Part 3 — III Instructions on Workers’ Control
Reading edition
(Official Text)
I. Agencies of Workers’ Control in Each Enterprise.
I. Control in each enterprise is organized either by the Shop or Factory Committee, or by the General Assembly of workers and employees of the enterprise, who elect a Special Commission of Control.
II. The Shop or Factory Committee may be included in its entirety in the Control Commission, to which may be elected also technical experts and other employees of the enterprise. In large-scale enterprises, participation of the employees in the Control Commission is compulsory. In large-scale enterprises a portion of the members of the Control Commission is elected by trade sections and classes, at the rate of one to each trade section or class.
III. The workers and employees not members of the Control Commission may not enter into relations with the management of the enterprise on the subject of control except upon the direct order and with the previous authorization of the Commission.
IV. The Control Commission is responsible for its activity to the General Assembly of employees and workers of the enterprise, as well as to the agency of workers’ control upon which it is dependent and under the direction of which it functions. It makes a report of its activity at least twice a month to these two bodies.
II. Duties and Privileges of the Control Commission.
V. The Control Commission of each enterprise is required:
1. To determine the stock of goods and fuel possessed by the plant, and the amount of these needed respectively for the machinery of production, the technical personnel, and the laborers by specialties.
2. To determine to what extent the plant is provided with everything that is necessary to insure its normal operation.
3. To forecast whether there is danger of the plant closing down or lowering production, and what the causes are.
4. To determine the number of workers by specialties likely to be unemployed, basing the estimate upon the reserve supply and the expected receipt of fuel and materials.
5. To determine the measures to be taken to maintain discipline in work among the workers and employees.
6. To superintend the execution of the decisions of governmental agencies regulating the buying and selling of goods.
7. (a) To prevent the arbitrary removal of machines, materials, fuel, etc., from the plant without authorization from the agencies which regulate economic affairs, and to see that inventories are not tampered with.
(b) To assist in explaining the causes of the lowering of production and to take measures for raising it.
8. To assist in elucidating the possibility of a complete or partial utilization of the plant for some kind of production (especially how to pass from a war to a peace footing, and what kind of production should be undertaken), to determine what changes should be made in the equipment of the plant and in the number of its personnel to accomplish this purpose; to determine in what period of time these changes can be effected; to determine what is necessary in order to make them, and the probable amount of production after the change is made to another kind of manufacture.
9. To aid in the study of the possibility of developing the kinds of labor required by the necessities of peace-times, such as the method of using three shifts of workmen, or any other method, by furnishing information on the possibilities of housing the additional number of laborers and their families.
10. To see that the production of the plant is maintained at the figures to be fixed by the governmental regulating agencies, and, until such time as these figures shall have been fixed, to see that the production reaches the normal average for the plant, judged by a standard of conscientious labor.
11. To co-operate in estimating costs of production of the plant upon the demand of the higher agency of workers’ control or upon the demand of the governmental regulating institutions.
VI. Upon the owner of the plant, the decisions of the Control Commission, which are intended to assure him the possibility of accomplishing the objects stated in the preceding articles, are binding. In particular the Commission may, of itself or through its delegates:
1. Inspect the business correspondence of the plant, all the books and all the accounts pertaining to its past or present operation.
2. Inspect all the divisions of the plant—shops, stores, offices, etc.
3. Be present at meetings of the representatives of the directing agencies; make statements and address interpellations to them on all questions relating to control.
VII. The right to give orders to the directors of the plant, and the management and operation of the plant are reserved to the owner. The Control Commission does not participate in the management of the plant and has no responsibility for its development and operation. This responsibility rests upon the owner.
VIII. The Control Commission is not concerned with financial questions of the plant. If such questions arise they are forwarded to the governmental regulating institutions.
IX. The Control Commission of each enterprise may, through the higher organ of workers’ control, recommend for the consideration of the governmental regulating institutions the question of the sequestration of the plant or other measures of constraint upon the plant, but it has not the right to seize and direct the enterprise.
III. Resources of the Control Commission of each Plant.
X. To cover the expenses of the Control Commission, the owner is bound to place at its disposal not more than two per cent. of the amount paid out by the plant in wages. The wages lost by the members of the Factory or Shop Committee and by the members of the Control Commission as a result of performing their duties during working hours when they cannot be performed otherwise, are paid out of this two-per-cent. account. Control over expenditures from the above-mentioned fund is exercised by the Commission of Control and Distribution of the trades-unions of the industrial branch concerned.
IV. Higher Agencies of Workers’ Control.
XI. The organ immediately superior to the Control Commission of each enterprise consists of the Commission of Control and Distribution of the trades-union of the industrial branch to which the plant in question belongs.
All decisions of the Control Commissions of each enterprise may be appealed to the Commission of Control and Distribution of the trades-union exercising jurisdiction.
XII. At least half of the members of the Commission of Control and Distribution are elected by the Control Commissions (or their delegates) of all plants belonging to the same branch of industry. These are convened by the directors of the trades-union. The other members are elected by the directors, or by delegates, or else by the General Assembly of the trades-union. Engineers, statisticians, and other persons who may be of use, are eligible to election to membership in the Commission of Control and Distribution.
XIII. The executive directorate of the union is authorized to direct and review the activity of the Commission of Control and Distribution and of the Control Commission of each plant under its jurisdiction.
XIV. The Control Commission of each plant constitutes the executive agency of the Commission of Control and Distribution for its branch of industry, and is bound to make its activity conform to the decisions of the latter.
XV. The Commission of Control and Distribution of the trades-union has the authority of its own accord to convene the General Assembly of workers and employees of each enterprise, to require new elections of Control Commissions of each plant, and likewise to propose to the governmental regulating agencies the temporary closing down of plants or the dismissal of all the personnel or of a part of it, in case the workers employed in the plant will not submit to its decisions.
XVI. The Commission of Control and Distribution has entire control over all branches of industry within its district, and according to the needs of any one plant in fuel, materials, equipment, etc., assists that plant in obtaining supplies from the reserve of other plants of the same kind either in active operation or idle. If other means cannot be found, it proposes to the Governmental Regulating Commissions to close down particular plants so that others may be sustained, or to place the workmen and employees of plants which have been closed down, either temporarily or definitively, in other plants engaged in the same kind of manufacture, or to take any other measures which are likely to prevent the closing down of plants or an interruption in their operation, or which are thought capable of insuring the regular operation of said plants in conformity with the plans and decisions of the governmental regulating agencies.
Remark.—The Commissions of Control and Distribution issue technical instructions for the Control Commissions of each plant of their branch of industry and according to their technical specialties. These instructions must not in any respect be inconsistent with these regulations.
XVII. Appeal may be made against all decisions and all acts of the Commission of Control and Distribution to the regional Council of Workers’ Control.
XVIII. The operating expenses of the Commission of Control and Distribution for each branch of industry are covered by the balances in the treasury of each plant (Art. 17) and by equal assessments on the state and the trades-union exercising jurisdiction.
XIX. The Local Council of Workers’ Control considers and decides all questions of a general nature for all or for any of the Commissions of Control and Distribution of a given locality and co-ordinates their activity to conform with advices received from the All-Russian Council of Control by the Workers.
XX. Each Council of Workers’ Control should enact compulsory regulations to govern the working discipline of the workmen and employees of the plants under its jurisdiction.
XXI. The Local Council of Workers’ Control may establish within it a council of experts, economists, statisticians, engineers, or other persons who may be useful.
XXII. The All-Russian Council of Workers’ Control may charge the All-Russian Trades-Union or the regional trades-union of any branch of industry with the duty of forming an All-Russian Commission or a Regional Commission of Control and Distribution, for the given branch of industry. The regulations for such an All-Russian or Regional Commission of Control and Distribution, drafted by the Union, must be approved by the All-Russian Council of Workers’ Control.
XXIII. All decisions of the All-Russian Soviet of Workers’ Control and all decisions of other governmental regulating agencies in the realm of economic regularization are binding upon all the agencies of the institution of workers’ control.
XXIV. These regulations are binding upon all institutions of workers’ control, and apply in toto to plants which employ one hundred or more workmen and employees. Control over plants employing a smaller personnel will be effected as far as possible on the basis of these instructions as a model.
INDEX
A
Adjustment committees, 203.
Administrative officials, increase in, 236, 241, 242.
Advertising monopoly, decreed, 323.
Aeroplane-factories, decline of output in, 207.
Agents, provocative, use of, 4.
Agriculture, nationalization of, 82, 83, 84, 85.
Agunov, A., incarcerated, 319.
Alexander Works, strike at, 248, 250.
Alexinsky, Gregory, reports of Joint Congress, 291, 321.
Alien agitators, deportation of, 152, 153 n.
Allies, intervention by, 155, 190;
deserted by Bolsheviki, 308;
and blockade of Russia, 431-438.
“Allotment gardens” scheme, 87, 88.
Alminsky, on Extraordinary Commission, 159, 160.
Anarchy, among peasants, 7, 72, 74, 75, 96, 97, 99, 100, 212.
Andreiv, Leonid, 319.
Anti-Bolshevist press exterminated, 324.
Anti-Jewish pogroms, 103.
Antonelli, Etienne, 155.
Arakcheev, Count, and militarization of agricultural labor, 399.
Arbitration committees, 203.
Armed force, failed, 124, 125, 136.
Armistice, the, 432.
Army:
demoralization of, 216;
labor, 391-409;
under Soviet direction, 446, 447.
Arrests, mass, 155.
Arthur Koppel Works, strike at, 248.
Assemblage, freedom of, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 347, 348.
Astrov, Cadet, property confiscated, 165.
Auditoriums, publicly owned, 349;
controlled by workmen’s organizations, 350.
Aviation plant, wage system, 259.
Axelrod-Orthodox, 321.
B
Babeuf, Gracchus, death, 426.
Ballot, secrecy of, 49.
Berkenheim, Alexander, and blockade, 435, 436.
Bezhenov, quoted, 287 n.
Black Hundreds, reign of terror, 4.
Blockade, Russian, 431-438.
Blue gendarmes, reign of terror, 4.
Bogdanov, N., report on nationalization of agriculture, 83, 84, 85.
Bolsheviki:
control in Russia, 1;
methods, 2;
rule of blood and iron, 3;
Red Guards, 4;
system of espionage, 4, 5;
abandoned theories, 5;
opposed to first Soviet, 12, 16, 22-28;
apologists, 31;
discontent and hatred against, 33;
peasants hostile to, 82;
and transportation system, 91;
charged with brutality and crime, 92;
and distribution of land, 97, 98, 99;
instigate peasants to murder, 103;
grain decree, 104, 453-464;
create committees of the poor, 109;
and terrorism, 140-191;
brutal methods, 144, 145, 146, 147;
despotic and tyrannical, 194;
demand abolition of death penalty, 157;
restore death penalty, 158;
torture at inquest, 174;
and Soviet control of industry, 198;
decline of productivity under, 209, 210, 211;
propaganda, 210, 220, 411, 412;
and demoralization of army, 210, 216;
and maximum production, 215;
and seizure of government, 215;
and factory control, 216, 217, 218, 219;
and trades-unions, 247-258;
bureaucracy of, 263-267;
and civil war, 292, 308;
party formed, 309;
brutal methods to maintain power, 311;
suppression of newspapers, 313-317;
hostility to freedom of press, 317-319, 329, 332-339;
and public assemblage, 342-346;
and conscription of labor, 374-383;
and labor army, 391, 392, 406;
attitude toward Constituent Assembly, 414, 415, 421;
election against, 417, 419;
wholesale shootings, 422;
sufferings of
Russia under, 423;
and czarism, 426;
unpardonable crime of, 428;
and blockade, 431-438;
treachery, 438;
agitation against German Government, 443, 444;
and Brest-Litovsk treaty, 444;
decree on education, 450;
and militarism, 451.
Bolshevism:
developed new bureaucracy, 4;
defined, 16;
and nationalization of industry, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 307;
fall inevitable, 307;
abhorrent, 307;
perversion of Socialistic idea, 307;
tragic failure, 413;
a government by force, 413;
universal spread of, 438, 439, 440.
Bolshevist:
régime tottering, 1;
adaptability, 5;
propaganda, 210, 220, 411, 412;
congress of, 421.
Bonch-Bruyevich, and Red Terror, 141.
Bourgeoisie, massacre of, 144;
mobilization of, 376, 377, 378, 379.
Bread scarcity, 261, 262, 297.
Breshkovsky, Catherine, 319.
Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 29, 30, 321, 432, 442, 443, 444.
Brichkina, S., and Labor Army, 392-396.
Bryant, Louise, 154.
Bucharin, and trades-unions, 255;
The Program of the Communists, 334, 439;
and freedom of the press, 335, 337;
a tyrant, 351;
editor of Pravda, 358.
Bullitt, William C., 154.
Bureaucracy:
developed, 4;
of the Bolsheviki, 263-267;
corruption of, 268-274;
efficiency of, 275-279;
increase, 444.
Bureaucratic red tape, 284.
C
Capitalism, return to, 247.
Capital punishment, abolition of, 157;
restoration of, 158.
“Centrosoyuz,” 435, 436.
Chernov, 74, 76, 78.
Chicherine, relations with British Government, 443.
Chief Tasks of Our Times, The, 226, 439.
Children executed, 145, 146.
Chresvychaika, The, 154, 155, 169, 451.
Civil War in France, Marx, 356.
Civil War in Russia, 292.
Clergy denied right to vote, 46.
Coal-mines, low production, 228, 229, 262.
Coal:
transportation, 283, 285;
supply, 296.
Code of Labor Laws of Soviet Russia, 371, 374, 380, 381, 382, 390.
Commissars, Council of People’s, 54, 55, 56, 57, 63, 66.
Committee, All-Russian Central Executive, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66.
Committee of the Poor established, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115.
Committees, extraordinary, brutal and corrupt, 4.
Commune of 1871, Paris, 356, 429, 430, 431.
Communes, agricultural, 86, 87.
Communist Manifesto, Marx, 353, 354, 356.
Communist Party:
hatred of, 33;
creation of, 35;
dictatorship over Russian people, 357;
responsibility, 358;
predominance of, in Soviet Government, 359;
in the army, 359;
mobilization
of regiments by, 360;
membership, 360, 361, 362, 364;
campaign for new members, 363, 364;
represents minority of organized proletariat, 365.
Congresses of the Soviets, The, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66.
Conscription by decree, 446.
Conscription of labor, 369, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 400, 401, 406.
Constituent Assembly:
elections, 15, 16, 193, 194, 195, 417, 418, 426;
and land problem, 76-81;
convocation of, 141, 142, 158, 414, 415, 416, 420;
dispersed, 311, 420;
betrayal of, 421.
Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, 62, 421.
Control Commission, the, instructions to, 216, 217, 218, 219.
Corn, transport, 285.
Corruption of the bureaucracy, 268-274.
Cotton-factories, idle, 286.
“Cottonized” flax, 288.
Cotton substitute, 288.
Council of the People’s Commissaries, 22, 23, 193, 194.
Council of Workmen’s Deputies of Petrograd organized, 12.
Counter-revolutionists, destruction of, 156, 157.
Courts of justice abolished, 149.
Cultivation, decline in, 113, 121.
Czarism, opposition to, 2;
ruled by brute force, 3;
developed bureaucracy, 4, 139;
destroyed, 426.
D
Das Kapital, 356.
Day-work payments, 281.
Death penalty, right to inflict, 156, 157, 158, 159;
abolished, 190.
Decree No. 903, 167, 168.
Deportation, provisions for, 152, 153.
Deputies, Soviet of, 59, 60.
Deserters, army, 446;
shooting of relatives, 447.
Desertion, mass, 210.
Deutsch, Leo, 321.
Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 225 n.
Dictatorship of the proletariat, 298, 306.
Dien, The, suppressed, 319, 320, 321, 322.
Dioneo-Shklovsky, on wholesale massacres, 144.
Disfranchisement, right of, 48, 49, 51.
Documents:
decree regarding grain control, 453-456;
regulation concerning the administration of national undertakings, 456-464;
instructions on Workers’ Control, 465-472.
Donetz Basin coal-fields, output, 228;
supply from, 296.
Dukhonine, General, murdered, 320.
Dumas, Charles, on village wars, 103;
on Schastny case, 173, 174.
Dumas, city, 195, 197.
Dyelo Naroda, quoted, 35;
suppressed, 319, 321, 322.
Dzerzhinsky, proclamation by, 183, 184.
E
Economicheskaya Zhizn, quoted, 88, 282, 282 n, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 293, 307.
Edinstvo, suppressed, 318.
Education, decrees on, 450.
Efficiency of the bureaucracy, 275-279.
Eight-hour day, 229, 232, 237, 349.
Elections, Soviet, 46, 47, 48.
Electoral franchise withheld, 45, 46, 47, 51.
Electorate, divided into two groups, 63.
Electric-lamp factories closed, 287.
Engels, Frederick, and the modern state, 8;
quoted, 9, 10, 128;
and Marx, 356.
Eroshkin, M. C., on Committees of the Poor, 114, 115;
and uprisings against Soviets, 148, 149.
Estates, nationalization of, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 95, 96;
confiscated, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101.
Eupatoria, massacres in, 144.
Exchange stations established, 136, 137.
Executions:
mass, held at Rostov-on-Don, 145;
Mihont trial, 222.
Exports, 433, 434.
Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-revolution, created, 154, 155;
proclamation, 156;
shooting of people by, 158, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171;
powers limited, 180.
Eyre, Lincoln, and the Chresvychaikas, 155;
on compulsory labor, 374.
F
Factories:
closing of, 87, 300;
confiscated, 205, 211, 216, 225, 227, 237;
abandoned by owners, 237;
nationalized, 300.
Factory:
owners forced out, 198, 204, 205;
councils, 198, 199, 200, 201;
owners recalled, 212;
control
under Provisional Government, 216, 217, 218, 219.
Famine, 121, 136, 138, 245, 246, 289, 290.
Feeding, class system of, 185, 186.
Fir cones, collected for fuel, 285.
Flax, production, 294, 295;
export, 295, 435.
Food:
army, 112;
hoarding, 122, 123;
transportation, 285;
supply, 433;
shortage, 435, 437.
Food-requisitioning detachments:
formed, 107, 111, 112;
reports on, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120;
unsuccessful visits, 122, 123;
resistance to, 136.
Freedom, promise of, 451.
Free trade, forbidden, 185.
Freight-tonnage, decrease in, 236.
French Revolution, 422, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428.
Fuel, situation, 285;
shortage, 295, 296.
Fuel supply, failure of, 244.
G
Gas, absence of, 288.
George III, and equal suffrage, 414.
Gendarmes, Russia ruled by, 3, 4.
Genzelli brothers, shot, 172.
Germany, peace with Russia, 308, 431.
Girondins, 427.
Goldman, L. I., on Jaroslav uprisings, 23.
Goode, William T., 154;
on judicial system of Soviet Russia, 178, 179.
Gorky, Maxim, on village wars, 97, 103;
“The Policy of Despair,” 107;
and armed force, 124;
on brutal methods of the Bolsheviki, 144, 145;
paper suppressed, 322.
Gostev, on nationalization of industry, 239.
Grain control, decree regarding, 453-456.
Grain:
shipments, 123, 124;
exchanged, 136;
control of, 104, 453-456;
profiteers, 105;
regulations, 105, 106;
requisitioned, 107, 108, 109, 112;
curtailment of production, 121;
hoarding, 122, 123;
speculation in, 122, 123.
Guards, Red, special privileges, 4.
Gukovsky, commissar of finances, on railway system, 236;
on marine transportation service, 236;
report on Budget, 238.
Guyot, Yves, 369.
H
Hand-cart, prize for invention of, 284.
“Hangman’s Journal, The,” 170.
Hard, William, and suppression of newspapers, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 330, 342.
Haulage system, rope, introduced, 285;
instead of railways, 306.
Hides, production, 295.
Holidays, increase of, 228.
Horses, disappearance, 284.
How the Russian Peasants Fought for a Constituent Assembly, 142 n.
Hunger, unemployment cause of, 87, 88.
Huxley, 369.
I
Imports, 433.
Industrial allotments, administration of, established, 87.
Industrial establishments, policy of subsidizing, 238.
Industry:
nationalization of, 82, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243;
Soviet control of, 198, 213, 214, 215;
disorganized, 238.
International, Third, an instrument of revolution, 440, 441.
Ivanovsky, Michael, shooting of, 184.
Izvestia, on peasant uprisings, 117, 118, 119;
quoted, 24, 115, 118, 138, 143, 163, 170, 183-187, 195, 196, 197, 198, 205, 222-224, 262, 266, 268, 271, 305, 328, 378, 402-405.
J
Jacobins, 427.
“Jacqueries,” revival of, 74.
Jandarmov, on production, 210, 211, 212.
Jaroslav insurrection, 22, 23, 24.
Jews, persecuting of, 347.
Joffe, on “Revolutionary Methods,” 443.
Journals, suppressed, 5.
Judicial system, democratic, 149;
of Soviet Russia, 178, 179.
K
Kalinin, and conciliation of the middle peasantry, 134, 135, 136.
Kamenev:
on Constituent Assembly, 15;
and death penalty, 157;
and constitutional assembly, 193;
on profiteering, 304;
and universal spread of Bolshevism, 438.
Kautsky, and the dictatorship of the proletariat, 356.
Keeling, H. V., on suppression of Soviets, 27;
on Soviet elections, 33.
Keely, Royal C., and compulsory labor, 374.
Kerensky, A. F., Premier of Provincial Government, 2, 3;
land
program, 74, 76, 77;
and demoralization of industry, 91;
and deserting soldiers, 96;
and German counter-revolutionists, 157;
overthrow, 193;
on increased production, 210;
and industrial control, 219;
and help for industrial establishments, 238.
Kerensky, Alexander, translator, 283 n.
Kerzheutzer, on “requisition parties,” 116, 117.
Kiev, massacres in, 145.
Knielnitski, Bogdan, revolt of, 429.
Kobozev, Commissar of Communications, on inactivity of the workers, 237.
Kohoshkin, F. F., murder of, 143.
Kopp, Victor, on grain exports, 434.
Kornilov, on decline of productivity, 207.
Krassin, Leonid B., and reorganization of industry, 279;
appointment as commissary, 280;
industrial despot, 281;
reorganized system, 282;
and transportation, 283, 284, 285;
on the fall of Bolshevism, 307;
on grain exports, 434.
Krivoshayer, report on requisitioning detachments, 120.
Krylenko, and capture of General Headquarters, 320;
report on military organization, 446.
L
Labor booklet, 386, 387, 388, 389.
Labor distribution, department of, 383, 384, 385, 386.
Labor, time limit, 212;
low productivity, 297;
shortage, 304, 305;
conscription of, 369, 370,
374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 382, 383, 391, 400, 401, 409.
Land commissions created, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 81.
Landowners murdered, 72, 74.
Land:
seized, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76;
law, 78, 79;
socialization of, 80, 83, 87, 88, 89;
distribution of, 95-103, 426.
Latzis, on conditions in Province of Vitebsk, 117.
L’Avanti, of Rome, 350.
La Vérité sur les Bolsheviki, Charles Dumas, 103 n.
Laws, Russian, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56.
League of Nations, Supreme Council of, 436.
Leather-factories, output, 286, 287.
Lenin, Nicolai, internal opposition, 1;
theories abandoned, 5;
and Constitutional Assembly, 15, 415, 416, 417, 419;
opposed Soviets, 18;
report on peasant uprisings, 119;
attitude toward peasantry, 127, 128-134;
and Menshevist Social Democrats, 127;
attempted assassination of, 140, 141, 148, 160, 161, 162, 164;
on terrorism, 147;
and death penalty, 157;
on elections, 194;
on success of Socialism in Russia, 222, 223, 224;
and Soviet meetings, 230;
and new-born bourgeoisie, 263;
on administration by single individual, 305, 306;
analysis of, by Rosa Luxemburg, 309;
estimate of, by P. Rappaport, 310;
contempt for democratic ways, 310;
brutal methods, 311, 312;
and freedom of the press, 332, 333, 337;
report on “Bourgeois and Proletarian Democracies,” 345, 346;
a tyrant, 351;
Two Tactics, 352;
and Marxism, 353, 354, 355;
on dictatorship of the proletariat, 358;
anti-statists, 371, 372, 373;
on compulsory labor, 375, 380;
and labor army, 392-396;
and equal suffrage, 414;
on freedom of speech, publication, and assemblage, 420;
new set of principles, 421;
and Paris Commune, 429, 430;
and universal spread of Bolshevism, 438, 439;
and Soviet direction of army, 447.
Le Peuple, of Brussels, 350.
Les Bolsheviks à l’œuvre, 147 n.
Levine, Isaac Don, on Soviet Russia, 37, 154.
L’Humanité, 350.
Liberty, the right of discussion, 313.
Lincoln, Abraham, quoted, 338;
and equal suffrage, 414.
Litvinov, and revolutionary agitation, 442.
Livestock, decline in quantity, 295.
Lockerman, M., on terrorism, 147.
Locomotives, lack of, 261, 262;
disabled, 292, 293, 299.
Lock-outs, 249.
Lomov, and return to capitalism, 247.
Louis XVI, overthrow, 425.
M
Machine-shops closed, 238.
Magna Charta, signing of, 413.
Malone, M. P., Colonel, 154, 155.
Manufactured goods, lessening of production, 138.
Marine transportation service, nationalized, 236;
demoralized, 236.
Martov, L., protest against restoration
of death penalty, 157, 158;
account of Schastny trial, 174, 175;
on red tape and waste, 284;
accuses Lenin, 321.
Marx, Karl, theory, 128, 425;
and social evolution, 241;
Socialism of, 339;
teachings, 353;
Communist Manifesto, 353, 354;
death, 353;
meaning of the term “proletariat,” 354, 355, 356;
and universal suffrage, 414;
Civil War in France, 431.
Marxian Socialists of Russia, 227, 271.
Marxism and Leninism, 353, 354.
Marx Printing Works, wage-system, 259.
Massacres, wholesale, 144, 145.
Material, raw, lack of, 238;
transportation, 293, 294.
Match-factories, output, 287.
“Meeting-holding” and loss of time, 230, 231.
Melnikov, P., and execution of children, 146.
Memorandum on Certain Aspects of the Bolshevist Movement in Russia, A, quoted, 33.
Menshekov, on Soviet elections, 35;
report on production, 208.
Mensheviki:
opposed to Bolsheviki, 12;
stand on Soviet platform, 32;
faction of Social Democratic Party, 67;
party formed, 309.
Metal, transportation, 294.
Metal workers idle, 286.
Militarism, freedom from, 451.
Military Revolutionary committees, 26.
Miliukov, and government employees, 264.
Miliutin, on nationalization of industry, 239.
Mir, privileged journal, 325.
Mizkevich, publicist, 450.
Mobilization, forcible, 125.
Molot, priest, arrest, 164.
Money, loan, 238;
paper issue, 238, 246.
Monks, denied right to vote, 46.
Montagnards, the, 427.
Moscow railway workshops, decline in production, 228, 229.
Mothers petition for lives of their children, 146.
Munition-works, decline of output in, 207, 208.
Mytishchy Works, Moscow, loss of production, 228, 229.
N
Nache Slovo, fined, 329.
Narodnoye Slovo, suppressed, 319.
Nasha Rech, suppressed, 318.
Nashe Yedinstvo, confiscated, 321.
Nationalization:
of the land, 83, 85, 88;
of industry, 260, 280, 282;
policy, demand for abolition, 298.
Nationalized industries, financing, 288;
picture of, 307.
Nemensky, and government employees, 264.
Nevsky Shipbuilding and Engineering Works, premium system restored, 259;
closed, 286.
Newspaper, compulsory purchase of, 326.
Newspapers: suppressed, 313-319;
“nationalized,” 324;
fined, 329;
denied circulation through mails, 324.
Nicholas II, Czar, 62;
regulations, 343;
and equal suffrage, 414;
overthrow, 425.
Nikolaiev, on agricultural communes, 86.
Noble Factory, wage-system, 259.
Notch, suppressed, 320.
Novayia Zhizn, suppressed, 322.
Novotcherkassk, massacres in, 145.
Novoye Vremia, establishment seized, 323.
Novy Looch, suppressed, 321, 322.
O
Oberoucheff, Gen. C. M., quoted, 3.
Obligatory Regulation No. 27, 326, 327.
“Off days,” increase of, 228.
Oil, fuel, deficiency, 285.
Okhrana (Czar’s Secret Service), reign of terror, 4, 46.
Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, 10.
Oupovalov, J. E., on suppression of Soviets, 29, 30;
on increased production, 209;
and trades-unions, 253;
on public assemblage, 340, 341.
Outre Rossii, fined, 329.
Overtime, 281.
P
Paper currency, worthless, 137, 138.
Pauper committees established, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115.
Peasantry:
Lenin’s attitude toward, 127-134;
Kalinin on, 134-136.
Peasants:
voters discriminated against, 66;
uprisings among, 72, 73, 74, 75, 92, 96, 100, 101, 102, 148, 149;
character, 92, 93;
savage brutality, 93, 94;
soldier deserters, 96, 97;
distribution of land among, 97, 98, 99;
conflict with Soviet authorities, 98, 99;
resist grain regulations,
106, 107, 112;
city proletariat against, 107;
opposed to Committees of the Poor, 114, 115;
resist requisitioning detachments, 120, 121, 122;
curtail production, 121;
revolt against Soviet rule, 121, 122;
hoarding food, 122, 123;
resist forcible mobilization, 125;
and exchange stations, 136, 137;
robbed of grain, 137;
and Soviet power, 138.
People’s commissaries, 32.
People’s food commissioner, powers of, 105, 106.
People’s tribunals, cases and sentences cited, 93, 94.
Petrograd Soviet of Workmen’s Deputies organized, 12, 13.
Petrovsky, call for mass terror, 162, 163.
Piece-work system, 247, 252, 259, 280.
Platonov, on agricultural communes, 87.
Plechanov, George V., publication confiscated, 319, 321.
“Policy of Despair, The,” Gorky, 107.
Political offenses, special tribunals for, 150, 151, 152.
Politicians, ousted, 281.
Polnotch, suppressed, 320.
Potresov, Alexander, opinions of, 319, 320.
Pravda, quoted, 6, 26, 96, 110, 125, 128-134, 159, 194, 261, 317, 344-346, 363, 364, 447.
Premiums, 280.
Press Department, 325.
Press, Russian, freedom of, 315, 316, 317, 318, 322, 329, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 350, 351.
Prinkipo Conference, 441.
Printing establishments “nationalized,” 323.
Printers’ union, suppressed, 252.
Prisons, city, conditions in, 179.
Production, decrease under Soviet government, 208, 209, 212, 227, 228, 229, 241, 242.
Productivity, decline in, 204, 206, 207, 208.
Profiteering, proceedings against, 150.
Program of the Communists, The, 334, 439.
Proletariat:
dictatorship of the, 352, 353, 355, 356;
meaning of, 354;
uprising of, 355.
“Proletcult” of Soviet Russia, 450.
Propaganda, 441.
Provisional Government, the, 8, 12, 14, 15, 95, 197, 198, 203, 209, 210, 211, 215, 216, 226, 308, 414, 415, 426.
Putilov works, strike at, 248, 250.
R
Rabatcheie Delo, suppressed, 318.
Rabochaia Gazeta, suppressed, 318, 319.
Radek, and death penalty, 157.
Radek, and universal spread of Bolshevism, 438;
on Spartacist uprisings, 439.
Rakovsky, and death penalty, 157.
Railroad Workers’ Unions:
Congress of, 254;
merged with the state, 254, 255.
Railway system:
demoralized, 236;
operating expenses increased, 236.
Railways:
nationalized, 235, 237, 242, 243, 246;
deficits, 243;
service test, 243, 244;
collapse, 244, 246;
wood fuel for, 244, 245.
Railway transportation, 283, 292, 293, 294, 296, 297, 299.
Railway workers’ councils abolished, 236.
Rakitnikov, Inna, report on opening of Constituent Assembly, 141, 142.
Ranee Outre, fined, 329.
Ransome, Arthur, on Soviet Government, 32;
Bolsheviki sympathizer, 154;
on Red Terror, 180;
on powers of Extraordinary Commission, 181, 182.
Raw material, shortage, 301.
Razin, Stenka, revolt of, 429.
Red army:
deserters, 187;
whole families shot, 187, 188;
formation of, 447, 448.
Red Terror:
a reprisal, 140;
introduction of, 148;
a mad orgy, 160;
extent of, 177, 178;
ceased to exist, 180;
beginning of, 427.
Reed, John, 154.
Revolutionary Tribunal, the, decree constituting, 151, 152, 153, 154.
Revolutionary Tribunal of the Press, created, 328, 329.
Richter, Eugene, 369.
Reign of Terror in French Revolution, 422, 424, 427, 428.
Robins, Raymond, 154.
Romanov II, Nicholas, reign of, 330.
Rope haulage, 285, 306.
Ross, Professor, on strikes, 201;
on misuse of Soviet power, 204, 205;
on decline in productivity, 204, 205.
Rostov-on-Don, massacres in, 145.
Royd, Fanny, execution of, 174.
Rozanov, on agricultural communes, 87.
Russian:
Revolution, 195, 423, 425, 426, 427, 428;
Social Democratic Party, split of, 309;
blockade, 431-438;
peace with Germany, 431-433.
Russkaya Volia, suppressed, 319.
Russkoye Bogatstvo, suppressed, 322.
Russkya Viedomasti, suppressed, 322.
Rykov, A., and nationalization of industries, 239, 300;
on economic situation, 291, 292;
on transportation problem, 292, 293;
on production of flax, 294, 295;
and hides, 295;
and wool, 295;
on fuel situation, 295, 296, 297;
on grain, 297;
remedial measures proposed, 298, 299;
on textile industry, 301, 302;
as to the future, 302;
and skilled labor, 303, 304.
S
Sabotage, 150, 207, 210, 215, 220, 221, 223, 224.
Salt, disappeared from market, 288, 289;
substitute, 289.
Sawdust, substitute for sugar, 288.
Schastny, Admiral, trial and death, 172, 173, 174.
Scherbatchev factory, fall in production, 229.
Schliapnikoff, Commissar of Labor, quoted, 282 n.
Schneuer, Lieutenant, German spy, 320.
Sebastopol, massacres in, 144.
Seminov’s lumber mill, wage-system, 259.
Sentences, mass, 155.
Serfdom abolished, 92.
Severnaya Communa, subscription to, obligatory, 326, 327;
quoted, 25, 120, 166-169, 171, 179, 184, 185, 250-251, 258, 259-260, 342, 361.
Shingarev, A. I., murder of, 143.
Shliapnikov, protest against sabotage, 221, 222.
Shooting, mass, 170.
Shub, David N., on suppression of newspapers, 315, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323.
Simferopol, massacres in, 144.
Six-hour day, 349.
Skobelev, on seizure of factories, 205;
on decline of industrial output, 206, 207.
Smirnov, M., and execution of children, 146.
Smith, Goldwin, 369.
Socialism:
foe of individual freedom, 369;
critics of, 369, 370.
Socialism, Utopian and Scientific, 9.
Socialists, Marxian, 8, 10, 11;
join first Soviet, 12;
expelled from New York Legislature, 29;
and freedom of the press, 336;
press, 350.
Socialists-Revolutionists, party of, election, 417;
factions in, 419.
Soldatskaia Pravda, Bolshevist paper, 318.
Soldiers, peasant, deserters, 96, 210.
Soromovo Works, output, 227.
Soronov, shot, 184.
Sosnovsky, report on conditions in Tver Province, 117.
Soviet:
government in Russia, 16, 17;
system, 17, 18;
elections, 21, 22, 33, 34, 35, 36;
form of government explained, 38, 39;
estates, 83, 84, 85;
power, misuse of, 205;
increased cost of production under, 208;
control
of industries, 213, 214, 215, 219, 230, 231, 234;
control of factories, 216;
decree of instructions, 217, 218, 220, 225;
economic situation in 1919, 289;
official organ, 326, 327.
Sovietism:
merits of, 444;
increased bureaucracy, 444;
in industry, 445;
and direction of army, 446, 447;
impractical, 449.
Soviets at Work, The, 225 n, 226, 234.
Soviets:
formed, 12, 13;
irresponsible bodies, 13;
cleansed, 22;
dissolved, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27;
uprisings against, 148, 149;
waning power of, 195, 196, 197;
and decline in productivity, 208.
Sovremennoie Delo, suppressed, 318.
Spartacist uprisings, 439.
Speech, freedom of, 339, 420.
Spencer, Herbert, 369.
Spiridonova, Maria, on nationalization of estates, 82.
State and Revolution, The, 226 n, 373.
State loans, repudiation of, 238.
St. Bartholomew massacres, 144, 145.
Steffens, Lincoln, on Soviet form of government, 38, 40.
Steinberg, I. Z., “Instructions to the Revolutionary Tribunal,” 151.
Strikers, right to, 201, 248, 252;
wasteful, 204;
among factory workers, 210;
treason against state, 236;
epidemic of, 248;
suppressed with brutality, 248, 249, 250, 251, 281.
Strumillo, J., on suppression of Soviets, 30, 31.
Substitutes for needed articles, 288.
Suffrage, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 334, 335, 339, 354, 413, 414, 426.
Sugar industry, liquidated, 288;
sawdust substitute, 288.
“Sukharevka,” campaign against, 271, 272.
Syndicalism, 235.
T
Taylor system of management, 234.
Teachers union, suppressed, 252.
Teaching profession denied right to vote, 51, 52.
Terrorism and the Bolsheviki, 140-191.
Terror, mass, 162, 163.
Textile industries, decline in production, 229, 301, 302;
factories closed, 238;
idle workers, 286.
“Thermidorians,” 427.
Thomas, Norman, 330, 342.
Tomsky, on food-supplies, 302, 303;
on shortage of labor, 304, 305.
Trades-unions, Russian:
conservatism of, 17, 18;
and representation, 32;
right to nominate, 50;
Congress, 86, 87;
and agricultural communes, 87;
and strikes, 248, 252;
and wage-fixing, 248, 252;
and state capitalism, 252;
suppressed, 252, 253;
controlled by Bolsheviki, 252, 253;
deprived of power, 281;
status of, 382.
Transportation system, 91, 238, 283, 284, 285, 289, 308, 433.
Tribunals, revolutionary, critical and corrupt, 4.
Trotsky:
and internal opposition, 1;
on constitutional assembly, 15, 193;
and Jaroslav insurrection, 23;
dispersed constitutional assembly, 79, 80, 81;
and peasant uprisings, 121, 122;
and forcible mobilization, 125, 126;
on terrorism, 147, 183;
and guillotine, 148;
and death penalty, 157;
famous decree No. 903, 167;
and Admiral Schastny, 173, 175, 176;
on railway transportation, 293, 294;
on industrial failure, 301;
on dissipation of working-class, 303, 304;
on freedom of the press, 317, 332;
a tyrant, 351;
and communists in army, 359, 360;
and labor army, 391, 396-406;
denounced Kerensky, 415;
and universal spread of Bolshevism, 438, 439;
and deserters, 446, 447.
Trudovoe Slovo, suppressed, 318.
Trupp, Eugene, statement by, 163 n, 164 n.
Tseretelli, and decline of productivity, 204.
Tula Munition Works, strike at, 248;
premium system restored, 260.
Tyrants, defined, 312, 313.
U
Uprisings, peasant, 72, 73, 74, 75, 92, 96, 100, 101, 102, 148, 149.
Urals Workers’ and Soldiers’ Soviet, 21.
Uritzky, assassination of, 140, 148, 155, 158, 158 n, 159 n, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167, 174.
Utro, suppressed, 318.
V
Vandervelde, Emile, on factory councils, 200.
Vasiliev, B. C., and execution of children, 145, 146.
Vassilyev, Dr. N., 321.
Verstraete, Maurice, description of Uritzky, 158 n, 159 n.
V. Glookhooyou Notch, suppressed, 320.
Village wars, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103.
Villard, Oswald, 330, 342.
Vlast Naroda, on village wars, 100, 101, 102.
Volia Naroda, suppressed, 318, 319.
Vorwärts, Berlin, 350.
Vperiod, suppressed, 329.
Vsiegda Vperiod, suppressed, 330.
V. Temnooyou Notch, suppressed, 320.
W
Wages committees, 202, 203.
Wage-system:
daily pay, 247, 252, 259;
piece-work, 247, 252, 259;
cash bonuses, 247, 252;
premiums, 259, 260.
Wheat reserve, 297.
White guards:
shooting of, 166, 186;
mass terror used against, 168.
White terror of the bourgeoisie, 140, 148.
Whitley Councils of England, 198.
Whitman, Walt, quoted, 338.
Women, liable to labor conscription, 382.
Wood fuel, transportation of, 244, 245, 284, 285, 295, 296.
Wool, production, 295.
Work-books, 386, 387, 388, 389.
Workers’ Control Commission, instructions on, 217, 218, 234.
Workers’ control, abolished, 281, 282 n.
Workmen’s and Peasants’ Revolutionary Tribunals established, 150.
Workmen’s:
supreme council, 214;
organs of control, 214;
superior court of control, 214.
Workmen, unemployed, 238.
Workshop committees, 199, 201, 202.
Y
Yedinstvo, suppressed, 319, 321.
Z
Zasulitch, Vera, 321.
Zemstvos, local, 195.
Zenzinov, V. M., on the Soviet Government, 31;
on freedom of assemblage, 339, 340.
Zinoviev:
on Constituent Assembly, 15;
and Red Terror, 141, 147;
and death penalty, 157;
on Soviet Russia, 290;
a tyrant, 351;
and universal spread of Bolshevism, 438, 439.
THE END
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