiting. In washing the nipples turn them inside out and see that they are as thoroughly cleaned as possible, and keep them for use in a bottle filled with boiled water with a pinch of boric acid added. The First Nursing. It is very important that the child should be put to the breast immediately after it is washed. This is very necessary, both for the mother and the child, and prevents subsequent troubles. The fluid contained in the breast is at this stage called colostrum, and is intended by Nature to act upon the child as a laxative. This first nursing stimulates the secretion of the milk and causes uterine contraction, which is very much needed at this time. It is well to wash the infant's mouth out with sterilized water every time it feeds. For this purpose use clean water which has been boiled and allowed to cool, or a solution of boric acid in boiled water--5 grains to the ounce of water. Infants, as a rule, should be bathed once a day, but never immediately after being nursed or fed. In very warm weather a child may be sponged in the evening as well as in the morning. The water for the bath of a young baby should be warm, and the temperature can be judged by testing it with the elbow, which is more sensitive than the hand. Lay a small blanket on the lap, cover the child with a flannel and sponge it under the clothes. This prevents it from taking cold from exposure, The room should not be cooler than 68 deg. F., and the door must be kept closed to avoid drafts. Use only pure white soap, and a soft cloth is better than a sponge. The body should be carefully dried and lightly powdered to absorb any moisture that may remain. THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. THE DERIVATIONS OF THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. January.--The Roman god Janus presided over the beginning of everything; hence the first month of the year was called after him. February.--The Roman festival Februs was held on the 15th day of this month, in honor of Lupercus, the god of fertility. March--Named from the Roman god of war, Mars. April.--Latin, Aprilis, probably derived from aperire, to open; because spring generally begins, and the buds open in this month. May.--Lat. Maius, probably derived from Maia, a feminine divinity worshiped at Rome on the first day of this month. June.--Juno, a Roman divinity worshiped as the Queen of Heaven. July (Julius)--Julius Caesar was born in this month. August.--Named by the Emperor Augustus Caesar, B. C. 30, after himself, as he regarded it as a fortunate month, being that in which he had gained several victories. September (septem, or 7).--September was the seventh month in the old Roman calendar. October (octo, or 8).--Eighth month of the old Roman year. November (novem, or 9).-November was the ninth month in the old Roman year. December (decem, or 10).--December was the tenth month of the early Roman year. About the 21st of this month the sun enters the Tropic of Capricorn, and forms the winter solstice. DAYS OF THE WEEK. Sunday, (Saxon) Sunnandaed, day of the sun, Monday, (German) Montag, day or the moon. Tuesday, (Anglo-Saxon) Tiwesdaeg, from Tiw, the god of war. Wednesday, (Anglo-Saxon) Wodnesdaeg, from Odin, the god of storms. Thursday, (Danish) Thor, the god of thunder. Friday, (Saxon) Frigedaeg, day of Freya, goddess of marriage. Saturday, the day of Saturn, the god of time. The names of the seven days of the week originated with the Egyptian astronomers. They gave them the names of the sun, moon, and five planets, viz.: Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. WHAT HOUSEKEEPERS SHOULD REMEMBER. That cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease from washable fabrics. That fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them into boiling water for a minute. That fresh meat beginning to sour will sweeten if placed outdoors in the cool air over night. That milk which has changed may be sweetened or rendered fit for use again by stirring in a little soda. That a tablespoonful of turpentine boiled with your white clothes will greatly aid the whitening process. That kerosene will soften boots and shoes that have been hardened by water and will render them as pliable as new. That thoroughly wetting the hair once or twice with a solution of salt and water will keep it from falling out. That salt fish are quickest and best freshened by soaking in sour milk. That salt will curdle new milk; hence, in preparing porridge, gravies, etc., salt should not be added until the dish is prepared. That one teaspoonful of ammonia to a teacup of water, applied with a rag, will clean silver or gold jewelry perfectly. That paint stains that are dry and old may be removed from cotton and woolen goods with chloroform. It is a good plan to first cover the spot with olive oil or butter. That clear boiling water will remove tea stains. Pour the water through the stain and thus prevent it spreading over the fabric. That charcoal is recommended as an absorbent of gases in the milk-room where foul gases are present. It should be freshly powdered and kept there continually, especially in hot weather, when unwholesome odors are most liable to infect the milk. That applying kerosene with a rag, when you are about to put your stoves away for the summer, will prevent them from rusting. Treat your farming implements in the same way before you lay them aside for the fall. That a teaspoonful of borax, put in the last water in which clothes are rinsed, will whiten them surprisingly. Pound the borax so it will dissolve easily. This is especially good to remove the yellow that time gives to white garments that have been laid aside for two or three years. That a good agency for keeping the air of the cellar sweet and wholesome is whitewash made of good white lime and water only. The addition of glue or size, or anything of that kind, only furnishes organic matter to speedily putrefy. The use of lime in whitewash is not only to give a white color, but it greatly promotes the complete oxidation of effluvia in the cellar air. Any vapors that contain combined nitrogen in the unoxidized form contribute powerfully to the development of disease germs. CHARACTER AS SEEN IN FACES. Thick lips indicate genius and conservatism. Large dilating nostrils are a sign of poetic temperament and a sensitive nature. A long forehead denotes liberality. Arched eyebrows, good ancestry and amiability. A bold, projecting Roman nose indicates enterprise. Delicate nose, good nature. A large nose, strength of will and character. An eye that looks one cheerfully and frankly in the face shows honesty and faithfulness. Lips slightly curved upward at the ends indicate a fine sense of humor. Soft round cheeks denote gentleness and affection; dimples in the cheeks, roguery; in the chin, one who falls easily in love. A broad chin denotes firmness. Straight lips, firmly closed, resolution. Large ears denote generosity. BELL TIME ON SHIPBOARD. Time on shipboard is divided into periods of four hours--from midnight to midnight--and the lapse of every half hour is marked by one or more strokes of the bell--from one stroke for the end of the first half hour to eight strokes or, in nautical language, eight bells, for the end of the fourth hour. Thus 12:30 a. m. is 1 bell; 1:00 a. m., 2 bells; 1:30 a. m., 3 bells; 2:00 a. m., 4 bells; 2:30 a. m., 5 bells; 3:00 a. m., 6 bells; 3:30 a. m., 7 bells; 4:00 a. m., 8 bells. Then 4:30 a. m. is indicated by 1 bell; 5:00 a. m., 2 bells, etc.; 8 bells being sounded at 8:00 a. m., 12:00 m., 4:00 p. m., 8:00 p. m. and 12:00 p. m. Four to 8:00 p. m. is divided into two "dog watches" called "first dog watch" and "last dog watch," so as to change the watches daily; otherwise starboard or port watch would be on deck the same hours day after day. QUEER ANALOGIES IN NATURE. The cocoanut is, in many respects, like the human skull, although it closely resembles the skull of the monkey. A sponge may be so held as to remind one of the unfleshed face of the skeleton, and the meat of an English walnut is almost the exact representation of the brain. Plums and black cherries resemble the human eyes; almonds, and some other nuts, resemble the different varieties of the human nose, and an opened oyster and its shell are a perfect image of the human ear. The shape of almost any man's body may be found in the various kinds of mammoth pumpkins. The open hand may be discerned in the form assumed by scrub-willows and growing celery. The German turnip and the eggplant resemble the human heart. There are other striking resemblances between human organs and certain vegetable forms, The forms of many mechanical contrivances in common use may be traced back to the patterns furnished by nature. Thus, the hog suggested the plow; the butterfly, the ordinary hinge; the toadstool, the umbrella; the duck, the ship; the fungous growth on trees, the bracket. Anyone desirous of proving the oneness of the earthly system will find the resemblances in nature a most amusing study.--Scientific American. MODERN FABLES. Luxury. Of two cats, one, thinking to be very fine, hunted only humming birds, and the other hunted only mice. The first had to hunt much longer than the other, because humming birds were scarce, so that it spent nearly all its life in getting food, while the other had little trouble to get all it wanted. "How unfortunate it is," said the first cat, "that I have formed my liking for what is so hard to get and is so little when I have it." Fastidiousness. A fastidious ox would not drink while standing in the water with his head turned down stream lest he should soil the water with his feet. But once when drinking with his head turned up stream he saw a whole drove of hogs washing in the water above him. Attracting Attention. A flea, which saw many people trying to get the attention of a king and waiting long for that purpose, said: "Though I am but a little thing, I will get his attention." So he jumped up the throne until he got on the king's head. Here he received recognition from the king by a slap, and when he boasted to a dog of his success, the latter said: "Some get attention by their merit, others by their demerit. In making yourself a nuisance you get recognition before the lords of the realm, but only as a flea." Gambling. A monkey playing with a steel trap got his tail cut off. He went back the next day to get his tail, when he got his foot cut off. "Now," he said, "I will go back and get both my foot and my tail." He went back, and the third time he got his head cut off, which ended his monkeying with the trap. Mugwumpery. A mule on one side of a fence was discontented because he was not on the other side. He finally jumped over, when he was equally discontented because he was not back again. "Which side of the fence do you want to be on?" asked a horse. "It does not matter," replied the mule, "provided I am on the other side." The Non-Partisan. A dog, running about in an irregular way, was asked where he was going. "I am not going anywhere," replied the dog, "but only running about to learn where to go." Partisanship. The swans, wishing to drive the peacocks from a park, procured a law against big feet. The peacocks retaliated by getting a counter law against big necks. Soon one side could see nothing but ugly feet, and the other nothing but long necks. At last they came to think peacocks were all feet and swans all neck. NUMBER OF MILES BY WATER FROM NEW YORK. To Amsterdam, 3,510; Bermudas, 660; Bombay, 11,574; Boston, 310; Buenos Ayres, 7,110; Calcutta, 12,425; Canton, 13,900; Cape Horn, 8,115; Cape of Good Hope, 6,830; Charleston, 750; Columbia River, 15,965; Constantinople, 5,140; Dublin, 3,225; Gibraltar, 3,300; Halifax, 612; Hamburg, 3,775; Havana, 1,420; Havre, 3,210; Kingston, 1,640; Lima, 11,310; Liverpool, 3,210; London, 3,375; Madras, 11,850; Naples, 4,330; New Orleans, 2,045; Panama, 2,358; Pekin, 15,325; Philadelphia, 240; Quebec, 1,400; Rio Janeiro, 3,840; Sandwich Islands, 15,300; San Francisco, 15,858; St. Petersburg, 4,420; Valparaiso, 9,750; Washington, 400; around the Globe, 25,000. BUSINESS LAW IN BRIEF It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. Ignorance of the law excuses no one. A contract made on a Sunday is void. A contract made with a lunatic is void. The act of one partner binds all the others. An agreement without consideration is void. The law compels no one to do impossibilities. Agents are liable to their principals for errors. Principals are liable for the acts of their agents. A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. The seal of a party to a written contract imports consideration. A contract made with a minor cannot be enforced against him. A note made by a minor is voidable. Each individual in a partnership is liable for the whole amount of the debts of the firm. A note which does not state on its face that it bears interest, will bear interest only after due. A lease of land for a longer term than one year is void unless in writing. An indorser of a note is exempt from liability if notice of its dishonor is not mailed or served within twenty-four hours of its non-payment. In case of the death of the principal maker of a note, the holder is not required to notify a surety that the note is not paid, before the settlement of the maker's estate. Notes obtained by fraud, or made by an intoxicated person, are not collectible. If no time of payment is specified in a note it is payable on demand. An indorser can avoid liability by writing "without recourse" beneath his signature. A check indorsed by the payee is evidence of payment in the drawer's hands. An outlawed debt is revived should the debtor make a partial payment. If negotiable paper, pledged to a bank as security for the payment of a loan or debt, falls due, and the bank fails to demand payment and have it protested when dishonored, the bank is liable to the owner for the full amount of the paper. Want of consideration--a common defense interposed to the payment of negotiable paper--is a good defense between the original parties to the paper; but after it has been transferred before maturity to an innocent holder for value it is not a defense. Sometimes the holder of paper has the right to demand payment before maturity; for instance, when a draft has been protested for non-acceptance and the proper notices served, the holder may at once proceed against the drawer and indorsers. Negotiable paper, payable to bearer or indorser in blank, which has been stolen or lost, cannot be collected by the thief or finder, but a holder who receives it in good faith before maturity, for value, can hold it against the owner's claims at the time it was lost. If a note or draft is to be paid in the State where it is made, the contract will be governed by the laws of that State. When negotiable paper is payable in a State other than that in which it is made, the laws of that State will govern it. Marriage contracts, if valid where they are made, are valid everywhere. Contracts relating to personal property are governed by the laws of the place where made, except those relating to real estate, which are governed by the laws of the place where the land is situated. THE RIGHT OF DOWER. Dower is one-third of the husband's estate, and in general cannot be destroyed by the mere act of the husband. Hence, in the sale of real estate by the husband, his wife must, with the husband, sign the conveyance to make the title complete to the purchaser. In the absence of such signature, the widow can claim full dower rights after the husband's death. Creditors, also, seize the property subject to such dower rights. The husband in his will sometimes gives his wife property in lieu of dowry. In this case, she may, after his death, elect to take either such property or her dower; but she cannot take both. While the husband lives the wife's right of dower in only inchoate; it cannot be enforced. Should he sell the land to a stranger, she has no right of action or remedy until his death. In all cases the law of the State in which the land is situated governs it, and, as in the case of heirship, full information must be sought for in statute which is applicable. MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE. Marriage may be entered into by any two persons, with the following exceptions: Idiots, lunatics, persons of unsound mind, persons related by blood or affinity within certain degrees prohibited by law, infants under the age of consent, which varies in the different States, and all persons already married and not legally divorced. The causes for which a divorce may be obtained vary greatly in the different States. In South Carolina only fraud and force are recognized as invalidating the marriage tie, this State having no divorce law. In the District of Columbia and all the other States with the exception of Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan and Virginia, cruelty is a statutory cause, and desertion in all but New York. In most of the States neglect is also recognized as a valid cause. Imprisonment for crime is a cause in all except Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York. Physical inability is a cause in all the States except California, Connecticut, Idaho, North Dakota and Texas. Intemperance, in all but Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakotah, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia. The time of residence required to secure a divorce varies from 6 months in Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada and Texas to 3 to 5 years in Massachusetts. In most States it is one year. Remarriage is permitted in all the States having divorce laws except Georgia, and alimony is also provided for in all these States. RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN. Any and all property which a woman owns at her marriage, together with rents, issues and profits thereof, and the property which comes to her by descent, devise, bequest, gift or grant, or which she acquires by her trade, business, labor, or services performed on her separate account, shall, notwithstanding her marriage, remain her sole and separate property, and may be used, collected and invested by her in her own name, and shall not be subject to the interference or control of her husband, or be liable for his debts, unless for such debts as may have been contracted for the support of herself or children by her as his agent. A married woman may likewise bargain, sell, assign, transfer and convey such property, and enter into contracts regarding the same on her separate trade, labor or business with the like effect as if she were unmarried. Her husband, however, is not liable for such contracts, and they do not render him or his property in any way liable therefor. She may also sue and be sued in all matters having relation to her sale and separate property in the same manner as if she were sole. In the following cases a married woman's contract may be enforced against her and her separate estate: 1. When the contract is created in or respecting the carrying on of the trade or business of the wife. 2. When it relates to or is made for the sole benefit of her sole or separate estate. 3. When the intention to charge the separate estate is expressed in the contract creating the liability. When a husband receives a principal sum of money belonging to his wife, the law presumes he receives it for her use, and he must account for it, or expend it on her account by her authority or direction, or that she gave it to him as a gift. If he receives interest or income and spends it with her knowledge and without objection, a gift will be presumed from acquiescence. Money received by a husband from his wife and expended by him, under her direction, on his land, in improving the home of the family, is a gift, and cannot be recovered by the wife, or reclaimed, or an account demanded. An appropriation by a wife, herself, of her separate property to the use and benefit of her husband, in the absence of all agreement to repay, or any circumstances from which such an agreement can be inferred, will not create the relation of debtor and creditor, nor render the husband liable to account. Though no words of gift be spoken, a gift by a wife to her husband may be shown by the very nature of the transaction, or appear from the attending circumstances. A wife who causelessly deserts her husband is not entitled to the aid of a court of equity in getting possession of such chattels as she has contributed to the furnishing and adornment of her husband's house. Her legal title remains, and she could convey her interest to a third party by sale, and said party would have a good title, unless her husband should prove a gift. Wife's property is not liable to a lien of a sub-contractor for materials furnished to the husband for the erection of a building thereon, where it is not shown that the wife was notified of the intention to furnish the materials, or a settlement made with the contractor and given to the wife, her agent or trustee. The common law of the United States has some curious provisions regarding the rights of married women, though in all the States there are statutory provisions essentially modifying this law. As it now stands the husband is responsible for necessaries supplied to the wife even should he not fail to supply them himself, and is held liable if he turn her from his house, or otherwise separates himself from her without good cause. He is not held liable if the wife deserts him, or if he turns her away for good cause. If she leaves him through good cause, then he is liable. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and so represents her, even though this representation is made to one who knows she is not, he is liable the same way as if she were his wife. THE LAW OF FINDING. The general rule is that the finder has a clear title against every one but the owner. The proprietor of a hotel or a shop has no right to demand property of others found on his premises. Such proprietors may make regulations in regard to lost property which will bind their employes, but they cannot bind the public. The finder has been held to stand in the place of the owner, so that he was permitted to prevail in all action against a person who found an article which the plaintiff had originally found, but subsequently lost. The police have no special rights in regard to articles lost, unless those rights are conferred by statute. Receivers of articles found are trustees for the owner or finder. They have no power in the absence of special statute to keep an article against the finder, any more than the finder has to retain an article against the owner. THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT. The new copyright law, which went into effect July 1, 1909, differs in many respects from the law previously in force. Its main provisions are given below, but those desiring to avail themselves of its protection should write to the Register of Copyrights, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., for full instructions and the necessary blanks. etc. The new law provides that the application for registration of any work "shall specify to which of the following classes the work in which copyright is claimed belongs": (a) Books, including composite and cyclopedic works, directories, gazetteers, and other compilations; (b) periodicals, including newspapers; (c) lectures, sermons, addresses prepared for oral delivery: (d) dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; (c) musical compositions; (f) maps; (g) works of art; models or designs for works of art; (h) reproductions of a work of art; (i) drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character: (j) photographs; (k) prints and pictorial illustrations. Necessary Steps to Secure Copyright. For works reproduced in copies for sale: 1. Publish the work with the copyright notice. The notice may be in the form "Copyright, 19 ..... (year date of publication) by (name of copyright proprietor)." 2. Promptly after publication, send to the Copyright Office, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., two copies of the best edition of the work, with an application for registration and a money order payable to the Register of Copyrights for the statutory registration fee of $l. In the case of books by American authors, or permanent residents of the United States, the copies deposited must be accompanied by an affidavit, under the official seal of an officer authorized to administer oaths, stating that the typesetting, printing and binding of the book have been performed within the United States. Affidavit and application forms will be supplied on request. Books of foreign origin in a language or languages other than English are not required to be manufactured in the United States. In the case of a book in the English language published abroad before publication in this country, an ad interim copyright for 30 days may be secured under certain conditions. Copyright may also be had of certain classes of works (see a, b, c, below) of which copies are not reproduced for sale, by filing an application for registration, with the statutory fee of $1, sending therewith: (a) in the case of lectures or other oral addresses or of dramatic or musical compositions, one complete manuscript or typewritten copy of the work. Registration, however, does not exempt the copyright proprietor from the deposit of printed copies. (b) In the case of photographs not intended for general circulation, one photographic print. (c) In the case of works of art (paintings, drawings, sculpture), or of drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character, one photograph or other identifying reproduction of the work. In all these cases, if the work is later reproduced in copies for sale, such copies must be deposited. Duration of Copyright. The original term of copyright runs for twenty-eight years, and may be renewed under certain conditions for a further term of twenty-eight years, making fifty-six years in all. Assignments. Copyrights are assignable by any instrument of writing. Every assignment of copyright must be recorded in the Copyright Office within three months after its execution in the United States or within six months after its execution without the limits of the United States. LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN VARIOUS STATES. Jan. 1, New Year's Day. All the States (including District of Columbia), except Mass., Miss. and N. H. Jan. 19, Lee's Birthday. In Ga., Fla., N. C, S. C., Va., Ala., Ark. Feb. 12, Lincoln's Birthday. In Col., Conn., Del., Ill., Kans., Mass., Minn., Nev., N. J., N. Y., N. Dak., Penn., Wash. and Wyo. Feb. 22. Washington's Birthday. In all the States and District of Columbia; in Miss., observed in the schools. April 14, 1911, Good Friday. In Ala., Dela., Fla., La., Md., Minn., N.J., Penn., Tenn. April 19, Patriots' Day. In Me. and Mass. April 26, Confederate Memorial Day. In Ala., Fla., Ga., and Miss. May, second Sunday, Mothers' Day, recognized in sixteen States. May 10, Confederate Memorial Day. In N. C and S. C.; in Tenn., second Friday of May. May, last Friday, Pioneer Day. In Mont. May 30, Decoration Day. In all States and Territories, and the District of Columbia. except Fla., Ga., Ida., La., Miss., N.C., S. C., Tenn., Tex. In Va., called Confederate Memorial Day. June 3, Jefferson Davis' Birthday. In Fla. Ga., Ala., Miss., Tenn., Tex. and S. C. In La., called Confederate Memorial Day. July 4, Independence Day. In all States, Territories and the District. Sept. 4, 1911, Labor Day. In all States, Territories and the District. except N. Dak. Oct. 12, Columbus Day. In N. Y., Penn., Ill., Conn., N. J., Mich., Mont., Calif., O., Md., Ky., and R. I. Nov. 1, All Saints' Day. In La. November--General Election Day. In Ariz., Calif., Col., Del., Fla., Ida., Ill. (Chicago, Springfield and East St. Louis only), Ind., Ia., Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nev., N. H., N. J., N. Mex., N. Y., N. C., N. Dak., O. (5:30 a. m. to 9 a. m. only). Okla., Ore. (Presidential only), Penn., R. I., S. C., S. Dak., Tenn., Tex., W. Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo. By act of March 3, 1875, elections of Representatives in Congress take place on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in Nov., 1876, and every second year thereafter. Nov. 30, 1911, Thanksgiving Day, observed in all the States, Ariz., N. Mex. and the Dist. of Col. December 25, Christmas Day. In all the States, Territories and the District. Arbor Day. In Ariz., Me., Md., N. Mex., Wis., Wyo., and Penn., by appointment of the Governor. Tex., Feb. 22; Neb., Apr. 22; Utah., Apr. 15; R. I., second Friday in May; Mont., second Tuesday in May; Ga., first Friday in December; Col. (in the schools), third Friday in Apr.; Okla., Friday after second Monday in March; Ark., first Saturday in March. Half Holidays. Every Saturday after 12 o'clock noon; in Calif., public offices; in Ill., cities of 200,000 or more inhabitants; in Md., Mich., N. Y., N. J., O., Penn., R. I., Va., Dist. of Col. (for banking); New Orleans, Charleston, La. and Mo., cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants; in Tenn. (State and county offices); in Col., for June, July, August; in Ind., from first Saturday in June to last Saturday in October, for public offices in counties with a county seat of 100,000 or more population. PRINCIPAL POINTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. Congress must meet at least once a year. One State cannot undo the acts of another. Congress may admit as many new States as desired. The Constitution guarantees every citizen a speedy trial by jury. A State cannot exercise a power which is vested in Congress alone. One State must respect the laws and legal decisions of another. Congress cannot pass a law to punish a crime already committed. U. S. Senators are chosen by the legislatures of the States by joint ballot. Bills for revenue can originate only in the House of Representatives. A person committing a felony in one State cannot find refuge in another. The Constitution of the United States forbids excessive bail or cruel punishment. Treaties with foreign countries are made by the President and ratified by the Senate. In the U. S. Senate Rhode Island or Nevada has an equal voice with New York. When Congress passes a bankruptcy law it annuls all the State laws on that subject. Writing alone does not constitute treason against the United States. There must be an overt act. Congress cannot lay any disabilities on the children of a person convicted of crime or misdemeanor. The Territories each send a delegate to Congress, who has the right of debate, but not the right to vote. The Vice-President, who ex-officio presides over the Senate, has no vote in that body except on a tie ballot. An act of Congress cannot become a law over the President's veto except on a two-thirds vote of both houses. An officer of the Government cannot accept title of nobility, order or honor without the permission of Congress. Money lost in the mails cannot be recovered from the Government. Registering a letter does not insure its contents. It is the House of Representatives that may impeach the President for any crime, and the Senate hears the accusation. If the President holds a bill longer than ten days while Congress is still in session, it becomes a law without his signature. Silver coin of denominations less than $1 is not a legal tender for more than $5.00. Copper and nickel coin is not legal tender. The term of a Congressman is two years, but a Congressman may be re-elected to as many successive terms as his constituents may wish. Amendments to the Constitution requires two-thirds vote of each house of Congress and must be ratified by at least three-fourths of the States. When the militia is called out in the service of the General Government, they pass out of the control of the various States under the command of the President. The President of the United States must be 35 years of age: a United States Senator, 30; a Congressman, 25. The President must have been a resident of the United States fourteen years. A grand jury is a secret tribunal, and may hear only one side of a case. It simply decides whether there is good reason to hold for trial. It consists of twenty-four men, twelve of whom may indict. A naturalized citizen cannot become President or Vice-President of the United States. A male child born abroad of American parents has an equal chance to become President with one born on American soil. CHAMOIS SKINS. The animal from which the chamois skin derives its name inhabits the high mountains from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus. Chamois are most numerous in the Alps, where they dwell in small herds and feed on the herbage of the mountain sides. They are about the size of a small goat, dark chestnut-brown in color, with the exception of the forehead, the sides of the lower jaws and the muzzle, which are white. Its horns, rising above the eyes, are black, smooth and straight for two-thirds of their length, when they suddenly curve backward. The chamois hunter, provided with a gun, a bag of provisions, an iron-shod staff to assist him in climbing and leaping, an ax to cut steps in the ice and shoes studded with iron points, traverses the mountains and follows his prey not only during the day, but also at night. Nearly all the chamois skins now in the market are made from the skins of the lamb or sheep. This industry has been largely developed in England and France, and these countries have supplied the market of the United States almost exclusively until recent years, when the manufacture of these goods was commenced in the United States. WHAT'S IN A NAME? ORIGIN AND MEANING OF NAMES OF MEN. A Aaron, Hebrew, a mountain, or lofty. Abel, Hebrew, vanity. Abraham, Hebrew, the father of many. Absalom, Hebrew, the father of peace. Adam, Hebrew, red earth. Adolphus, Saxon, happiness and help. Adrian, Latin, one who helps. Alan, Celtic, harmony; or Slavonic, a hound. Albert, Saxon, all bright. Alexander, Greek, a helper of men. Alfred, Saxon, all peace. Alonzo, form of Alphonso, q. v. Alphonso. German, ready or willing. Ambrose, Greek, immortal. Amos, Hebrew, a burden. Andrew, Greek, courageous. Anthony, Latin, flourishing. Archibald, German, a bold observer. Arnold, German, a maintainer of honor. Arthur, British, a strong man. Augustus, Latin, venerable, grand. B Baldwin, German, a bold winner. Barnaby, Hebrew, a prophet's son. Bartholomew, Hebrew, the son of him who made the waters to rise. Beaumont, French, a pretty mount. Benjamin, Hebrew, the son of a right hand. Bennett, Latin, blessed. Bertram, German, fair, illustrious. Bertrand, German, bright, raven. Boniface, Latin, a well-doer. Brian, French, having a thundering voice. C Cadwallader, British, valiant in war. Caesar, Latin, adorned with hair. Caleb, Hebrew, a dog. Cecil, Latin, dim-sighted. Charles, German, noble-spirited. Christopher, Greek, bearing Christ. Clement, Latin, mild-tempered. Conrad, German, able counsel. Cornelius, Latin, meaning uncertain. Crispin, Latin, having curled locks. Cuthbert, Saxon, known famously. D Daniel, Hebrew, God is judge. David, Hebrew, well-beloved. Denis, Greek, belonging to the god of wine. Douglas, Gaelic, dark gray. Duncan, Saxon, brown chief. Dunstan, Saxon, most high. E Edgar, Saxon, happy honor. Edmund, Saxon, happy peace. Edward, Saxon, happy keeper. Edwin, Saxon, happy conqueror. Egbert, Saxon, ever bright. Elijah, Hebrew, God the Lord. Elisha, Hebrew, the salvation of God. Emmanuel, Hebrew, God with us. Enoch, Hebrew, dedicated. Ephraim, Hebrew, fruitful. Erasmus, Greek, lovely, worthy to be loved. Ernest, Greek, earnest, serious. Esau, Hebrew, hairy. Eugene, Greek, nobly descended. Eustace, Greek, standing firm. Evan, or Ivan, British, the same as John. Evard, German, well reported. Ezekiel, Hebrew, the strength of God. F Felix, Latin, happy. Ferdinand, German, pure peace. Fergus, Saxon, manly strength. Francis, German, free. Frederic, German, rich peace. ` G Gabriel, Hebrew, the strength of God. Geoffrey, German, joyful. George, Greek, a husbandman. Gerald, Saxon, all towardliness. Gideon, Hebrew, a breaker. Gilbert, Saxon, bright as gold. Giles, Greek, a little goat. Godard, German, a godly disposition. Godfrey, German, God's peace. Godwin, German, victorious in Cod. Griffith, British, having great faith. Guy, French, a leader. H Hannibal, Punic, a gracious lord. Harold, Saxon, a champion. Hector, Greek, a stout defender. Henry, German, a rich lord. Herbert, German, a bright lord. Hercules, Greek, the glory of Hera or Juno. Horace, Latin, meaning uncertain. Howel, British, sound or whole. Hubert, German, a bright color. Hugh, Dutch, high, lofty. Humphrey, German, domestic peace. I Ignatius, Latin, fiery. Ingram, German, of angelic purity. Isaac, Hebrew, laughter. J Jabez, Hebrew, one who causes pain. Jacob, Hebrew, a supplanter. James, or Jaques, beguiling. Job, Hebrew, sorrowing. Joel, Hebrew, acquiescing. John, Hebrew, the grace of the Lord. Jonah, Hebrew, a dove. Jonathan. Hebrew, the gift of the Lord. Joseph, Hebrew, addition. Joshua, Hebrew, a savior. Josiah, or Josias, Hebrew, the fire of the Lord. Julius, Latin, soft-haired. L Lambert, Saxon, a fair lamb. Lancelot, Spanish, a little lance. Laurence, Latin, crowned with laurels. Lazarus, Hebrew, destitute of help. Leonard, German, like a lion. Leopold, German, defending the people. Lewis or Louis, French, the defender of the people. Lionel, Latin, a little lion. Llewellin, British, like a lion. Llewellyn, Celtic, lightning. Lucius, Latin, shining. Luke, Creek, a wood or grove. M Manfred, German, great peace. Mark, Latin, a hammer. Martin, Latin, martial. Matthew, Hebrew, a gift or present. Maurice, Latin, sprung of a Moor. Meredith, British, the roaring of the sea. Michael, Hebrew, who is like God. Morgan, British, a mariner. Moses, Hebrew, drawn out. N Nathaniel, Hebrew, the gift of God. Neal, French, somewhat black. Nicholas, Greek, victorious over the people. Noel, French, belonging to one's nativity. Norman, French, one born in Normandy. O Oliver, Latin, an olive. Orlando, Italian, counsel for the land. Orson, Latin, a bear. Osmund, Saxon, house peace. Oswald, Saxon, ruler of a house. Owen, British, well descended. P Patrick, Latin, a nobleman. Paul, Latin, small, little. Percival, French, a place in France. Percy, English, adaptation of "pierce eye." Peter, Greek, a rock or stone. Philip, Greek, a lover of horses. Phineas, Hebrew, of bold countenance. R Ralph, contracted from Randolph, or Randal, or Rudolph, Saxon, pure help. Raymond, German, quiet peace. Reuben, Hebrew, the son of vision. Reynold, German, a lover of purity. Richard, Saxon, powerful. Robert, German, famous in counsel. Roderick, German, rich in fame. Rollo, form of Roland, q.v. Rufus, Latin, reddish. Roger, German, strong counsel. Roland, German, counsel for the land. S Samson, Hebrew, a little son. Samuel, Hebrew, heard by God. Saul, Hebrew, desired. Seth, Hebrew, appointed. Silas, Latin, sylvan or living in the woods. Simeon, Hebrew, hearing. Simon, Hebrew, obedient. Solomon, Hebrew, peaceable. Stephen, Greek, a crown or garland. Swithin, Saxon, very high. T Theobald, Saxon, bold over the people. Theodore, Greek, the gift of God. Thomas, Hebrew, a twin. Timothy, Greek, a fearer of God. Titus, Greek, meaning uncertain. Toby, Hebrew, goodness of the Lord. V Valentine, Latin, powerful. Victor, Latin, conqueror. Vincent, Latin, conquering. Vivian, Latin, living. W Walter, German, a conqueror. Wilfred, Saxon, bold and peaceful. William, German, defending many. Z Zaccheus, Syriac, innocent. CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. A Adela, German, same as Adeline, q. v. Adelaide, German, same as Adeline, q. v. Adeline, German, a princess. Agatha, Greek, good. Agnes, German, chaste. Althea, Greek, hunting. Alice, Alicia, German, noble. Alma, Latin, benignant. Amabel, Latin, lovable. Amy, Amelia, French, beloved. Angelina, Greek, lovely, angelic. Anna, or Anne, Hebrew, gracious. Arabella, Latin, a fair altar. Aurora, Latin, morning brightness. B Barbara, Latin, foreign or strange. Bella, Italian, beautiful. Benedicta, Latin, blessed. Bernice, Greek, bringing victory. Bertha, Greek, bright or famous. Bessie, short form of Elizabeth. q.v. Blanche, French, fair. Bona, Latin, good. Bridget, Irish, shining bright. C Camilla, Latin, attendant at a sacrifice. Carlotta. Italian, same as Charlotte, q. v. Caroline, Latin, noble-spirited. Cassandra, Greek, a reformer of men. Catherine, Greek, pure or clean, Charity, Greek, love, bounty. Charlotte, French, all noble. Chloe, Greek, a green herb. Christina, Greek, belonging to Christ. Clara, Latin, clear or bright. Constance, Latin, constant. D Dagmar, German, joy of the Danes. Deborah, Hebrew, a bee. Diana, Greek, Jupiter's daughter. Dorcas, Greek, a wild roe. Dorothy, Greek, gift of God. E Edith, Saxon, happiness. Eleanor, Saxon, all-fruitful. Eliza, Elizabeth, Hebrew, the oath of God. Emily, corrupted from Amelia. Emma, German, a nurse. Esther, Hester, Hebrew, secret. Eudora, Greek, good gift. Eugenia, French, well-born. Eunice, Greek, fair victory. Eva, or Eve, Hebrew, causing life. F Fanny, dim. of Frances, q.v. Flora, Latin, flowers. Florence, Latin, blooming, flourishing. Frances, German, free. G Gertrude, German, all truth. Grace, Latin, favor. H Hannah, Hebrew, gracious. Harriet, German, head of the house. Helen, or Helena, Greek, alluring. Henrietta, fem. and dim. of Henry, q. v. Hilda, German, warrior maiden. Honora, Latin, honorable. Huldah, Hebrew, a weasel. I Irene, peaceful. Isabella, Spanish, fair Eliza. J Jane, or Jeanne, fem. of John, q.v. Janet, Jeanette, little Jane. Jemima, Hebrew, a dove. Joan, Joanna. Hebrew, fem. of John, q. v. Joyce, French, pleasant. Judith, Hebrew, praising. Julia, Juliana, fem. of Julius, q. v. K Katherine, form of Catherine, q. v. Ketura, Hebrew, incense. L Laura, Latin, a laurel. Lavinia, Latin, of Latium. Letitia, Latin, joy or gladness. Lilian, Lily, Latin, a lily. Lois, Greek, better. Louisa, German. fem. of Louis, q.v. Lucretia, Latin, a chaste Roman lady. Lucy, Latin, fem. of Lucius. Lydia. Greek, descended from Lud. M Mabel, Latin, lovely or lovable. Madeline, form of Magdalen, q. v. Margaret, Greek, a pearl. Martha, Hebrew, bitterness, Mary, Hebrew, bitter. Matilda, German, a lady of honor. Maud, German, form of Malilda, q.. v. May, Latin, month of May. Mercy, English, compassion. Mildred, Saxon, speaking mild. Minnie, dim. of Margaret. q. v. N Naomi, Hebrew, alluring. O Olive, Olivia, Latin, an olive. Ophelia, Greek, a serpent. P Patience, Latin, bearing patiently. Penelope, Greek, a weaver. Persis, Greek, destroying. Philippa, Greek, fem. of Philip. Phoebe, Greek, the light of life. Phyllis, Greek, a green bough. Polly, variation of Molly, dim. of Mary, q. v. Priscilla, Latin, somewhat old. Prudence, Latin, discretion. R Rachel, Hebrew, a lamb. Rebecca, Hebrew, fat or plump. Rhoda, Greek, a rose. Rose or Rosa, Latin, a rose. Rosalind, Latin, beautiful as a rose. Roxana, Persian, dawn of day. Rosamond, Saxon, rose of peace. Ruth, Hebrew, trembling, or beauty. S Sabina, Latin, sprung from the Sabines. Salome, Hebrew, a princess. Selina, Greek, the moon. Sibylla, Greek, the counsel of God. Sophia, Greek, wisdom. Susan, Susanna, Hebrew, a lily. T Tabitha, Syriac, a roe. Theodosia, Creek, given by God. U Ursula, Latin, a she bear. V Victoria, Latin, victory. Vida, Erse, fem. of David. W Walburga, Saxon, gracious. Winifred, Saxon, winning peace. Z Zenobia, Greek, the life of Jupiter. PRINCIPAL AMERICAN CITIES With Population of over 100,000 in 1910. (The population for 1900 is given in parentheses by way of comparison.) New York, N. Y., 4,766,883 (3,437,202); Chicago, Ill., 2,185,283 (l,698,572); Philadelphia, Pa., 1,549,008 (1,293,697); St. Louis, Mo., 687,029 (575,238); Boston, Mass., 670,585 (560,892); Cleveland, O., 560,663 (381,768); Baltimore, Md., 558,485 (508,957); Pittsburg, Pa., 533,905 (451,512); Detroit. Mich., 465,766 (285,704); Buffalo, N. Y., 423,715 (352,387); San Francisco, Cal., 416,912 (342,782); Milwaukee, Wis., 373,857 (285,315); Cincinnati, O., 364,462 (325,902); Newark. N. J., 347,469 (246,070); New Orleans. La., 339,075 (287,104); Washington. D. C., 331,069 (278,718); Los Angeles, Cal., 319,198 (102,479); Minneapolis, Minn., 301,408 (202,718); Jersey City, N. J., 267,779 (206,433); Kansas City, Mo., 248,331 (163,752); Seattle, Wash., 237,194 (80,671); Indianapolis, Ind., 233,650 (169,164); Providence, R. I., 224,326 (175,597); Louisville, Ky., 223,928 (204,731); Rochester, N. Y., 218,149 (162,608); St. Paul, Minn., 214,744 (163,065); Denver, Col., 213,381 (133,859); Portland, Ore., 207,214 (90,426); Columbus, O., 181,548 (125,560); Toledo, O., 168,497 (131,822); Atlanta, Ga., 154,839 (89,672); Oakland, Cal., 150,174 (66,960); Worcester, Mass., 145,986 (118,421); Syracuse, N. Y., 137,249 (108,374); New Haven, Conn., 133,605 (108,027); Birmingham, Ala., 132,683 (38,415); Memphis, Tenn., 131,105 (102,320); Scranton, Pa., 129,867 (102,026); Richmond, Va., 127,628 (85,050); Paterson, N. J., 125,600 (105,171); Omaha, Neb., 124,096 (102,555); Fall River, Mass., 119,295 (104,803); Dayton, O., 116,577 (85,333); Grand Rapids, Mich., 112,571 (87,565); Nashville, Tenn., 110,364 (80,865); Lowell, Mass., 106,294 (94,969); Cambridge, Mass., 104,839 (91,886); Spokane, Wash., 104,402 (36,848); Bridgeport, Conn., 102,054 (70,996); Albany, N. Y., 100,253 (94,151). STATE FLOWERS. The following list includes all the "State flowers" Commonly accepted or officially adopted: Alabama, goldenrod; Arizona, sequoia cactus; Arkansas, apple blossom; California, poppy; Colorado, columbine; Delaware, peach blossom; Georgia, Cherokee rose; Idaho, syringa; Illinois, violet; Iowa, wild rose; Kansas, sunflower; Louisiana, magnolia; Maine, pine cone; Michigan, apple blossom; Minnesota, moccasin; Mississippi, magnolia; Montana, bitter root; Missouri, goldenrod; Nebraska, goldenrod; New Jersey, sugar maple (tree); New York, rose; North Dakota, goldenrod; Oklahoma, mistletoe; Oregon, Oregon grape; Rhode Island, violet; Texas, blue bonnet; Utah, Sego lily; Vermont, red clover; Washington, rhododendron. HEIGHT OF NOTED STRUCTURES. Following is the height in feet of some noted monuments and structures: Amiens cathedral, 383; Bunker Hill monument, 221; Capitol, Washington, 288; City Hall, Philadelphia, 535; Cologne cathedral, 512; Eiffel tower, 984; Florence cathedral, 387; Fribourg cathedral, 386; Masonic Temple, Chicago, 354; Metropolitan building. N. Y., 700; Milan cathedral, 360; the Great Pyramid, 451; Rouen cathedral, 464; St. Paul's, London, 404; St. Peter's, Rome, 433; Singer building, N. Y., 612; Strassburg cathedral, 465; St. Stephen's, Vienna, 470; Ward building, Chicago, 394; Washington monument, 556. MAXIMUM AGE OF TREES. Palm, 250 years; elm, 355 years; cypress, 388 years; ivy, 448 years; maple, 516 years; larch, 576 years; lemon, 640 years; plane, 720 years; cedar, 800 years; chestnut, 860 years; walnut, 900 years; lime, 1,076 years; spruce, 1,200 years; oak, 1,600 years; olive, 2,000 years; yew, 2,880 years; baobab, 5,100 years; dragon, 5,900 years. Eucalyptus, or Australian gum-tree, sometimes grows twenty-four feet in three months: bamboo, two feet in twenty-four hours. DICTIONARY OF AERONAUTICS The new science of aeronautics has given rise to many new words, among them some of awkward derivation, and even those properly formed and worthy of preservation in the language are often erroneously used. The following compact lexicon is therefore both interesting and instructive: Aeroplane--A generic term applied in common use to all classes of sustaining surfaces; strictly applicable only to flat surfaces. Adjusting Surfaces--Commonly a comparatively small surface, usually at the end of a wing tip, used to adjust lateral balance; preferably restricted to surfaces capable of variable adjustment, but not of movement by controlling devices. See "Stabilizer'" and "Wing tip" and compare "Aileron." Advancing Edge--The front edge of a sustaining or other surface. Advancing Surface--A surface that precedes another through the air, as in a double monoplane. Aerocurve--A proposed substitute for aeroplane. Aerodrome--A substitute proposed by Langley for aeroplane. Strictly applicable to a course rather than to a vehicle. Aileron (a'ler-on)--A small hinged or separated wing tip or surface capable of independent manipulation for the purpose of maintaining lateral balance. Aviation (a-vi-a'shun)--Dynamic flight by means of heavier-than-air mechanisms. Aviator (a'vi-a-ter)--The operator or pilot of a heavier-than-air machine. Aerofoil--Term used to indicate lifting surface, Angle of Incidence--The angle which a line drawn from the leading to the trailing edge of the plane makes with the horizontal trailing angle between the tangent to the trailing edge of the plane and the chord or a line drawn from the leading to the trailing edge. Arc--Any portion of a circle or other curve. Aspect--The top or plan view of an aeroplane surface. Automatic Stability--Applied to lateral or longitudinal stability maintained by the action of suitable elements on mechanisms independent of any control exercised by the operator. There is a tendency to restrict the term to such stability secured by automatic manipulation of controlling devices, rather than to systems in which balance is maintained by the use of dihedral arrangements. Biplane (bi'plane)--An aeroplane with two superposed main surfaces. Balance--To maintain equilibrium by hand or automatic movement of balancing surfaces, as opposed to equilibrium maintained by stabilizing. See "Stabilizer." Body--The center part of an aeroplane or other aerial vehicle, in which the motor, fuel tanks, passenger accommodation, etc., are placed. Camber--The camber of the ribs is the amount of curvature which is imparted to them in the same way that a motor car spring or a road has a camber or curvature. Chassis (shas-see)--That part of the main framework of a monoplane to which the main planes and tail planes are fitted and which contains the engine and aviators seat. Center of Pressure--Really a line of pressure along the under side of a wing or aeroplane surface, on either side of which the pressures are equal. Center of Gravity--The center of weight, about which the vehicle balances in all directions. Chord--A straight line drawn between the ends of the arc of a circle or other curve. Dirigible (dir'-igihle)--Steerable or navigable; applied to balloons. Derrick--A tower in which a falling weight is dropped in starting an aeroplane. Diagonal--A diagonal brace or stay in a framework. Dihedral (di-he'dral)--Said of wing pairs inclined at an upward angle to each other. Elevator--A principal supplementary surface, usually of a miniature form of the main planes. Used for purpose of altering the vertical direction of machine. Gap--The distance between two main planes in a biplane. Gliding--Flying down a slant of air without power. Gyroscopic Effect--The property of any rotating mass whereby it tends to maintain its plane of rotation against disturbing forces. Gauchissement (or warping)--Applied to the main planes and produces the same ultimate effect as the use of ailerons. Hangar (hang'ar)--A shed for housing balloons or aeroplanes, generally the latter. Horsepower--A rate of work equivalent to the lifting of 33,000 ft.-lb. a minute. Head Resistance--The resistance of a surface to movement through the air; closely proportionate to its projected area. Heavier-than-air--Applied to dynamic flying machines weighing more than the air they displace. Horizontal Rudder--A horizontally placed rudder for steering in vertical directions. Lift--The sustaining effect, expressed in units of weight of an aeroplane or wing surface. Monoplane--An aeroplane with one or more main surfaces in the same horizontal plane. Main Plane--Usually the largest or lowest supporting surface of a multi-surfaced aeroplane. Mast--A spar or strut used for the attachment of wire or other stays to stiffen the wings or other parts of a structure. Main Spars--Lateral spars upon which the main planes are built. Main Landing Wheels--In an alighting gear, the wheels that take the chief shock in landing. Ornithopter--A dynamic flying machine of the heavier-than-air type, in which sustension is provided by the effect of reciprocating wing surfaces. Pylon--A tower to mark the course in aerial racing contests. Ribs--Supports for the fabric, made of ash or spruce and bent to the correct curves. Rudder--One or more steering planes are invariably fitted to practical machines to control the direction of flight. Superposed Planes--Arrangement of one plane over the other, as in the Wright, Voisin and Farman machines. Supplementary Planes (or surfaces)--Additional surfaces which are used for stabilization. Stabilizer--Any surface for automatically maintaining lateral or longitudinal balance. Struts--Fixtures used in biplane construction to maintain an equal distance between two planes. Skids--Long skates on which the machine can land in safety. Span--The distance from tip to tip of the main planes in a transverse direction to that of flight. Soaring Flight--The flight of certain large birds without wing flapping. Its solution and imitation constitute one of the problems of aerial navigation. Sustaining Surface--Any surface placed in a horizontal or approximately horizontal position, primarily for the purpose of affording sustension. Triplane--An aeroplane with three main surfaces. Webs--Small blocks of wood placed between the ribs which act as distance pieces. Wing Warping--A system of maintaining lateral balance by differential twisting of wing tips in such manner as to increase the sustension on one side and decrease it on the other. --New York Tribune. COLLEGE COLORS. Amherst--Purple and white. Beloit--Old gold, Bowdoin--White. Brown--Brown and white. Columbia--Light blue and white. Cornell--Carnelian and white. Dartmouth--Green. Harvard--Crimson. Indiana--Crimson and cream. Iowa--Scarlet and black. Iowa State--Cardinal and gold. Johns Hopkins--Black and old gold. Lake Forest--Red and black. Leland Stanford--Cardinal. Northwestern--Royal Purple. Oberlin--Crimson and gold Princeton--Orange and black. Purdue--Old gold and black. University of Chicago--Maroon. University of Illinois--Orange and navy blue. University of Michigan--Maize and blue. University of Minnesota--Old gold and maroon. University of Notre Dame--Gold and blue. University of Pennsylvania--Red and blue. University of Rochester--Dandelion yellow. University of Wisconsin--Cardinal. Vassar--Rose and gray. Williams--Royal purple. Yale--Blue. THE CLAIMS OF OSTEOPATHY. Strictly construing the claims of osteopathic doctors, it is an anti-medicine system of practice for the cure of every disease to which the human body is liable. Dr. Andrew T. Still, who claims to have made the discoveries that led to the establishment of the school of Osteopathy, asserts that all diseases and lesions are the result of the luxation, dislocation, or breakage of some bone or bones; this, however, is not now maintained to any great extent by his followers. Osteopathists, though, do generally claim that all diseases arise from some maladjustment of the bones of the human body, and that treatment, therefore, must be to secure the normal adjustment of the bones and ligaments that form the skeleton. They claim that a dislocation is not always necessarily the result of external violence; it may be caused by the ulceration of bones, the elongation of ligaments, or excessive muscular action. The constriction of an important artery or vein, which may be caused by a very slightly displaced bone, an indurated muscle, or other organ, may produce an excess of blood in one part of the body, thereby causing a deficiency in some other part. A dislocated member will generally show alteration in the form of the joint and axis of the limb; loss of power and proper motion; increased length or shortening of the limb; prominence at one point and depression at another; greatly impaired circulation, and pain due to the obstruction of nerve force in the parts involved. The osteopathist claims that pain and disease arise mainly from some mal-adjustment in some part of the body, and that a return to good health involves treatment for the normal adjustment of the skeleton; he asserts, though any luxation may be only partial, it may cause pressure at some point upon a blood vessel, or a nerve of which the patient may be unconscious, and thus be a barrier to the restoration of good health. Osteopathy asserts that trying to heal the body of an ailment caused by a dislocated member, be it a bone, ligament, or nerve, by which abnormal pressure is maintained upon a blood vessel or a nerve, would be like trying to operate a machine with an important cog out of gear. To cure it involves the reduction of a dislocation; the breaking up of adhesions, and the arousing of the enervated organ or organs partially or wholly failing in the performance of function. THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS. Any person, firm or corporation can obtain protection for any lawful trademark by complying with the following: 1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office the name, residence and place of business of persons desiring the trademark. 2. The class of merchandise and description of the same. 3. A description of the trademark itself with facsimiles. 4. The length of time that the said mark has already been used. 5. By payment of the required fee--$6 for labels and $25 for trademarks. 6. By complying with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 7. A lawful trademark must consist of some arbitrary word (not the name of a person or place), indicating or not the use or nature of the thing to which it is applied; of some designating symbol, or of both said word and symbol. HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT. Patents are issued in the name of the United States, and under the seal of the Patent Office. A patent is a grant by the Government to the inventor, his heirs or assigns, for a limited period, of the exclusive right to make, use or sell any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, or any new, original and ornamental design for any article of manufacture. Every patent contains a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use and vend the invention or discovery throughout the United States and the Territories, referring to the specification for the particulars thereof. If it appears that the inventor, at the time of making his application, believed himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been before patented or described in any printed publication. Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; neither can claim one separately. Independent inventors of distinct and independent improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions; nor does the fact that one furnishes the capital and another makes the invention entitle them to make application as joint inventors; but in such case they may become joint patentees. Application for a patent must be made in writing to the Commissioner of Patents, from whom blanks and printed instructions can be obtained by mail. REISSUES.--A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his legal representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest, when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, the original patent is inoperative or invalid, provided the error has arisen from inadvertence, accident or mistake and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention. CAVEATS.--A caveat, under the patent law, is a notice given to the office of the caveator's claim as inventor, in order to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same alleged invention upon an application filed during the life of the caveat without notice to the caveator. Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention or discovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, on payment of a fee of $10, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the object and the distinguishing characteristics of the invention, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof. An alien has the same privilege, if he has resided in the United States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen. The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the nature of the case admits of it, a drawing, and, like the application, must be limited to a single invention or improvement. FEES.--Fees must be paid in advance, and are as follows. On filing each original application for a patent, $15. On issuing each original patent, $20. In design cases: For three years and six months, $10: for seven years, $15; for fourteen years, $30. On filing each caveat, $10. On every application for the reissue of a patent, $30. Added to these are the usual charges of patent solicitors for preparing the application and for drawings etc. SHAKESPEARE'S COUNSEL. (Polonius' Advice to His Son Laertes.) And these few precepts in thy memory See thou character: Give thy thoughts no tongue. Nor any unproportion'd thought his act. Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried, Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel; But do not dull thy palm with entertainment Of each new-hatch'd, unfledged comrade. Beware Of entrance to a quarrel, but, being in, Bear 't that the opposed may beware of thee. Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice; Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment. Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy. But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy; For the apparel oft proclaims the man. * * * Neither a borrower nor a lender be: For loan oft loses both itself and friend, And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. --"Hamlet," 1 :3. POOR RICHARD'S SAYINGS. (Benjamin Franklin.) Drive thy business! Let not thy business drive thee! Diligence is the mother of good luck. Now I have a sheep and a cow, everybody bids me good morrow. If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some. Great estates may venture more, but little boats should keep near shore. What maintains one vice would bring up two children. God helps them that help themselves. Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue, 'Tis hard for an empty bag to stand upright. Beware of little expenses; a small leak will sink a great ship. For age and want, save while you may. No morning sun lasts a whole day. HOW TO MAKE CHANGE QUICKLY. Always consider the amount of purchase as if that much money were already counted out, then add to amount of purchase enough small change to make an even dollar, counting out the even dollars last until full amount is made up. If the purchase amounts to 57 cents, and you are handed $2.00 in payment, count out 43 cents first to make an even dollar. Then layout the other dollar. Should the purchase be $3.69, to be taken out of $20.00, begin with $3.69 as the basis and make up even $4.00 by laying out 31 cents. This 31 cents with the amount of the purchase you will consider as $4.00, and count out even dollars to make up the $20.00 which the customer has handed in. MERCHANTS' COST AND PRICE MARKS. All merchants use private cipher marks to note cost or selling price of goods. The cipher is usually made up from some short word or sentence of nine or ten letters, as: